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Morales-Primo AU, Becker I, Pedraza-Zamora CP, Zamora-Chimal J. Th17 Cell and Inflammatory Infiltrate Interactions in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Unraveling Immunopathogenic Mechanisms. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e14. [PMID: 38725676 PMCID: PMC11076297 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involves immune and non-immune cell cooperation to contain and eliminate Leishmania parasites. The orchestration of these responses is coordinated primarily by CD4+ T cells; however, the disease outcome depends on the Th cell predominant phenotype. Although Th1 and Th2 phenotypes are the most addressed as steers for the resolution or perpetuation of the disease, Th17 cell activities, especially IL-17 release, are recognized to be vital during CL development. Th17 cells perform vital functions during both acute and chronic phases of CL. Overall, Th17 cells induce the migration of phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) to the infection site and CD8+ T cells and NK cell activation. They also provoke granzyme and perforin secretion from CD8+ T cells, macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype, and expansion of B and Treg cells. Likewise, immune cells from the inflammatory infiltrate have modulatory activities over Th17 cells involving their differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells and further expansion by generating a microenvironment rich in optimal cytokines such as IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-21. Th17 cell activities and synergies are crucial for the resistance of the infection during the early and acute stages; however, if unchecked, Th17 cells might lead to a chronic stage. This review discusses the synergies between Th17 cells and the inflammatory infiltrate and how these interactions might destine the course of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham U. Morales-Primo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Pedraza-Zamora
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal y Tejidos Mineralizados, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
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Alizadeh Z, Omidnia P, Altalbawy FMA, Gabr GA, Obaid RF, Rostami N, Aslani S, Heidari A, Mohammadi H. Unraveling the role of natural killer cells in leishmaniasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 114:109596. [PMID: 36700775 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
NK cells are known as frontline responders that are efficient in combating several maladies as well as leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania spp. As such they are being investigated to be used for adoptive transfer therapy and vaccine. In spite of the lack of antigen-specific receptors at their surface, NK cells can selectively recognize pathogens, accomplished by the activation of the receptors on the NK cell surface and also as the result of their effector functions. Activation of NK cells can occur through interaction between TLR-2 expressed on NK cells and. LPG of Leishmania parasites. In addition, NK cell activation can occur by cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ and IL-12) that also lead to producing cytokines and chemokines and lysis of target cells. This review summarizes several evidences that support NK cells activation for controlling leishmaniasis and the potentially lucrative roles of NK cells during leishmaniasis. Furthermore, we discuss strategies of Leishmania parasites in inhibiting NK cell functions. Leishmania LPG can utilizes TLR2 to evade host-immune responses. Also, Leishmania GP63 can directly binds to NK cells and modulates NK cell phenotype. Finally, this review analyzes the potentialities to harness NK cells effectiveness in therapy regimens and vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Alizadeh
- Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farag M A Altalbawy
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences (NILES), University of Cairo, Giza 12613, Egypt; Department of Chemistry, University College of Duba, University of Tabuk, Duba 71911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gamal A Gabr
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; Agricultural Genetic Engineering Research Institute (AGERI), Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Narges Rostami
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aliehsan Heidari
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Effects of negative air ions (NAIs) on Leishmania major: A novel tool for treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL). PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274124. [PMID: 36074764 PMCID: PMC9455840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) that causes high morbidity in the tropics and sub-tropics. Despite the remarkable advancements in the treatment of CL, the available therapeutics are far from ideal and also cause serious adverse side effects. Negative air ions (NAIs) generators are widely available for domestic and industrial uses. Several studies have reported on positive effects of NAIs therapy on human health as a non-pharmaceutical treatment for respiratory disease, allergy, or stress-related health conditions, including infectious diseases. To our knowledge, no studies have examined the effectiveness of the NAIs therapy against Leishmania parasites. The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of NAIs therapy on Leishmania major (L. major) the causative agent of CL in in vitro and in a murine model. Methodology/Principal findings In vitro anti-leishmanial effects of NAIs therapy were measured by parasitological methods. NAIs therapy was assessed in vivo in L. major infected BALB/c mice by measuring the footpad (FP) lesion size and parasite load using metric caliper tool and qPCR, respectively. Immune responses in treated and non-treated mice were assessed by measuring the levels of IFN-γ, IL-4, NO and arginase activity. In vitro NAIs therapy significantly decreased the viability of Leishmania promastigotes and of amastigotes cultured in macrophages, but did not affect the host cells. NAIs therapy of L. major infected BALB/c mice resulted in reduced FP lesion size, diminished parasite burden, and importantly decreased induction of IL-4 and arginase activity in the presence of NAIs. In contrast IFN-γ and NO levels were significantly enhanced. NAIs therapy significantly diminished the progression of disease compared to the control group, but was less effective than amphotericin B treatment. Conclusions Our study shows that NAIs treatment was effective in vitro and in Leishmania-infected mice, elicited a T-helper 1 (Th1) response and increased efficient cellular immunity, resulting in a diminished parasite load. Therefore, NAIs therapy can be considered as a useful and safe tool that can contribute to clearing L. major infections without inducing toxicity in host cells. The applications and mechanisms of NAIs therapy warrant further investigation especially in humans suffering from CL.
