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Omari Shekaftik S, Nasirzadeh N. Exposure control measures proposed by different organizations: the curious case of nanomaterial-involved activities. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2024; 30:460-470. [PMID: 38347762 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2024.2318088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Objectives. The unique properties of nanomaterials have turned them into an emerging threat for humans and the environment. This study therefore aimed to review exposure control measures proposed for nanomaterial-involved activities. Methods. This study is based on the published guidelines of different organizations on safe handling of nanomaterials. The search for documents was provided using the keywords 'Exposure controls', 'Good practices', 'Working safely', 'Safe practices', 'Handling safely', 'Safety guide' and 'Safety and health', combined with 'Nanomaterials', 'Nanotechnology' and 'Nanoparticles' on different databases and websites. Results. Thirty-one guidelines from 27 organizations were included. Most of the guidelines recommended engineering controls, administrative controls and personal protective equipment (PPE). Changing the physical form of nanomaterials or the process, using prevention through design (PtD) and using green chemistry principals were other suggestions to reduce exposure to nanomaterials. Conclusions. Considering the difficulty of implementation and case specificity of the solutions of the first two priorities of the hierarchy of controls (elimination and substitution), the emphasis of the guidelines on the next three priorities for controlling exposure to nanomaterials is understood. The type and method of using PPE and engineering controls should be resolved by referring to cutting-edge articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soqrat Omari Shekaftik
- Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Nasirzadeh
- Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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2
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Krishna A, Tutt J, Grewal M, Bragdon S, Moreshead S. Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in a Rural Community Hospital during Omicron Predominance. Microorganisms 2024; 12:686. [PMID: 38674630 PMCID: PMC11051707 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Healthcare-associated infections due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has increased since the discovery of the Omicron variant. We describe a SARS-CoV-2 outbreak in the medicine-surgery unit of a rural community hospital at the time of high community transmission of Omicron variant in our county. The outbreak occurred in the medicine-surgery unit of an 89-bed rural community hospital in northern Maine. The characteristics of the patients and healthcare workers (HCWs) affected by the outbreak are described. Patient and HCW data collected as part of the outbreak investigation were used in this report. The outbreak control measures implemented are also described. A total of 24 people tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 including 11 patients and 13 HCWs. A total of 12 of the 24 (50%) persons were symptomatic, and rhinorrhea was the most common symptom noted (8/12, 67%). None of the symptomatic persons had gastrointestinal symptoms or symptoms of a loss of sense of smell or taste. All HCWs were vaccinated and 8 of the 11 patients were vaccinated. Outbreak control measures in the affected unit included implementation of full PPE (N95 respirators, eye protection, gowns and gloves) during all patient care, serial testing of employees and patients in the affected unit, cohorting positive patients, closing visitation and thorough environmental cleaning including use of ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection. This outbreak exemplifies the high transmissibility of the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. The outbreak occurred despite a well-established infection control program. We noted that serial testing, use of N95 respirators during all patient care and UV disinfection were some of the measures that could be successful in outbreak control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amar Krishna
- Northern Light AR Gould Hospital, Presque Isle, ME 04769, USA; (J.T.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Julie Tutt
- Northern Light AR Gould Hospital, Presque Isle, ME 04769, USA; (J.T.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Mehr Grewal
- Northern Light AR Gould Hospital, Presque Isle, ME 04769, USA; (J.T.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Sheila Bragdon
- Northern Light AR Gould Hospital, Presque Isle, ME 04769, USA; (J.T.); (M.G.); (S.B.)
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Gopalan T, Muhamad MR, Wai Hoe VC, Hassandarvish P. N95 respirator hybrid decontamination method using Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) coupled with Microwave-Generated Steam (MGS). PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296871. [PMID: 38319932 PMCID: PMC10846690 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has induced a critical supply of personal protective equipment (PPE) especially N95 respirators. Utilizing respirator decontamination procedures to reduce the pathogen load of a contaminated N95 respirator can be a viable solution for reuse purposes. In this study, the efficiency of a novel hybrid respirator decontamination method of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) which utilizes ultraviolet-C (UV-C) rays coupled with microwave-generated steam (MGS) against feline coronavirus (FCoV) was evaluated. The contaminated 3M 1860 respirator pieces were treated with three treatments (UVGI-only, MGS-only, and Hybrid-UVGI + MGS) with variable time. The virucidal activity was evaluated using the TCID50 method. The comparison of decontamination efficiency of the treatments indicated that the hybrid method achieved at least a pathogen log reduction of 4 logs, faster than MGS and UVGI. These data recommend that the proposed hybrid decontamination system is more effective comparatively in achieving pathogen log reduction of 4 logs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumaaran Gopalan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Ridha Muhamad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Centre of Advanced Manufacturing and Material Processing (AMMP Centre), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Victor Chee Wai Hoe
- Centre for Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Practice, Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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4
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Hiep NT, Nguyen MK, Nhut HT, Hung NTQ, Manh NC, Lin C, Chang SW, Um MJ, Nguyen DD. A review on sterilization methods of environmental decontamination to prevent the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19 virus): A new challenge towards eco-friendly solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166021. [PMID: 37543323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the COVID-19 pandemic is currently wreaking havoc on the planet. SARS-CoV-2, the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus, is the current term for this outbreak. Reports about this novel coronavirus have been presented since the pandemic's breakout, and they have demonstrated that it transmits rapidly from person to person, primarily by droplets in the air. Findings have illustrated that SARS-CoV-2 can survive on surfaces from hours to days. Therefore, it is essential to find practical solutions to reduce the virus's impact on human health and the environment. This work evaluated common sterilization methods that can decontaminate the environment and items. The goal is that healthcare facilities, disease prevention organizations, and local communities can overcome the new challenge of finding eco-friendly solutions. Further, a foundation of information encompassing various sterilization procedures and highlighting their limits to choose the most appropriate method to stop disease-causing viruses in the new context has been presented. The findings of this crucial investigation contribute to gaining insight into the comprehensive sterilization approaches against the coronavirus for human health protection and sustainable environmental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Trung Hiep
- Research Institute for Sustainable Development, Ho Chi Minh University of Natural Resources and Environment, 236B Le Van Sy, Ward 1, Tan Binh District, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh-Ky Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - Huynh Tan Nhut
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Tri Quang Hung
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
| | - Nguyen Cong Manh
- Department of Aquatic and Atmospheric Environment Research, Research Institute of Biotechnology and Environment, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
| | - S Woong Chang
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - Myoung Jin Um
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, South Korea
| | - D Duc Nguyen
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, South Korea; Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Viet Nam.
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5
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Li X, Han F, Fan S, Liu Y, Zhang J, Li J. Recycling of discarded face masks for modification and use in SBS-modified bitumen. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:115152-115163. [PMID: 37880400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the discarded face masks have attracted widespread attention in society. In line with sustainable development, a physicochemical treatment method was used to recycle discarded face masks into styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS) modified bitumen. Utilizing the highly adhesive polydopamine-polyethyleneimine (PDA-PEI) coating, it has improved the surface damage of the discarded face mask fibers (DFMF) caused by natural aging and mechanical fragmentation, simultaneously strengthening the connection between the fibers and bitumen. At 46 °C, the 2% embellish-face mask fiber (E-FMF)/SBS modified bitumen, compared to the 2%DFMF/SBS modified bitumen, exhibited improvements in complex modulus (G*), elastic modulus (G'), and loss modulus (G″) by 12.27%, 16.39%, and 13.35%, respectively. Furthermore, at 0.1 kPa and 3.2 kPa, the creep recovery rate (R) increased by 23.3% and 32%, and the average creep compliance (Jnr) decreased by 54.7% and 64%. It was demonstrated that DFMF adhered with the coating, were more effective in improving the mechanical properties, deformation resistance, and shear resistance of the bitumen. This approach enriches the application scenarios of discarded single-use face masks and supports environmental protection and road construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Fuhu Han
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Shencheng Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Guangxi Communications Investment Technology Co., Ltd., Nanning, China
| | - Jieyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
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6
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Han S, Hyun SW, Son JW, Song MS, Lim DJ, Choi C, Park SH, Ha SD. Innovative nonthermal technologies for inactivation of emerging foodborne viruses. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:3395-3421. [PMID: 37288815 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Various foodborne viruses have been associated with human health during the last decade, causing gastroenteritis and a huge economic burden worldwide. Furthermore, the emergence of new variants of infectious viruses is growing continuously. Inactivation of foodborne viruses in the food industry is a formidable task because although viruses cannot grow in foods, they can survive in the food matrix during food processing and storage environments. Conventional inactivation methods pose various drawbacks, necessitating more effective and environmentally friendly techniques for controlling foodborne viruses during food production and processing. Various inactivation approaches for controlling foodborne viruses have been attempted in the food industry. However, some traditionally used techniques, such as disinfectant-based or heat treatment, are not always efficient. Nonthermal techniques are considered a new platform for effective and safe treatment to inactivate foodborne viruses. This review focuses on foodborne viruses commonly associated with human gastroenteritis, including newly emerged viruses, such as sapovirus and Aichi virus. It also investigates the use of chemical and nonthermal physical treatments as effective technologies to inactivate foodborne viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangha Han
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok-Woo Hyun
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Won Son
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Su Song
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jae Lim
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsun Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Food Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Hong Park
- Food Science and Technology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Sang-Do Ha
- Advanced Food Safety Research Group, BrainKorea21 Plus, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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7
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Atari N, Mamane H, Silberbush A, Zuckerman N, Mandelboim M, Gerchman Y. Disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 by UV-LED 267 nm: comparing different variants. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8229. [PMID: 37217554 PMCID: PMC10201513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
UV irradiation is an efficient tool for the disinfection of viruses in general and coronavirus specifically. This study explores the disinfection kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 variants wild type (similar to the Wuhan strain) and three variants (Alpha, Delta, and Omicron) by 267 nm UV-LED. All variants showed more than 5 logs average reduction in copy number at 5 mJ/cm2 but inconsistency was evident, especially for the Alpha variant. Increasing the dose to 7 mJ/cm2 did not increase average inactivation but did result in a dramatic decrease in the inactivation inconsistency making this dose the recommended minimum. Sequence analysis suggests that the difference between the variants is likely due to small differences in the frequency of specific UV extra-sensitive nucleotide sequence motifs although this hypothesis requires further experimental testing. In summary, the use of UV-LED with their simple electricity need (can be operated from a battery or photovoltaic panel) and geometrical flexibility could offer many advantages in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2 spread, but minimal UV dose should be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nofar Atari
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Hadas Mamane
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Alon Silberbush
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Kiryat Tiv'on, Israel
| | - Neta Zuckerman
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Michal Mandelboim
- Central Virology Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yoram Gerchman
- The Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
- Oranim College, 3600600, Tivon, Israel.
