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Rajaratnam S, Azman A. Violence and trauma encountered by Rohingya women fleeing to Malaysia: a qualitative study. Arch Womens Ment Health 2024; 27:233-240. [PMID: 38006427 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Rohingya women are doubly marginalized owing to their ethnicity and gender. Therefore, this study aims to describe the unique experiences of violence faced by Rohingya women who fled Myanmar and Bangladesh to seek asylum in Malaysia before, during, and after their transit. Primary data were collected from 33 participants comprising Rohingya women refugees and asylum seekers, medical social workers, medical officials, volunteer workers/activists, refugee organization officers, and a mental health care provider. Thematic analysis was used to identify the patterns in and relationships between the concepts in the collected data. Rohingya women were exposed to various forms of violence and trauma by various groups of men, including those from their own community, throughout their journey to and in Malaysia. The lack of recognition of refugees and asylum seekers in Malaysia prevents them from having mainstream or legal access to jobs, education, and healthcare, and this predicament compounds their suffering from violence, especially for women and girls. Rohingya women and girls in Malaysia need better access to healthcare, resources, and support to identify and address violence, which has a significant impact on their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendran Rajaratnam
- Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Azlinda Azman
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, 11800, Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia
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Hvidegaard M, Lanng K, Meyer K, Wejse C, Hvass AMF. What Are the Characteristics of Torture Victims in Recently Arrived Refugees? A Cross-Sectional Study of Newly Arrived Refugees in Aarhus, Denmark. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6331. [PMID: 37510564 PMCID: PMC10378834 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20146331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Torture victims live with complex health conditions. It is essential for the rehabilitation of torture survivors that their traumas are recognized at an early stage. The aim of this study was to investigate (i) the prevalence of reported torture exposure, (ii) the association between demographic characteristics and exposure to torture, and (iii) the association between PTSD and exposure to torture among recently arrived refugees in Aarhus, Denmark. Data were extracted from health assessments of refugees arriving in Aarhus in the years 2017-2019, and 208 cases were included in the analysis. The prevalence of reported torture was 13.9% (29/208). Most torture victims were found among refugees arriving from Iran (17.0% (9/53)), Syria (9.3% (8/86)), and Afghanistan (25.0% (5/20)). Significant associations were found between reported torture exposure and male gender, Southeast Asian origin, and a diagnosis of PTSD. In the study, 24.5% (24/98) of males and 4.5% (5/110) of females had been subjected to torture. However, it is possible that the prevalence of female torture survivors is underestimated due to the taboos surrounding sexual assaults and fear of stigmatization. Nearly half of the torture victims in the study were diagnosed with PTSD (44.8% (13/29)). The results confirm that torture victims constitute a vulnerable group living with severe consequences, including mental illness such as PTSD. Furthermore, understanding the cultural perspectives of the distress among refugees is crucial in providing appropriate healthcare services. This study highlights the importance of addressing the mental health needs of torture survivors and tailoring interventions toward vulnerable refugee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Hvidegaard
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Medical Diseases, Gødstrup Regional Hospital, 7400 Herning, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Lanng
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Karin Meyer
- DIGNITY-Danish Institute Against Torture, 2100 København, Denmark
| | - Christian Wejse
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Mette Fløe Hvass
- Center for Global Health, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Social Medicine, Aarhus Municipality, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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El-Moslemany R, Mellon L, Tully L, McConkey SJ. Factors Associated With Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization in Asylum Seeking and Refugee Populations: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2022; 23:827-839. [PMID: 33302818 DOI: 10.1177/1524838020977147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a common and serious health and justice problem. Asylum seekers and refugees are generally vulnerable to violence and may be particularly vulnerable to IPV. The aim of this study is to identify factors associated with IPV perpetration and victimization in asylum seeking and refugee populations through a systematic review of the literature. PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Global Health, PsycINFO, Westlaw, and Social Science Research Network databases were searched. Quantitative studies were included according to a population, exposure, outcome framework. Studies were critically appraised with the Joanna Briggs Institute's System for the Unified Management, Assessment and Review of Information tool and quality assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations approach. Meta-analysis was not possible due to heterogeneity. A complex multitude of factors associated with IPV perpetration and victimization in asylum seeking and refugee populations was found. Narrative synthesis of 23 studies showed an inverse association between both perpetrator and victim education level and IPV. Relationship factors, legal status, and age were also important factors associated with IPV. The majority of studies had a cross-sectional design. Heterogeneity in definitions of IPV, sample, methods, statistical procedures, and outcomes was reported. Low education level is a consistent modifiable factor associated with IPV in asylum seeking and refugee populations. This work points to a testable intervention that stakeholders could trial to address the unjust and unhealthy problem of IPV. More and better quality research using standardized definitions, longitudinal design, and sensitive tools is needed in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Mellon
