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Olden JD, Carvalho FAC. Global invasion and biosecurity risk from the online trade in ornamental crayfish. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2024; 38:e14359. [PMID: 39248783 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.14359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Trade in undomesticated ornamental animals has rapidly expanded beyond brick-and-mortar retail stores to now include growing numbers of internet marketplaces. The growing volume, diversity, and origins of invasive non-native species in trade challenge already weak national biosecurity policies. Despite widespread focus on vertebrates, many knowledge gaps exist regarding the online global trade of ornamental invertebrates. We conducted the first global assessment of the online trade in and associated invasion risk of freshwater crayfishes, which are increasingly popular aquarium animals. We systematically examined e-commerce marketplaces in multiple languages, scrapping information that included species identity, price, quantity, and shipping designation from each crayfish listing. Next, we combined geographic pathways of shipping associated with online trade (introduction risk) and environmental suitability modeling (establishment risk) to estimate global risk of non-native crayfish invasion risk. We identified hundreds of online marketplaces and thousands of sale listings in 33 countries (5 continents) involving 60 species and representing a selling value of ∼US$1.5 million. Invasion risk of non-native crayfish in trade was widespread, with geographic hotspots coinciding with both elevated opportunities for introduction (greater shipping offerings) and establishment. Precise characterization of the online species trade is fundamental to support new and reformed biosecurity policies, build industry partnerships, and design educational campaigns to prevent species invasions through trade. We found that the taxonomy, geography, and economics of the global online ornamental crayfish trade are vast and require greater attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D Olden
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Baek JW, Kim JI, Kim CB. Deep learning-based image classification of turtles imported into Korea. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21677. [PMID: 38066049 PMCID: PMC10709346 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Although turtles play a key role in maintaining healthy and balanced environments, these are endangered due to global trade to meet the high demand for food, medicine, and pets in Asia. In addition, imported non-native turtles have been controlled as alien invasive species in various countries, including Korea. Therefore, a rapid and accurate classification of imported turtles is needed to conserve and detect those in native ecosystems. In this study, eight Single Shot MultiBox Detector (SSD) models using different backbone networks were used to classify 36 imported turtles in Korea. The images of these species were collected from Google and were identified using morphological features. Then, these were divided into 70% for training, 15% for validation, and 15% for test sets. In addition, data augmentation was applied to the training set to prevent overfitting. Among the eight models, the Resnet18 model showed the highest mean Average Precision (mAP) at 88.1% and the fastest inference time at 0.024 s. The average correct classification rate of 36 turtles in this model was 82.8%. The results of this study could help in management of the turtle trade, specifically in improving detection of alien invasive species in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Won Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Korea
| | - Jung-Il Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Korea
| | - Chang-Bae Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Sangmyung University, Seoul, 03016, Korea.
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Bielby J, Ferguson A, Rendle M, McMillan KM. Online classified adverts reflect the broader United Kingdom trade in turtles and tortoises rather than drive it. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288725. [PMID: 37440593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Online sales are increasingly a route by which exotic animals are sold in the global pet trade. There are numerous types of online platforms and transaction types, and dedicated classified advertisement sites are a popular means of buying and selling animals. Despite their large and increasing use, we have a relatively poor understanding of the number of, and taxonomic variation in, the animals sold online. This information may be key in efforts to optimise the welfare of the animals being sold, and the ethics and sustainability of the trade via that platform. To fill this knowledge gap, we monitored and analysed the advertisements of chelonians (turtles and tortoises) placed on one of the United Kingdom's largest dedicated classified ads sites, www.pets4homes.co.uk, over the course of a year, from July 2020 until June 2021. We analysed temporal, taxonomic, and advertiser related trends in the volumes of advertisements placed and compared the prices and the sentiment of language within adverts for different species. We found that the species advertised, the prices requested, and infrequent use of the site by most advertisers is consistent with most adverts being for animals being resold by casual users. Further, we found that turtles were consistently advertised for lower prices and in multiples than tortoises, and that the language with which they were advertised was less positive. We conclude that on this website the online trade reflects the broader trade, rather than drives the sales of chelonians in the UK, and that any interventions aiming to improve welfare and sustainability would be better placed earlier in the supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Bielby
- School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, England
| | - Andy Ferguson
- Lincolnshire Wildlife Park, Friskney, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Matthew Rendle
- Association of Zoo & Exotic Veterinary Nurses, Market Harborough, United kingdom
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Montague LE, Marcotrigiano JM, Keane NE, Marquardt HE, Sevin JA, Karraker NE. Online sale of small turtles circumvents public health regulations in the United States. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0278443. [PMID: 36542556 PMCID: PMC9770399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States (U.S.), pet turtles have been associated with outbreaks of salmonellosis, a serious and sometimes-fatal intestinal illness caused by Salmonella bacteria, with nearly 300,000 people being infected in some years. Children are particularly susceptible because of their propensity to put items, including small turtles, in their mouths. In 1975, a U.S. federal regulation prohibited the sale of turtles <4 inches (101.6 mm) in size, except for the purposes of export, scientific, or educational purposes. This regulation was established to reduce the incidence of salmonellosis, particularly in small children. Previous research has not evaluated the availability of turtles <4 inches in size on websites selling wildlife. We monitored 16 websites in 2021 and quantified listings of small turtles. We determined whether information on Salmonella, the 1975 federal regulation, or related state regulations were provided on the websites and determined legality of sales of small turtles by state regulations. We found that all 16 websites openly advertised and sold turtles <4 inches in size, but only half of these websites provided information about Salmonella and/or the federal regulation. These websites required buyers to confirm that they were not purchasing a turtle as a pet, thereby putting the onus on the consumer to adhere to the regulation. We documented 515 listings of turtles <4 inches in size, including 47 species and one hybrid. Our study has demonstrated that internet sales of small turtles currently represent part of the thriving online pet trade in the U.S. Enforcement of the federal regulation faces jurisdictional challenges in most states. Therefore, we recommend continued public education campaigns by public health agencies in the U.S. to help reduce the risk that pet turtle ownership presents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E. Montague