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Cavalcante MKDA, de Freitas e Silva R, Pereira VRA, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA. Opinion Article: NK Cells in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Protection or Damage? Front Immunol 2022; 13:933490. [PMID: 35844579 PMCID: PMC9283678 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.933490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marton Kaique de Andrade Cavalcante
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
- Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Rafael de Freitas e Silva
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz-de-Castro
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute - Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Brazil
- Parasitology Laboratory, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitoria de Santo Antão, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maria Carolina Accioly Brelaz-de-Castro,
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Immunotherapeutic Potential of Interleukin-32 and Trained Immunity for Leishmaniasis Treatment. Trends Parasitol 2020; 37:130-141. [PMID: 33082090 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases annually account for several million infections worldwide. Efficacious treatment for these poorly understood infectious diseases is often limited to ineffective, expensive, and toxic therapies such as the SbV used for leishmaniasis patients. Here, we review the latest discoveries and literature on the molecular pathways, cell types, and immune mediators involved in the immune response to infection with New World Leishmania spp. in humans and their interaction with the adaptive and innate immune system. Novel developments in the field of trained innate immunity and the recently described role of IL-32 are emphasized as potential immunotherapeutic treatments for the management of leishmaniasis.
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Contribution of Leishmania braziliensis antigen-specific CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK and CD3+CD56+NKT cells in the immunopathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients: Cytotoxic, activation and exhaustion profiles. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229400. [PMID: 32203546 PMCID: PMC7089553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis is dictated mainly by the immune-mediated-tissue inflammation developed. The understanding of the immunological mechanisms that generate tissue damage or resolution of lesions is the key to the development of effective vaccine protocols and proper therapeutic schemes. It is clear that the specific immune response mediated by T cells is responsible for the beneficial outcome of the disease, however, the roles of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, NK and NKT cell subpopulations in immunopathogenesis of CL need to be elucidated. Peripheral blood cells from patients before, during and after the antimonial therapy, as well as healthy individuals (HI) were cultured with (LbAgS) or without (NS) L. braziliensis antigens (LbAg). Afterwards, the frequencies of LbAg-specific-cytotoxic CD8+ T, CD4+ T, NK and CD3+CD56+ NKT cells, as well as their activation and exhaustion profiles, were defined by flow cytometry. We observed higher frequencies of CD8+ T, NK and CD3+CD56+ NKT cells and lower frequencies of CD4+ T lymphocytes in LbAgS cell cultures from patients before treatment. The specific response to LbAg resulted in an expansion of cytotoxic-activated CD4+ T, CD8+ T, and NK cells, before and during treatment, indicating specificity in the response by these cells against L. braziliensis. Furthermore, comparing the differences of frequencies of cytotoxic-activated CD4+T, CD8+T, and NK cells, among before and during treatment patients and HI groups, we conclude that these cell populations are in charge of immune response elicited by antimonial therapy. Interestingly, we also observed that NK cells were induced by LbAg to an exhaustion profile during all clinical stages of the disease. The increased antigen-specific activation and cytotoxic activity are in line with the strong inflammatory response described in this disease, a likely cause of tissue damage. These findings reinforce the involvement of these distinct cytotoxic-activated cell populations in the immunopathogenesis of CL, showing a character of specificity in this immune response.
