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Loxdale HD. Aspects, Including Pitfalls, of Temporal Sampling of Flying Insects, with Special Reference to Aphids. INSECTS 2018; 9:E153. [PMID: 30388726 PMCID: PMC6316496 DOI: 10.3390/insects9040153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the advent and widespread use of high-resolution molecular markers in the late 1970s, it is now well established that natural populations of insects are not necessarily homogeneous genetically and show variations at different spatial scales due to a variety of reasons, including hybridization/introgression events. In a similar vein, populations of insects are not necessarily homogenous in time, either over the course of seasons or even within a single season. This of course has profound consequences for surveys examining, for whatever reason/s, the temporal population patterns of insects, especially flying insects as mostly discussed here. In the present article, the topics covered include climate and climate change; changes in ecological niches due to changes in available hosts, i.e., essentially, adaptation events; hybridization influencing behaviour⁻host shifts; infection by pathogens and parasites/parasitoids; habituation to light, sound and pheromone lures; chromosomal/genetic changes affecting physiology and behaviour; and insecticide resistance. If such phenomena-i.e., aspects and pitfalls-are not considered during spatio-temporal study programmes, which is even more true in the light of the recent discovery of morphologically similar/identical cryptic species, then the conclusions drawn in terms of the efforts to combat pest insects or conserve rare and endangered species may be in error and hence end in failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D Loxdale
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
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Pirotte JALM, Lorenzi A, Foray V, Hance T. Impact of differences in nutritional quality of wingless and winged aphids on parasitoid fitness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.185645. [PMID: 30206107 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.185645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Winged aphids are described as hosts of lesser quality for parasitoids because a part of their resources is used to produce wings and associated muscles during their development. Host lipid content is particularly important for parasitoid larvae as they lack lipogenesis and therefore rely entirely on the host for this resource. The goal of this study was to determine to what extent winged and wingless aphids differ from a nutritional point of view and whether these differences impact parasitoid fitness, notably the lipid content. We analysed the energetic budget (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates) of aphids of different ages (third instars, fourth instars and adults) according to the morph (winged or wingless). We also compared fitness indicators for parasitoids emerging from winged and wingless aphids (third and fourth instars). We found that in third instars, parasitoids are able to inhibit wing development whereas this is not the case in fourth instars. Both winged instars allow the production of heavier and fattier parasitoids. The presence of wings in aphids seems to have little effect on the fitness of emerging parasitoids and did not modify female choice for oviposition. Finally, we demonstrate that Aphidius colemani, used as a biological control agent, is able to parasitize wingless as well as winged Myzus persicae, at least in the juvenile stages. If the parasitism occurs in third instars, the parasitoid will prevent the aphid from flying, which could in turn reduce virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A-L M Pirotte
- Ecology of Interactions and Biological Control, Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, 4-5, Place Croix du Sud, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ange Lorenzi
- Microorganism & Insect Diversity, Genomes & Interactions (DGIMI) Laboratory, UMR 1333 INRA, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CC101, 34095 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Foray
- Centre de Recherches en Biologie cellulaire de Montpellier (UMR-CNRS 5237), 1919, Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Thierry Hance
- Ecology of Interactions and Biological Control, Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre, Université catholique de Louvain, 4-5, Place Croix du Sud, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Loxdale HD, Harvey JA. The ‘generalism’ debate: misinterpreting the term in the empirical literature focusing on dietary breadth in insects. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh D. Loxdale
- School of Biosciences; Cardiff University; The Sir Martin Evans Building Museum Avenue Cardiff CF10 3AX UK
| | - Jeffrey A. Harvey
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology; Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Droevendaalsesteeg 10 6708 PB Wageningen the Netherlands
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Zepeda-Paulo F, Lavandero B, Mahéo F, Dion E, Outreman Y, Simon JC, Figueroa CC. Does sex-biased dispersal account for the lack of geographic and host-associated differentiation in introduced populations of an aphid parasitoid? Ecol Evol 2015; 5:2149-61. [PMID: 26078852 PMCID: PMC4461417 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Host recognition and use in female parasitoids strongly relies on host fidelity, a plastic behavior which can significantly restrict the host preferences of parasitoids, thus reducing the gene flow between parasitoid populations attacking different insect hosts. However, the effect of migrant males on the genetic differentiation of populations has been frequently ignored in parasitoids, despite its known impact on gene flow between populations. Hence, we studied the extent of gene flow mediated by female and male parasitoids by assessing sibship relationships among parasitoids within and between populations, and its impact on geographic and host-associated differentiation in the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. We report evidences of a high gene flow among parasitoid populations on different aphid hosts and geographic locations. The high gene flow among parasitoid populations was found to be largely male mediated, suggested by significant differences in the distribution of full-sib and paternal half-sib dyads of parasitoid populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Zepeda-Paulo