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Louise Tully
- RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
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Mannell J, Lowe H, Brown L, Mukerji R, Devakumar D, Gram L, Jansen HAFM, Minckas N, Osrin D, Prost A, Shannon G, Vyas S. Risk factors for violence against women in high-prevalence settings: a mixed-methods systematic review and meta-synthesis. BMJ Glob Health 2022; 7:e007704. [PMID: 35296455 PMCID: PMC8928330 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-007704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Violence against women (VAW) affects one in three women globally. In some countries, women are at much higher risk. We examined risk factors for VAW in countries with the highest 12-month prevalence estimates of intimate partner violence (IPV) to develop understanding of this increased risk. METHODS For this systematic review, we searched PUBMED, CINAHL, PROQUEST (Middle East and North Africa; Latin America and Iberia; East and South Asia), Web of Science, EMBASE and PsycINFO (Ovid) for records published between 1 January 2000 and 1 January 2021 in English, French and Spanish. Included records used quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods, reported original data, had VAW as the main outcome, and focused on at least one of 23 countries in the highest quintile of prevalence figures for women's self-reported experiences of physical and/or sexual violence in the past 12 months. We used critical interpretive synthesis to develop a conceptual model for associations between identified risk factors and VAW. RESULTS Our search identified 12 044 records, of which 241 were included for analysis (2 80 360 women, 40 276 men, 274 key informants). Most studies were from Bangladesh (74), Uganda (72) and Tanzania (43). Several quantitative studies explored community-level/region-level socioeconomic status and education as risk factors, but associations with VAW were mixed. Although fewer in number and representing just one country, studies reported more consistent effects for community-level childhood exposure to violence and urban residence. Theoretical explanations for a country's high prevalence point to the importance of exposure to other forms of violence (armed conflict, witnessing parental violence, child abuse) and patriarchal social norms. CONCLUSION Available evidence suggests that heightened prevalence of VAW is not attributable to a single risk factor. Multilayered and area-level risk analyses are needed to ensure funding is appropriately targeted for countries where VAW is most pervasive. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER The review is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020190147).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hattie Lowe
- Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
| | - Laura Brown
- Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - Lu Gram
- Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
| | | | | | - David Osrin
- Institute for Global Health, UCL, London, UK
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Hicks MHR, Mohsin M, Silove D, Fisher J, Moussa B, Steel Z, Nancarrow H, Nadar N, Klein L, Hasoun F, Yousif M, Khalil B, Krishna Y, Rees SJ. Attitudes towards gender roles and prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetrated against pregnant and postnatal women: Differences between women immigrants from conflict-affected countries and women born in Australia. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255105. [PMID: 34329321 PMCID: PMC8323950 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to compare, for the first time in a large systematic study, women born in conflict-affected countries who immigrated to Australia with women born in Australia for attitudes towards gender roles and men's use of IPV and the actual prevalence of IPV. The study also examined if any associations remained across the two timepoints of pregnancy and postpartum. METHODS Women were interviewed during their first visit to one of three Australian public hospital antenatal clinics and re-interviewed at home six months after giving birth. A total of 1111 women completed both interviews, 583 were born in conflict-affected countries and 528 born in Australia. Associations between attitudes towards gender roles and men's use of IPV, socio-demographic characteristics and reported actual experiences of IPV were examined using bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Attitudes toward inequitable gender roles including those that condone men's use of IPV, and prevalence of IPV, were significantly higher (p<0.001) among women born in conflict-affected countries compared to Australia-born women. Women born in conflict-affected countries with the strongest held attitudes towards gender roles and men's use of IPV had an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of 3.18 for IPV at baseline (95% CI 1.85-5.47) and an aOR of 1.83 for IPV at follow-up (95% CI 1.11-3.01). Women born in Australia with the strongest held attitudes towards gender roles and IPV had an aOR of 7.12 for IPV at baseline (95% CI 2.12-23.92) and an aOR of 10.59 for IPV at follow-up (95% CI 2.21-50.75). CONCLUSIONS Our results underscore the need for IPV prevention strategies sensitively targeted to communities from conflict-affected countries, and for awareness among clinicians of gender role attitudes that may condone men's use of IPV, and the associated risk of IPV. The study supports the need for culturally informed national strategies to promote gender equality and to challenge practices and attitudes that condone men's violence in spousal relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn Hsiao-Rei Hicks
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mohammed Mohsin
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Mental Health Academic Unit, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Area Health Service, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Derrick Silove
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jane Fisher
- Women and Global Health Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Batool Moussa
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Zachary Steel
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- St John of God Health Care, Richmond Hospital, North Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heather Nancarrow
- School of Social Sciences, Arts and Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Nawal Nadar