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Abulizi A, Shao Y, Aji T, Li Z, Zhang C, Aini A, Wang H, Tuxun T, Li L, Zhang N, Lin R, Wen H. Echinococcus multilocularis inoculation induces NK cell functional decrease through high expression of NKG2A in C57BL/6 mice. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:792. [PMID: 31500589 PMCID: PMC6734356 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4417-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis), and considered as public health issue. Parasite-host immune interaction is pivotal during infection. As a subset of innate lymphoid cells, NK cells are known to play an important role during virus, bacteria, intra/extracellular parasitic infections and tumor progression. However, the possible role of NK cells in E. multilocularis infection in both human and murine is little known. Herein, the functional alteration of hepatic NK cells and their related molecules in E. multilocularis infected mice were studied. METHODS 2000 protoscoleces (PSCs) were injected to C57BL/6 mice via the portal vein to establish secondary E. multilocularis infection. NK cells population and their related molecules (CD69, Ly49D, Ly49G2, Ly49H, Ly49I, NKG2A, NKG2D, granzyme B, IFN-γ, TNF-α) were assessed by using fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) techniques and qRT-PCR. NK cell depletion was performed for further understanding the possible function of NK cells during infection. RESULTS The total frequencies of NK cells and NK-derived IFN-γ production were significantly reduced at designated time points (2, 4, 12 weeks). The liver resident (CD49a+DX5-) NK cells are decreased at 4 weeks after inoculation and which is significantly lower than in control mice. Moreover, in vivo antibody-mediated NK cell depletion increased parasitic load and decreased peri-parasitic fibrosis. Expression of the inhibitory receptor NKG2A was negatively related to NK- derived IFN-γ secretion. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed down regulates of NK cells and upper regulates of NKG2A expression on NK cells during E. multilocularis infection. Reduction of NK cell frequencies and increased NKG2A might result in low cytotoxic activity through decreased IFN-γ secretion in E. multilocularis infection. This result might be helpful to restore NK cell related immunity against E. multilocularis infection to treat alveolar echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abuduaini Abulizi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Yingmei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Tuerganaili Aji
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Zhide Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Chuanshan Zhang
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Abudusalamu Aini
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Hui Wang
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Tuerhongjiang Tuxun
- Department of Liver and Laparoscopic Surgery, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Liang Li
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Ning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Renyong Lin
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
| | - Hao Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Hepatobiliary & Hydatid Disease Department, Digestive & Vascular Surgery Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
- WHO Collaborating Center on Prevention and Management of Echinococcosis, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Echinococcosis, Clinical Medical Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054 China
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van Henten S, Adriaensen W, Fikre H, Akuffo H, Diro E, Hailu A, Van der Auwera G, van Griensven J. Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Due to Leishmania aethiopica. EClinicalMedicine 2018; 6:69-81. [PMID: 31193672 PMCID: PMC6537575 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania aethiopica is the main causative species for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Ethiopia. Despite its considerable burden, L. aethiopica has been one of the most neglected Leishmania species. In this review, published evidence on L. aethiopica history, geography, vector, reservoir, epidemiology, parasitology, and immunology is discussed and knowledge gaps are outlined. L. aethiopica endemic regions are limited to the highland areas, although nationwide studies on CL prevalence are lacking. Phlebotomus pedifer and P. longipes are the sandfly vectors and hyraxes are considered to be the main reservoir, but the role of other sandfly species and other potential reservoirs requires further investigation. Where and how transmission occurs exactly are also still unknown. Most CL patients in Ethiopia are children and young adults. Lesions are most commonly on the face, in contrast to CL caused by other Leishmania species which may more frequently affect other body parts. CL lesions caused by L. aethiopica seem atypical and more severe in their presentation as compared to other Leishmania species. Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis are relatively common, and healing of lesions caused by L. aethiopica seems to take longer than that of other species. A thorough documentation of the natural evolution of L. aethiopica as well as in depth studies into the immunological and parasitological characteristics that underpin the atypical and severe clinical presentation are needed. Better understanding of CL caused by this parasite species will contribute to interventions related to transmission, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia van Henten
- Unit of HIV and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Adriaensen
- Unit of HIV and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Helina Fikre
- Leishmania Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Hannah Akuffo
- Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) and Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Ermias Diro
- Leishmania Research and Treatment Center, University of Gondar Hospital, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Addis Ababa University School of Medicine, Ethiopia
| | - Gert Van der Auwera
- Unit of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan van Griensven
- Unit of HIV and Neglected Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Gois BM, Peixoto RF, Maciel BLL, Gomes JAS, de Azevedo FLAA, Veras RC, de Medeiros IA, de Lima Grisi TCS, de Araújo DAM, do Amaral IPG, Keesen TSL. Dual immune effect of iNKT cells considering human cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis: An example of cell plasticity according to different disease scenarios. Scand J Immunol 2018; 87:e12668. [PMID: 29701883 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although the semi-invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT) are a small subpopulation of cells in the peripheral blood, they are presumed to play a role in early stages of infection against various pathogens, including protozoa. This work investigates the activation status and cytokine profile of iNKT cells during human Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis infection. We studied iNKT cells in patients with symptomatic active visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) (n = 8), patients with symptomatic active cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) (n = 13), negative endemic controls (NEC) (n = 6) and non-endemic controls (NonEC) (n = 6), with and without total Leishmania antigen stimulus (TLA). The number of iNKT cells in the peripheral blood of patients with ACL and AVL unaltered in relation to control groups. Moreover, the iNKT cells from ACL showed a hyperactivation profile compared to patients with AVL. Additionally, TLA induced IFN-gamma production in iNKT cells from patients with ACL, while in iNKT of patients with AVL, TLA induced a decrease in this cytokine. Higher IL-17 and IL-10 production by iNKT cells from patients with ACL were also observed compared to all other groups. There were no changes in iNKT IL-10-producing cells in AVL after TLA stimulation. However, TLA induced increase in IL-10 in iNKT cells in patients with ACL. These findings suggest that, although iNKT cells showed distinct profiles in patients with ACL and AVL, they play a dual role in immune modulation in both Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Gois
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - R F Peixoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - B L L Maciel
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - J A S Gomes
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - F L A A de Azevedo
- Research Institute for Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - R C Veras
- Research Institute for Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - I A de Medeiros
- Research Institute for Drugs and Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - T C S de Lima Grisi
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - D A M de Araújo
- Department of Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - I P G do Amaral
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
| | - T S L Keesen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil
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Campos TM, Costa R, Passos S, Carvalho LP. Cytotoxic activity in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:733-740. [PMID: 29091132 PMCID: PMC5661895 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a chronic disease caused by species of the protozoan Leishmania and characterised by the presence of ulcerated skin lesions. Both parasite and host factors affect the clinical presentation of the disease. The development of skin ulcers in CL is associated with an inflammatory response mediated by cells that control parasite growth but also contribute to pathogenesis. CD8+ T cells contribute to deleterious inflammatory responses in patients with CL through cytotoxic mechanisms. In addition, natural killer cells also limit Leishmania infections by production of interferon-γ and cytotoxicity. In this review, we focus on studies of cytotoxicity in CL and its contribution to the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taís M Campos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Rúbia Costa
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Sara Passos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Nanomedicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lucas P Carvalho
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Serviço de Imunologia, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Universidade Federal da Bahia, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciências e Tecnologia-Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, BA, Brasil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Laboratório Avançado de Saúde Pública, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Ferraz R, Cunha CF, Pimentel MIF, Lyra MR, Pereira-Da-Silva T, Schubach AO, Da-Cruz AM, Bertho AL. CD3 +CD4 negCD8 neg (double negative) T lymphocytes and NKT cells as the main cytotoxic-related-CD107a + cells in lesions of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:219. [PMID: 28468680 PMCID: PMC5415843 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, which infects dermal macrophages and dendritic cells, causing an intense immune-mediated-tissue inflammation and a skin ulcer with elevated borders that can heal spontaneously or after antimonial therapy. The resolution of lesions depends on an adaptive immune response, and cytotoxic cells seem to have a fundamental role in this process. The aim of this study is to better understand the role of