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Chauhan V, Farooq U, Fahmi M, A K, Tripathi P. Unveiling the anti-echinococcal efficacy of amide-based compounds: An in-silico and in-vitro study. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31205. [PMID: 38807875 PMCID: PMC11130662 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a significant global public health concern, particularly in regions where livestock rearing is prevalent. Despite its impact on morbidity and mortality, CE has received insufficient attention compared to other neglected tropical diseases. The complexities in CE management arise from challenges in early detection, effective treatment, and parasite eradication. The present study addresses this gap by exploring innovative therapeutic approaches using amide-based compounds. In recent years, computational approaches and in-vitro studies have become prominent in neglected tropical disease drug discovery. Leveraging insights from previous studies on amide-based compounds with anti-parasitic potential, this study systematically designed, synthesized, and characterized a library of 30 amide compounds. The research integrated in-silico screening, molecular docking, and in-vitro experimentation to assess the anti-echinococcal potential of these compounds. The study identified five promising amide compounds, namely 3,5-dinitro-N-p-tolylbenzamide, N-p-tolyl-1-naphthamide, N-p-tolyl-4-(trifluoromethoxy)benzamide, 4-pentyl-N-p-tolylbenzamide, and 2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro-N-p-tolylbenzamide, based on their docking scores. These compounds were synthesized and characterized through various spectroscopic techniques, confirming their structural integrity. The in-vitro cytotoxicity assay on HepG2 cell lines revealed varying degrees of cytotoxicity for the synthesized compounds. Notably, 4-pentyl-N-p-tolylbenzamide demonstrated the least cytotoxicity. Subsequent scolicidal activity assessments on E. granulosus protoscoleces demonstrated the potent protoscolicidal activity of N-p-tolyl-1-naphthamide, indicating its potential as an effective anti-echinococcal agent. Overall, this study presents a comprehensive exploration of amide-based compounds as potential therapeutic agents against CE. The findings contribute to the development of innovative strategies for CE treatment, addressing the urgent need for effective and safe drugs in managing this neglected tropical disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Chauhan
- Multi-Disciplinary Research Unit, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, UP, 201310, India
| | - U Farooq
- Department of Basic Oral Medicine and Allied Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Fahmi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khan A
- Department of Basic Oral Medicine and Allied Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Taif University, Taif, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - P.K. Tripathi
- Department of Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
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Umhang G, Duchamp C, Boucher JM, Caillot C, Legras L, Demerson JM, Lucas J, Gauthier D, Boué F. Gray wolves as sentinels for the presence of Echinococcus spp. and other gastrointestinal parasites in France. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:101-107. [PMID: 37780970 PMCID: PMC10539616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, the gray wolf population has recovered in France, initially to wolves from Italy passing through the Alps. The population is carefully monitored, but little information is available on their helminth fauna, which includes parasites of public health importance: Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Capitalizing on the availability of 911 fecal samples collected for the noninvasive genetic monitoring of French wolf populations, along with the intestines from 15 dead wolves, the presence of Echinococcus species among others helminth species was evaluated in French wolves. A copro-PCR approach amplifying a large spectrum of parasites was used for fecal samples while intestines were analyzed using SCT. The fecal occurrences of E. granulosus sensu stricto (2.4%) and E. multilocularis (0.3%), and indeedother parasitic species, are similar to those of other European wolf populations including Taenia hydatigena (7.2%), Taenia krabbei (2.4%), Uncinaria stenocephala (2.4%), Mesocestoides litteratus (1.9%), Taenia ovis (0.3%), Taenia multiceps (0.1%), and Toxascaris leonina (0.1%). The three most abundant species were also found in the intestines. Infections by E. granulosus sensu stricto are in accordance with the overlap of wolf pack areas and sheep breeding pastoral units. However, the wolf does not appear to play a significant role in the lifecycle of E. granulosus sensu stricto. The availability of this opportunistic fecal sampling of wolves in southeastern France means that they can be used as sentinels for the surveillance of E. multilocularis in the context of its southward expansion observed in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Umhang
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Christophe Duchamp
- OFB (French Biodiversity Agency), Research Department, Predator and Depredator Unit, Gap, France
| | - Jean-Marc Boucher
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Christophe Caillot
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Léo Legras
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Jean-Michel Demerson
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
| | - Jérémie Lucas
- OFB (French Biodiversity Agency), Research Department, Predator and Depredator Unit, Gap, France
| | | | - Franck Boué
- ANSES LRFSN, Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Malzéville, France
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Gonçalves Baptista L, Laurimäe T, Muchaamba G, Cathomas L, Barros Olende AL, Mata dos Santos I, Lobo de Pina Â, Deplazes P. First isolation of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotype 7 in the archipelago of Cape Verde. Parasitology 2023; 150:734-743. [PMID: 37194602 PMCID: PMC10410394 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202300046x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
There are no scientific data available on the occurrence of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) cluster in definitive hosts (domestic dogs), intermediate hosts (domestic livestock) nor humans in Cape Verde. In this pilot study, environmental dog fecal samples (n = 369) were collected around food markets, official slaughterhouses, as well as home and small business slaughter spots in 8 of the 9 inhabited islands from the Cape Verde archipelago, between June 2021 and March 2022. Additionally, during the same period, 40 cysts and tissue lesions were opportunistically collected from 5 islands, from locally slaughtered cattle (n = 7), goats (n = 2), sheep (n = 1) and pigs (n = 26). Genetic characterization by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay targeting the 12S rRNA gene confirmed the presence of E. granulosus s.l. in fecal and tissue material. In total, 17 cyst samples from Santiago (n = 9), Sal (n = 7) and São Vicente (n = 1) and 8 G6/G7-positive dog fecal samples from Santiago (n = 4) and Sal (n = 4) were identified as E. granulosus s.l. G7 by sequence analysis (nad2, nad5 and nad1 genes). This study discloses the transmission of E. granulosus s.l. G7, in pig, cattle and dog in Cape Verde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Gonçalves Baptista
