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Jamka M, Czochralska-Duszyńska A, Mądry E, Lisowska A, Jończyk-Potoczna K, Cielecka-Piontek J, Bogdański P, Walkowiak J. The Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Supplementation on Densitometric Parameters in Overweight and Obese Women-A Randomised Controlled Trial. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1690. [PMID: 37763810 PMCID: PMC10537680 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) can improve bone health in animals, yet the effects on humans have not been consistent. Therefore, this parallel randomised controlled trial aimed to assess the effect of CLA supplementation on bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) in overweight or obese women. Materials and Methods: The study population included 74 women who were divided into the CLA (n = 37) and control (n = 37) groups. The CLA group received six capsules per day containing approximately 3 g of cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers in a 50:50 ratio. The control group received the same number of placebo capsules that contained sunflower oil. BMC and BMD at total body, lumbar spine (L1-L4), and femoral neck were measured before and after a three-month intervention. Results: The comparison of BMC and BMD for the total body, lumbar spine (L1-L4), and femoral neck before and after the intervention showed no differences between the groups. However, a within-group analysis demonstrated a significant increase in BMC (p = 0.0100) and BMD (p = 0.0397) at lumbar spine (L1-L4) in the CLA group. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences between the CLA and placebo groups in changes in all analysed densitometric parameters. Conclusions: Altogether, three-month CLA supplementation in overweight and obese women did not improve bone health, although the short intervention period could have limited our findings, long-term intervention studies are needed. The study protocol was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register database (ID: DRKS00010462, date of registration: 4 May 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jamka
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agata Czochralska-Duszyńska
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego Str. 6, 61-781 Poznań, Poland; (A.C.-D.); (E.M.)
| | - Edyta Mądry
- Department of Physiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego Str. 6, 61-781 Poznań, Poland; (A.C.-D.); (E.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Lisowska
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes, Auxology and Obesity, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Jończyk-Potoczna
- Department of Pediatric Radiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Biomaterials, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka Str. 3, 60-806 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Paweł Bogdański
- Department of Treatment of Obesity, Metabolic Disorders and Clinical Dietetics, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szamarzewskiego Str. 84, 60-569 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Jarosław Walkowiak
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Metabolic Diseases, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Szpitalna Str. 27/33, 60-572 Poznań, Poland;
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2
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Berryhill GE, Gloviczki JM, Trott JF, Kraft J, Lock AL, Hovey RC. In Utero Exposure to trans-10, cis-12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Modifies Postnatal Development of the Mammary Gland and its Hormone Responsiveness. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2021; 26:263-276. [PMID: 34617201 PMCID: PMC8566432 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-021-09499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously showed that dietary trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (10,12 CLA) stimulates estrogen-independent mammary growth in young ovariectomized mice. Here we investigated the effects of in utero or postnatal exposure to cis-9, trans-11 (9,11 CLA) and 10,12 CLA on postnatal development of the mammary gland and its responsiveness to ovarian steroids. In the first experiment we fed dams different CLA prior to and during gestation, then cross fostered female pups onto control fed dams prior to assessing the histomorphology of their mammary glands. Pregnant dams in the second experiment were similarly exposed to CLA, after which their female pups were ovariectomized then treated with 17β-estradiol (E), progesterone (P) or E + P for 5 days. In a third experiment, mature female mice were fed different CLA for 28 days prior to ovariectomy, then treated with E, P or E + P. Our data indicate that 10,12 CLA modifies the responsiveness of the mammary glands to E or E + P when exposure occurs either in utero, or postnatally. These findings underline the sensitivity of the mammary glands to dietary fatty acids and reinforce the potential for maternal nutrition to impact postnatal development of the mammary glands and their risk for developing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Berryhill
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis , 2145 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-8521, USA
| | - Julia M Gloviczki
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis , 2145 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-8521, USA
| | - Josephine F Trott
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis , 2145 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-8521, USA
| | - Jana Kraft
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405-0148, USA
| | - Adam L Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1225, USA
| | - Russell C Hovey
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis , 2145 Meyer Hall, Davis, CA, 95616-8521, USA.