cytotoxicity mediated mechanisms that occur during the immune response in the CL lesion milieu, considering distinct cytotoxic-related CD107a+ cells, such as CD8+, CD4+, CD4neg CD8neg (double-negative, DN) and CD4+CD8+ (double-positive, DP) T lymphocytes, as well as NK and NKT cells. Methods Lesion derived cells were assessed for T cell subpopulations and NK cells, as well as CD107a expression by flow cytometry. In addition, cytometric bead array (CBA) was used to quantify cytokines and granzyme B concentrations in supernatants from macerated lesions. Results Flow cytometry analyses revealed that NKT cells are the major CD107a-expressing cell population committed to cytotoxicity in CL lesion, although we also observed high frequencies of CD4+ and DN T cells expressing CD107a. Analysing the pool of CD107a+-cell populations, we found a higher distribution of DN T cells (44%), followed by approximately 25% of NKT cells. Interestingly, NK and CD8+ T cells represented only 3 and 4% of the total-CD107a+-cell pool, respectively. Conclusions The cytotoxicity activity that occurs in the lesion milieu of CL patients seems to be dominated by DN T and NKT cells. These findings suggest the need for a reevaluation of the role of classical-cytotoxic NK and CD8+ T cells in the pathogenesis of CL, implicating an important role for other T cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Ferraz
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Flow Cytometry Sorting Core Facility, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Clarissa F Cunha
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Inês F Pimentel
- Laboratory of Surveillance for Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectology, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo R Lyra
- Laboratory of Surveillance for Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectology, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Pereira-Da-Silva
- Laboratory of AIDS and Molecular Immunology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Armando O Schubach
- Laboratory of Surveillance for Leishmaniasis, Evandro Chagas National Institute of Infectology, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alda Maria Da-Cruz
- Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Medical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Alvaro Luiz Bertho
- Laboratory of Immunoparasitology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil. .,Flow Cytometry Sorting Core Facility, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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12
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Gomes AHS, Martines RB, Kanamura CT, Barbo MLP, Iglezias SD, Lauletta Lindoso JA, Pereira-Chioccola VL. American cutaneous leishmaniasis: In situ immune response of patients with recent and late lesions. Parasite Immunol 2017; 39. [PMID: 28239875 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-17, CD68 and CD57 were evaluated in biopsies of patients with American cutaneous leishmaniasis living in Sorocaba, Brazil. The analyses were performed considering the time of lesions from 23 patients with recent lesions (Group I) and 19 patients with late lesions (Group II). All patients were infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Immunostaining cells for CD68, CD57, TNF- α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17 were performed by immunohistochemistry. Except for CD68 and IL-17, the distribution of in situ for CD57, IL-10, TNF-α and IFN-γ showed that patients with recent lesions expressed higher levels than those with late lesions. The comparison of cytokine expression/group showed that IL-10 was significantly higher than IL-17 and IFN-γ (similar data were shown in IL-17 compared with TNF-α), suggesting an immunological balance between inflammatory-anti-inflammatory agents. This balance was similar for two groups of patients. In conclusion, these data suggested that (i) patients from Group I had recent lesions (in the beginning of chronic phase) compared to those from Group II and (ii) the modulation of inflammatory response in patients with recent American cutaneous leishmaniasis was correlated with IL-10 expression in skin lesions preventing the development of mucosal forms. The parasite treatment also prevented the evolution of severe forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H S Gomes
- Laboratorio Regional de Sorocaba, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R B Martines
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - C T Kanamura
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - M L P Barbo
- Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas e Saúde, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S D Iglezias
- Centro de Patologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - J A Lauletta Lindoso
- Instituto de Infectologia Emilio Ribas, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratório de Soroepidemiologia (LIM-38) Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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13
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Abstract
Diseases caused by Leishmania present a worldwide problem, and current therapeutic approaches are unable to achieve a sterile cure. Leishmania is able to persist in host cells by evading or exploiting host immune mechanisms. A thorough understanding of these mechanisms could lead to better strategies for effective management of Leishmania infections. Current research has focused on parasite modification of host cell signaling pathways, entry into phagocytic cells, and modulation of cytokine and chemokine profiles that alter immune cell activation and trafficking to sites of infection. Immuno-therapeutic approaches that target these mechanisms of immune evasion by Leishmania offer promising areas for preclinical and clinical research.