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Parsa SM, Norozpour F, Elsheikh AH, Kabeel AE. Solar desalination/purification (solar stills, humidification-dehumidification, solar disinfection) in high altitude during COVID19: Insights of gastrointestinal manifestations and systems' mechanism. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 10:100259. [PMID: 36816517 PMCID: PMC9927827 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2023.100259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
From the starting of the pandemic different transmission routes of the pathogen was brought into the spotlight by researchers from different disciplines. This matter in high-altitudes was more boosted as the main parameters were not exactly realized. In this review we are about to highlight the possibility of consuming contaminated water generated form solar water desalination/disinfection systems in highlands. Three systems including solar still, solar disinfection (which experimented by the authors in 2019 in high altitude) and humidification-dehumidification were consider in this context. Ascribe to the risks of pathogens transmission in solar desalination/disinfection systems where the water resources are heavily polluted in every corner of the world, highlighting the risk of consuming water in high-altitude where there are many other parameters associated with spread of pathogen is of great importance. As it was reported, reliability of solar desalination and solar water disinfections systems against contaminated water by the novel coronavirus remained on the question because the virus can be transmitted by vapor in solar stills due to tiny particle size (60-140 nm) and would not be killed by solar disinfections due to low-temperature of operation <40 °C while for HDH contamination of both water and air by sars-cov-2 could be a concern. Although the SARS-CoV-2 is not a waterborne pathogen, its capability to replicate in stomach and infection of gastrointestinal glandular suggested the potential of transmission via fecal-oral. Eventually, it was concluded that using solar-based water treatment as drinking water in high altitude regions should be cautiously consider and recommendations and considerations are presented. Importantly, this critical review not only about the ongoing pandemic, but it aims is to highlight the importance of produced drinking water by systems for future epidemic/pandemic to prevent spread and entering a pathogen particularly in high-altitude regions via a new routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Masoud Parsa
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Fatemeh Norozpour
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ammar H Elsheikh
- Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - A E Kabeel
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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Singh D, Soorneedi AR, Vaze N, Domitrovic R, Sharp F, Lindsey D, Rohr A, Moore MD, Koutrakis P, Nardell E, Demokritou P. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 surrogate inactivation on surfaces and in air using UV and blue light-based intervention technologies. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:200-211. [PMID: 36594726 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2157907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has created an urgent need to utilize existing and develop new intervention technologies for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation on surfaces and in the air. Ultraviolet (UV) technology has been shown to be an effective antimicrobial intervention. Here a study was conducted to determine the efficacy of commercially available UV and blue light-based devices for inactivating HCoV-229E, a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2. The results indicate that two UV devices designed for surface disinfection, with doses of 8.07 µJ/cm2 for the 254 nm device and 20.61 µJ/cm2 for the 275 nm device, were efficient in inactivating 4.94 logs of surface inoculated HCoV-229E. Additionally, a 222 nm UV device with intended ceiling-based operation was effective in inactivating 1.7 logs of the virus inoculated on surface, with a dose of 6 mJ/cm2. A ceiling-based device designed to emit blue light at 405 nm was found to produce 89% reduction in HCoV-229E inoculated on a surface for a dose of 78 J/cm2. Finally, the UV based 222 nm device was found to produce a 90% reduction in the concentration of airborne HCoV-229E, at a 55 µJ/cm2 dose. These results are indicative of the great potential of using UV based technology for the control of SARS-CoV-2.Implications: An important avenue of arresting COVID-19 and future pandemics caused by infectious pathogens is through environmental disinfection. To this effect, the study presented here evaluates commercially available UV and blue light based antimicrobial devices for their ability to kill the human coronavirus HCoV-229E, a surrogate of SARS-CoV-2, on surfaces and in air. The results indicate that two handheld UV devices produced complete inactivation of surface viral inoculum and a UVC ceiling based device produced 1 log reduction in HCoV-229E in air. These results imply the efficacy of UV technology as an antimicrobial tool, especially for rapid disinfection of indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilpreet Singh
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anand R Soorneedi
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Nachiket Vaze
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Research Center, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Ron Domitrovic
- The Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Frank Sharp
- The Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | | | - Annette Rohr
- The Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D Moore
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Petros Koutrakis
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ed Nardell
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Division of Global Health Equity, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Research Center, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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10
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Mehta I, Hsueh HY, Taghipour S, Li W, Saeedi S. UV Disinfection Robots: A Review. ROBOTICS AND AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS 2023; 161:104332. [PMID: 36514383 PMCID: PMC9731820 DOI: 10.1016/j.robot.2022.104332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has completely changed our lives and how we interact with the world. The pandemic has brought about a pressing need to have effective disinfection practices that can be incorporated into daily life. They are needed to limit the spread of infections through surfaces and air, particularly in public settings. Most of the current methods utilize chemical disinfectants, which can be laborious and time-consuming. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is a proven and powerful means of disinfection. There has been a rising interest in the implementation of UV disinfection robots by various public institutions, such as hospitals, long-term care homes, airports, and shopping malls. The use of UV-based disinfection robots could make the disinfection process faster and more efficient. The objective of this review is to equip readers with the necessary background on UV disinfection and provide relevant discussion on various aspects of UV robots.
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Balakrishnan A, Jacob MM, Senthil Kumar P, Kapoor A, Ponnuchamy M, Sivaraman P, Sillanpää M. Strategies for safe management of hospital wastewater during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : IJEST 2023; 20:1-16. [PMID: 36817164 PMCID: PMC9925218 DOI: 10.1007/s13762-023-04803-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Management of hospital wastewater is a challenging task, particularly during the situations like coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The hospital effluent streams are likely to contain many known and unknown contaminants including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) along with a variety of pollutants arising from pharmaceuticals, life-style chemicals, drugs, radioactive species, and human excreta from the patients. The effluents are a mixed bag of contaminants with some of them capable of infecting through contact. Hence, it is essential to identify appropriate treatment strategies for hospital waste streams. In this work, various pollutants emerging in the context of COVID-19 are examined. A methodical review is conducted on the occurrence and disinfection methods of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. An emphasis is given to the necessity of addressing the challenges of handling hospital effluents dynamically involved during the pandemic scenario to ensure human and environmental safety. A comparative evaluation of disinfection strategies makes it evident that the non-contact methods like ultraviolet irradiation, hydrogen peroxide vapor, and preventive approaches such as the usage of antimicrobial surface coating offer promise in reducing the chance of disease transmission. These methods are also highly efficient in comparison with other strategies. Chemical disinfection strategies such as chlorination may lead to further disinfection byproducts, complicating the treatment processes. An overall analysis of various disinfection methods is presented here, including developing methods such as membrane technologies, highlighting the merits and demerits of each of these processes. Finally, the wastewater surveillance adopted during the COVID-19 outbreak is discussed. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13762-023-04803-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Balakrishnan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha 769008 India
| | - M. M. Jacob
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - P. Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai 603203 India
- Centre of Excellence in Water Research (CEWAR), Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Chennai 603203 India
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering and Food Technology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, 140413 India
| | - A. Kapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Harcourt Butler Technical University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208002 India
| | - M. Ponnuchamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - P. Sivaraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603203 India
| | - M. Sillanpää
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451 Saudi Arabia
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (UESTC), NO. 2006, Xiyuan Ave., West High-Tech Zone, Chengdu, Sichuan 611731 People’s Republic of China
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Bhattacharya S, Abhishek K, Samiksha S, Sharma P. Occurrence and transport of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater streams and its detection and remediation by chemical-biological methods. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 9:100221. [PMID: 36818681 PMCID: PMC9762044 DOI: 10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper explains the transmission of SARS-CoV and influences of several environmental factors in the transmission process. The article highlighted several methods of collection, sampling and monitoring/estimation as well as surveillance tool for detecting SARS-CoV in wastewater streams. In this context, WBE (Wastewater based epidemiology) is found to be the most effective surveillance tool. Several methods of genomic sequencing are discussed in the paper, which are applied in WBE, like qPCR-based wastewater testing, metagenomics-based analysis, next generation sequencing etc. Additionally, several types of biosensors (colorimetric biosensor, mobile phone-based biosensors, and nanomaterials-based biosensors) showed promising results in sensing SARS-CoV in wastewater. Further, this review paper outlined the gaps in assessing the factors responsible for transmission and challenges in detection and monitoring along with the remediation and disinfection methods of this virus in wastewater. Various methods of disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater are discussed (primary, secondary, and tertiary phases) and it is found that a suite of disinfection methods can be used for complete disinfection/removal of the virus. Application of ultraviolet light, ozone and chlorine-based disinfectants are also discussed in the context of treatment methods. This study calls for continuous efforts to gather more information about the virus through continuous monitoring and analyses and to address the existing gaps and identification of the most effective tool/ strategy to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Wastewater surveillance can be very useful in effective surveillance of future pandemics and epidemics caused by viruses, especially after development of new technologies in detecting and disinfecting viral pathogens more effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayan Bhattacharya
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, 803116, Bihar, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, 803116, Bihar, India
- Department of Environment Forest and Climate Change, Government of Bihar, Patna, 800015, Bihar, India
| | - Shilpi Samiksha
- Bihar State Pollution Control Board, Patna, 800015, Bihar, India
| | - Prabhakar Sharma
- School of Ecology and Environment Studies, Nalanda University, Rajgir, 803116, Bihar, India
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13
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Cox J, Christensen B, Burton N, Dunn KH, Finnegan M, Ruess A, Estill C. Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the workplace: Key findings from a rapid review of the literature. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2023; 57:233-254. [PMID: 37213938 PMCID: PMC10193509 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2023.2166394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the primary route of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was not well understood. Research gathered from other respiratory infectious diseases, including other coronaviruses, was the basis for the initial perceptions for transmission of SARS-CoV-2. To better understand transmission of SARS-CoV-2, a rapid literature review was conducted from literature generated March 19, 2020, through September 23, 2021. 18,616 unique results were identified from literature databases and screened. Of these, 279 key articles were reviewed and abstracted covering critical topics such as environmental/workplace monitoring, sampling and analytical method evaluation, and the ability of the virus to remain intact and infectious during sampling. This paper describes the results of the rapid literature review, which evaluated pathways that contribute to transmission as well as the strengths and limitations of current sampling approaches. This review also evaluates how different factors, including environmental conditions and surface characteristics, could impact the transmission potential of SARS-CoV-2. A continual rapid review in the midst of a pandemic proved particularly useful for quickly understanding the transmission parameters of the virus and enabled us to comprehensively assess literature, respond to workplace questions, and evaluate our understanding as the science evolved. Air and surface sampling with the accompanying analytical methods were not generally effective in recovering SARS-CoV-2 viable virus or RNA in many likely contaminated environments. In light of these findings, the development of validated sampling and analysis methods is critical for determining worker exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and to assess the impact of mitigation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Cox