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louis Klein
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- Mental Health Academic Unit, Liverpool Hospital, South Western Sydney Area Health Service, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Fatima Hasoun
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mariam Yousif
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Batoul Khalil
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yalini Krishna
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan J. Rees
- School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Pinchoff J, Austrian K, Rajshekhar N, Abuya T, Kangwana B, Ochako R, Tidwell JB, Mwanga D, Muluve E, Mbushi F, Nzioki M, Ngo TD. Gendered economic, social and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and mitigation policies in Kenya: evidence from a prospective cohort survey in Nairobi informal settlements. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e042749. [PMID: 33658260 PMCID: PMC7931215 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 may spread rapidly in densely populated urban informal settlements. Kenya swiftly implemented mitigation policies; we assess the economic, social and health-related harm disproportionately impacting women. DESIGN A prospective longitudinal cohort study with repeated mobile phone surveys in April, May and June 2020. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING 2009 households across five informal settlements in Nairobi, sampled from two previously interviewed cohorts. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES Outcomes include food insecurity, risk of household violence and forgoing necessary health services due to the pandemic. Gender-stratified linear probability regression models were constructed to determine the factors associated with these outcomes. RESULTS By May, more women than men reported adverse effects of COVID-19 mitigation policies on their lives. Women were 6 percentage points more likely to skip a meal versus men (coefficient: 0.055; 95% CI 0.016 to 0.094), and those who had completely lost their income were 15 percentage points more likely versus those employed (coefficient: 0.154; 95% CI 0.125 to 0.184) to skip a meal. Compared with men, women were 8 percentage points more likely to report increased risk of household violence (coefficient: 0.079; 95% CI 0.028 to 0.130) and 6 percentage points more likely to forgo necessary healthcare (coefficient: 0.056; 95% CI 0.037 to 0.076). CONCLUSIONS The pandemic rapidly and disproportionately impacted the lives of women. As Kenya reopens, policymakers must deploy assistance to ensure women in urban informal settlements are able to return to work, and get healthcare and services they need to not lose progress on gender equity made to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie Pinchoff
- Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Karen Austrian
- Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Timothy Abuya
- Reproductive Health, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beth Kangwana
- Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rhoune Ochako
- Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Daniel Mwanga
- Reproductive Health, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eva Muluve
- Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Faith Mbushi
- Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mercy Nzioki
- Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Thoai D Ngo
- Poverty, Gender and Youth, Population Council, New York City, New York, USA
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Miller KE, Jordans MJD, Tol WA, Galappatti A. A call for greater conceptual clarity in the field of mental health and psychosocial support in humanitarian settings. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci 2021; 30:e5. [PMID: 33413736 PMCID: PMC8057504 DOI: 10.1017/s2045796020001110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS When the Interagency Standing Committee (IASC) adopted the composite term mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS) and published its guidelines for MHPSS in emergency settings in 2007, it aimed to build consensus and strengthen coordination among relevant humanitarian actors. The term MHPSS offered an inclusive tent by welcoming the different terminologies, explanatory models and intervention methods of diverse actors across several humanitarian sectors (e.g., health, protection, education, nutrition). Since its introduction, the term has become well-established within the global humanitarian system. However, it has also been critiqued for papering over substantive differences in the intervention priorities and conceptual frameworks that inform the wide range of interventions described as MHPSS. Our aims are to clarify those conceptual frameworks, to argue for their essential complementarity and to illustrate the perils of failing to adequately consider the causal models and theories of change that underlie our interventions. METHODS We describe the historical backdrop against which the term MHPSS and the IASC guidelines were developed, as well as their impact on improving relations and coordination among different aid sectors. We consider the conceptual fuzziness in the field of MHPSS and the lack of clear articulation of the different conceptual frameworks that guide interventions. We describe the explanatory models and intervention approaches of two primary frameworks within MHPSS, which we label clinical and social-environmental. Using the examples of intimate partner violence and compromised parenting in humanitarian settings, we illustrate the complementarity of these two frameworks, as well as the challenges that can arise when either framework is inappropriately applied. RESULTS Clinical interventions prioritise the role of intrapersonal variables, biological and/or psychological, as mediators of change in the treatment of distress. Social-environmental interventions emphasise the role of social determinants of distress and target factors in the social and material environments in order to lower distress and increase resilience in the face of adversity. Both approaches play a critical role in humanitarian settings; however, the rationale for adopting one or the other approach is commonly insufficiently articulated and should be based on a thorough assessment of causal processes at multiple levels of the social ecology. CONCLUSIONS Greater attention to the 'why' of our intervention choices and more explicit articulation of the causal models and theories of change that underlie those decisions (i.e., the 'how'), may strengthen intervention effects and minimise the risk of applying the inappropriate framework and actions to a particular problem.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. J. D. Jordans