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14
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Cañeda-Guzmán IC, Salaiza-Suazo N, Fernández-Figueroa EA, Carrada-Figueroa G, Aguirre-García M, Becker I. NK cell activity differs between patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis infected with Leishmania mexicana: a comparative study of TLRs and cytokines. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112410. [PMID: 25397678 PMCID: PMC4232367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania mexicana causes localized (LCL) or diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). The cause of dissemination in DCL remains unknown, yet NK cells possibly play a role in activating leishmanicidal mechanisms during innate and adaptive immune responses. We had previously shown that Leishmania lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is a ligand for TLR2, activating human NK cells. We have now analyzed NK cells in LCL and DCL patients. NK numbers and effector mechanisms differed drastically between both groups of patients: DCL patients showed reduced NK cell numbers; diminished IFN-γ and TNF-α production; and lower TLR2, TLR1, and TLR6 expression as compared to LCL patients. The altered protein expression found in NK cells of DCL patients correlated with their down-regulation of IFN-γ gene expression in LPG-stimulated and non-stimulated cells as compared to LCL patients. NK cell response was further analyzed according to gender, age, and disease evolution in LCL patients showing that female patients produced higher IFN-γ levels throughout the disease progression, whereas TLR2 expression diminished in both genders with prolonged disease evolution and age. We furthermore show the activation pathway of LPG binding to TLR2 and demonstrated that TLR2 forms immunocomplexes with TLR1 and TLR6. In addition to the reduced NK cell numbers in peripheral blood, DCL patients also showed reduced NK cell numbers in the lesions. They were randomly scattered within the lesions, showing diminished cytokine production, which contrasts with those of LCL lesions, where NK cells produced IFN-γ and TNF-α and were found within organized granulomas. We conclude that in DCL patients the reduced NK-cell numbers and their diminished activity, evidenced by low TLR expression and low cytokine production, are possibly involved in the severity of the disease. Our results provide new information on the contribution of NK cells in Leishmania infections of the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cristina Cañeda-Guzmán
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Edith A. Fernández-Figueroa
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | | | - Magdalena Aguirre-García
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, México, D.F., México
- * E-mail:
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15
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Teixeira C, Gomes R, Oliveira F, Meneses C, Gilmore DC, Elnaiem DEA, Valenzuela JG, Kamhawi S. Characterization of the early inflammatory infiltrate at the feeding site of infected sand flies in mice protected from vector-transmitted Leishmania major by exposure to uninfected bites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2781. [PMID: 24762408 PMCID: PMC3998922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mice exposed to sand fly saliva are protected against vector-transmitted Leishmania major. Although protection has been related to IFN- γ producing T cells, the early inflammatory response orchestrating this outcome has not been defined. Methodology/Principal findings Mice exposed to uninfected P. duboscqi bites and naïve mice were challenged with L. major-infected flies to characterize their early immune response at the bite site. Mostly, chemokine and cytokine transcript expression post-infected bites was amplified in exposed compared to naïve mice. In exposed mice, induced chemokines were mostly involved in leukocyte recruitment and T cell and NK cell activation; IL-4 was expressed at 6 h followed by IFN-γ and iNOS2 as well as IL-5 and IL-10 expression. In naïve animals, the transcript expression following Leishmania-infected sand fly bites was suppressed. Expression profiles translated to an earlier and significantly larger recruitment of leukocytes including neutrophils, macrophages, Gr+ monocytes, NK cells and CD4+ T cells to the bite site of exposed compared to naïve mice post-infected bites. Additionally, up to 48 hours post-infected bites the number of IFN-γ-producing CD4+T cells and NK cells arriving at the bite site was significantly higher in exposed compared to naïve mice. Thereafter, NK cells become cytolytic and persist at the bite site up to a week post-bite. Conclusion/Significance The quiet environment induced by a Leishmania-infected sand fly bite in naïve mice was significantly altered in animals previously exposed to saliva of uninfected flies. We propose that the enhanced recruitment of Gr+ monocytes, NK cells and CD4 Th1 cells observed at the bite site of exposed mice creates an inhospitable environment that counters the establishment of L. major infection. Sand flies transmit Leishmania parasites during bloodfeeding. Salivary molecules are deposited alongside parasites and can reshape the host's immune response to infection. Exposure to uninfected sand fly bites or immunization with salivary molecules protects the host against Leishmania infection. Here we show that mice exposed to bites of uninfected Phlebotomus duboscqi sand flies are protected against P. duboscqi-transmitted