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Brian Christensen
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nancy Burton
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kevin H. Dunn
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Ana Ruess
- Gryphon Scientific, Takoma Park, MD, USA
| | - Cherie Estill
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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14
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Kaushik N, Mitra S, Baek EJ, Nguyen LN, Bhartiya P, Kim JH, Choi EH, Kaushik NK. The inactivation and destruction of viruses by reactive oxygen species generated through physical and cold atmospheric plasma techniques: Current status and perspectives. J Adv Res 2023; 43:59-71. [PMID: 36585115 PMCID: PMC8905887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outbreaks of airborne viral infections, such as COVID-19, can cause panic regarding other severe respiratory syndrome diseases that may develop and affect public health. It is therefore necessary to develop control methods that offer protection against such viruses. AIM OF REVIEW To identify a feasible solution for virus deactivation, we critically reviewed methods of generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can attack a wide range of molecular targets to induce antiviral activity, accounting for their flexibility in facilitating host defense mechanisms against a comprehensive range of pathogens. Recently, the role of ROS in microbial decontamination has been critically investigated as a major topic in infectious diseases. ROS can eradicate pathogens directly by inducing oxidative stress or indirectly by promoting pathogen removal through numerous non-oxidative mechanisms, including autophagy, T-cell responses, and pattern recognition receptor signaling. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW In this article, we reviewed possible methods for the in vitro generation of ROS with antiviral activity. Furthermore, we discuss, in detail, the novel and environmentally friendly cold plasma delivery system in the destruction of viruses. This review highlights the potential of ROS as therapeutic mediators to modernize current techniques and improvement on the efficiency of inactivating SARS-CoV2 and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
| | - Sarmistha Mitra
- Department of Anatomy, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju 38066, Korea
| | - Eun Jung Baek
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Linh Nhat Nguyen
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea,Laboratory of Plasma Technology, Institute of Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi 100000, Viet Nam
| | - Pradeep Bhartiya
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea
| | - June Hyun Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong 18323, Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea,Corresponding author
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul 01897, Korea,Corresponding author
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15
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Metolina P, de Oliveira LG, Ramos B, de Souza Angelo Y, Minoprio P, Teixeira ACSC. Evaluation of the effectiveness of UV-C dose for photoinactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in contaminated N95 respirator, surgical and cotton fabric masks. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2022; 21:1915-1929. [PMID: 35864345 PMCID: PMC9303050 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00268-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As part of efforts to combat the Covid-19 pandemic and decrease the high transmissibility of the new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, effective inactivation strategies, such as UV-C decontamination technologies, can be reliably disseminated and well-studied. The present study investigated the susceptibility of a high viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in filtering facepiece respirators (FFR) N95, surgical mask, cotton fabric mask and N95 straps under three different doses of UV-C, applying both real-time PCR (qPCR) and plaque formation assays to quantify viral load reduction and virus infectivity, respectively. The results show that more than 95% of the amount of SARS-CoV-2 RNA could be reduced after 10 min of UV-C exposure (0.93 J cm-2 per side) in FFR N95 and surgical masks and, after 5 min of UV-C treatment (0.46 J cm-2 per side) in fabric masks. Furthermore, the analysis of viable coronaviruses after these different UV-C treatments demonstrated that the lowest applied dose is sufficient to decontaminate all masks ([Formula: see text] 3-log10 reduction of the infective viral load, > 99.9% reduction). However, for the elastic strap of N95 respirators, a UV-C dose three times greater than that used in masks (1.4 J cm-2 per side) is required. The findings suggest that the complete decontamination of masks can be performed effectively and safely in well-planned protocols for pandemic crises or as strategies to reduce the high consumption and safe disposal of these materials in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Metolina
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Chemical Systems Engineering Center-Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Bruno Ramos
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Chemical Systems Engineering Center-Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yan de Souza Angelo
- Scientific Platform Pasteur USP (SPPU), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Scientific Platform Pasteur USP (SPPU), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Carlos Silva Costa Teixeira
- Research Group in Advanced Oxidation Processes (AdOx), Chemical Systems Engineering Center-Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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16
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Bello-Perez M, Esparza I, De la Encina A, Bartolome T, Molina T, Sanjuan E, Falco A, Enjuanes L, Sola I, Usera F. Pulsed-Xenon Ultraviolet Light Highly Inactivates Human Coronaviruses on Solid Surfaces, Particularly SARS-CoV-2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192113780. [PMID: 36360660 PMCID: PMC9653743 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192113780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In the context of ongoing and future pandemics, non-pharmaceutical interventions are critical in reducing viral infections and the emergence of new antigenic variants while the population reaches immunity to limit viral transmission. This study provides information on efficient and fast methods of disinfecting surfaces contaminated with different human coronaviruses (CoVs) in healthcare settings. The ability to disinfect three different human coronaviruses (HCoV-229E, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) on dried surfaces with light was determined for a fully characterized pulsed-xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) source. Thereafter, the effectiveness of this treatment to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 was compared to that of conventional low-pressure mercury UVC lamps by using equivalent irradiances of UVC wavelengths. Under the experimental conditions of this research, PX-UV light completely inactivated the CoVs tested on solid surfaces since the infectivity of the three CoVs was reduced up to 4 orders of magnitude by PX-UV irradiation, with a cumulated dose of as much as 21.162 mJ/cm2 when considering all UV wavelengths (5.402 mJ/cm2 of just UVC light). Furthermore, continuous irradiation with UVC light was less efficient in inactivating SARS-CoV-2 than treatment with PX-UV light. Therefore, PX-UV light postulates as a promising decontamination measure to tackle the propagation of future outbreaks of CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Bello-Perez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iris Esparza
- Biosafety Service, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha De la Encina
- Biosafety Service, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Bartolome
- Biosafety Service, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Molina
- CandelTEC S.L. Pol. Industrial L’Horta Vella, 8, 6, 46117 Betera, Spain
| | - Elena Sanjuan
- CandelTEC S.L. Pol. Industrial L’Horta Vella, 8, 6, 46117 Betera, Spain
| | - Alberto Falco
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Healthcare Biotechnology in Elche (IDiBE), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Usera
- Biosafety Service, National Center of Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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17
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Ratliff K, Oudejans L, Calfee W, Abdel-Hady A, Monge M, Aslett D. Evaluating the impact of ultraviolet C exposure conditions on coliphage MS2 inactivation on surfaces. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 75:933-941. [PMID: 35704393 PMCID: PMC9764853 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised interest in using devices that generate ultraviolet C (UVC) radiation as an alternative approach for reducing or eliminating microorganisms on surfaces. Studies investigating the efficacy of UVC radiation against pathogens use a wide range of laboratory methods and experimental conditions that can make cross-comparison of results and extrapolation of findings to real-world settings difficult. Here, we use three different UVC-generating sources - a broad-spectrum pulsed xenon light, a continuous light-emitting diode (LED), and a low-pressure mercury vapour lamp - to evaluate the impact of different experimental conditions on UVC efficacy against the coliphage MS2 on surfaces. We find that a nonlinear dose-response relationship exists for all three light sources, meaning that linear extrapolation of doses resulting in a 1-log10 (90%) reduction does not accurately predict the dose required for higher (e.g. 3-log10 or 99.9%) log10 reductions. In addition, our results show that the inoculum characteristics and underlying substrate play an important role in determining UVC efficacy. Variations in microscopic surface topography may shield MS2 from UVC radiation to different degrees, which impacts UVC device efficacy. These findings are important to consider in comparing results from different UVC studies and in estimating device performance in field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ratliff
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L Oudejans
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - W Calfee
- Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A Abdel-Hady
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - M Monge
- Consolidated Safety Services, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - D Aslett
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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18
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Olagüe C, Mitxelena-Iribarren O, Sierra-García JE, Rodriguez-Merino F, Maestro S, Pérez-Lorenzo E, Guillen-Grima F, González-Aseguinolaza G, Arana S, Smerdou C. Rapid SARS-CoV-2 disinfection on distant surfaces with UV-C: The inactivation is affected by the type of material. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022; 11:100138. [PMID: 35958025 PMCID: PMC9356637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused almost 570 million infections and over six million deaths worldwide. To help curb its spread, solutions using ultraviolet light (UV) for quick virus inactivation inside buildings without human intervention could be very useful to reduce chances of contagion. The UV dose must be sufficient to inactivate the virus considering the different materials in the room, but it should not be too high, not to degrade the environment. In the present study, we have analyzed the ability of a 254 nm wavelength UV-C lamp to inactivate dried samples of SARS-CoV-2 exposed at a distance of two meters, simulating a full-scale scenario. Our results showed that virus inactivation was extremely efficient in most tested materials, which included plastic, metal, wood, and textile, with a UV-C exposure of only 42 s (equivalent to 10 mJ/cm2). However, porous materials like medium density fibreboard, were hard to decontaminate, indicating that they should be avoided in hospital rooms and public places.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Olagüe
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Oihane Mitxelena-Iribarren
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Manuel Lardizábal 15, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Manuel Lardizábal 13, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | | | - Sheila Maestro
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eva Pérez-Lorenzo
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Manuel Lardizábal 15, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Manuel Lardizábal 13, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Francisco Guillen-Grima
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pio XII 36, 3108 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
| | - Gloria González-Aseguinolaza
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sergio Arana
- CEIT-Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Manuel Lardizábal 15, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun, Manuel Lardizábal 13, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Cristian Smerdou
- Division of Gene Therapy and Regulation of Gene Expression, Cima Universidad de Navarra and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdISNA), 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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19
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Tomás AL, Reichel A, Silva PM, Silva PG, Pinto J, Calado I, Campos J, Silva I, Machado V, Laranjeira R, Abreu P, Mendes P, Sedrine NB, Santos NC. UV-C irradiation-based inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 in contaminated porous and non-porous surfaces. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B: BIOLOGY 2022; 234:112531. [PMID: 35933836 PMCID: PMC9308144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic emphasized effective cleaning and disinfection of common spaces as an essential tool to mitigate viral transmission. To address this problem, decontamination technologies based on UV-C light are being used. Our aim was to generate coherent and translational datasets of effective UV-C-based SARS-CoV-2 inactivation protocols for the application on surfaces with different compositions. Virus infectivity after UV-C exposure of several porous (bed linen, various types of upholstery, synthetic leather, clothing) and non-porous (types of plastic, stainless steel, glass, ceramics, wood, vinyl) materials was assessed through plaque assay using a SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate. Studies were conducted under controlled environmental conditions with a 254-nm UV-C lamp and irradiance values quantified using a 254 nm-calibrated sensor. From each material type (porous/non-porous), a product was selected as a reference to assess the decrease of infectious virus particles as a function of UV-C dose, before testing the remaining surfaces with selected critical doses. Our data show that UV-C irradiation is effectively inactivating SARS-CoV-2 on both material types. However, an efficient reduction in the number of infectious viral particles was achieved much faster and at lower doses on non-porous surfaces. The treatment effectiveness on porous surfaces was demonstrated to be highly variable and composition-dependent. Our findings will support the optimization of UV-C-based technologies, enabling the adoption of effective customizable protocols that will help to ensure higher antiviral efficiencies.