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Wang J, Han L, Wang D, Li P, Shahidi F. Conjugated Fatty Acids in Muscle Food Products and Their Potential Health Benefits: A Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13530-13540. [PMID: 33175544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated fatty acids (CFAs) are a group of positional and geometric isomers of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) with conjugated double bonds. There are several subgroups of CFAs including conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs), conjugated linolenic acids (CLNAs), conjugated eicosapentaenoic acids (CEPAs), and conjugated docosahexaenoic acids (CDHAs). CFAs, especially CLAs, have been studied in recent years both for their health benefits and factors that affect their level in muscle food products. CFAs have been reported in numerous studies as having antitumor, antiobesity, antidiabetes, anticardiovascular disease, and modulating immune system effects. These biological activies are involved in changes of lipid peroxidation and energy expenditure, as well as inhibitory effects on the hormone receptor, lipid metabolism, lipoprotein lipase activity, and adiponectin production. A large body of studies has revealed that the diet, processing, storage conditions, slaughter season, and age are common factors that affect CFA content in muscle food products, as detailed in this review. Recommendations are made regarding animal farming and meat product processing to obtain high CFA content meat products and to optimize the benefits of CFA for health promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiankang Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, and Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Linxiao Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, and Natural Food Macromolecule Research Center, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Daoying Wang
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Pengpeng Li
- Institute of Agricultural Products Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, P. R. China
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Departments of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
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4
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Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Its Beneficial Effects in Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071913. [PMID: 32605287 PMCID: PMC7401241 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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5
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Hanning AR, Wang X, Hashemi Z, Wan S, England A, Jacobs RL, Chan CB. Both low- and regular-fat cheeses mediate improved insulin sensitivity and modulate serum phospholipid profiles in insulin-resistant rats. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 64:144-151. [PMID: 30502658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dietary recommendations for cheese usually promote low (LOW)- over regular (REG)-fat versions due to the saturated fat. Conversely, epidemiological evidence shows that cheese consumption associates with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. To investigate how cheese influences diabetes-related outcomes, a feeding trial comparing LOW and REG cheese was conducted in high-fat, lard-based diet (HFD)-fed insulin-resistant rats followed by evaluation of potential mechanisms. After 4 weeks of HFD, LOW or REG was added at 7 and 10 g/100 g diet, respectively, for another 8 weeks. Following either an oral glucose or insulin tolerance test to assess glucoregulation, rats were euthanized and serum was collected for metabolomic and lipid analyses. Hepatic tissue was used to measure glucoregulatory enzymes and lipid content. Both LOW and REG improved insulin sensitivity without effect on oral glucose tolerance, insulin secretion or body weight. Serum metabolomics identified 33 metabolites of interest, with 21 being phosphatidylcholines (PCs) or lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs). HFD rats had significantly reduced LPC C16:1, C17:0, C18:1, C20:3 and C24:0, and these effects were normalized by LOW or REG cheese. Fourteen PC species were lowest in the HFD group and normalized by cheese feeding. Serum choline was elevated sevenfold in HFD- but not cheese-fed rats compared with rats fed low-fat diet. Liver triglyceride was elevated by LOW feeding. In conclusion, inclusion of both LOW and REG cheeses in the diet of insulin-resistant rats improves in vivo glucoregulation. This is associated with altered phospholipid metabolism, including cheese-mediated normalization of species that are decreased by high-fat feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anik Rz Hanning
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3.
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3.
| | - Zohre Hashemi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3.
| | - Sereana Wan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3.
| | - Alexandra England
- Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-53 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7.
| | - René L Jacobs
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3; Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, 4-74 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2R3.
| | - Catherine B Chan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 6-002 Li Ka Shing Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 1E3; Department of Physiology, University of Alberta, 7-53 Medical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2H7.