L. major and characterize the formerly unknown early cellular infiltrate at the bite site following L.major vector-transmission. The kinetics and nature of the inflammatory response at the bite site of exposed mice were notably different from those of naïve mice showing an amplified expression of cytokines and chemokines after parasite transmission. The transcripts reflected a faster and more robust infiltrate of immune cells to the bite site of exposed mice composed of neutrophils, macrophages, monocytes, NK cells and CD4+ T cells. In addition, there was an increased influx of activated IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells and Granzyme B-producing mature NK cells in exposed animals. These findings suggest that the observed robust and persistent proinflammatory response in exposed animals restrict parasite multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Teixeira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Regis Gomes
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Claudio Meneses
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dana C. Gilmore
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Dia-Eldin A. Elnaiem
- Department of Zoology, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jesus G. Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JGV); (SK)
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JGV); (SK)
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16
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Abasi M, Lotfi P, Bazmani A, Matini M, Hajilooi M. Evaluation of FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 Polymorphism in Visceral Leishmaniasis. IRANIAN RED CRESCENT MEDICAL JOURNAL 2014; 16:e12437. [PMID: 24910789 PMCID: PMC4028762 DOI: 10.5812/ircmj.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence demonstrating that innate and adaptive immunity play important roles in the defense against visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A polymorphism within the FcγRIIIB gene can lead to the expression of three variants of NA1, NA2, and the combined one (NA1/NA2) which alters affinity of IgG to its receptor. OBJECTIVES The main aim of this study was to evaluate the FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 polymorphism in the FcγRIIIB gene of VL patients in comparison to healthy controls. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, three groups; 54 seropositive patients with clinical presentation of VL (group 1), 104 seropositive patients without clinical presentation (group 2), and 104 healthy controls (group 3) were evaluated with respect to the FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 polymorphism using a PCR-SSP method. The titration of anti-leishmania antibodies was analyzed using an immunoflorescence technique. RESULTS Our results indicated that polymorphisms within the FcγRIIIB gene (that lead to the expression of the NA1/NA2 isoforms) are significantly associated with VL. The results demonstrated that the genotype heterozygotic for FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 expression was significantly increased in VL patients, group 1 when compared to groups 2 and 3. Conversely, there is a decrease in homozygous NA1 and NA2 genotypes in VL patients; however, the overall frequency of NA1 and NA2 alleles appear similar across the three cohorts examined. CONCLUSIONS According to our results, it is likely that the increased frequency of the FcγRIIIB-NA1/NA2 genotype is associated with impaired immune responses against VL and its subsequent clearance from the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abasi
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti Hospital, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Pegah Lotfi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Ahad Bazmani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IR Iran
| | - Mohamad Matini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
| | - Mehrdad Hajilooi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Mehrdad Hajilooi, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, IR Iran. Tel: +98-8118250509, Fax: +98-8118254073, E-mail:
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17
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Hardtke-Wolenski M, Kraus L, Schmetz C, Trautewig B, Noyan F, Vondran FWR, Bektas H, Klempnauer J, Jaeckel E, Lieke T. Exchange of cytosolic content between T cells and tumor cells activates CD4 T cells and impedes cancer growth. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78558. [PMID: 24205259 PMCID: PMC3813479 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells are known to participate in the response to tumor cells and react with cytotoxicity and cytokine release. At the same time tumors established versatile mechanisms for silencing the immune responses. The interplay is far from being completely understood. In this study we show contacts between tumor cells and lymphocytes revealing novel characteristics in the interaction of T cells and cancer cells in a way not previously described. METHODS/ FINDINGS Experiments are based on the usage of a hydrophilic fluorescent dye that occurs free in the cytosol and thus transfer of fluorescent cytosol from one cell to the other can be observed using flow cytometry. Tumor cells from cell lines of different origin or primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells were incubated with lymphocytes from human and mice. This exposure provoked a contact dependent uptake of tumor derived cytosol by lymphocytes--even in CD4⁺ T cells and