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González CR, Reyes C, Castillo A, Valderrama L, Llanos L, Fernández J, Eastwood G, Cancino-Faure B. Molecular evidence of pathogens and endosymbionts in the black horse fly Osca lata (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Southern Chile. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012525. [PMID: 39331668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the role of horse flies in potential pathogen transmission in Chile. This study provides evidence of the molecular detection of microorganisms in southern Chile. In the present study, adult Osca lata horse flies were trapped from Punucapa (39°45'06"S/73°16'08"W, Región de Los Ríos) and Puyehue (40°39'10"S/72°10'57"W, Región de Los Lagos), Chile. Among the 95 samples analyzed by PCR using specific primers, microorganisms were detected in 23.2% (n = 22) of the samples. Rickettsia spp. DNA was detected in 15.8% (n = 15) of the samples, Trypanosomatidae DNA in 5.3% (n = 5) of the samples, and filarial DNA in 2.1% (n = 2) of the samples. This study found that horse flies in the region are capable of carrying a variety of both parasites and endosymbionts. Further research is needed to understand the specific impact of horse flies as mechanical or biological vectors and develop effective control measures to prevent the spread of any microorganisms associated with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian R González
- Instituto de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Reyes
- Sección Entomología y Genética Vectores, Sección Genética de Agentes Infecciosos, Subdepartamento de Genómica y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrés Castillo
- Sección Entomología y Genética Vectores, Sección Genética de Agentes Infecciosos, Subdepartamento de Genómica y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lara Valderrama
- Sección Entomología y Genética Vectores, Sección Genética de Agentes Infecciosos, Subdepartamento de Genómica y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Llanos
- Sección Entomología y Genética Vectores, Sección Genética de Agentes Infecciosos, Subdepartamento de Genómica y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge Fernández
- Sección Entomología y Genética Vectores, Sección Genética de Agentes Infecciosos, Subdepartamento de Genómica y Genética Molecular, Instituto de Salud Pública de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gillian Eastwood
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Cancino-Faure
- Laboratorio de Microbiología y Parasitología, Departamento de Ciencias Preclínicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
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Rodrigues GD, Centeno BL, Morales DF, Dimer RDFRM, Cavalheiro CDS, Krolow TK, Moura MO, Krüger RF. Discrimination of cryptic species: Tabanus triangulum and Tabanus occidentalis (Diptera: Tabanidae) differ in size and shape. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e020123. [PMID: 38896757 PMCID: PMC11253824 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Horse fly females (Diptera, Tabanidae) are hematophagous and can vector pathogens that affect livestock. Complexes of cryptic species are common in Tabanidae, as exemplified by some species of Tabanus, including Tabanus triangulum and Tabanus occidentalis, both prevalent in the Southern region of Brazil. In this study, geometric morphometrics were employed to ascertain the wing venation in species identification. It was demonstrated that this tool effectively differentiates T. triangulum from T. occidentalis in the coastal plain of Rio Grande do Sul state, situated within the Pampa biome. The results indicate that T. triangulum and T. occidentalis occupy distinct regions of the morphological space, allowing their precise identification through geometric morphometrics, which is fast, affordable, and easy to implement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gratchela Dutra Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Animal – PPGBDiv, Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Boaventura Lobo Centeno
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Entomologia – PPGEnt, Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Diuliani Fonseca Morales
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia e Parasitologia – PPGMPar, Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | | | | | - Tiago Kütter Krolow
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade, Ecologia e Conservação – PPGBEC, Universidade Federal de Tocantins – UFT, Porto Nacional, TO, Brasil
| | | | - Rodrigo Ferreira Krüger
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Parasitos e Vetores, Universidade Federal de Pelotas – UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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Thekisoe O, Ramatla T, Ringo A, Mnisi S, Mphuthi N, Mofokeng L, Lekota K, Xuan X. Molecular detection of Rickettsia africae from Amblyomma hebraeum ticks in Mafikeng city of North West Province, South Africa. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105027. [PMID: 37776608 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Rickettsia africae causes zoonotic African tick bite fever, which is a disease of "One Health" importance. There have been reported cases of tourists from Europe and Asia who have been bitten by ticks whilst visiting South Africa's nature reserves, and on their return to their countries, the display African Tick Bite Fever sickness. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of Rickettsia africae in Amblyomma hebraeum ticks infesting livestock in the North West Province. A total of 358 A. hebraeum ticks were collected from 60 ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) in Mafikeng City of North West Province, South Africa. Ticks were identified morphologically and further confirmed by sequencing of their ITS2 gene. DNA was extracted from 60 pools of ticks which consisted of 5-6 adult ticks that were from the same ruminant host. Infections with Rickettsia spp. were found in 48%, 40%, and 32% of cattle, sheep, and goats, respectively, in amplification by PCR using the ompA gene. The ompA gene sequences showed that the Rickettsia spp. were identified as R. africae. Although the animals from whom the ticks were collected did not exhibit any clinical symptoms, it is well recognised that R. africae is a disease with significant zoonotic potential. Thus, it is important to use the "One Health" approach to formulate prevention and control measures for this pathogen for animal and human health as well as the tourism sector due to the ecotourism importance of the resultant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriel Thekisoe
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Tsepo Ramatla
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa.