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6
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Høstmark A, Lunde M, Hjellset V. Short communication: Daily intake of 125 g of cheese for 2 weeks did not alter amount or distribution of serum lipids or desaturase indexes in healthy adults in an exploratory pilot study. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:9625-9629. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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7
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Accumulation of conjugated linoleic acid in Lactobacillus plantarum WU-P19 is enhanced by induction with linoleic acid and chitosan treatment. ANN MICROBIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-018-1368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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8
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Maher T, Clegg ME. Dietary lipids with potential to affect satiety: Mechanisms and evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:1619-1644. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2017.1423277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Maher
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
| | - Miriam E. Clegg
- Oxford Brookes Centre for Nutrition and Health, Department of Sport, Health Sciences and Social Work, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Gipsy Lane, Oxford, UK
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Chen DJ, Yan LH, Li Q, Zhang CJ, Si CL, Li ZY, Song YJ, Zhou H, Zhang TC, Luo XG. Bioconversion of conjugated linoleic acid by Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC8198 supplemented with Acer truncatum bunge seeds oil. Food Sci Biotechnol 2017; 26:1595-1611. [PMID: 30263697 PMCID: PMC6049728 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-017-0218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers, c9, t11-CLA and t10, c12-CLA, have been proved to exhibit excellent biomedical properties for potential use in anti-cancer applications and in reducing obesity. Acer truncatum Bunge (ATB), which is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, including oleic acid, linoleic acid, and nervonic acid, is a new resource for edible oil. In the present study, we developed a new method for producing two CLA isomers from ATB-seed oil by fermentation using Lactobacillus plantarum CGMCC8198 (LP8198), a novel probiotics strain. Polymerase chain reaction results showed that there was a conserved linoleate isomerase (LIase) gene in LP8198, and its transcription could be induced by ATB-seed oil. Analyses by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the concentration of c9, t11-CLA and t10, c12-CLA in ATB-seed oil could be increased by about 9- and 2.25-fold, respectively, after being fermented by LP8198.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Ju Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Li-Hua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Cai-jiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan-Ling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jian Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Tong-Cun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue-Gang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457 People’s Republic of China
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10
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Terasawa N, Okamoto K, Nakada K, Masuda K. Effect of Conjugated Linoleic Acid Intake on Endurance Exercise Performance and Anti-fatigue in Student Athletes. J Oleo Sci 2017. [PMID: 28626143 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) intake has been reported to reduce body fat mass or increase lean body mass and to improve exercise outcome by modulating testosterone in humans. These reports have studied mostly overweight subjects; few were athletes. Therefore, in this study, the effect of CLA intake on endurance performance and anti-fatigue in student athletes was investigated. A double-blind, crossover study was conducted with 10 male student athletes. Each subject was administered with either CLA (net 0.9 g/day) or a placebo for 14 days. They were subjected to an exercise tolerance test (steady loading) using a cycle ergometer on days 0 and 14. Peak VO2 was determined for each subject using a graded loading test. The steady loading test was performed with a pedaling exercise load of 50% peak VO2 for 40 min and then with a load of 70% peak VO2 until exhaustion. Blood sampling and measurement of critical flicker frequency (CFF) were performed before and after exercise. The rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured serially during exercise. In the results, amount of body weight variation significantly increased and amount of body fat percentage variation tended to decrease by CLA intake, it might have an effect by increase in muscle mass. In addition, amount of exercise time variation significantly increased, amount of variation of CFF before and after exercise tended to increase, that of RPE during exercise tended to decrease, and that of creatine phosphokinase before and after exercise tended to decrease in the CLA group. These results suggested that CLA intake for 14 days might have an effect on endurance performance and anti-fatigue in student athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Okamoto
- School of Regional Development Studies, College of Human and Social Sciences, Kanazawa University
| | - Kenta Nakada
- Division of Regional Development Studies, Graduate School of Human and Socio-Environmental Studies (Master's Level Section), Kanazawa University
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Siurana A, Calsamiglia S. A metaanalysis of feeding strategies to increase the content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in dairy cattle milk and the impact on daily human consumption. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Kim JH, Kim Y, Kim YJ, Park Y. Conjugated Linoleic Acid: Potential Health Benefits as a Functional Food Ingredient. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2016; 7:221-44. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-041715-033028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Kim
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003;
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003;
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Composition differences between organic and conventional meat: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr 2016; 115:994-1011. [PMID: 26878675 PMCID: PMC4838835 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515005073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Demand for organic meat is partially driven by consumer perceptions that organic foods are more nutritious than non-organic foods. However, there have been no systematic reviews comparing specifically the nutrient content of organic and conventionally produced meat. In this study, we report results of a meta-analysis based on sixty-seven published studies comparing the composition of organic and non-organic meat products. For many nutritionally relevant compounds (e.g. minerals, antioxidants and most individual fatty acids (FA)), the evidence base was too weak for meaningful meta-analyses. However, significant differences in FA profiles were detected when data from all livestock species were pooled. Concentrations of SFA and MUFA were similar or slightly lower, respectively, in organic compared with conventional meat. Larger differences were detected for total PUFA and n-3 PUFA, which were an estimated 23 (95 % CI 11, 35) % and 47 (95 % CI 10, 84) % higher in organic meat, respectively. However, for these and many other composition parameters, for which meta-analyses found significant differences, heterogeneity was high, and this could be explained by differences between animal species/meat types. Evidence from controlled experimental studies indicates that the high grazing/forage-based diets prescribed under organic farming standards may be the main reason for differences in FA profiles. Further studies are required to enable meta-analyses for a wider range of parameters (e.g. antioxidant, vitamin and mineral concentrations) and to improve both precision and consistency of results for FA profiles for all species. Potential impacts of composition differences on human health are discussed.