murine B cells--which could not be detected after incubation of lymphocytes with healthy cells. The interaction was a direct one, not requiring the presence of accessory cells, but independent of cytotoxicity and TCR engagement. Electron microscopy disclosed 100-200 nm large gaps in the cell membranes of connected cells which separated viable and revealed astonishing outcome. While the lymphocytes were induced to proliferate in a long term fashion, the tumor cells underwent a temporary break in cell division. The in vitro results were confirmed in vivo using a murine acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) model. The arrest of tumor proliferation resulted in a significant prolonged survival of challenged mice. CONCLUSIONS The reported cell-cell contacts reveal new characteristics i.e. the enabling of cytosol flow between the cells including biological active proteins that influence the cell cycle and biological behaviour of the recipient cells. This adds a completely new aspect in tumor induced immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hardtke-Wolenski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lilli Kraus
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Christel Schmetz
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Parasitology Section, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britta Trautewig
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Fatih Noyan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian W. R. Vondran
- ReMediES, Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hueseyin Bektas
- ReMediES, Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Juergen Klempnauer
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Elmar Jaeckel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lieke
- ReMediES, Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Carvalho LP, Passos S, Schriefer A, Carvalho EM. Protective and pathologic immune responses in human tegumentary leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:301. [PMID: 23060880 PMCID: PMC3463898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in the recent years have advanced the knowledge of how host and parasite factors contribute to the pathogenesis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis. Polymorphism within populations of Leishmania from the same species has been documented; indicating that infection with different strains may lead to distinct clinical pictures and can also interfere in the response to treatment. Moreover, detection of parasite genetic tags for the precise identification of strains will improve diagnostics and therapy against leishmaniasis. On the host side, while a predominant Th1 type immune response is important to control parasite growth, it does not eradicate Leishmania and, in some cases, does not prevent parasite dissemination. Evidence has accumulated showing the participation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as macrophages, in the pathology associated with L. braziliensis, L. guayanensis, and L. major infection. The discovery that a large percentage of individuals that are infected with Leishmania do not develop disease will help to understand how the host controls Leishmania infection. As these individuals have a weaker type 1 immune response than patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, it is possible that control of parasite replication in these individuals is dependent, predominantly, on innate immunity, and studies addressing the ability of neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells to kill Leishmania should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil ; Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil ; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia) Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Bogdan C. Natural killer cells in experimental and human leishmaniasis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 2:69. [PMID: 22919660 PMCID: PMC3417408 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2012.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with parasites of the genus Leishmania lead to a rapid, but transient activation of natural killer (NK) cells. In mice activation of NK cells requires a toll-like-receptor 9-dependent stimulation of dendritic cells (DC) which is followed by the production of IL-12. Although NK cells appear to be non-essential for the ultimate control of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and can exhibit immunosuppressive functions, they form an important source of interferon (IFN)-γ, which elicits antileishmanial activity in macrophages and helps to pave a protective T helper cell response. In contrast, the cytotoxic activity of NK cells is dispensable, because Leishmania-infected myeloid cells are largely resistant to NK-mediated lysis. In human cutaneous and VL, the functional importance of NK cells is suggested by reports that demonstrate (1) a direct activation or inhibition of NK cells by Leishmania promastigotes, (2) the suppression of NK cell numbers or activity during chronic, non-healing infections, and (3) the recovery of NK cell activity following treatment. This review aims to provide an integrated view on the migration, activation, inhibition, function, and therapeutic modulation of NK cells in experimental and human leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdan
- Mikrobiologisches Institut - Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen Bavaria, Germany. christian.bogdan@ uk-erlangen.de
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