| | - Aron Ringo
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Sifiso Mnisi
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Nthabiseng Mphuthi
- Department of Animal Health, School of Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Lehlohonolo Mofokeng
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Kgaugelo Lekota
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Phetkarl T, Fungwithaya P, Udompornprasith S, Amendt J, Sontigun N. Preliminary study on prevalence of hemoprotozoan parasites harbored by Stomoxys (Diptera: Muscidae) and tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in horse farms in Nakhon Si Thammarat province, Southern Thailand. Vet World 2023; 16:2128-2134. [PMID: 38023282 PMCID: PMC10668551 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.2128-2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Stomoxys and tabanid flies are of medical and veterinary importance because they play crucial roles in disease transmission as mechanical vectors of various hemopathogens. However, its role as a hemoprotozoan parasite vector in horse farms has not been studied. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of hemoprotozoan parasites belonging to the genera Babesia, Theileria, and Trypanosoma in Stomoxys and tabanid flies using conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Materials and Methods All samples (Stomoxys and tabanid flies) were collected using an Nzi trap for three consecutive days each month from November 2022 to March 2023. The flies were morphologically identified to the species level and separated according to sex. Individual (for tabanid flies) or pooled samples (consisting of three specimens of Stomoxys flies of the same species and sex collected from the same site) were used for DNA extraction. Conventional PCR was used to screen for hemoprotozoan parasite DNA, followed by Sanger sequencing to identify the species. Results In total, 189 biting flies were collected, including four species of Stomoxys (Stomoxys bengalensis, Stomoxys calcitrans, Stomoxys indicus, and Stomoxys sitiens) and five species of tabanids (Atylotus cryptotaxis, Chrysops dispar, Tabanus megalops, Tabanus mesogaeus, and Tabanus rubidus). Stomoxys calcitrans was the most prevalent species, accounting for 58.7% (n = 111) of the collected flies. Ten (12.4%) of the 81 samples (individuals and pools) analyzed by PCR were positive for the 18S rRNA gene of the Theileria/Babesia species. Trypanosoma DNA was not detected in any sample. After performing Basic Local Alignment Search Tool searches and a phylogenetic analysis, only six samples (7.4%), including S. calcitrans (n = 2), S. sitiens (n = 2), T. megalops (n = 1), and A. cryptotaxis (n = 1), were found to be infected with Theileria sinensis. Furthermore, apicomplexan parasites, namely, Mattesia spp. and Colpodella spp., were found on S. indicus, the fungus Meira spp. was found on S. calcitrans, and the pathogenic green alga Helicosporidium spp. was found on A. cryptotaxis. Conclusion This study is the first to report a variety of Stomoxys and tabanid flies collected from horse farms in Thailand, which were found to be infected with Theileria and Colpodella species that affect mammals, suggesting that Stomoxys and tabanid flies can be used to confirm the presence of hemoprotozoan parasites in the study area. Understanding the presence of hemoprotozoa in flies could help design vector control programs and manage various diseases in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanakorn Phetkarl
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Punpichaya Fungwithaya
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Supak Udompornprasith
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Jens Amendt
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe-University, Kennedyallee 104, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Narin Sontigun
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Center of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Microorganisms, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
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Pereira MR, Trein CR, Webster A, Dallagnol B, Gonchoroski GZ, Pellegrini DP, Doyle R, Klafke G, Reck J. Comparison of Seroprevalence and Identification of Risk Factors for Theileria equi in Horses From Vector-Free and Infested Areas in Southern Brazil. J Equine Vet Sci 2023; 126:104241. [PMID: 36773853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2023.104241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The apicomplexan hemoprotozoan Theileria equi is a tick-borne pathogen that causes disease in equids, and together with Babesia caballi, causes equine piroplasmosis (EP). Many ticks are associated with EP around the world, and in South America three species may be related: Dermacentor nitens, Amblyomma sculptum, and Rhipicephalus microplus, as they are commonly found in horses. Among the species cited above, only R. microplus is found in Rio Grande do Sul state, Southern Brazil. In addition, this state has the only area legally free of R. microplus in Brazil. This study aimed to compare the seroprevalence for T. equi on farms located in a tick-free area (23 farms, 215 horses) and a tick-infested (25 farms, 141 horses) adjacent areas, as well as to identify potential risk factors for exposure to T. equi. Blood was collected from 356 horses from both areas, and later an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to detect anti-T. equi antibodies. Besides the blood collection, questionnaires and interviews were conducted in an attempt to identify potential risk factors. The R. microplus-free zone had 6% seropositive horses against 70% in the tick-infested zone. Previous observation of ticks on horses of the herd increased four times the odds of a horse to be seropositive for T. equi, and by three times if ticks were observed on cattle which share paddocks with horses on the farm. The results showed a large difference in T. equi seroprevalence between tick-infested and free areas, and also emphasized the relevance of R. microplus in the epidemiology of T. equi. The study also reveals the potential of the establishment of a T. equi-free zone for horse breeding in Southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rocha Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina Rodrigues Trein
- Departamento de Vigilância e Defesa Sanitária Animal (DDA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR) do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Vitória do Palmar, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Anelise Webster
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Bruno Dallagnol
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Greice Zorzato Gonchoroski
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Débora Payão Pellegrini
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana, RS Brazil
| | - Rovaina Doyle
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Klafke
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - José Reck
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Jawalagatti V, Kirthika P, Singh P, Vinodhkumar OR, Buddhi Chandrasekaran S, Chittlangia RK, Tewari AK. Expression kinetics of cytokines and the humoral antibody response concerning short-term protection induced by radiation-attenuated Trypanosoma evansi in bovine calves. Vaccine 2023; 41:1668-1678. [PMID: 36746738 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
'Surra', an economically important disease of livestock, is caused by the parasitic blood protozoon Trypanosoma evansi. Both innate and adaptive immunity contribute to the protection against this infection. T-helper cells play a crucial role in the antibody-mediated clearance of T. evansi. We present here the data on the kinetics of expression of important Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokines, vis-a-vis the dynamics of humoral response in bovine calves following immunization with γ-radiation-attenuated live T. evansi and later challenged with homologous virulent T. evansi. Significant upregulation of the pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 cytokines was correlated with the IgG2-mediated protection in the immunized bovine calves post-challenge. The calves were immunized with 5 × 106 500 Gy γ-radiation-attenuated live T. evansi (horse isolate) thrice at 15 days intervals through the subcutaneous route and subsequently, challenged with 1 × 103 virulent T. evansi on day 50. Significantly high serum IgG (1:1600) and IgM (1:800) titres were recorded on week 2 PC, whereas the peak serum IgG2 titre (1:800) was recorded on week 6 PC. Significant upregulation of IFN-γ, TNF, IL-1β, and IL-2 was recorded between days 1 to 3 PC, while the same for IL-17 was recorded on day 14 PC. The immunized calves were free from parasitemia post-challenge and were clinically healthy till the end of the experiment. Significant upregulation of IL-10 and IL-4 transcripts and a corresponding increase of serum IgG1 titre in the placebo group helped patency of the parasite in an anti-inflammatory environment and clinical exacerbation of the disease. The expression of the important Th1 cytokines was crucial for antibody-mediated short-term protection against a lethal challenge of T. evansi in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayakumar Jawalagatti
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - Perumalraja Kirthika
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - Praveen Singh
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India; Biophysics Section, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | - O R Vinodhkumar
- Divison of Epidemiology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India
| | | | | | - Anup Kumar Tewari
- Division of Parasitology, ICAR- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar-243 122, India.