- War Child Holland, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W. A. Tol
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tol W. Interpersonal violence and mental health: a social justice framework to advance research and practice. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2020; 7:e10. [PMID: 32742668 PMCID: PMC7379322 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2020.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This editorial paper accompanies a special series in the journal Global Mental Health focused on the topic of interpersonal violence and mental health. This series included 24 papers reporting on data from 31 countries, published between 2017 and 2019. This accompanying paper provides a short summary of findings in the special series and reflects on next steps in research and practice. Collectively, the series' 24 papers suggest intricate bi-directional relationships between interpersonal violence and mental health, situated in particular contexts and varying across the life course. In order to study this complexity, an overarching theoretical framework is critical. This paper takes the social justice theory developed by Powers and Faden (2006, 2019) as a starting point. It is argued that application of this social justice framework will be helpful to: strengthen conceptual clarity; provide a sense of direction for research and practice in the area of interpersonal violence and mental health; assist in conducting more fine grained analyses of contextually determined processes of disadvantage; and help situate disciplinary specific research and practice questions in their broader context, thereby strengthening multi-disciplinary research and multi-sectoral policy and programming efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.A. Tol
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Peter C. Alderman Program for Global Mental Health, HealthRight International, New York, NY, USA
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Silove D, Mohsin M, Klein L, Tam NDJ, Dadds M, Eapen V, Tol WA, da Costa Z, Savio E, Soares R, Steel Z, Rees SJ. Longitudinal path analysis of depressive symptoms and functioning among women of child-rearing age in postconflict Timor-Leste. BMJ Glob Health 2020; 5:e002039. [PMID: 32337078 PMCID: PMC7170425 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This longitudinal study indicates that exposure to the traumas of mass conflict and subsequent depressive symptoms play an important role in pathways leading to functional impairment in the postconflict period among women of child-rearing age. Our study, conducted in Timor-Leste, involved an analytic sample of 1292 women recruited at antenatal clinics in the capital and its surrounding districts. Women were re-interviewed at home 2 years later (77.3% retention). We applied the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire for conflict-related traumatic events, the WHO Violence Against Women Instrument covering the past year for intimate partner violence and the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS V.2.0) to assess functional impairment. A longitudinal path analysis tested direct and indirect relationships involving past conflict-related trauma exposure, depressive symptoms measured over the two time points and functional impairment at follow-up. The prevalence of predefined clinically significant depressive symptoms diminished from 19.3% to 12.8%. Nevertheless, there was a tendency for depressive symptoms to persist over time (β=0.20; p<0.001). Follow-up depressive symptoms were associated with functional impairment (β=0.35; p<0.001). Reported conflict-related trauma occurring a minimum of 6 years earlier (β=0.23; p<0.001) and past-year physical intimate partner violence (β=0.26; p<0.001) were each associated with depressive symptoms at baseline and at follow-up. A measure of poverty specific to the context and reported health problems in the mother and infant also contributed to depressive symptoms. The findings highlight the association between ongoing trauma-related depressive symptoms and the capacity of women in the childbearing age to function in multiple areas of their lives in a postconflict country. Recognition of these relationships is important in the formulation and implementation of contemporary international recovery and development policies applied to postconflict countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derrick Silove
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mohammed Mohsin
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Mental Health Academic Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Louis Klein
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Mental Health Academic Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Natalino De Jesus Tam
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Child and Maternal Health, Alola Foundation, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Mark Dadds
- Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Mental Health Academic Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wietse A Tol
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Sch Publ Hlth, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zelia da Costa
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Child and Maternal Health, Alola Foundation, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Elisa Savio
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Child and Maternal Health, Alola Foundation, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Rina Soares
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Child and Maternal Health, Alola Foundation, Dili, Timor-Leste
| | - Zachary Steel
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Richmond Hospital, St John of God Health Care, North Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Susan J Rees
- Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Mental Health Academic Unit, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Erratum: Risk of perpetrating intimate partner violence amongst men exposed to torture in conflict-affected Timor-Leste - CORRIGENDUM. Glob Ment Health (Camb) 2018; 5:e26. [PMID: 30128162 PMCID: PMC6094400 DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2018.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1017/gmh.2018.16.].
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