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20
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Liu Y, Shao Y, Wang L, Lu W, Li S, Xu D, Fu YV. Inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus with electron beam irradiation under cold chain conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION 2022; 27:102715. [PMID: 35694201 PMCID: PMC9169434 DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2022.102715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The many instances of COVID-19 outbreaks suggest that cold chains are a possible route for the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, owing to the low temperatures of cold chains, which are normally below 0 °C, there are limited options for virus inactivation. Here, high-energy electron beam (E-beam) irradiation was used to inactivate porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) under simulated cold chain conditions. This coronavirus was used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2. The possible mechanism by which high-energy E-beam irradiation inactivates PEDV was also explored. An irradiation dose of 10 kGy reduced the PEDV infectious viral titer by 1.68-1.76 log10TCID 50 / 100 μ L in the cold chain environment, suggesting that greater than 98.1% of PEDV was inactivated. E-beam irradiation at 5-30 kGy damaged the viral genomic RNA with an efficiency of 46.25%-92.11%. The integrity of the viral capsid was disrupted at 20 kGy. The rapid and effective inactivation of PEDV at temperatures below freezing indicates high-energy E-beam irradiation as a promising technology for disinfecting SARS-CoV-2 in cold chain logistics to limit the transmission of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yang Shao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weilai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Diandou Xu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Radiographic Techniques and Equipment, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Vincent Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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21
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Weyersberg L, Klemens E, Buehler J, Vatter P, Hessling M. UVC, UVB and UVA susceptibility of Phi6 and its suitability as a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate. AIMS Microbiol 2022; 8:278-291. [PMID: 36317004 PMCID: PMC9576498 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2022020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For SARS-CoV-2 disinfection systems or applications that are based on UVC, UVB or UVA irradiation, it would be desirable to have a SARS-CoV-2 surrogate for tests and development, which does not require a laboratory with a high biosafety level. The bacteriophage Phi 6, an enveloped RNA virus like coronaviruses, is an obvious candidate for such a surrogate. In this study, UVC, UVB and UVA log-reduction doses for Phi6 are determined by plaque assay. Log-reduction doses for SARS-CoV-2 are retrieved from a literature research. Because of a high variability of the published results, median log-reduction doses are determined for defined spectral ranges and compared to Phi6 data in the same intervals. The measured Phi6 log-reduction doses for UVC (254 nm), UVB (311 nm) and UVA (365 nm) are 31.7, 980 and 14 684 mJ/cm2, respectively. The determined median log-reduction doses for SARS-CoV-2 are much lower, only about 1.7 mJ/cm2 within the spectral interval 251-270 nm. Therefore, Phi6 can be photoinactivated by all UV wavelengths but it is much less UV sensitive compared to SARS-CoV-2 in all UV spectral ranges. Thus, Phi6 is no convincing SARS-CoV-2 surrogate in UV applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Martin Hessling
- Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Department of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Albert Einstein-Allee 55, D-89081 Ulm, Germany
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22
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Sahoo M, Panigrahi C, Aradwad P. Management strategies emphasizing advanced food processing approaches to mitigate food borne zoonotic pathogens in food system. FOOD FRONTIERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/fft2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Monalisa Sahoo
- Centre for Rural Development and Technology Indian Institute of Technology Delhi New Delhi India
| | - Chirasmita Panigrahi
- Agricultural and Food Engineering Department Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal India
| | - Pramod Aradwad
- Division of Agricultural Engineering Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi India
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Ezzatpanah H, Gómez‐López VM, Koutchma T, Lavafpour F, Moerman F, Mohammadi M, Raheem D. New food safety challenges of viral contamination from a global perspective: Conventional, emerging, and novel methods of viral control. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:904-941. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ezzatpanah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | | | - Tatiana Koutchma
- Guelph Research and Development Center Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada Guelph Ontario Canada
| | | | - Frank Moerman
- Department of Chemistry Catholic University of Leuven ‐ KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | | | - Dele Raheem
- Arctic Centre (NIEM) University of Lapland Rovaniemi Finland
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Vlaskin MS. Review of air disinfection approaches and proposal for thermal inactivation of airborne viruses as a life-style and an instrument to fight pandemics. APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING 2022; 202:117855. [PMID: 34867067 PMCID: PMC8628600 DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.117855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic highlighted the importance of air biosecurity because SARS-CoV-2 is mainly transmitted from person to person via airborne droplets. Preventing infectious droplets from entering the body is one of the best ways to protect against infection. This paper reviews the transmission patterns of airborne pathogens and air disinfection methods. A particular emphasis is put on studies devoted to the thermal inactivation of viruses. These reviews reveal that air heat treatment has not been seriously considered as a possible air disinfection approach. Simple calculations show that the energy input required for thermal disinfection of human's air daily consumption is almost the same as for daily water consumption (by heat treatment from room temperature to 100 °C). Moreover, it is possible to organize a continuous heat recovery from the air already heated during disinfection to the inlet air, thus significantly increasing the energy efficiency. Therefore, I propose a solution for the thermal inactivation of airborne pathogens based on air heating and its subsequent cooling in a heat exchanger with heat recovery. Such a solution could be used to create mobile personal and stationary indoor air disinfectors, as well as heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems. Thermal disinfection of air to breathe might one day be part of people's daily life like thermal disinfection of drinking water. Aside from limiting infectious disease transmission, thermal inactivation might be the basis for developing inhaled vaccines using thermally inactivated whole pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail S Vlaskin
- Joint Institute for High Temperatures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 13/2 Izhorskaya St, Moscow 125412, Russia
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25
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Harfoot R, Yung DBY, Anderson WA, Wild CEK, Coetzee N, Hernández LC, Lawley B, Pletzer D, Derraik JGB, Anderson YC, Quiñones-Mateu ME. Ultraviolet-C Irradiation, Heat, and Storage as Potential Methods of Inactivating SARS-CoV-2 and Bacterial Pathogens on Filtering Facepiece Respirators. Pathogens 2022; 11:83. [PMID: 35056031 PMCID: PMC8780977 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The arrival of SARS-CoV-2 to Aotearoa/New Zealand in February 2020 triggered a massive response at multiple levels. Procurement and sustainability of medical supplies to hospitals and clinics during the then upcoming COVID-19 pandemic was one of the top priorities. Continuing access to new personal protective equipment (PPE) was not guaranteed; thus, disinfecting and reusing PPE was considered as a potential alternative. Here, we describe part of a local program intended to test and implement a system to disinfect PPE for potential reuse in New Zealand. We used filtering facepiece respirator (FFR) coupons inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 or clinically relevant multidrug-resistant pathogens (Acinetobacter baumannii Ab5075, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 LAC and cystic-fibrosis isolate Pseudomonas aeruginosa LESB58), to evaluate the potential use of ultraviolet-C germicidal irradiation (UV-C) or dry heat treatment to disinfect PPE. An applied UV-C dose of 1000 mJ/cm2 was sufficient to completely inactivate high doses of SARS-CoV-2; however, irregularities in the FFR coupons hindered the efficacy of UV-C to fully inactivate the virus, even at higher UV-C doses (2000 mJ/cm2). Conversely, incubating contaminated FFR coupons at 65 °C for 30 min or 70 °C for 15 min, was sufficient to block SARS-CoV-2 replication, even in the presence of mucin or a soil load (mimicking salivary or respiratory secretions, respectively). Dry heat (90 min at 75 °C to 80 °C) effectively killed 106 planktonic bacteria; however, even extending the incubation time up to two hours at 80 °C did not completely kill bacteria when grown in colony biofilms. Importantly, we also showed that FFR material can harbor replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 for up to 35 days at room temperature in the presence of a soil load. We are currently using these findings to optimize and establish a robust process for decontaminating, reusing, and reducing wastage of PPE in New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhodri Harfoot
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.H.); (D.B.Y.Y.); (L.C.H.); (B.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Deborah B. Y. Yung
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.H.); (D.B.Y.Y.); (L.C.H.); (B.L.); (D.P.)