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Ramos CJR, de Souza Franco C, da Luz SP, Marques J, de Souza KM, do Nascimento LFN, das Neves GB, Moreira RS, Miletti LC. First record of Trypanosoma evansi DNA in Dichelacera alcicornis and Dichelacera januarii (Diptera: Tabanidae) flies in South America. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:4. [PMID: 36604766 PMCID: PMC9817266 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05562-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma evansi infects a large number of wild and domestic animals and causes a spoliative disease known as surra. It is mechanically transmitted, mainly by biting flies of the genera Tabanus and Stomoxys. The detection of T. evansi DNA in the feeding apparatus of Dichelacera alcicornis and Dichelacera januarii from South America is reported, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. METHODS Tabanids were collected weekly from February 2018 to February 2019 from two sites. The feeding apparatus was removed and DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were performed. RESULTS A 205-base pair fragment of the variant surface protein RoTat 1.2 gene, confirmed by DNA sequencing, was amplified from the feeding apparatus of D. alcicornis and D. januarii. CONCLUSIONS This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first record of T. evansi DNA in South American tabanids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos José Raupp Ramos
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Campus Laranjeiras do Sul, Rodovia BR 158—Km 405, Laranjeiras do Sul, PR 85301-970 Brazil
| | - Cintia de Souza Franco
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Sabrina Pogere da Luz
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Júlia Marques
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Ketriane Mota de Souza
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Luiz Flávio Nepomuceno do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Gabriella Bassi das Neves
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
| | - Renato Simões Moreira
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
- Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), Campus Lages, Rua Heitor Villa Lobos 222, São Francisco, Lages, SC 88506-400 Brazil
| | - Luiz Claudio Miletti
- Laboratório de Bioquímica de Hemoparasitas e Vetores, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Avenida Luiz de Camões, Lages, SC 2090 Brazil
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Sontigun N, Boonhoh W, Phetcharat Y, Wongtawan T. First study on molecular detection of hemopathogens in tabanid flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) and cattle in Southern Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:2089-2094. [PMID: 36313830 PMCID: PMC9615497 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2089-2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Female tabanids play a key role in disease transmission as mechanical vectors for various hemopathogens, but only a limited number of studies have been conducted on them. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of hemopathogens in tabanid flies compared to those found in nearby cattle hosts. Materials and Methods: Tabanids were collected using a Nzi trap for three consecutive days per month during the dry season (February–May 2021). Furthermore, blood samples were collected from 20 beef cattle (Bos taurus) raised in the same area where the flies were captured. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to detect hemopathogenic DNA in flies and beef cattle. Results: In total, 279 female tabanids belonging to five species were collected: Tabanus megalops, Tabanus rubidus, Tabanus mesogaeus, Chrysops dispar, and Chrysops fuscomarginalis. Notably, T. megalops was the most abundant species, accounting for 89.2% of the flies collected (n = 249). PCR technique revealed that 76.6% of T. megalops carried at least one pathogen (Anaplasma, Ehrlichia, Babesia, or Theileria). In addition, all beef cattle had multiple hemopathogenic infections (Anaplasma marginale, Ehrlichia spp., Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis, and Theileria spp.). Conclusion: Although T. megalops could carry many hemopathogens, it might not be an important vector due to the limited number of flies and parasitic load. Furthermore, T. megalops could be utilized to monitor the presence of hemopathogens in the study area, but not the disease occurrence in the individual host species. Knowing the presence of hemopathogens in flies could help manage the disease in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narin Sontigun
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; Centre of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Worakan Boonhoh
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Yotsapat Phetcharat
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
| | - Tuempong Wongtawan
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; One Health Research Center, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand; Centre of Excellence Research for Melioidosis and Other Microorganisms, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80160, Thailand
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Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitochondrial Genome of Tabanidae (Diptera: Tabanidae) Reveals the Present Status of Tabanidae Classification. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080695. [PMID: 36005320 PMCID: PMC9408937 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tabanidae suck the blood of humans and animals, are important biological vectors for the transmission of diseases, and are of considerable economic and medical significance. However, current knowledge about the mitochondrial genome of this family is limited. Therefore, six newly completed mitochondrial genomes of four genera of Tabanidae (Haematopota turkestanica, Chrysops vanderwulpi, Chrysops dissectus, Tabanus chrysurus, Tabanus pleskei, and Hybomitra sp. species) were sequenced and analyzed. The results show that the six newly mitochondrial genomes have quite similar structures and features. Phylogeny was inferred by analyzing the 13 amino acid sequences coded by mitochondrial genes of 22 mitogenomes (all available complete mitochondrial genomes of tabanidae). Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood trees, and maximum parsimony inference analyses all showed consistent results. This study supports the concept of monophyly of all groups, ratifies the current taxonomic classification, and provides useful genetic markers for studying the molecular ecology, systematics, and population genetics of Tabanidae. Abstract Tabanidae suck the blood of humans and animals, are important biological vectors for the transmission of diseases, and are of considerable economic and medical significance. However, current knowledge about the mitochondrial genome of this family is limited. More complete mitochondrial genomes of Tabanidae are essential for the identification and phylogeny. Therefore, this study sequenced and analyzed six complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences of four genera of Tabanidae for the first time. The complete mt genomes of the six new sequences are circular molecules ranging from 15,851 to 16,107 base pairs (bp) in size, with AT content ranging from 75.64 to 77.91%. The six complete mitochondrial genomes all consist of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (RRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region, making a total of 37 functional subunits. ATT/ATG was the most common start codon, and the stop codon was TAA of all PCGS. All tRNA except tRNA Ser1 had a typical clover structure. Phylogeny was inferred by analyzing the 13 concatenated amino acid sequences of the 22 mt genomes. Bayesian inference, maximum-likelihood trees, and maximum-parsimony inference analyses all showed consistent results. This study supports the concept of monophyly of all genus, ratifies the current taxonomic classification, and provides effective genetic markers for molecular classification, systematics, and genetic studies of Tabanidae.
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Williams KA, Smit A, Neves L, Snyman LP. Evaluating the morphological and molecular challenges in identifying the afrotropical Atylotus species (Diptera: Tabanidae). Acta Trop 2022; 226:106262. [PMID: 34871565 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Afrotropical fly genus, Atylotus has previously shown little differentiation into species groups using the barcode gene COI. This study analysed all available Atylotus COI sequences from GenBank and BOLD to determine if COI is suitable for delimiting species of this genus. Morphological assessments of the different Afrotropical species were done to determine if these species have been accurately identified in recent publications. The results show that COI does not separate the species of this genus into species clades and these species are often misidentified in the literature. This is of concern as species of this genus are known vectors of pathogens and misidentifications have serious implications for management practices. Additional genes need to be used in future molecular studies to differentiate species.
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11
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Diversity and abundance of tabanids in Northern Spain. Parasitol Res 2021; 121:87-96. [PMID: 34816299 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07357-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) are large haematophagous flies that cause both direct (by biting nuisance) and indirect (primarily by mechanical transmission of diseases) damage to host species. Research studies on this family have received little attention in some parts of Europe. Our aims were to characterise the species richness, abundance, and peak of activity of tabanid fly species in a region of Northern Spain. Home-made canopy traps, sweep nets, and Malaise traps were employed for the collection of tabanids across four cattle farms, two equestrian centres, and two golf courses during a 3-month period in the summer of 2020. A total of 300 specimens of 27 tabanid species belonging to eight genera were identified. The most prevalent species were Haematopota pluvialis (23.3%), Tabanus eggeri (20.0%), and Tabanus bromius (8.0%). The former species was recorded biting humans and therefore should be considered of relevance to public health. Tabanids were more diverse and abundant in scrubland and grazing pastures [relative abundance (RA) = > 10%; species richness (S) = 8-12; Shannon-Index (H´) = 1.5 - 2.1] compared to crop landscapes (RA = < 1%; S = 0-1; H´ = 0) according to canopy traps. The tabanid population dynamics was determined to be short, with the greatest abundance and diversity concentrated in mid-late July. This study updates the checklist of this Diptera group in the Northern Spain from nine known extant species to 31 species, providing the first data on the summer peaks of activity of tabanids for this region.
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Fu YT, Zhang Y, Xun Y, Liu GH, Suleman, Zhao Y. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of six horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105054. [PMID: 34461311 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The family Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) is one of the economically most important group of haematophagous insects, causing millions of livestock deaths per year. However, current knowledge on the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from this family is limited. Additional tabanid mitogenomes characterization is of utmost importance for their identification, epidemiologic and phylogenetic studies. We sequenced the mt genomes of six horseflies with an Illumina platform and their phylogenetic relationship was conducted with other infraorder Tabanomorpha members with available mt genome datasets. All six newly sequenced mitogenomes were typical 37-gene circular structures retaining the gene order of Tabanomorpha. The trnQ, trnM and trnA were highly conserved among the six mitogenomes (identity = 100%). The TΨC arm and variable loop regions were relatively more variable compared to the amino acid receptor arm, anticodon arm and DHU arm of the tRNAs. Among 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of tabanids mitogenomes, the highest nucleotide diversity was detected in atp8, cox1, cox3, nad6 and cytb (0.1 for each). In addition, atp8 genes exhibited the highest evolutionary rate (ω = 0.24) among 13 PCGs. The interspecies K2P genetic distances among some Tabanus spp. across the mitogenome was greater (0.08) than intergeneric genetic distance between T. amaenus and Atylotus miser (0.07). Phylogenetic analyses revealed non-monophyletic relationships among horseflies of the genus Tabanus. The present study showed mt gene order is highly conserved within Tabanus species. Our mito-phylogenomic analysis supports the paraphyly of the genus Tabanus. The new data provide novel genetic markers for studies of population genetics and systematics of horseflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Ying Xun
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Suleman
- Department of Zoology, University of Swabi, Swabi 23340, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Yu Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan province 464000, PR China.
