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The foraging Gene Is Involved in the Presence of Wings and Explorative Behaviours in Parthenogenetic Females of the Aphid Myzus persicae. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030369. [PMID: 35330120 PMCID: PMC8951518 DOI: 10.3390/life12030369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The foraging gene (for) encodes for a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent protein kinase involved in behavioural plasticity in aphids and in other insects. In this paper, we analysed the complete for sequence in eight clones of the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae, reporting the presence of nonsense and frameshift mutations in three studied clones characterized by a reduced number of winged females and by the absence of exploratory behaviours. Quantitative PCR experiments evidenced similar results in clones possessing for genes with a conserved coding sequence, but low expression levels. The comparison of the for transcriptional level in Myzus persicae persicae and Myzus persicae nicotianae showed very different expression in the two studied M. p. nicotianae clones so that our data did not support a previous hypothesis suggesting that a differential for expression was related to ecological specialization of M. p. nicotianae. In view of its role in both the dispersal of winged females and exploratory behaviours, the screening of the for sequences could be useful for predicting invasions of cultivated areas by peach potato aphids.
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Aphids and Ants, Mutualistic Species, Share a Mariner Element with an Unusual Location on Aphid Chromosomes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121966. [PMID: 34946915 PMCID: PMC8701394 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae) are small phytophagous insects. The aim of this study was to determine if the mariner elements found in the ant genomes are also present in Aphis fabae and Aphis hederae genomes and the possible existence of horizontal transfer events. Aphids maintain a relationship of mutualism with the ants. The close contact between these insects could favour horizontal transfer events of transposable elements. Myrmar mariner element isolated from Myrmica ruginodis and Tapinoma ibericum ants have also been found in the two Aphis species: A. fabae and A. hederae (Afabmar-Mr and Ahedmar-Mr elements). Besides, Afabmar-Mr could be an active transposon. Myrmar-like elements are also present in other insect species as well as in one Crustacean species. The phylogenetic study carried out with all Myrmar-like elements suggests the existence of horizontal transfer. Most aphids have 2n = 8 with a XX-X0 sex determination system. Their complicated life cycle is mostly parthenogenetic with sexual individuals only in autumn. The production of X0 males, originated by XX females which produce only spermatozoa with one X chromosome, must necessarily occur through specialized cytogenetic and molecular mechanisms which are not entirely known. In both aphid species, the mariner elements are located on all chromosomes, including the X chromosomes. However, on the two X chromosomes, no positive signals are detected in their small DAPI-negative telomere regions. The rDNA sites are located, as in the majority of Aphids species, on one of the telomere regions of each X chromosome. The hybridization patterns obtained by double FISH demonstrate that Afabmar-Mr and Ahedmar-Mr elements do not hybridize at the rDNA sites of their host species. Possible causes for the absence of these transposons in the rDNA genes are discussed, probably related with the X chromosome biology.