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14
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Cicognini FM, Sigolo S, Gnagnarella P, Miggiano GAD, Mentella MC, Gallo A, Prandini A, Rossi F. A comparison of CLA intake and source between female and male Italian students. MEDITERRANEAN JOURNAL OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2015. [DOI: 10.3233/mnm-150052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maria Cicognini
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Samantha Sigolo
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Patrizia Gnagnarella
- Istituto Europeo di Oncologia, Divisione di Epidemiologia e Biostatistica, Milano, Italy
| | | | - Maria Chiara Mentella
- Servizio di Dietetica, Policlinico “Agostino Gemelli”, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Roma, Italy
| | - Antonio Gallo
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Aldo Prandini
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Istituto di Scienze degli Alimenti e della Nutrizione, Facoltà di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
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15
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Viladomiu M, Hontecillas R, Bassaganya-Riera J. Modulation of inflammation and immunity by dietary conjugated linoleic acid. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 785:87-95. [PMID: 25987426 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a mixture of positional and geometric isomers of linoleic acid. This family of polyunsaturated fatty acids has drawn significant attention in the last three decades for its variety of biologically beneficial properties and health effects. CLA has been shown to exert various potent protective functions such as anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, antiadipogenic, antidiabetic and antihypertensive properties in animal models of disease. Therefore, CLA represents a nutritional avenue to prevent lifestyle diseases or metabolic syndrome. Initially, the overall effects of CLA were thought to be the result of interactions between its two major isomers: cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12. However, later evidence suggests that such physiological effects of CLA might be different between the isomers: t-10, c-12-CLA is thought to be anticarcinogenic, antiobesity and antidiabetic, whereas c-9, t-11-CLA is mainly anti-inflammatory. Although preclinical data support a benefit of CLA supplementation, human clinical findings have yet to show definitive evidence of a positive effect. The purpose of this review is to comprehensively summarize the mechanisms of action and anti-inflammatory properties of dietary CLA supplementation and evaluate the potential uses of CLA in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Viladomiu
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Raquel Hontecillas
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Josep Bassaganya-Riera
- Nutritional Immunology and Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; Center for Modeling Immunity to Enteric Pathogens, Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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16
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Kim JH, Kim YJ, Park Y. Conjugated Linoleic Acid and Postmenopausal Women's Health. J Food Sci 2015; 80:R1137-43. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.12905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Kim
- Dept. of Food and Biotechnology; Korea Univ; Sejong 339-700 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Dept. of Food and Biotechnology; Korea Univ; Sejong 339-700 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhwa Park
- Dept. of Food Science; Univ. of Massachusetts; Amherst MA 01003 U.S.A
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Yuan G, Chen X, Li D. Modulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR γ) by conjugated fatty acid in obesity and inflammatory bowel disease. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:1883-1895. [PMID: 25634802 DOI: 10.1021/jf505050c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated fatty acids including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and conjugated linolenic acid (CLNA) have drawn significant attention for their variety of biologically beneficial effects. Evidence suggested that CLA and CLNA could play physiological roles by regulating the expression and activity of PPAR γ. This review summarizes the current understanding of evidence of the role of CLA (cis-9,trans-11 CLA and trans-10,cis-12 CLA) and CLNA (punicic acid and α-eleostearic acid) in modulating the expression or activity of PPAR γ that could in turn be employed as complementary treatment for obesity and inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Yuan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood, Zhejiang Ocean University , Zhoushan 316022, China
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18
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Mohan M, Anand S, Kalscheur K, Hassan A, Hippen A. Starter cultures and cattle feed manipulation enhance conjugated linoleic acid concentrations in Cheddar cheese. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:2081-2094. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-6101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Abstract
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has drawn significant attention in the last two decades for its variety of biologically beneficial effects. CLA reduces body fat, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, and modulates immune and inflammatory responses as well as improves bone mass. It has been suggested that the overall effects of CLA are the results of interactions between two major isomers, cis-9,trans-11 and trans-10,cis-12. This review will primarily focus on current CLA publications involving humans, which are also summarized in the tables. Along with a number of beneficial effects of CLA, there are safety considerations for CLA supplementation in humans, which include effects on liver functions, milk fat depression, glucose metabolism, and oxidative stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Dilzer
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Amherst , MA 01003, USA
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20