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Sevidzem SL, Koumba AA, Yao-Acapovi GL, Mavoungou JF. A nationwide survey of the tabanid fauna of Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:392. [PMID: 34372901 PMCID: PMC8351441 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tabanids are a neglected group of haematophagous dipterans despite containing 4434 species, regrouped in > 144 genera. They are mechanical vectors of important pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa of humans and domesticated and wild animals. As it is > 50 years since the publication of a preliminary nationwide record of the tabanids of Cameroon identified 84 species, updated information is needed. The aim of this study was to provide current data on the species composition, abundance and distribution of tabanids in the five main agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Cameroon. Methods From 2015 to 2017, a systematic entomological study using Nzi, Vavoua, Biconical and Sevi traps (n = 106) was conducted in 604 trapping points over 11,448 trap-days in the five main AEZs of Cameroon. Results A total of 25,280 tabanids belonging to 25 species were collected, including eight species not previously documented in Cameroon, namely Tabanus latipes (1 female), Tabanus ricardae (1 female), Tabanus fasciatus (32 females and 6 males), Haematopota pluvialis (18 females), Haematopota decora (19 females and 3 males), Haematopota nigripennis (18 females), Chrysops distinctipennis (47 females and 5 males) and Ancala fasciata (34 females and 7 males). The distribution maps of the newly identified tabanids differed between AEZs, with most tabanids collected from the Guinean savanna. The highest apparent density of tabanids was recorded in the Sudan Savanna region, and the mean apparent densities of species with sites was statistically significantly different (Student t-test: 2.519, df = 24, P = 0.019). The highest species diversity was found in the rainforest. Conclusions This study increased the list of tabanids recorded in Cameroon from 84 species in the preliminary record to 92 species, with most of the newly identified species occurring in the Guinea Savanna AEZ. The high diversity and abundance of tabanids in the livestock/wildlife interface areas of the rain forests and Sudan Savanna AEZs, respectively, suggest risk of mechanical transmission of pathogens. Investigations of the microbiota of tabanids in the different AEZs to define their role as disease vectors are proposed. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04894-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas L Sevidzem
- Programme Onchocercoses Field Station Laboratory, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. .,Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Aubin A Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Genevieve L Yao-Acapovi
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacques F Mavoungou
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon.,Université Des Sciences et Techniques (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
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Challenges in the Diagnostic Performance of Parasitological and Molecular Tests in the Surveillance of African Trypanosomiasis in Eastern Zambia. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6020068. [PMID: 33946506 PMCID: PMC8167722 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6020068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) control programs rely on active case detection through the screening of animals reared in disease endemic areas. This study compared the application of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and microscopy in the detection of trypanosomes in cattle blood in Mambwe, a rural district in eastern Zambia. Blood samples were collected from 227 cattle and tested for infection with trypanosomes using microscopy and Ribosomal RNA Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS)-PCR. Microscopy on the buffy coat detected 17 cases, whilst thin and thick smears detected 26 cases and 28 cases, respectively. In total, microscopy detected 40 cases. ITS-PCR-filter paper (FP) on blood spots stored on FP detected 47 cases, and ITS-PCR-FTA on blood spots stored on Whatman FTA Classic cards detected 83 cases. Using microscopy as the gold standard, ITS-PCR-FTA had a better specificity (SP) and sensitivity (SE) (SP = 72.2%; SE = 77.5%; kappa = 0.35) than ITS-PCR-FP (SP = 88%; SE = 60%; kappa = 0.45). The prevalence of Trypanosoma brucei s.l. was higher on ITS-PCR-FTA (19/227) than on ITS-PCR-FP (0/227). Our results illustrate the complexities around trypanosomiasis surveillance in rural Africa and provide evidence of the impact that field conditions and staff training can have on diagnostic results, which in turn impact the success of tsetse and trypanosomiasis control programs in the region.
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Odeniran PO, Macleod ET, Ademola IO, Ohiolei JA, Majekodunmi AO, Welburn SC. Morphological, Molecular Identification and Distribution of Trypanosome-Transmitting Dipterans from Cattle Settlements in Southwest Nigeria. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:116-128. [PMID: 32780296 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00260-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glossina spp. (Glossinidae), Tabanus spp. (Tabanidae), Ancala spp. (Tabanidae), Atylotus spp. (Tabanidae) and Stomoxys spp. (Muscidae) are important transmitting vectors of African animal trypanosomosis in sub-Saharan Africa. There is paucity of information on the distribution and identification of these flies in cattle settlements in southwest Nigeria. METHODS The distribution patterns, genetic variations and diversities of dipteran flies in southwest Nigeria were described and identified using morphological and molecular analysis of the 28S rDNA gene. RESULTS Of the 13,895 flies examined morphologically between April 2016 and March 2017, tabanids were identified [Tabanus (0.34%), Ancala (0.03%), Atylotus (0.01%), Haematopota (0.014%) and Chrysops (0.11%)]. Two stomoxyine species were identified; Stomoxys niger niger Macquart (45.30%) and Stomoxys calcitrans Linnaeus (17.29%) and two Glossina spp. namely; Glossina p. gambiense Vanderplank, 1911 (0.46%) and Glossina tachinoides Westwood (0.51%) were identified. The identities were further confirmed in a BLAST search using their nucleotide sequences. The median-joining network of the 28S rDNA gene sequences indicated that fly species examined were genetically distinct. The apparent density of all the trapped flies was highest at a mean temperature of 26-28 ℃, humidity > 80% and rainfall of 150-220 mm/month. The distribution of flies was observed to increase as vegetation increased in density and decreased in areas with relatively high human population density (> 100/km2). CONCLUSIONS The population indices of the 28S rDNA gene of the flies suggest that analysis of nuclear DNA fragments may provide more information on the molecular ecology of these flies. Characterising fly species and assessing their impact are essential in distribution and monitoring AAT spread.