| | - William A. Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
| | - Cervantée E. K. Wild
- Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (C.E.K.W.); (N.C.); (J.G.B.D.)
| | - Nicolene Coetzee
- Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (C.E.K.W.); (N.C.); (J.G.B.D.)
| | - Leonor C. Hernández
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.H.); (D.B.Y.Y.); (L.C.H.); (B.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Blair Lawley
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.H.); (D.B.Y.Y.); (L.C.H.); (B.L.); (D.P.)
| | - Daniel Pletzer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.H.); (D.B.Y.Y.); (L.C.H.); (B.L.); (D.P.)
| | - José G. B. Derraik
- Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (C.E.K.W.); (N.C.); (J.G.B.D.)
| | - Yvonne C. Anderson
- Department of Paediatrics, Child and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand; (C.E.K.W.); (N.C.); (J.G.B.D.)
| | - Miguel E. Quiñones-Mateu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (R.H.); (D.B.Y.Y.); (L.C.H.); (B.L.); (D.P.)
- Webster Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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Iki S, Sekiguchi K, Kurata Y, Shimizu E, Sugiura A, Yuasa H, Hanaki KI. Effects of various physical and chemical disinfection methods on the fine particle collection efficiency of N95 respirators and surgical masks. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:341-346. [PMID: 34980707 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There have been many reports on the effectiveness of various disinfection methods for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and their applicability to the disinfection of N95 respirators and surgical masks. To date, there have been no reports on the decontamination of the intermediate layers. In this study, the conditions required for the decontamination of such layers were set by simulation considering the thickness and shape of the N95 respirators or surgical masks (samples). After applying heat (steam, dry heat, or hot water) at 75°C for 60 min or chemical (benzalkonium chloride or laundry detergent) treatment, the collection efficiency of the samples was checked and evaluated. After the dry heat treatment, the time between treatment and when the heat reached the intermediate layer of the filter fiber was extended by 10 min. A dry heat disinfection method that combines hot water and a closed container was also evaluated, and satisfactory conditions were extended by 60 min. For each heat treatment, there was almost no effect on the collection efficiency, although there were cases where deformation was caused by mechanical stress. In contrast, chemical treatment resulted in a reduction in the collection efficiency of smaller particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Iki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ken-Ichi Hanaki
- Management Department of Biosafety, Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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27
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Gibson J, Farnood R, Barbeau B. Kinetics and Monte Carlo simulation of UV disinfection of B. subtilis spores and SARS-CoV-2 in dried saliva droplets. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:61853-61859. [PMID: 34595717 PMCID: PMC8483804 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Surfaces can be contaminated by droplets produced through coughing or sneezing. In this exploratory work, the UV disinfection results of Bacillus subtilis spores in dried saliva droplets were fitted to a three-parameter kinetic model (R2 ≥ 0.97). This model has a disinfection rate constant for single organisms and a smaller one for aggregates found in droplets. The fraction of organisms found in aggregates (β) could account for the effects of different-sized droplets in the experimental work. Since a wide spectrum of droplet sizes can be produced, and some of the rate constants were uncertain, Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the UV inactivation performance in dried saliva droplets in a variety of conditions. Using conservative distribution for β, the model was applied to the UV disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 in dried saliva droplets. It was shown that a one-log reduction of SARS-CoV-2 was very likely (p>99.9%) and a two-log reduction was probable (p=75%) at a dose of 60 mJ/cm2. Aggregates tend to be variable and limit the log reductions that can be achieved at high UV doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Gibson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St., Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada.
| | - Ramin Farnood
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Benoit Barbeau
- Department of Civil, Geological, and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, 2500 Chemin de Polytechnique, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
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28
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Viral Inactivation with Emphasis on SARS-CoV-2 Using Physical and Chemical Disinfectants. ScientificWorldJournal 2021; 2021:9342748. [PMID: 34712107 PMCID: PMC8548178 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9342748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, an outbreak of a novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has become a world health concern leading to severe respiratory tract infections in humans. Virus transmission occurs through person-to-person contact, respiratory droplets, and contaminated hands or surfaces. Accordingly, we aim at reviewing the literature on all information available about the persistence of coronaviruses, including human and animal coronaviruses, on inanimate surfaces and inactivation strategies with biocides employed for chemical and physical disinfection. Method A comprehensive search was systematically conducted in main databases from 1998 to 2020 to identify various viral disinfectants associated with HCoV and methods for control and prevention of this newly emerged virus. Results The analysis of 62 studies shows that human coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus or endemic human coronaviruses (HCoV), canine coronavirus (CCV), transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), and mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) can be efficiently inactivated by physical and chemical disinfectants at different concentrations (70, 80, 85, and 95%) of 2-propanol (70 and 80%) in less than or equal to 60 s and 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite within 1 minute. Additionally, glutaraldehyde (0.5–2%), formaldehyde (0.7–1%), and povidone-iodine (0.1–0.75%) could readily inactivate coronaviruses. Moreover, dry heat at 56°C, ultraviolet light dose of 0.2 to 140 J/cm2, and gamma irradiation could effectively inactivate coronavirus. The WHO recommends the use of 0.1% sodium hypochlorite solution or an ethanol-based disinfectant with an ethanol concentration between 62% and 71%. Conclusion The results of the present study can help researchers, policymakers, health decision makers, and people perceive and take the correct measures to control and prevent further transmission of COVID-19. Prevention and decontamination will be the main ways to stop the ongoing outbreak of COVID-19.
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29
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Bhardwaj SK, Singh H, Deep A, Khatri M, Bhaumik J, Kim KH, Bhardwaj N. UVC-based photoinactivation as an efficient tool to control the transmission of coronaviruses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148548. [PMID: 34465056 PMCID: PMC8238411 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic made us re-realize the importance of environmental disinfection and sanitation in indoor areas, hospitals, and clinical rooms. UVC irradiation of high energy and short wavelengths, especially in the 200-290-nm range possesses the great potential for germicidal disinfection. These properties of UVC allow to damage or destruct the nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) in diverse microbes (e.g., bacteria, fungi, and viruses). UVC light can hence be used as a promising tool for prevention and control of their infection or transmission. The present review offers insights into the historical perspective, mode of action, and recent advancements in the application of UVC-based antiviral therapy against coronaviruses (including SARS CoV-2). Moreover, the application of UVC lights in the sanitization of healthcare units, public places, medical instruments, respirators, and personal protective equipment (PPE) is also discussed. This article, therefore, is expected to deliver a new path for the developments of UVC-based viricidal approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev K Bhardwaj
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Sector 30-C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Madhu Khatri
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jayeeta Bhaumik
- Department of Nanomaterials and Application Technology, Center of Innovative and Applied Bioprocessing, Sector 81 (Knowledge City), S.A.S. Nagar 140306, Punjab, India
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Neha Bhardwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, University Institute of Engineering Technology (UIET), Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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30
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Stasko N, Kocher JF, Annas A, Henson I, Seitz TS, Miller JM, Arwood L, Roberts RC, Womble TM, Keller EG, Emerson S, Bergmann M, Sheesley ANY, Strong RJ, Hurst BL, Emerson D, Tarbet EB, Bradrick SS, Cockrell AS. Visible blue light inhibits infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 at doses that are well-tolerated by human respiratory tissue. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20595. [PMID: 34663881 PMCID: PMC8523529 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99917-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The delivery of safe, visible wavelengths of light can be an effective, pathogen-agnostic, countermeasure that would expand the current portfolio of SARS-CoV-2 intervention strategies beyond the conventional approaches of vaccine, antibody, and antiviral therapeutics. Employing custom biological light units, that incorporate optically engineered light-emitting diode (LED) arrays, we harnessed monochromatic wavelengths of light for uniform delivery across biological surfaces. We demonstrated that primary 3D human tracheal/bronchial-derived epithelial tissues tolerated high doses of a narrow spectral band of visible light centered at a peak wavelength of 425 nm. We extended these studies to Vero E6 cells to understand how light may influence the viability of a mammalian cell line conventionally used for assaying SARS-CoV-2. The exposure of single-cell monolayers of Vero E6 cells to similar doses of 425 nm blue light resulted in viabilities that were dependent on dose and cell density. Doses of 425 nm blue light that are well-tolerated by Vero E6 cells also inhibited infection and replication of cell-associated SARS-CoV-2 by > 99% 24 h post-infection after a single five-minute light exposure. Moreover, the 425 nm blue light inactivated cell-free betacoronaviruses including SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 up to 99.99% in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, clinically applicable doses of 425 nm blue light dramatically inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in primary human 3D tracheal/bronchial tissue. Safe doses of visible light should be considered part of the strategic portfolio for the development of SARS-CoV-2 therapeutic countermeasures to mitigate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Stasko
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Jacob F Kocher
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Abigail Annas
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ibrahim Henson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Theresa S Seitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Joy M Miller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Leslee Arwood
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Rachel C Roberts
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Thomas M Womble
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Emily G Keller
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Soren Emerson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Michael Bergmann
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - Ashley N Y Sheesley
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Rebecca J Strong
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Brett L Hurst
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - David Emerson
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84321, USA
| | - Shelton S Bradrick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Surveillance and Diagnostics, MRIGlobal, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| | - Adam S Cockrell
- EmitBio Inc., 4222 Emperor Blvd, Suite 470, Durham, NC, 27703, USA.