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Mandrioli M, Rivi V, Nardelli A, Manicardi GC. Genomic and Cytogenetic Localization of the Carotenoid Genes in the Aphid Genome. Cytogenet Genome Res 2016; 149:207-217. [PMID: 27585067 DOI: 10.1159/000448669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Data published in the scientific literature suggests a possible link between chromosomal rearrangements involving autosomes 1 and 3 and the presence of red morphs in the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer). In order to begin a study of this relationship, we analysed the genomic and chromosomal location of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis in M. persicae and the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), since carotenoids are the basis of the colour in many aphid species. Genomic analysis identified a DNA sequence containing carotenoid genes in synteny between the 2 species. According to the results obtained using in situ PCR, carotenoid genes were located in a subterminal portion of autosome 1 in both species. The same localization has also been observed in the onion aphid Neotoxoptera formosana Takahashi that, as M. persicae and A. pisum, belongs to the tribe Macrosiphini, thereby suggesting a synteny of this chromosomal region in aphids. In situ PCR experiments performed on 2 M. persicae asexual lineages bearing heterozygous translocations involving autosomes 1 and 3 revealed that carotenoid genes were located within chromosomal portions involved in recurrent rearrangements. We also verified by bioinformatics analyses the presence of fragile sites that could explain these recurrent rearrangements in M. persicae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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Manicardi GC, Nardelli A, Mandrioli M. Fast chromosomal evolution and karyotype instability: recurrent chromosomal rearrangements in the peach potato aphidMyzus persicae(Hemiptera: Aphididae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gian Carlo Manicardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 213/d 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Andrea Nardelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 213/d 41125 Modena Italy
| | - Mauro Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita; Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia; Via Campi 213/d 41125 Modena Italy
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Gavrilov-Zimin IA, Stekolshchikov AV, Gautam D. General trends of chromosomal evolution in Aphidococca (Insecta, Homoptera, Aphidinea + Coccinea). COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2015; 9:335-422. [PMID: 26312130 PMCID: PMC4547034 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v9i3.4930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Parallel trends of chromosomal evolution in Aphidococca are discussed, based on the catalogue of chromosomal numbers and genetic systems of scale insects by Gavrilov (2007) and the new catalogue for aphids provided in the present paper. To date chromosome numbers have been reported for 482 species of scale insects and for 1039 species of aphids, thus respectively comprising about 6% and 24% of the total number of species. Such characters as low modal numbers of chromosomes, heterochromatinization of part of chromosomes, production of only two sperm instead of four from each primary spermatocyte, physiological sex determination, "larval" meiosis, wide distribution of parthenogenesis and chromosomal races are considered as a result of homologous parallel changes of the initial genotype of Aphidococca ancestors. From a cytogenetic point of view, these characters separate Aphidococca from all other groups of Paraneoptera insects and in this sense can be considered as additional taxonomic characters. In contrast to available paleontological data the authors doubt that Coccinea with their very diverse (and partly primitive) genetic systems may have originated later then Aphidinea with their very specialised and unified genetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya A. Gavrilov-Zimin
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Andrey V. Stekolshchikov
- Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskaya nab. 1, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - D.C. Gautam
- Department of Bio-Sciences, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India
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Kati AN, Mandrioli M, Skouras PJ, Malloch GL, Voudouris CC, Venturelli M, Manicardi GC, Tsitsipis JA, Fenton B, Margaritopoulos JT. Recent changes in the distribution of carboxylesterase genes and associated chromosomal rearrangements in Greek populations of the tobacco aphidMyzus persicae nicotianae. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amalia N. Kati
- Plant Pathology Laboratory; School of Agriculture; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; 541 24 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Mauro Mandrioli
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Biology Building via Campi 213/D 411 25 Modena Italy
| | - Panagiotis J. Skouras
- Laboratory of Agricultural Entomology and Zoology; Department of Agricultural Technologies; Technological Educational Institute of Peloponnese; Kalamata Greece
| | | | - Costas Ch. Voudouris
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of Thessaly; 26 Ploutonos Str. 412 21 Larissa Greece
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; Foundation for Research and Technology; 100 Nikolaou Plastira Str. 700 13 Heraklion Crete Greece
| | - Mattia Venturelli
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Biology Building via Campi 213/D 411 25 Modena Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Manicardi
- Department of Life Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Biology Building via Campi 213/D 411 25 Modena Italy
| | - John A. Tsitsipis
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology; University of Thessaly; 384 46 Nea Ionia Greece
| | - Brian Fenton