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Keita ML, Medkour H, Sambou M, Dahmana H, Mediannikov O. Tabanids as possible pathogen vectors in Senegal (West Africa). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:500. [PMID: 33004069 PMCID: PMC7528383 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species of the Tabanidae are potent vectors of human and animal diseases, but they have not been thoroughly investigated to date. In Senegal (West Africa), little information is available on these dipterans. Our objective in this study was to investigate Senegalese tabanids and their diversity by using molecular and proteomics approaches, as well as their associated pathogens. METHODS A total of 171 female tabanids were collected, including 143 from Casamance and 28 from Niokolo-Koba. The samples were identified morphologically by PCR sequencing and by MALDI-TOF MS, and PCR analysis was employed for pathogen detection and blood-meal characterization. RESULTS The morphological identification revealed four species concordantly with the molecular identification: Atylotus fuscipes (79.5%), Tabanus guineensis (16.4%), Chrysops distinctipennis (3.5%) and Tabanus taeniola (0.6%) (not identified by PCR). The molecular investigation of pathogens revealed the presence of Trypanosoma theileri (6.6%), Leishmania donovani (6.6%), Setaria digitata (1.5%), Rickettsia spp. (5.1%) and Anaplasmataceae bacteria (0.7%) in A. fuscipes. Tabanus guineensis was positive for L. donovani (35.7%), S. digitata (3.6%) and Anaplasmataceae (17.8%). Leishmania donovani has been detected in 50% of C. distinctipennis specimens and the only T. taeniola specimen. No Piroplasmida, Mansonella spp. or Coxeilla burnetii DNA was detected. In addition to humans (96.43%), Chlorocebus sabeus, a non-human primate, has been identified as a host of (3.57%) analysed tabanids. MALDI-TOF MS enabled us to correctly identify all tabanid species that had good quality spectra and to create a database for future identification. CONCLUSIONS Tabanids in Senegal could be vectors of several pathogens threatening animal and public health. To fully characterize these dipterans, it is therefore necessary that researchers in entomology and infectiology employ molecular characterization and mass spectrometric techniques such as MALDI-TOF MS to analyse these dipterans in Senegal and West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Lamine Keita
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Hacène Medkour
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Masse Sambou
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
- Vectors-Tropical and Mediterranean Infections (VITROME), Campus International, UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Handi Dahmana
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France.
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Mosquito identification and haemosporidian parasites detection in the enclosure of the African penguins ( Spheniscus demersus) at the SANBI zoological garden. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 13:98-105. [PMID: 32983863 PMCID: PMC7493043 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The National Zoological Gardens (NZG) is a facility of the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) and the largest zoo in southern Africa. Among the 9000 captive animals kept by the NZG, is the endangered African penguin (Spheniscus demersus). There have been several post-mortem reports on deaths of penguins in the NZG due to haemosporidian infections, however, the haemosporidian lineages involved and possible insect vector are unknown. Haemosporidians are apicomplexan parasites that infect vertebrates through blood-sucking dipteran insects. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify mosquitoes that are potential vectors found within the African penguin enclosure as well as to detect the haemosporidian parasites from these insects using nested-PCR and real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses. Mosquito samples were collected using an overnight UV-light trap setup for 3 months. From the 65 pooled samples representing 325 mosquitoes, morphological and molecular analysis showed that Culex pipiens (52.31%) was the dominant species followed by Cx. t heileri (30.77%) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (16.92%). Nested-PCR detected parasite DNA of Leucocytozoon sp. and Plasmodium sp. The Cx. pipiens had the highest minimum infection rate (MIR) of 5.88% by nested-PCR and 9.41% by qPCR whilst Cx. quinquefasciatus had MIR of 3.64% in both assays and no haemosporidian parasites were detected from Cx. t heileri. One Cx. pipiens sample had a co-infection of both Plasmodium sp. and Leucocytozoon sp. detected by nested-PCR. These findings suggest that effective control measures for blood-sucking dipteran insects is required at the NZG and more studies should be conducted to determine the actual prevalence of these haemosporidian parasites among other bird species within NZG.
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Britch SC, Kline DL, Linthicum KJ, Urban J, Dickstein E, Aldridge RL, Golden FV. Transfluthrin Spatial Repellent on US Military Camouflage Netting Reduces Tabanids in a Warm-Temperate Environment. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2020; 36:212-215. [PMID: 33600592 DOI: 10.2987/20-6933.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the capability of transfluthrin on US military camouflage netting to reduce collections of tabanid biting flies in a warm-temperate field environment on the Gulf Coast of Florida. We found that transfluthrin significantly reduced collections of a variety of medically and veterinarily important tabanids inside protected areas by up to 96% upon initial treatment and up to 74% after 20 days posttreatment. These results suggest that transfluthrin could be an effective element in the US Department of Defense integrated pest management system and leveraged in civilian scenarios to protect livestock and humans from potential mechanical transmission of pathogens and disruption of activities caused by painful bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Britch
- USDA Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - D L Kline
- USDA Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - K J Linthicum
- USDA Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - J Urban
- USDA Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - E Dickstein
- USDA Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - R L Aldridge
- USDA Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
| | - F V Golden
- USDA Agricultural Research Service Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608
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Kamyingkird K, Chalermwong P, Saechan V, Kaewnoi D, Desquesnes M, Ngasaman R. Investigation of Trypanosoma evansi infection in bullfighting cattle in Southern Thailand. Vet World 2020; 13:1674-1678. [PMID: 33061244 PMCID: PMC7522930 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.1674-1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Trypanosoma evansi infection has been reported in Thai livestock such as beef and dairy cattle. However, there is little information on T. evansi infection in bullfighting cattle in Southern Thailand. The aim of this study was to investigate the infection of T. evansi in bullfighting cattle presented for health checks at the Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Thailand. Materials and Methods Blood and serum samples were collected from 177 bullfighting cattle from April 2016 to February 2017 after bullfighting matches. Animal inspected showed signs of fever, weight loss, or exercise intolerance. Investigation of T. evansi infection was tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with TBR primers and using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with T. evansi crude antigen. Results The seroprevalence of T. evansi in bullfighting cattle was 22.60% (40/177). The PCR results detected no parasite DNA in this study. However, bullfighting cattle may serve as T. evansi reservoirs. Conclusion Health checking procedures for T. evansi should be promoted for bullfighting events so that infected animals can be quarantined in the preparatory stages of such events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Piangjai Chalermwong
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Vannarat Saechan
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Chulabhorn karoonyaraksa Building, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Domechai Kaewnoi
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Chulabhorn karoonyaraksa Building, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand.,CIRAD, UMR InterTryp, Bangkok, Thailand.,InterTryp, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, F 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Ruttayaporn Ngasaman
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Prince of Songkla University, Chulabhorn karoonyaraksa Building, Hatyai, Songkhla, Thailand