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Castro-Webb N, Ruiz-Narváez EA, Campos H. Cross-sectional study of conjugated linoleic acid in adipose tissue and risk of diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2012; 96:175-81. [PMID: 22648724 PMCID: PMC3374738 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.111.011858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some experimental studies on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and insulin regulation suggested that CLA could be associated with risk of diabetes, but epidemiologic studies are lacking. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to test whether the amount of CLA in adipose tissue is associated with risk of diabetes. DESIGN A cross-sectional design was used to test the study hypothesis in 232 adults with diabetes and 1512 adults without diabetes who lived in Costa Rica. The cis-9, trans-11 and trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomers in adipose tissue and 48 other fatty acids were assessed by using gas chromatography. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs were estimated by using Poisson regression adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS The mean (±SD) percentage of total fatty acids of CLA for the cis-9, trans-11 isomer in adipose tissue was 0.57 ± 0.18% in adults without diabetes and 0.53 ± 0.17% in adults with diabetes (P = 0.0078). The trans-10, cis-12 CLA isomer was not detected in adipose tissue. The cis-9, trans-11 CLA isomer was associated with a lower risk of diabetes. In comparison with the first quintile, the PR (95% CI) for the fifth quintile was 0.48 (0.31, 0.76) (P-trend = 0.0005) in the basic and 0.46 (0.29, 0.72) (P-trend = 0.0002) in the multivariable model. Additional adjustment for other fatty acids in adipose tissue including trans-9 16:1, which is a fatty acid that was previously associated with diabetes, did not modify the results. CONCLUSION The observed inverse association between the cis-9, trans-11 CLA in adipose tissue and diabetes risk is consistent with the hypothesis that CLA may be involved in insulin regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelsy Castro-Webb
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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21
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Abstract
The primary purpose of the present review was to determine if the scientific evidence available for potential human health benefits of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is sufficient to support health claims on foods based on milk naturally enriched with cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA). A search of the scientific literature was conducted and showed that almost all the promising research results that have emerged in relation to cancer, heart health, obesity, diabetes and bone health have been in animal models or in vitro. Most human intervention studies have utilised synthetic CLA supplements, usually a 50:50 blend of c9, t11-CLA and trans-10, cis-12-CLA (t10, c12-CLA). Of these studies, the only evidence that is broadly consistent is an effect on body fat and weight reduction. A previous review of the relevant studies found that 3.2 g CLA/d resulted in a modest body fat loss in human subjects of about 0.09 kg/week, but this effect was attributed to the t10, c12-CLA isomer. There is no evidence of a consistent benefit of c9, t11-CLA on any health conditions; and in fact both synthetic isomers, particularly t10, c12-CLA, have been suspected of having pro-diabetic effects in individuals who are already at risk of developing diabetes. Four published intervention studies using naturally enriched CLA products were identified; however, the results were inconclusive. This may be partly due to the differences in the concentration of CLA administered in animal and human studies. In conclusion, further substantiation of the scientific evidence relating to CLA and human health benefits are required before health claims can be confirmed.
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Høstmark AT, Haug A. Does cheese intake blunt the association between soft drink intake and risk of the metabolic syndrome? Results from the cross-sectional Oslo Health Study. BMJ Open 2012; 2:bmjopen-2012-001476. [PMID: 23166125 PMCID: PMC3532972 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES A high soft drink intake may promote, whereas intake of cheese may reduce risk of the metabolic syndrome (MetS), but will cheese intake blunt the soft drink versus MetS association? DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING The Oslo Health Study. PARTICIPANTS Among the 18 770 participants of the Oslo Health Study there were 5344 men and 6150 women having data on cheese and soft drink intake and on risk factors for MetS, except for fasting glucose. The MetSRisk index=the weighted sum of triglycerides (TG), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference and body mass index (BMI) divided by high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were used as a combined risk estimate to examine the cheese/soft drink versus MetS interaction, and the SumRisk index was used to assess whether increasing intake of soft drinks/cheese would include an increasing number of MetS factors being above the cut-off values. We analysed the data using non-parametric correlation and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). RESULTS In all three groups of soft drink intake (seldom/rarely, 1-6 glasses/week, ≥1 glass/day), there was a negative cheese versus MetSRisk correlation (p≤0.003), but in the highest intake group the influence of cheese seemed to level off, suggesting interaction. However, there was no interaction between cheese and soft drinks within the fully adjusted models. Conversely, at all four levels of cheese intake, MetSRisk increased with an increasing intake of soft drinks (p≤0.001 at all cheese levels). Similar associations were found with the SumRisk index. When controlling for a large number of covariates (eg, sex, age group, smoking, education, physical activity, intake of fruits/berries and vegetables), the above associations prevailed. CONCLUSIONS Cheese intake blunted the association between soft drink intake and MetS, an influence possibly related to fatty acid desaturation, or to undetected covariates.