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31
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Sellera FP, Sabino CP, Cabral FV, Ribeiro MS. A systematic scoping review of ultraviolet C (UVC) light systems for SARS-CoV-2 inactivation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021; 8:100068. [PMID: 34549200 PMCID: PMC8444477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant amount of epidemiological evidence has underlined that human-to-human transmission due to close contacts is considered the main pathway of transmission, however since the SARS-CoV-2 can also survive in aerosols, water, and surfaces, the development and implementation of effective decontamination strategies are urgently required. In this regard, ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) using ultraviolet C (UVC) has been proposed to disinfect different environments and surfaces contaminated by SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we performed a systematic scoping review strictly focused on peer-reviewed studies published in English that reported experimental results of UVC-based technologies against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Studies were retrieved from PubMed and the Web of Science database. After our criterious screening, we identified 13 eligible articles that used UVC-based systems to inactivate SARS-CoV-2. We noticed the use of different UVC wavelengths, technologies, and light doses. The initial viral titer was also heterogeneous among studies. Most studies reported virus inactivation in well plates, even though virus persistence on N95 respirators and different surfaces were also evaluated. SARS-CoV-2 inactivation reached from 90% to 100% depending on experimental conditions. We concluded that there is sufficient evidence to support the use of UVC-based technologies against SARS-CoV-2. However, appropriate implementation is required to guarantee the efficacy and safety of UVC strategies to control the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio P Sellera
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Metropolitan University of Santos, Santos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Fernanda V Cabral
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Martha S Ribeiro
- Center for Lasers and Applications, IPEN-CNEN, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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32
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Wang N, Ferhan AR, Yoon BK, Jackman JA, Cho NJ, Majima T. Chemical design principles of next-generation antiviral surface coatings. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9741-9765. [PMID: 34259262 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00317h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accelerated efforts to develop high-performance antiviral surface coatings while highlighting the need to build a strong mechanistic understanding of the chemical design principles that underpin antiviral surface coatings. Herein, we critically summarize the latest efforts to develop antiviral surface coatings that exhibit virus-inactivating functions through disrupting lipid envelopes or protein capsids. Particular attention is focused on how cutting-edge advances in material science are being applied to engineer antiviral surface coatings with tailored molecular-level properties to inhibit membrane-enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Key topics covered include surfaces functionalized with organic and inorganic compounds and nanoparticles to inhibit viruses, and self-cleaning surfaces that incorporate photocatalysts and triplet photosensitizers. Application examples to stop COVID-19 are also introduced and demonstrate how the integration of chemical design principles and advanced material fabrication strategies are leading to next-generation surface coatings that can help thwart viral pandemics and other infectious disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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33
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Probst LF, Guerrero ATG, Cardoso AIDQ, Grande AJ, Croda MG, Venturini J, Fonseca MCDC, Paniago AMM, Barreto JOM, de Oliveira SMDVL. Mask decontamination methods (model N95) for respiratory protection: a rapid review. Syst Rev 2021; 10:219. [PMID: 34364396 PMCID: PMC8349237 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-021-01742-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N95 respiratory protection masks are used by healthcare professionals to prevent contamination from infectious microorganisms transmitted by droplets or aerosols. METHODS We conducted a rapid review of the literature analyzing the effectiveness of decontamination methods for mask reuse. The database searches were carried out up to September 2020. The systematic review was conducted in a way which simplified the stages of a complete systematic review, due to the worldwide necessity for reliable fast evidences on this matter. RESULTS A total of 563 articles were retrieved of which 48 laboratory-based studies were selected. Fifteen decontamination methods were included in the studies. A total of 19 laboratory studies used hydrogen peroxide, 21 studies used ultraviolet germicidal irradiation, 4 studies used ethylene oxide, 11 studies used dry heat, 9 studies used moist heat, 5 studies used ethanol, two studies used isopropanol solution, 11 studies used microwave oven, 10 studies used sodium hypochlorite, 7 studies used autoclave, 3 studies used an electric rice cooker, 1 study used cleaning wipes, 1 study used bar soap, 1 study used water, 1 study used multi-purpose high-level disinfection cabinet, and another 1 study used chlorine dioxide. Five methods that are promising are as follows: hydrogen peroxide vapor, ultraviolet irradiation, dry heat, wet heat/pasteurization, and microwave ovens. CONCLUSIONS We have presented the best available evidence on mask decontamination; nevertheless, its applicability is limited due to few studies on the topic and the lack of studies on real environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Fernandes Probst
- Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Tereza Gomes Guerrero
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals: Bio-Manguinhos. Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Jose Grande
- Faculty of Medicine , State University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - James Venturini
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul , Campo Grande, Brazil
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Squire MM, Munsamy M, Lin G, Telukdarie A, Igusa T. Modeling hospital energy and economic costs for COVID-19 infection control interventions. ENERGY AND BUILDINGS 2021; 242:110948. [PMID: 33814682 PMCID: PMC7997299 DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2021.110948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The study objective assessed the energy demand and economic cost of two hospital-based COVID-19 infection control interventions: negative pressure (NP) treatment rooms and xenon pulsed ultraviolet (XP-UV) equipment. After projecting COVID-19 hospitalizations, a Hospital Energy Model and Infection De-escalation Models quantified increases in energy demand and reductions in infections. The NP intervention was applied to 11, 22, and 44 rooms for small, medium, and large hospitals, while the XP-UV equipment was used eight, nine, and ten hours a day. For small, medium, and large hospitals, the annum kWh for NP rooms were 116,700 kWh, 332,530 kWh, 795,675 kWh, which correspond to annum energy costs of $11,845 ($1,077/room), $33,752 ($1,534/room), and $80,761 ($1,836/room). For XP-UV, the annum-kilowatt-hours (and costs) were 438 ($45), 493 ($50), and 548 ($56) for small, medium, and large hospitals. While energy efficiencies may be expected for the large hospital, the hospital contained more energy-intensive use rooms (ICUs) which resulted in higher operational and energy costs. XP-UV had a greater reduction in secondary COVID-19 infections in large and medium hospitals. NP rooms had a greater reduction in secondary SARS-CoV-2 transmission in small hospitals. Early implementation of interventions can result in realized cost savings through reduced hospital-acquired infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marietta M Squire
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Megashnee Munsamy
- Mangosuthu University of Technology, Mangosuthu Highway, Umlazi, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gary Lin
- Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | | | - Takeru Igusa
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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Grist SM, Geldert A, Gopal A, Su A, Balch HB, Herr AE. Current Understanding of Ultraviolet-C Decontamination of N95 Filtering Facepiece Respirators. APPLIED BIOSAFETY 2021; 26:90-102. [PMID: 36034687 PMCID: PMC9134326 DOI: 10.1089/apb.20.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to critical shortages of single-use N95 filtering facepiece respirators. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has identified ultraviolet-C (UV-C) irradiation as one of the most promising decontamination methods during crisis-capacity surges; however, understanding the mechanism of pathogen inactivation and post-treatment respirator performance is central to effective UV-C decontamination. Objective: We summarize the UV-C N95 decontamination evidence and identify key metrics. Methods: We evaluate the peer-reviewed literature on UV-C decontamination to inactivate SARS-CoV-2, viral analogues, and other microorganisms inoculated on N95s, as well as the resulting effect on respirator fit and filtration. Where peer-reviewed studies are absent, we discuss outstanding questions and ongoing work. Key Findings: Evidence supports that UV-C exposure of ≥1.0 J/cm2 inactivates SARS-CoV-2 analogues (≥3-log reduction) on the majority of tested N95 models. The literature cautions that (1) viral inactivation is N95 model-dependent and impeded by shadowing, (2) N95 straps require secondary decontamination, (3) higher doses may be necessary to inactivate other pathogens (e.g., some bacterial spores), and (4) while N95 fit and filtration appear to be preserved for 10-20 cycles of 1.0 J/cm2, donning and doffing may degrade fit to unacceptable levels within fewer cycles. Results and Discussion: Effective N95 UV-C treatment for emergency reuse requires both (1) inactivation of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, achieved through application of UV-C irradiation at an appropriate wavelength and effective dose, and (2) maintenance of the fit and filtration efficiency of the N95. Conclusions: UV-C treatment is a risk-mitigation process that should be implemented only under crisis-capacity conditions and with proper engineering, industrial hygiene, and biosafety controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. Grist
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alisha Geldert
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley—UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Anjali Gopal
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley—UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Alison Su
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley—UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Halleh B. Balch
- Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Amy E. Herr
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
- The UC Berkeley—UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, Berkeley, California, USA
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Chiappa F, Frascella B, Vigezzi GP, Moro M, Diamanti L, Gentile L, Lago P, Clementi N, Signorelli C, Mancini N, Odone A. The efficacy of ultraviolet light-emitting technology against coronaviruses: a systematic review. J Hosp Infect 2021; 114:63-78. [PMID: 34029626 PMCID: PMC8139389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic of COVID-19 has underlined the importance of adopting effective infection prevention and control (IPC) measures in hospital and community settings. Ultraviolet (UV)-based technologies represent promising IPC tools: their effective application for sanitation has been extensively evaluated in the past but scant, heterogeneous and inconclusive evidence is available on their effect on SARS-CoV-2 transmission. With the aim of pooling the available evidence on the efficacy of UV technologies against coronaviruses, we conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines, searching Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library, and the main clinical trials' registries (WHO ICTRP, ClinicalTrials.gov, Cochrane and EU Clinical Trial Register). Quantitative data on studies' interventions were summarized in tables, pooled by different coronavirus species and strain, UV source, characteristics of UV light exposure and outcomes. Eighteen papers met our inclusion criteria, published between 1972 and 2020. Six focused on SARS-CoV-2, four on SARS-CoV-1, one on MERS-CoV, three on seasonal coronaviruses, and four on animal coronaviruses. All were experimental studies. Overall, despite wide heterogenicity within included studies, complete inactivation of coronaviruses on surfaces or aerosolized, including SARS-CoV-2, was reported to take a maximum exposure time of 15 min and to need a maximum distance from the UV emitter of up to 1 m. Advances in UV-based technologies in the field of sanitation and their proved high virucidal potential against SARS-CoV-2 support their use for IPC in hospital and community settings and their contribution towards ending the COVID-19 pandemic. National and international guidelines are to be updated and parameters and conditions of use need to be identified to ensure both efficacy and safety of UV technology application for effective infection prevention and control in both healthcare and non-healthcare settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chiappa