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Garcia HA, Blanco PA, Rodrigues AC, Rodrigues CMF, Takata CSA, Campaner M, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG. Pan-American Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) trinaperronei n. sp. in the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann and its deer ked Lipoptena mazamae Rondani, 1878: morphological, developmental and phylogeographical characterisation. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:308. [PMID: 32532317 PMCID: PMC7291487 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subgenus Megatrypanum Hoare, 1964 of Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 comprises trypanosomes of cervids and bovids from around the world. Here, the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann) and its ectoparasite, the deer ked Lipoptena mazamae Rondani, 1878 (hippoboscid fly), were surveyed for trypanosomes in Venezuela. RESULTS Haemoculturing unveiled 20% infected WTD, while 47% (7/15) of blood samples and 38% (11/29) of ked guts tested positive for the Megatrypanum-specific TthCATL-PCR. CATL and SSU rRNA sequences uncovered a single species of trypanosome. Phylogeny based on SSU rRNA and gGAPDH sequences tightly cluster WTD trypanosomes from Venezuela and the USA, which were strongly supported as geographical variants of the herein described Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) trinaperronei n. sp. In our analyses, the new species was closest to Trypanosoma sp. D30 from fallow deer (Germany), both nested into TthII alongside other trypanosomes from cervids (North American elk and European fallow, red and sika deer), and bovids (cattle, antelopes and sheep). Insights into the life-cycle of T. trinaperronei n. sp. were obtained from early haemocultures of deer blood and co-culture with mammalian and insect cells showing flagellates resembling Megatrypanum trypanosomes previously reported in deer blood, and deer ked guts. For the first time, a trypanosome from a cervid was cultured and phylogenetically and morphologically (light and electron microscopy) characterised. CONCLUSIONS In the analyses based on SSU rRNA, gGAPDH, CATL and ITS rDNA sequences, neither cervids nor bovids trypanosomes were monophyletic but intertwined within TthI and TthII major phylogenetic lineages. One host species can harbour more than one species/genotype of trypanosome, but each trypanosome species/genotype was found in a single host species or in phylogenetically closely related hosts. Molecular evidence that L. mazamae may transmit T. trinaperronei n. sp. suggests important evolutionary constraints making tight the tripartite T. trinaperronei-WTD-deer ked association. In a plausible evolutionary scenario, T. trinaperronei n. sp. entered South America with North American white-tailed deer at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary following the closure of the Panama Isthmus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herakles A. Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
| | - Pilar A. Blanco
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela
- Fundación Esfera, Harpy Eagle Conservation Program in Venezuela, El Palmar, Bolívar Venezuela
- Earthmatters, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Adriana C. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Carla M. F. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT-EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
| | - Carmen S. A. Takata
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Erney P. Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT-EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
| | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT-EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
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Mulandane FC, Snyman LP, Brito DRA, Bouyer J, Fafetine J, Van Den Abbeele J, Oosthuizen M, Delespaux V, Neves L. Evaluation of the relative roles of the Tabanidae and Glossinidae in the transmission of trypanosomosis in drug resistance hotspots in Mozambique. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:219. [PMID: 32349788 PMCID: PMC7189697 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04087-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tsetse flies (Diptera: Glossinidae) and tabanids (Diptera: Tabanidae) are haematophagous insects of medical and veterinary importance due to their respective role in the biological and mechanical transmission of trypanosomes. Few studies on the distribution and relative abundance of both families have been conducted in Mozambique since the country's independence. Despite Nicoadala, Mozambique, being a multiple trypanocidal drug resistance hotspot no information regarding the distribution, seasonality or infection rates of fly-vectors are available. This is, however, crucial to understanding the epidemiology of trypanosomosis and to refine vector management. METHODS For 365 days, 55 traps (20 NGU traps, 20 horizontal traps and 15 Epsilon traps) were deployed in three grazing areas of Nicoadala District: Namitangurine (25 traps); Zalala (15 traps); and Botao (15 traps). Flies were collected weekly and preserved in 70% ethanol. Identification using morphological keys was followed by molecular confirmation using cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene. Trap efficiency, species distribution and seasonal abundance were also assessed. To determine trypanosome infection rates, DNA was extracted from the captured flies, and submitted to 18S PCR-RFLP screening for the detection of Trypanosoma. RESULTS In total, 4379 tabanids (of 10 species) and 24 tsetse flies (of 3 species), were caught. NGU traps were more effective in capturing both the Tabanidae and Glossinidae. Higher abundance and species diversity were observed in Namitangurine followed by Zalala and Botao. Tabanid abundance was approximately double during the rainy season compared to the dry season. Trypanosoma congolense and T. theileri were detected in the flies with overall infection rates of 75% for tsetse flies and 13% for tabanids. Atylotus agrestis had the highest infection rate of the tabanid species. The only pathogenic trypanosome detected was T. congolense. CONCLUSIONS Despite the low numbers of tsetse flies captured, it can be assumed that they are still the cyclical vectors of trypanosomosis in the area. However, the high numbers of tabanids captured, associated to their demonstrated capacity of transmitting trypanosomes mechanically, suggest an important role in the epidemiology of trypanosomosis in the Nicoadala district. These results on the composition of tsetse and tabanid populations as well as the observed infection rates, should be considered when defining strategies to control the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louwtjie P. Snyman
- Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Durban Museum of Natural History, Durban, South Africa
| | - Denise R. A. Brito
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Biotechnology Center (CB-EMU), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jeremy Bouyer
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE CIRAD-INRA (Animal, Health, Territories, Risks and Ecosystems), Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 05, France
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/International Atomic Energy Agency Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, 1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - José Fafetine
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Biotechnology Center (CB-EMU), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marinda Oosthuizen
- Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vincent Delespaux
- Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Luis Neves
- Eduardo Mondlane University, Biotechnology Center (CB-EMU), Maputo, Mozambique
- Vectors and Vector Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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22
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Paguem A, Abanda B, Ndjonka D, Weber JS, Ngomtcho SCH, Manchang KT, Adoulmoumini M, Eisenbarth A, Renz A, Kelm S, Achukwi MD. Widespread co-endemicity of Trypanosoma species infecting cattle in the Sudano-Sahelian and Guinea Savannah zones of Cameroon. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:344. [PMID: 31619238 PMCID: PMC6796345 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2111-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomosis remains the major constraint of livestock production and livelihood of pastoral communities in Cameroon. Despite several decades of vector and parasite control efforts, it has not been eradicated. Alternative and sustainable control strategies require a sound knowledge of the local species, strains and vectors. In the Sudano-Sahelian and Guinea Savannah of Cameroon the prevalence and genetic diversity of trypanosomes infecting cattle was investigated by microscopy of cattle blood buffy coat and molecular methods using generic primers targeting parts of the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) and encoded glycosomal glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase-gene (gGAPDH). Results A total of 1176 randomly chosen cattle from five divisions in the Sudano-Sahelian and Guinea Savannah of Cameroon were examined. The overall prevalence of trypanosomes by microscopy was 5.9% (56/953) in contrast to 53.2% (626/1176) when molecular tools were used. This indicated a limited sensitivity of microscopy in subclinical infections with frequently low parasitemia. Three trypanosome species were identified by light microscopy: T. vivax (2.3%), T. brucei (3.7%) and T. congolense (3.0%), whereas five were identified by PCR, namely T. grayi/T. theileri (30.8%), T. vivax (17.7%), T. brucei (14.5%) and T. congolense (5.1%). Unexpected cases of T. grayi (n = 4) and T. theileri (n = 26) were confirmed by sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis of the gGAPDH revealed the presence of T. vivax, clade A and T. vivax clade C, which were co-endemic in the Faro et Deo division. T. grayi/T. theileri were the predominant species infecting cattle in tsetse free areas. In contrast, T. vivax, T. brucei and T. congolense were more abundant in areas where the Glossina-vectors were present. Conclusions The abundance of pathogenic trypanosomes in tsetse infested areas is alarming and even more, the occurrence of T. vivax, T. brucei, T. congolense, T. theileri and T. grayi in tsetse-free areas implies that tsetse control alone is not sufficient to control trypanosomosis in livestock. To implement control measures that reduce the risk of spread in tsetse free areas, close monitoring using molecular tools and a thorough search for alternative vectors of trypanosomes is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archile Paguem
- Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.,Institute for Evolution and Ecology, Department of Comparative Zoology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Babette Abanda
- Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.,Institute for Evolution and Ecology, Department of Comparative Zoology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieudonné Ndjonka
- Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Judith Sophie Weber
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28334, Bremen, Germany
| | - Sen Claudine Henriette Ngomtcho
- Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon.,Ministry of public health, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Kingsley Tanyi Manchang
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Wakwa, P.O. Box 65, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Mamoudou Adoulmoumini
- XSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of Ngaoundéré, P.O. Box 454, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Albert Eisenbarth
- Institute for Evolution and Ecology, Department of Comparative Zoology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich Löffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493, Greifswald, Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alfons Renz
- Institute for Evolution and Ecology, Department of Comparative Zoology, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sørge Kelm
- Centre for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen (CBIB), Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28334, Bremen, Germany
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Votýpka J, Brzoňová J, Ježek J, Modrý D. Horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) of three West African countries: A faunistic update, barcoding analysis and trypanosome occurrence. Acta Trop 2019; 197:105069. [PMID: 31233728 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are of medical and veterinary importance since they transmit a range of pathogens. The horse fly fauna of tropical Africa is still poorly known, and in some geographical areas has not been studied for decades. This study summarizes the results of tabanid collections performed in three West African countries where only sparse data were previously available, the Central African Republic (CAR), Gabon and Liberia. Of 1093 collected specimens, 28 morphospecies and 26 genospecies belonging to six genera were identified, including the first findings of eleven morphospecies in the countries where horse flies were collected: Philoliche (Subpangonia) gravoti Surcouf, 1908 and Tabanus ianthinus Surcouf, 1907 are new records for Liberia; Ancala fasciata f. mixta (Surcouf, 1914), Tabanus fraternus Macquart, 1846, and T. triquetrornatus Carter, 1915 for CAR; Chrysops longicornis Macquart, 1838, Haematopota albihirta Karsch, 1887, H. bowdeni Oldroyd, 1952, and H. brucei Austen, 1908 for Gabon; and Tabanus secedens f. regnaulti Surcouf, 1912 and T. thoracinus Palisot de Beauvois, 1807 for Gabon and Liberia. Species identification of all 28 morphospecies based on morphological features was further supplemented by barcoding of cytochrome oxidase I (COI). Based on the COI sequences of 115 specimens representing 74 haplotypes, a phylogenetic tree was constructed to illustrate the relationships among the tabanid species found and to demonstrate their intra- and interspecific divergences. Our study enriches the current number of barcoded tabanids with another 22 genospecies. Based on the analysis of molecular data we question the taxonomic relevance of the morphological forms Ancala fasciata f. mixta and Tabanus secedens f. regnaulti. A parasitological survey based on nested PCR of 18S rRNA revealed a high (˜25%) prevalence of Trypanosoma theileri in the studied horse flies, accompanied by two species of monoxenous trypanosomatids, Crithidia mellificae and Blastocrithidia sp.
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Fermino BR, Paiva F, Viola LB, Rodrigues CMF, Garcia HA, Campaner M, Takata CSA, Sheferaw D, Kisakye JJ, Kato A, Jared CAGS, Teixeira MMG, Camargo EP. Shared species of crocodilian trypanosomes carried by tabanid flies in Africa and South America, including the description of a new species from caimans, Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:225. [PMID: 31088523 PMCID: PMC6515670 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3463-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 is constituted by terrestrial and aquatic phylogenetic lineages both harboring understudied trypanosomes from reptiles including an increasing diversity of crocodilian trypanosomes. Trypanosoma clandestinus Teixeira & Camargo, 2016 of the aquatic lineage is transmitted by leeches to caimans. Trypanosoma grayi Novy, 1906 of the terrestrial lineage is transmitted by tsetse flies to crocodiles in Africa, but the vectors of Neotropical caiman trypanosomes nested in this lineage remain unknown. RESULTS Our phylogenetic analyses uncovered crocodilian trypanosomes in tabanids from South America and Africa, and trypanosomes other than T. grayi in tsetse flies. All trypanosomes found in tabanids clustered in the crocodilian clade (terrestrial lineage) forming six clades: Grayi (African trypanosomes from crocodiles and tsetse flies); Ralphi (trypanosomes from caimans, African and Brazilian tabanids and tsetse flies); Terena (caimans); Cay03 (caimans and Brazilian tabanids); and two new clades, Tab01 (Brazilian tabanid and tsetse flies) and Kaiowa. The clade Kaiowa comprises Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. and trypanosomes from African and Brazilian tabanids, caimans, tsetse flies and the African dwarf crocodile. Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. heavily colonises tabanid guts and differs remarkably in morphology from other caiman trypanosomes. This species multiplied predominantly as promastigotes on log-phase cultures showing scarce epimastigotes and exhibited very long flagellates in old cultures. Analyses of growth behavior revealed that insect cells allow the intracellular development of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp. CONCLUSIONS Prior to this description of Trypanosoma kaiowa n. sp., no crocodilian trypanosome parasitic in tabanid flies had been cultured, morphologically examined by light, scanning and transmission microscopy, and phylogenetically compared with other crocodilian trypanosomes. Additionally, trypanosomes thought to be restricted to caimans were identified in Brazilian and African tabanids, tsetse flies and the dwarf crocodile. Similar repertoires of trypanosomes found in South American caimans, African crocodiles and tabanids from both continents support the recent diversification of these transcontinental trypanosomes. Our findings are consistent with trypanosome host-switching likely mediated by tabanid flies between caimans and transoceanic migrant crocodiles co-inhabiting South American wetlands at the Miocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno R. Fermino
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Fernando Paiva
- Biological Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul Brazil
| | | | - Carla M. F. Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
| | - Herakles A. Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Carmen S. A. Takata
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Desie Sheferaw
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia
| | - John J. Kisakye
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Agapitus Kato
- Department of Zoology, Entomology and Fisheries Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | | | - Marta M. G. Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
| | - Erney P. Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia Brazil
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Aregawi WG, Agga GE, Abdi RD, Büscher P. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the global distribution, host range, and prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:67. [PMID: 30704516 PMCID: PMC6357473 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surra is an animal trypanosomosis, caused by infection with Trypanosoma evansi and leading to severe economic loss due to mortality and morbidity. Compared to tsetse-transmitted animal trypanosomoses, little attention is given to the epidemiology and control of surra. Understanding its epidemiology is a first step in local and global efforts to control the disease. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies on distribution, host ranges and prevalence of T. evansi infection. METHODS Four electronic databases were searched for publications on T. evansi that met our inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Subsets of publications were subjected to meta-analysis for the pooled prevalence of T. evansi in various hosts as determined by multiple detection methods. RESULTS A total of 272 references published between 1906-2017 were included. Trypanosoma evansi was reported from 48 countries; largely confined to Africa and Asia with publications on natural T. evansi infections from 77% (n = 48) of countries, contrasting with seven countries in South America, and four in Europe where T. evansi is not endemic but was imported with infected animals. Although surra is a notifiable disease, many countries do not report surra cases to OIE. Trypanosoma evansi was mainly reported from dromedary camels in Africa and the Middle East, water buffaloes, cattle, dogs and horses in East and Southeast Asia. In South America, the acute form of the disease was reported in horses and dogs. Surra was also reported in a wide range of wild animals. Some rare human cases occurred in India and Vietnam. Meta-analysis on a subset of 165 publications indicated pooled prevalence of T. evansi in domestic animals ranging from 14-31%, 6-28% and 2-9% using respectively antibody detection, molecular and parasitological tests, with camels as the most affected, followed by buffalo and cattle. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrates that T. evansi affects a wide range of domestic and wild animals in Africa, Asia and South America with highest prevalence observed in dromedary camels. For successful control of T. evansi, both locally and globally, the role of wild animals in the epidemiology of surra needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weldegebrial G. Aregawi