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Høstmark AT, Lunde MSH. Cheese can reduce indexes that estimate fatty acid desaturation. Results from the Oslo Health Study and from experiments with human hepatoma cells. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2011; 37:31-9. [PMID: 22148892 DOI: 10.1139/h11-123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously, cheese intake was shown to be inversely related to serum triglycerides, raising the possibility that cheese might inhibit triglyceride synthesis, which is governed by fatty acid desaturases. Therefore, analyses were done to study whether cheese intake was associated with indexes that reflect fatty acid desaturation in 121 healthy ethnic Norwegians aged 40-45 years, a subsample from the Oslo Health Study (N = 18 777). Experiments with human hepatoma cells (HepG2) were done to clarify whether cheese might have a causal effect on desaturases. Fatty acid distribution in lipids of human sera and HepG2 cells was determined by gas chromatography. Δ9-Desaturase was estimated by the (16:1,n-7)/(16:0) and (18:1,n-9)/(18:0) ratios, abbreviated ds9_1 and ds9_2, and Δ5-desaturase (ds5) by the (20:4,n-6)/(18:2,n-6) ratio. Correlation, ANOVA, and multiple linear regression models were used to study associations. Oslo Health Study: Subjects with cheese intake >4-6 times per week had 33% lower ds9_1 and 16% lower ds5 than subjects with intake ≤ 4-6 times per week. The cheese intake vs. ds5 association prevailed when adjusting for sex, time since last meal, fatty fish, vegetables, fruit-berries, fruit juice, cod liver oil, coffee, alcohol, body mass index, physical activity, length of education, and smoking. HepG2 cells: An ethanol extract of Jarlsberg cheese lowered the desaturase indexes. Inhibition of ds9_1 increased with increasing amount cheese extract added. Thus, cheese may contain inhibitors of desaturases, thereby providing an explanation for the previously reported negative association between cheese intake and triglycerides.
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Degen C, Ecker J, Piegholdt S, Liebisch G, Schmitz G, Jahreis G. Metabolic and growth inhibitory effects of conjugated fatty acids in the cell line HT-29 with special regard to the conversion of t11,t13-CLA. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1811:1070-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Philippaerts A, Goossens S, Vermandel W, Tromp M, Turner S, Geboers J, Van Tendeloo G, Jacobs PA, Sels BF. Design of Ru-zeolites for hydrogen-free production of conjugated linoleic acids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:757-767. [PMID: 21506286 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
While conjugated vegetable oils are currently used as additives in the drying agents of oils and paints, they are also attractive molecules for making bio-plastics. Moreover, conjugated oils will soon be accepted as nutritional additives for "functional food" products. While current manufacture of conjugated vegetable oils or conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) uses a homogeneous base as isomerisation catalyst, a heterogeneous alternative is not available today. This contribution presents the direct production of CLAs over Ru supported on different zeolites, varying in topology (ZSM-5, BETA, Y), Si/Al ratio and countercation (H(+), Na(+), Cs(+)). Ru/Cs-USY, with a Si/Al ratio of 40, was identified as the most active and selective catalyst for isomerisation of methyl linoleate (cis-9,cis-12 (C18:2)) to CLA at 165 °C. Interestingly, no hydrogen pre-treatment of the catalyst or addition of hydrogen donors is required to achieve industrially relevant isomerisation productivities, namely, 0.7 g of CLA per litre of solvent per minute. Moreover, the biologically most active CLA isomers, namely, cis-9,trans-11, trans-10,cis-12 and trans-9,trans-11, were the main products, especially at low catalyst concentrations. Ex situ physicochemical characterisation with CO chemisorption, extended X-ray absorption fine structure measurements, transmission electron microscopy analysis, and temperature-programmed oxidation reveals the presence of highly dispersed RuO(2) species in Ru/Cs-USY(40).