- The James Hutton Institute; Invergowrie; Dundee DD2 5DA Scotland UK
| | - John T. Margaritopoulos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology; University of Thessaly; 26 Ploutonos Str. 412 21 Larissa Greece
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Manicardi GC, Mandrioli M, Blackman RL. The cytogenetic architecture of the aphid genome. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 90:112-25. [PMID: 24593177 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In recent years aphids, with their well-defined polyphenism, have become favoured as model organisms for the study of epigenetic processes. The availability of the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) genome sequence has engendered much research aimed at elucidating the mechanisms by which the phenotypic plasticity of aphids is inherited and controlled. Yet so far this research effort has paid little attention to the cytogenetic processes that play a vital part in the organisation, expression and inheritance of the aphid genome. Aphids have holocentric chromosomes, which have very different properties from the chromosomes with localised centromeres that are found in most other organisms. Here we review the diverse forms of aphid chromosome behaviour that occur during sex determination and male and female meiosis, often in response to environmental changes and mediated by endocrine factors. Remarkable differences occur, even between related species, that could have significant effects on the inheritance of all or parts of the genome. In relation to this, we review the particular features of the distribution of heterochromatin, rDNA genes and other repetitive DNA in aphid chromosomes, and discuss the part that these may play in the epigenetic modification of chromatin structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gian Carlo Manicardi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Besta Building, via Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Mandrioli M, Zanasi F, Manicardi GC. Karyotype rearrangements and telomere analysis in Myzuspersicae (Hemiptera, Aphididae) strains collected on Lavandula sp. plants. COMPARATIVE CYTOGENETICS 2014; 8:259-74. [PMID: 25610541 PMCID: PMC4296714 DOI: 10.3897/compcytogen.v8i4.8568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Karyotype analysis of nine strains of the peach-potato aphid Myzuspersicae (Sulzer, 1776), collected on Lavandula sp. plants, evidenced showed that five of them had a standard 2n = 12 karyotype, one possessed a fragmentation of the X chromosome occurring at the telomere opposite to the NOR-bearing one and three strains had a chromosome number 2n = 11 due to a non-reciprocal translocation of an autosome A3 onto an A1 chromosome. Interestingly, the terminal portion of the autosome A1 involved in the translocation was the same in all the three strains, as evidenced by FISH with the histone cluster as a probe. The study of telomeres in the Myzuspersicae strain with the X fission evidenced that telomerase synthesised de novo telomeres at the breakpoints resulting in the stabilization of the chromosomal fragments. Lastly, despite the presence of a conserved telomerase, aphid genome is devoid of genes coding for shelterin, a complex of proteins involved in telomere functioning frequently reported as conserved in eukaryotes. The absence of this complex, also confirmed in the genome of other arthropods, suggests that the shift in the sequence of the telomeric repeats has been accompanied by other changes in the telomere components in arthropods in respect to other metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Zanasi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gian Carlo Manicardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/d, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Rivi M, Monti V, Mazzoni E, Cassanelli S, Panini M, Anaclerio M, Cigolini M, Corradetti B, Bizzaro D, Mandrioli M, Manicardi GC. A1-3 chromosomal translocations in Italian populations of the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) not linked to esterase-based insecticide resistance. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2013; 103:278-285. [PMID: 23448149 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485312000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Esterase-based resistance in the peach-potato aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is generally due to one of two alternative amplified carboxylesterase genes, E4 or FE4 (fast E4). The E4 amplified form is distributed worldwide and it is correlated with a particular translocation between autosomes 1 and 3, whereas the FE4 form, which has hitherto not been found to be associated with chromosomal rearrangements, is typical of the Mediterranean regions. In this study, we present for the first time cytogenetic and molecular data on some M. persicae parthenogenetic lineages, which clearly show a chromosomal A1-3 translocation associated with esterase FE4 genes and unrelated to high levels of esterase-based resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rivi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Mandrioli M, Manicardi GC. Unlocking holocentric chromosomes: new perspectives from comparative and functional genomics? Curr Genomics 2013; 13:343-9. [PMID: 23372420 PMCID: PMC3401891 DOI: 10.2174/138920212801619250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of chromosomes with diffuse centromeres (holocentric chromosomes) has been reported in several taxa since more than fifty years, but a full understanding of their origin is still lacking. Comparative and functional genomics are nowadays furnishing new data to better understand holocentric chromosome evolution thus opening new perspectives to analyse karyotype rearrangements in species with holocentric chromosomes in particular evidencing unusual common features, such as the uniform GC content and gene distribution along chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mandrioli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 213/D, Modena, Italy
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