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Juliana M. Marcotrigiano
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Niamh E. Keane
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Hannah E. Marquardt
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jennifer A. Sevin
- Department of Biology, University of Richmond, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Nancy E. Karraker
- Department of Natural Resources Science, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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E-Commerce Information System Management Based on Data Mining and Neural Network Algorithms. COMPUTATIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 2022:1499801. [PMID: 35449740 PMCID: PMC9017534 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1499801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of artificial intelligence technology has led to rapid development in various fields. It has many hidden related customer behavior information and future development trends in the e-commerce information system. The data mining technology can dig out useful information and promote the development of e-commerce. This research analyzes the significance and advantages of data mining technology in the application of e-commerce management systems and analyzes the related technologies of data mining and future trend prediction. This research has taken the advantages of clustering and naive Bayesian methods in data mining to classify product information and purchase preferences and other information and mine the associated data. Then, the nonlinear data processing advantages of neural networks are used to predict future purchasing power. The results show that data mining technology and neural networks have high accuracy in predicting future consumer purchasing power information. The correlation coefficient between real consumption data and predicted consumption data reached 0.9785, and the maximum relative average error was only 2.32%. It fully shows that data mining technology can obtain some unrecognizable related information and future consumption trends in e-commerce systems, and neural networks can also predict future consumption power and consumption patterns well.
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Omifolaji JK, Hughes AC, Ibrahim AS, Zhou J, Zhang S, Ikyaagba ET, Luan X. Dissecting the illegal pangolin trade in China: An insight from seizures data reports. NATURE CONSERVATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/natureconservation.45.57962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Wildlife trafficking poses a major threat to global biodiversity. Species such as pangolins are particularly vulnerable and trade continues almost unabated despite numerous interventions aimed at eradicating illegal wildlife trade. Despite restrictions on the pangolin trade, thousands of pangolins continue to be intercepted annually. We focused on China because of the recent delisting of pangolins from the Chinese pharmacopeia, and their removal from healthcare insurance, despite deeply ingrained traditions of having pangolins for ethno-medicinal use. We collated pangolin interception data from public online media seizure reports to characterize the pangolin trade within China, and found that a total of 326 independent seizures equivalent to 143,130 pangolins (31,676 individuals and 222,908 kg of scale) were reported in 26 provinces. Pangolin domestic seizures are greatest in the southern cities of Dehong, Fangchenggang, and Guangzhou. Also, we found 17 countries within the global pangolins range which were the major source of the pangolin shipments to China. The number of arrests and convictions was much lower than the number of pangolin incidents reported. Our results show a significant increase in the volume of scales and number of live pangolin seizures after amended endangered species law came into effect in 2018, and recorded the highest number of individual pangolin interceptions. China has shown increasing wildlife seizures over time, owing partly to emergent trends in the international wildlife trade as well as increasing global demand for ethnomedicine. The future eradication of illegal wildlife trade in China is dependent not only on stringent border control and offender prosecution but also the; removal of other threatened species from the pharmacopeia and healthcare insurance which includes wildlife derivatives. Furthermore, our work highlights importance of current policy intervention to combat the pangolin trade within China, and the need for further interventions both within China and in export countries.
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Harrington LA, Auliya M, Eckman H, Harrington AP, Macdonald DW, D'Cruze N. Live wild animal exports to supply the exotic pet trade: A case study from Togo using publicly available social media data. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A. Harrington
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - Mark Auliya
- Department of Conservation Biology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH – UFZ Leipzig Germany
- Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| | | | - Alix P. Harrington
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
| | - Neil D'Cruze
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology University of Oxford, Recanati‐Kaplan Centre Abingdon UK
- World Animal Protection London UK
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Shao ML, Newman C, Buesching CD, Macdonald DW, Zhou ZM. Understanding wildlife crime in China: Socio-demographic profiling and motivation of offenders. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246081. [PMID: 33508005 PMCID: PMC7842910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wildlife crime presents a growing threat to the integrity of ecological communities. While campaigns have raised consumer awareness, little is known about the socio-demographic profile of wildlife offenders, or how to intervene. Using data from China Judgements Online (2014–2018), we documented 4,735 cases, involving 7,244 offenders who smuggled, hunted, transported, sold and/or purchased protected species in contravention of China’s Criminal Law. Offenders were predominantly men (93.0% of 7,143 offenders), aged 30–44 (43.9% of 4,699), agricultural workers (48.4% of 3,960), with less schooling (78.6% of 4,699 < senior secondary school). Socio-economic profiles related to crime seriousness, the type of illegal activity, motivation and taxon involved. These generalizations reveal scope to tailor specific intervention and mitigation approaches to offender profiles, through public information campaigns, proactive incentives opposed by punitive disincentives, and provision of alternative incomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Ling Shao
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Cook’s Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Christina D. Buesching
- Cook’s Lake Farming Forestry and Wildlife Inc (Ecological Consultancy), Queens County, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Biology, Irving K. Barber School of Arts & Sciences Unit 2, University of British Columbia, Okanagen, Canada
| | - David W. Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Zhao-Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- * E-mail:
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