- School of Public Health, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - B Frascella
- School of Public Health, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - G P Vigezzi
- School of Public Health, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - M Moro
- Infection Control Committee, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - L Diamanti
- Clinical Engineering Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; HTA Committee, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - L Gentile
- Clinical Engineering Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - P Lago
- Clinical Engineering Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - N Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - C Signorelli
- School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - N Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - A Odone
- HTA Committee, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Grudlewska-Buda K, Wałecka-Zacharska E, Kwiecińska-Piróg J, Radtke L, Gospodarek-Komkowska E, Skowron K. SARS-CoV-2 in the environment-Non-droplet spreading routes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145260. [PMID: 33513500 PMCID: PMC7825822 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, first identified in Wuhan (China) in December 2019, represents the same family as the Serve Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-1 (SARS-CoV-1). These viruses spread mainly via the droplet route. However, during the pandemic of COVID-19 other reservoirs, i.e., water (surface and ground), sewage, garbage, or soil, should be considered. As the infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles are also present in human excretions, such a non-droplet transmission is also possible. A significant problem is the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the hospital environment, including patients' rooms, medical equipment, everyday objects and the air. Relevant is selecting the type of equipment in the COVID-19 hospital wards on which the virus particles persist the shortest or do not remain infectious. Elimination of plastic objects/equipment from the environment of the infected person seems to be of great importance. It is particularly relevant in water reservoirs contaminated with raw discharges. Wastewater may contain coronaviruses and therefore there is a need for expanding Water-Based Epidemiology (WBE) studies to use obtained values as tool in determination of the actual percentage of the SARS-CoV-2 infected population in an area. It is of great importance to evaluate the available disinfection methods to control the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment. Exposure of SARS-CoV-2 to 65-70% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide, or 0.1% sodium hypochlorite has effectively eliminated the virus from the surfaces. Since there are many unanswered questions about the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the research on this topic is still ongoing. This review aims to summarize current knowledge on the SARS-CoV-2 transmission and elucidate the viral survival in the environment, with particular emphasis on the possibility of non-droplet transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Wałecka-Zacharska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Consumer Health, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 31 C.K. Norwida St., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Kwiecińska-Piróg
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Laura Radtke
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, UTP University of Science and Technology in Bydgoszcz, Al. prof. S. Kaliskiego 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Eugenia Gospodarek-Komkowska
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Collegium Medicum of L. Rydygier in Bydgoszcz, 9 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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An Emerging Innovative UV Disinfection Technology (Part II): Virucide Activity on SARS-CoV-2. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18083873. [PMID: 33917088 PMCID: PMC8067697 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18083873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has become a global health burden. Surface sanitation is one of the key points to reduce the risk of transmission both in healthcare and other public spaces. UVC light is already used in hospital and laboratory infection control, and some recent studies have shown its effectiveness on SARS-CoV-2. An innovative UV chip technology, described in Part I of this study, has recently appeared able to overcome the limits of old lamps and is proposed as a valid alternative to LEDs. This study was designed to test the virucidal activity on SARS-CoV-2 of a device based on the new UV chip technology. Via an initial concentration of virus suspension of 107.2 TCID50/mL, the tests revealed a viral charge reduction of more than 99.9% after 3 min; the maximum detectable attenuation value of Log10 = 5.7 was measured at 10 min of UV exposure.
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Castaño N, Cordts SC, Kurosu Jalil M, Zhang KS, Koppaka S, Bick AD, Paul R, Tang SKY. Fomite Transmission, Physicochemical Origin of Virus-Surface Interactions, and Disinfection Strategies for Enveloped Viruses with Applications to SARS-CoV-2. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6509-6527. [PMID: 33748563 PMCID: PMC7944398 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Inanimate objects or surfaces contaminated with infectious agents, referred to as fomites, play an important role in the spread of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The long persistence of viruses (hours to days) on surfaces calls for an urgent need for effective surface disinfection strategies to intercept virus transmission and the spread of diseases. Elucidating the physicochemical processes and surface science underlying the adsorption and transfer of virus between surfaces, as well as their inactivation, is important for understanding how diseases are transmitted and for developing effective intervention strategies. This review summarizes the current knowledge and underlying physicochemical processes of virus transmission, in particular via fomites, and common disinfection approaches. Gaps in knowledge and the areas in need of further research are also identified. The review focuses on SARS-CoV-2, but discussion of related viruses is included to provide a more comprehensive review given that much remains unknown about SARS-CoV-2. Our aim is that this review will provide a broad survey of the issues involved in fomite transmission and intervention to a wide range of readers to better enable them to take on the open research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Castaño
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Seth C. Cordts
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Myra Kurosu Jalil
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kevin S. Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Saisneha Koppaka
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alison D. Bick
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rajorshi Paul
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sindy K. Y. Tang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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40
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Jureka AS, Williams CG, Basler CF. Pulsed Broad-Spectrum UV Light Effectively Inactivates SARS-CoV-2 on Multiple Surfaces and N95 Material. Viruses 2021; 13:460. [PMID: 33799842 PMCID: PMC7998866 DOI: 10.3390/v13030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in an increased need for technologies capable of efficiently disinfecting public spaces as well as personal protective equipment. UV light disinfection is a well-established method for inactivating respiratory viruses. Here, we have determined that broad-spectrum, pulsed UV light is effective at inactivating SARS-CoV-2 on multiple surfaces in vitro. For hard, non-porous surfaces, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 was inactivated to undetectable levels on plastic and glass with a UV dose of 34.9 mJ/cm2 and stainless steel with a dose of 52.5 mJ/cm2. We also observed that broad-spectrum, pulsed UV light is effective at reducing SARS-CoV-2 on N95 respirator material to undetectable levels with a dose of 103 mJ/cm2. We included UV dosimeter cards that provide a colorimetric readout of UV dose and demonstrated their utility as a means to confirm desired levels of exposure were reached. Together, the results presented here demonstrate that broad-spectrum, pulsed UV light is an effective technology for the in vitro inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 on multiple surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher F. Basler
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (A.S.J.); (C.G.W.)
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41
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Nicolau T, Filho NG, Zille A. Ultraviolet-C as a Viable Reprocessing Method for Disposable Masks and Filtering Facepiece Respirators. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:801. [PMID: 33807909 PMCID: PMC7961913 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In normal conditions, discarding single-use personal protective equipment after use is the rule for its users due to the possibility of being infected, particularly for masks and filtering facepiece respirators. When the demand for these protective tools is not satisfied by the companies supplying them, a scenario of shortages occurs, and new strategies must arise. One possible approach regards the disinfection of these pieces of equipment, but there are multiple methods. Analyzing these methods, Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) becomes an exciting option, given its germicidal capability. This paper aims to describe the state-of-the-art for UV-C sterilization in masks and filtering facepiece respirators. To achieve this goal, we adopted a systematic literature review in multiple databases added to a snowball method to make our sample as robust as possible and encompass a more significant number of studies. We found that UV-C's germicidal capability is just as good as other sterilization methods. Combining this characteristic with other advantages makes UV-C sterilization desirable compared to other methods, despite its possible disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Nicolau
- 2C2T—Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
| | - Núbio Gomes Filho
- School of Economics and Management, University of Minho, 4710-57 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Andrea Zille
- 2C2T—Centre for Textile Science and Technology, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal;
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Doughty DC, Hill SC, Mackowski DW. Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can be partially shielded from UV radiation when in particles generated by sneezing or coughing: Numerical simulations. JOURNAL OF QUANTITATIVE SPECTROSCOPY & RADIATIVE TRANSFER 2021; 262:107489. [PMID: 33518804 PMCID: PMC7836904 DOI: 10.1016/j.jqsrt.2020.107489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
UV radiation can inactivate viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. However, designing effective UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems can be difficult because the effects of dried respiratory droplets and other fomites on UV light intensities are poorly understood. Numerical modeling of UV intensities inside virus-containing particles on surfaces can increase understanding of these possible reductions in UV intensity. We model UV intensities within spherical approximations of virions randomly positioned within spherical particles. The model virions and dried particles have sizes and optical properties to approximate SARS-CoV-2 and dried particles formed from respiratory droplets, respectively. In 1-, 5- and 9-µm diameter particles on a surface, illuminated by 260-nm UV light from a direction perpendicular to the surface, 0%, 10% and 18% (respectively) of simulated virions are exposed to intensities less than 1/100th of intensities in individually exposed virions (i.e., they are partially shielded). Even for 302-nm light (simulating sunlight), where absorption is small, 0% and 11% of virions in 1- and 9-µm particles have exposures 1/100th those of individually exposed virions. Shielding is small to negligible in sub-micron particles. Results show that shielding of virions in a particle can be reduced by illuminating a particle either from multiple widely separated incident directions, or by illuminating a particle rotating in air for a time sufficient to rotate through enough orientations. Because highly UV-reflective paints and surfaces can increase the angular ranges of illumination and the intensities within particles, they appear likely to be useful for reducing shielding of virions embedded within particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Doughty
- US Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD, USA
| | - Steven C Hill
- US Army DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, 2800 Powder Mill Rd., Adelphi, MD, USA