- Werer Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Werer, Afar Ethiopia
| | - Getahun E. Agga
- Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Bowling Green, KY USA
| | - Reta D. Abdi
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Long Island University, Greenvale, NY USA
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Horváth G, Pereszlényi Á, Åkesson S, Kriska G. Striped bodypainting protects against horseflies. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2019; 6:181325. [PMID: 30800379 PMCID: PMC6366178 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.181325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bodypainting is widespread in African, Australian and Papua New Guinean indigenous communities. Many bodypaintings use white or bright yellow/grey/beige stripes on brown skin. Where the majority of people using bodypainting presently live, blood-sucking horseflies are abundant, and they frequently attack the naked brown regions of the human body surface with the risk of transmitting the pathogens of dangerous diseases. Since horseflies are deterred by the black and white stripes of zebras, we hypothesized that white-striped paintings on dark brown human bodies have a similar effect. In a field experiment in Hungary, we tested this hypothesis. We show that the attractiveness to horseflies of a dark brown human body model significantly decreases, if it is painted with the white stripes that are used in bodypaintings. Our brown human model was 10 times more attractive to horseflies than the white-striped brown model, and a beige model, which was used as a control, attracted two times more horseflies than the striped brown model. Thus, white-striped bodypaintings, such as those used by African and Australian people, may serve to deter horseflies, which is an advantageous byproduct of these bodypaintings that could lead to reduced irritation and disease transmission by these blood-sucking insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Horváth
- Environmental Optics Laboratory, Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Pázmány sétány 1, Hungary
| | - Ádám Pereszlényi
- Environmental Optics Laboratory, Department of Biological Physics, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Pázmány sétány 1, Hungary
- Hungarian Natural History Museum, Department of Zoology, Bird Collection, 1083 Budapest, Ludovika tér 2-6, Hungary
| | - Susanne Åkesson
- Department of Biology, Centre for Animal Movement Research, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - György Kriska
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research, Danube Research Institute, 1113 Budapest, Karolina út 29-31, Hungary
- Biological Institute, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Pázmány sétány 1, Hungary
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Radwanska M, Vereecke N, Deleeuw V, Pinto J, Magez S. Salivarian Trypanosomosis: A Review of Parasites Involved, Their Global Distribution and Their Interaction With the Innate and Adaptive Mammalian Host Immune System. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2253. [PMID: 30333827 PMCID: PMC6175991 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivarian trypanosomes are single cell extracellular parasites that cause infections in a wide range of hosts. Most pathogenic infections worldwide are caused by one of four major species of trypanosomes including (i) Trypanosoma brucei and the human infective subspecies T. b. gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense, (ii) Trypanosoma evansi and T. equiperdum, (iii) Trypanosoma congolense and (iv) Trypanosoma vivax. Infections with these parasites are marked by excessive immune dysfunction and immunopathology, both related to prolonged inflammatory host immune responses. Here we review the classification and global distribution of these parasites, highlight the adaptation of human infective trypanosomes that allow them to survive innate defense molecules unique to man, gorilla, and baboon serum and refer to the discovery of sexual reproduction of trypanosomes in the tsetse vector. With respect to the immunology of mammalian host-parasite interactions, the review highlights recent findings with respect to the B cell destruction capacity of trypanosomes and the role of T cells in the governance of infection control. Understanding infection-associated dysfunction and regulation of both these immune compartments is crucial to explain the continued failures of anti-trypanosome vaccine developments as well as the lack of any field-applicable vaccine based anti-trypanosomosis intervention strategy. Finally, the link between infection-associated inflammation and trypanosomosis induced anemia is covered in the context of both livestock and human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nick Vereecke
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Violette Deleeuw
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Joar Pinto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon, South Korea.,Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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28
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Species identification of horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Thailand using DNA barcoding. Vet Parasitol 2018; 259:35-43. [PMID: 30056981 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are of medical and veterinary importance because they are known to transmit pathogens. Approximately 80 species of horse flies have been reported in Thailand. Monitoring the distribution of horse fly species is important to control the spread of diseases transmitted by them. Currently, the species identification of horse flies is based on their morphology; this requires considerable skills and taxonomic expertise, and it may be difficult to identify morphologically similar species. DNA-based identification methods are increasingly being developed for rapid and accurate identification of various insect species. In this study, we used mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) for species identification of horse flies in Thailand. A 658 bp fragment of COI was amplified from 145 adult horse flies belonging to 48 morphologically distinct species and sequenced. Sequence analysis revealed an intraspecific divergence of 0.0%-4.4% and an interspecific divergence of 0.0%-16.2%. Our results showed that COI barcodes were effective in discriminating a majority of horse flies in Thailand on the basis of the barcoding gap and phylogenetic analyses. However, COI barcodes were unable to distinguish among members of the Tabanus striatus complex and some species within the T. ceylonicus group.
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29
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Mugasa CM, Villinger J, Gitau J, Ndungu N, Marc Ciosi, Masiga D. Morphological re-description and molecular identification of Tabanidae (Diptera) in East Africa. Zookeys 2018; 769:117-144. [PMID: 29988760 PMCID: PMC6030178 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.769.21144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Biting flies of the family Tabanidae are important vectors of human and animal diseases across continents. However, records of Africa tabanids are fragmentary and mostly cursory. To improve identification, documentation and description of Tabanidae in East Africa, a baseline survey for the identification and description of Tabanidae in three eastern African countries was conducted. Tabanids from various locations in Uganda (Wakiso District), Tanzania (Tarangire National Park) and Kenya (Shimba Hills National Reserve, Muhaka, Nguruman) were collected. In Uganda, octenol baited F-traps were used to target tabanids, while NG2G traps baited with cow urine and acetone were employed in Kenya and Tanzania. The tabanids were identified using morphological and molecular methods. Morphologically, five genera (Ancala, Tabanus, Atylotus, Chrysops and Haematopota) and fourteen species of the Tabanidae were identified. Among the 14 species identified, six belonged to the genus Tabanus of which two (T. donaldsoni and T. guineensis) had not been described before in East Africa. The greatest diversity of tabanid species were collected from the Shimba Hills National Reserve, while collections from Uganda (around the shores of Lake Victoria) had the fewest number of species. However, the Ancala genus was found in Uganda, but not in Kenya or Tanzania. Maximum likelihood phylogenies of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) genes sequenced in this study show definite concordance with morphological species identifications, except for Atylotus. This survey will be critical to building a complete checklist of Tabanidae prevalent in the region, expanding knowledge of these important vectors of human and animal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M. Mugasa
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Biosecurity Biotechnical Laboratory Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resources and Biosecurity (COVAB), Makerere University Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jandouwe Villinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joseph Gitau
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nelly Ndungu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Social Insects Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology University of Pretoria, Hatfield, 0028 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marc Ciosi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Daniel Masiga
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), Nairobi, Kenya
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