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Affiliation(s)
- An Philippaerts
- Department M2S, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Philippaerts A, Goossens S, Jacobs PA, Sels BF. Catalytic production of conjugated fatty acids and oils. CHEMSUSCHEM 2011; 4:684-702. [PMID: 21634014 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201100086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The reactive double bonds in conjugated vegetable oils are of high interest in industry. Traditionally, conjugated vegetable oils are added to paints, varnishes, and inks to improve their drying properties, while recently there is an increased interest in their use in the production of bioplastics. Besides the industrial applications, also food manufactures are interested in conjugated vegetable oils due to their various positive health effects. While the isomer type is less important for their industrial purposes, the beneficial health effects are mainly associated with the c9,t11, t10,c12 and t9,t11 CLA isomers. The production of CLA-enriched oils as additives in functional foods thus requires a high CLA isomer selectivity. Currently, CLAs are produced by conjugation of oils high in linoleic acid, for example soybean and safflower oil, using homogeneous bases. Although high CLA productivities and very high isomer selectivities are obtained, this process faces many ecological drawbacks. Moreover, CLA-enriched oils can not be produced directly with the homogeneous bases. Literature reports describe many catalytic processes to conjugate linoleic acid, linoleic acid methyl ester, and vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid: biocatalysts, for example enzymes and cells; metal catalysts, for example homogeneous metal complexes and heterogeneous catalysts; and photocatalysts. This Review discusses state-of-the-art catalytic processes in comparison with some new catalytic production routes. For each category of catalytic process, the CLA productivities and the CLA isomer selectivity are compared. Heterogeneous catalysis seems the most attractive approach for CLA production due to its easy recovery process, provided that the competing hydrogenation reaction is limited and the CLA production rate competes with the current homogeneous base catalysis. The most important criteria to obtain high CLA productivity and isomer selectivity are (1) absence of a hydrogen donor, (2) absence of catalyst acidity, (3) high metal dispersion, and (4) highly accessible pore architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Philippaerts
- Department M2S, K.U. Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 23, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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O'Shea EF, Cotter PD, Stanton C, Ross RP, Hill C. Production of bioactive substances by intestinal bacteria as a basis for explaining probiotic mechanisms: bacteriocins and conjugated linoleic acid. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 152:189-205. [PMID: 21742394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which intestinal bacteria achieve their associated health benefits can be complex and multifaceted. In this respect, the diverse microbial composition of the human gastrointestinal tract (GIT) provides an almost unlimited potential source of bioactive substances (pharmabiotics) which can directly or indirectly affect human health. Bacteriocins and fatty acids are just two examples of pharmabiotic substances which may contribute to probiotic functionality within the mammalian GIT. Bacteriocin production is believed to confer producing strains with a competitive advantage within complex microbial environments as a consequence of their associated antimicrobial activity. This has the potential to enable the establishment and prevalence of producing strains as well as directly inhibiting pathogens within the GIT. Consequently, these antimicrobial peptides and the associated intestinal producing strains may be exploited to beneficially influence microbial populations. Intestinal bacteria are also known to produce a diverse array of health-promoting fatty acids. Indeed, certain strains of intestinal bifidobacteria have been shown to produce conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid which has been associated with a variety of systemic health-promoting effects. Recently, the ability to modulate the fatty acid composition of the liver and adipose tissue of the host upon oral administration of CLA-producing bifidobacteria and lactobacilli was demonstrated in a murine model. Importantly, this implies a potential therapeutic role for probiotics in the treatment of certain metabolic and immunoinflammatory disorders. Such examples serve to highlight the potential contribution of pharmabiotic production to probiotic functionality in relation to human health maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen F O'Shea
- Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Macredmond R, Dorscheid DR. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA): is it time to supplement asthma therapy? Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2011; 24:540-8. [PMID: 21530672 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The limitations and side effects of existing asthma therapies prompt interest in complementary and alternative therapies. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are a family of natural fatty acids found primarily in beef and dairy products. These molecules have a variety of biological properties which suggest potential benefit in asthma, including effects on energy regulation, lipid metabolism, inflammation and immune function. Here we review the evidence for these effects from pre-clinical and clinical studies, their significance in the context of human asthma, and discuss the potential role for CLA supplementation in asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Macredmond
- Providence Healthcare Heart + Lung Institute, St. Paul's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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