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Choi H, Chatterjee P, Lichtfouse E, Martel JA, Hwang M, Jinadatha C, Sharma VK. Classical and alternative disinfection strategies to control the COVID-19 virus in healthcare facilities: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:1945-1951. [PMID: 33500689 PMCID: PMC7820091 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease COVID-19 has spread throughout the world and has been declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization on March 11th, 2020. The COVID-19 is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). One possible mode of virus transmission is through surfaces in the healthcare settings. This paper reviews currently used disinfection strategies to control SARS-CoV-2 at the healthcare facilities. Chemical disinfectants include hypochlorite, peroxymonosulfate, alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, and hydrogen peroxide. Advanced strategies include no-touch techniques such as engineered antimicrobial surfaces and automated room disinfection systems using hydrogen peroxide vapor or ultraviolet light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosoon Choi
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Piyali Chatterjee
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Coll France, CEREGE, 13100 Aix en Provence, France
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, 710049 China
| | - Julie A. Martel
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Munok Hwang
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Chetan Jinadatha
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, 1901 Veterans Memorial Drive, Temple, TX USA
| | - Virender K. Sharma
- Program of the Environment and Sustainability, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 USA
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Sarkis-Onofre R, Borges RDC, Demarco G, Dotto L, Schwendicke F, Demarco FF. Decontamination of N95 respirators against SARS-CoV-2: A scoping review. J Dent 2021; 104:103534. [PMID: 33197526 PMCID: PMC7664347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This scoping review aimed to map and compile the available evidence regarding the effectiveness of decontaminating N95 respirators against the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). DATA We selected studies written in English assessing or discussing the decontamination strategies of N95 respirators against SARS-CoV-2. Two independent researchers performed the search and study screening. A descriptive analysis was carried out considering the study design of the included studies. SOURCES PubMed, SCOPUS, and Preprint platforms (bioRxiv and medRxiv). STUDY SELECTION We included 55 reports from PubMed and SCOPUS. Nine articles were letters to the editors, 21 were in vitro studies, 16 were literature reviews, and 9 were classified as other study designs. We included 37 preprints. Two articles were letters to the editors, 24 were in vitro studies, 3 were literature reviews, and 8 were classified as other study designs. In general, vaporized hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation were the strategies most cited and most promising. However, there is a lack of evidence and consensus related to the best method of N95 respirator decontamination. CONCLUSION The evidence regarding decontamination strategies of N95 respirators against SARS-CoV-2 remains scarce. Vaporized hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation seem to be the current standard for N95 respirator decontamination. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Vaporized hydrogen peroxide and ultraviolet irradiation appear to be the most promising methods for N95 respirator decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giulia Demarco
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry - Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lara Dotto
- Graduate Program in Dentistry - Meriodional Faculty/IMED, Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Falk Schwendicke
- Department for Operative and Preventive Dentistry, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil; Graduate Program in Dentistry - Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
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Kwok CS, Dashti M, Tafuro J, Nasiri M, Muntean EA, Wong N, Kemp T, Hills G, Mallen CD. Methods to disinfect and decontaminate SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review of in vitro studies. Ther Adv Infect Dis 2021; 8:2049936121998548. [PMID: 33796289 PMCID: PMC7970236 DOI: 10.1177/2049936121998548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cleaning is a major control component for outbreaks of infection. However, for the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there is limited specific guidance regarding the proper disinfection methods that should be used. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature on cleaning, disinfection or decontamination methods in the prevention of SARS-CoV-2. RESULTS A total of 27 studies were included, reporting a variety of methods with which the effectiveness of interventions were assessed. Virus was inoculated onto different types of material including masks, nasopharyngeal swabs, serum, laboratory plates and simulated saliva, tears or nasal fluid and then interventions were applied in an attempt to eliminate the virus including chemical, ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, and heat and humidity. At body temperature (37°C) there is evidence that the virus will not be detectable after 2 days but this can be reduced to non-detection at 30 min at 56°C, 15 min at 65°C and 2 min at 98°C. Different experimental methods testing UV light have shown that it can inactivate the virus. Light of 254-365 nm has been used, including simulated sunlight. Many chemical agents including bleach, hand sanitiser, hand wash, soap, ethanol, isopropanol, guandinium thiocynate/t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol, formaldehyde, povidone-iodine, 0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.1% benzalkonium chloride, acidic electrolysed water, Clyraguard copper iodine complex and hydrogen peroxide vapour have been shown to disinfect SARS-CoV-2. CONCLUSIONS Heating, UV light irradiation and chemicals can be used to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 but there is insufficient evidence to support one measure over others in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Shing Kwok
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Stoke University
Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
- School of Medicine, Keele University,
Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | | | - Jacopo Tafuro
- Department of Cardiology, Royal Stoke University
Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - Mojtaba Nasiri
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex,
Brighton, UK
| | | | - Nicholas Wong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Leicester
Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
| | - Timothy Kemp
- Department of Infectious Disease, Royal Stoke
University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK
| | - George Hills
- Department of Infectious Disease, Leicester
Royal Infirmary, Leicester, UK
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Gorman S, Weller RB. Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:616527. [PMID: 33426009 PMCID: PMC7786057 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.616527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic, researchers have been seeking low-cost and accessible means of providing protection from its harms, particularly for at-risk individuals such as those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. One possible way is via safe sun exposure, and/or dietary supplementation with induced beneficial mediators (e.g., vitamin D). In this narrative review, we provide rationale and updated evidence on the potential benefits and harms of sun exposure and ultraviolet (UV) light that may impact COVID-19. We review recent studies that provide new evidence for any benefits (or otherwise) of UV light, sun exposure, and the induced mediators, vitamin D and nitric oxide, and their potential to modulate morbidity and mortality induced by infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus-2). We identified substantial interest in this research area, with many commentaries and reviews already published; however, most of these have focused on vitamin D, with less consideration of UV light (or sun exposure) or other mediators such as nitric oxide. Data collected to-date suggest that ambient levels of both UVA and UVB may be beneficial for reducing severity or mortality due to COVID-19, with some inconsistent findings. Currently unresolved are the nature of the associations between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D and COVID-19 measures, with more prospective data needed that better consider lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and personal sun exposure levels. Another short-coming has been a lack of measurement of sun exposure, and its potential to influence COVID-19 outcomes. We also discuss possible mechanisms by which sun exposure, UV light and induced mediators could affect COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, by focusing on likely effects on viral pathogenesis, immunity and inflammation, and potential cardiometabolic protective mechanisms. Finally, we explore potential issues including the impacts of exposure to high dose UV radiation on COVID-19 and vaccination, and effective and safe doses for vitamin D supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley Gorman
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Richard B. Weller
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Rutkowski JL, Camm DP, El Chaar E. AAID White Paper: Management of the Dental Implant Patient During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Beyond. J ORAL IMPLANTOL 2020; 46:454-466. [PMID: 32882035 DOI: 10.1563/aaid-joi-d-20-00316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The scientific community's understanding of how the SARS-CoV-2 virus is transmitted and how to best mitigate its spread is improving daily. To help protect patients from acquiring COVID-19 from a dental office nosocomial infection, many state or local governments have classified dental treatments as "nonessential" and have paused routine dental care. Dentists have been instructed to perform only procedures designated as emergencies. Unfortunately, there is not a good understanding of what a dental emergency is among governmental leaders. What a government agency may perceive as an elective procedure may be seen as "essential" by the dental clinician responsible for maintaining the oral health of the patient. Each dental specialty understands the effects delayed care has on a patient's oral and systemic health. Dentistry has made extensive progress in improving oral health through prevention of the dental emergency. The dental profession must work together to prevent the reversal of the progress dentistry and patients have made. This American Academy of Implant Dentistry (AAID) White Paper discusses what COVID-19 is and how it impacts dental treatments, presents guidelines for dentistry in general and for dental implant related treatments, specifically. Recommendations for implant dentistry include the following: (1) what constitutes a dental implant related emergency, (2) how patients should be screened and triaged, (3) what personal protective equipment is necessary, (4) how operatories should be equipped, (5) what equipment should be used, and (6) what, when, and how procedures can be performed. This paper is intended to provide guidance for the dental implant practice so patients and dental health care providers can be safe, and offices can remain open and viable during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Rutkowski
- Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Oral Implantology; University of Buffalo School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, NY
| | | | - Edgard El Chaar
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, NY; private practice, New York, NY
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Hadi J, Dunowska M, Wu S, Brightwell G. Control Measures for SARS-CoV-2: A Review on Light-Based Inactivation of Single-Stranded RNA Viruses. Pathogens 2020; 9:E737. [PMID: 32911671 PMCID: PMC7558314 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus classified in the family Coronaviridae. In this review, we summarize the literature on light-based (UV, blue, and red lights) sanitization methods for the inactivation of ssRNA viruses in different matrixes (air, liquid, and solid). The rate of inactivation of ssRNA viruses in liquid was higher than in air, whereas inactivation on solid surfaces varied with the type of surface. The efficacy of light-based inactivation was reduced by the presence of absorptive materials. Several technologies can be used to deliver light, including mercury lamp (conventional UV), excimer lamp (UV), pulsed-light, and light-emitting diode (LED). Pulsed-light technologies could inactivate viruses more quickly than conventional UV-C lamps. Large-scale use of germicidal LED is dependent on future improvements in their energy efficiency. Blue light possesses virucidal potential in the presence of exogenous photosensitizers, although femtosecond laser (ultrashort pulses) can be used to circumvent the need for photosensitizers. Red light can be combined with methylene blue for application in medical settings, especially for sanitization of blood products. Future modelling studies are required to establish clearer parameters for assessing susceptibility of viruses to light-based inactivation. There is considerable scope for improvement in the current germicidal light-based technologies and practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Hadi
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Magdalena Dunowska
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand;
| | - Shuyan Wu
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
| | - Gale Brightwell
- AgResearch Ltd., Hopkirk Research Institute, Cnr University Ave and Library Road, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.H.); (S.W.)
- New Zealand Food Safety Science and Research Centre, Massey University Manawatu (Turitea) Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4474, New Zealand
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