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile ; Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile Independencia 641, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Blas Lavandero
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
| | - Frédérique Mahéo
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR IGEPP), Domaine de La Motte 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Emilie Dion
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR IGEPP), Domaine de La Motte 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Yannick Outreman
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR IGEPP), Domaine de La Motte 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- INRA, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes (UMR IGEPP), Domaine de La Motte 35653, Le Rheu Cedex, France
| | - Christian C Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Insecto-Planta, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Talca 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile ; Millennium Nucleus Centre in Molecular Ecology and Evolutionary Applications in the Agroecosystems 2 Norte 685, Talca, Chile
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Derocles SAP, Plantegenest M, Ait-Ighil E ET, Chaubet B, Dedryver CA, Le Ralec A. Larval hitch-hiking and adult flight are two ways of aphidiinae parasitoids long-range dispersal. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 43:1327-1332. [PMID: 25203934 DOI: 10.1603/en14114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal strategies and success of pests' natural enemies widely influence the efficiency of biological control. In this study, we compare two dispersal strategies among Aphidiinae parasitoids: eggs and larvae dispersal through winged aphid flight and active dispersal by adult parasitoids. Using a molecular method applied to a sample of >2,000 winged migratory aphids captured in a suction trap situated in Western France, we assessed the proportion of winged aphids carrying an aphidiine larva. In the six most abundant aphid species, we found an average parasitism rate of migrating aphids close to 1% and identified seven different, mainly generalist, parasitoid species. We also identified the species and the sex of adult Aphidiinae captured by the suction trap based on morphological criteria. We found that dispersing adult parasitoids were almost exclusively female. Parasitoid dispersal strategy seems to be species-dependant but this result needs to be confirmed by an exhaustive analysis of winged aphids captured. We discuss the possible impact of the low parasitism rate of winged aphids on parasitoid population dynamics and the importance of these results in the context of biological control and of the study of food webs between aphids and their natural enemies.
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Nyabuga FN, Loxdale HD, Heckel DG, Weisser WW. Coevolutionary fine-tuning: evidence for genetic tracking between a specialist wasp parasitoid and its aphid host in a dual metapopulation interaction. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2012; 102:149-155. [PMID: 21944393 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485311000496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the interaction between two ecologically-associated species, the population structure of one species may affect the population structure of the other. Here, we examine the population structures of the aphid Metopeurum fuscoviride, a specialist on tansy Tanacetum vulgare, and its specialist primary hymenopterous parasitoid Lysiphlebus hirticornis, both of which are characterized by multivoltine life histories and a classic metapopulation structure. Samples of the aphid host and the parasitoid were collected from eight sites in and around Jena, Germany, where both insect species co-occur, and then were genotyped using suites of polymorphic microsatellite markers. The host aphid was greatly differentiated in terms of its spatial population genetic patterning, while the parasitoid was, in comparison, only moderately differentiated. There was a positive Mantel test correlation between pairwise shared allele distance (DAS) of the host and parasitoid, i.e. if host subpopulation samples were more similar between two particular sites, so were the parasitoid subpopulation samples. We argue that while the differences in the levels of genetic differentiation are due to the differences in the biology of the species, the correlations between host and parasitoid are indicative of dependence of the parasitoid population structure on that of its aphid host. The parasitoid is genetically tracking behind the aphid host, as can be expected in a classic metapopulation structure where host persistence depends on a delay between host and parasitoid colonization of the patch. The results may also have relevance to the Red Queen hypothesis, whereupon in the 'arms race' between parasitoid and its host, the latter 'attempts' to evolve away from the former.
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Affiliation(s)
- F N Nyabuga
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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