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Bons Amigos Association, Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Teivi Laurimäe
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Gillian Muchaamba
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Cathomas
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ana Lina Barros Olende
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Iolanda Mata dos Santos
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Ângela Lobo de Pina
- Department of Livestock Services (DSP), General Directorate of Agriculture, Forestry and Livestock (DGASP), Ministry of Agriculture and Environment (MAA), Praia, Cape Verde
| | - Peter Deplazes
- Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Muqaddas H, Mehmood N, Saarma U, Usman A, Ahmed F, Varcasia A, Sini MF, Ullah MI. First report of Echinococcus ortleppi and E. canadensis (genotype G6) from southern Punjab, Pakistan and a global overview on genetic structure and host adaptation of E. ortleppi. Acta Trop 2023:106951. [PMID: 37220843 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, is a neglected tropical disease known mainly for its zoonotic nature. CE is endemic to Pakistan, however, the disease is not given due consideration and millions of people remain at health risk. This study was undertaken to assess the species and genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato in sheep, buffaloes and cattle, brought to slaughterhouses of two major cities (Multan and Bahawalpur) of south Punjab, Pakistan. A total of 26 hydatid cyst specimens were characterized through complete cox1 mitochondrial gene (1609 bp) sequencing. Species and genotypes of E. granulosus sensu lato discovered in the southern Punjab consisted of E. granulosus sensu stricto (n =21), E. ortleppi (n=4) and E. canadensis G6 genotype (n=1). Of E. granulosus s.s. isolates, the genotype G3 was predominantly involved in causing infections to the livestock of this region. Since all of these species are zoonotic, wide and effective surveillance studies are required to ascertain the risks to human population in Pakistan. Additionally, a global overview on cox1 phylogenetic structure of E. ortleppi was carried out. Despite the widespread occurrence, the species is mostly limited to the southern hemisphere. The highest burden has been reported in the South America (62.15%) and Africa (28.44%) and by far the most common host is cattle, accounting for >90% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hira Muqaddas
- Department of Zoology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Naunain Mehmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Urmas Saarma
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ammarah Usman
- Department of Zoology, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Alvi MA, Ali RMA, Khan S, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Past and Present of Diagnosis of Echinococcosis: A Review (1999-2021). Acta Trop 2023; 243:106925. [PMID: 37080264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The larval forms of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus are the source of the zoonotic infection known as echinococcosis. Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus (s. s) respectively. It is endemic in several regions of the world. In this systematic review, we describe diagnosis, and the species (human, canids, livestock, and small rodents) affected by cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). From 1999 to 2021, we searched the online directory through PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and google scholar. Among the 37,700 records found in the online databases, 187 publications met our eligibility requirements. The majority of investigations employed a range of diagnostic methods, such as ELISA, imaging, copro-PCR, necropsy or arecoline hydrobromide purgation, morphological cestode confirmation, and fecal sieving/flotation to detect and confirm Echinococcus infection. ELISA was the most commonly used method followed by PCR, and imaging. The research team retrieved data describing the incidence or assessment of the diagnostic test for E. multilocularis in humans (N = 99), canids (N = 63), small ruminants (N = 13), large ruminants (N= 3), camel (N= 2), pigs (N=2) and small mammals (N= 5). This study was conducted to explore the diagnostic tools applied to detect echinococcosis in humans as well as animals in prevalent countries, and to report the characteristic of new diagnostic tests for disease surveillance. This systematic review revealed that ELISA (alone or in combination) was the most common method used for disease diagnosis and diagnostic efficacy and prevalence rate increased when recombinant antigens were used. It is highly recommended to use combination protcols such as serological with molecular and imaging technique to diagnose disease. Our study identified scarcity of data of reporting echinococcosis in humans/ animals in low-income or developing countries particularly central Asian countries. Study reports in small rodents indicate their role in disease dissemination but real situation in these host is not refected due to limited number of studies. Even though echinococcosis affects both public health and the domestic animal sector, therefore, it is important to devise new and strengthe implementation of the existing monitoring, judging, and control measures in this estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Khan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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García-Díez J, Saraiva S, Moura D, Grispoldi L, Cenci-Goga BT, Saraiva C. The Importance of the Slaughterhouse in Surveilling Animal and Public Health: A Systematic Review. Vet Sci 2023; 10:167. [PMID: 36851472 PMCID: PMC9959654 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10020167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
From the point of public health, the objective of the slaughterhouse is to guarantee the safety of meat in which meat inspection represent an essential tool to control animal diseases and guarantee the public health. The slaughterhouse can be used as surveillance center for livestock diseases. However, other aspects related with animal and human health, such as epidemiology and disease control in primary production, control of animal welfare on the farm, surveillance of zoonotic agents responsible for food poisoning, as well as surveillance and control of antimicrobial resistance, can be monitored. These controls should not be seen as a last defensive barrier but rather as a complement to the controls carried out on the farm. Regarding the control of diseases in livestock, scientific research is scarce and outdated, not taking advantage of the potential for disease control. Animal welfare in primary production and during transport can be monitored throughout ante-mortem and post-mortem inspection at the slaughterhouse, providing valuable individual data on animal welfare. Surveillance and research regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) at slaughterhouses is scarce, mainly in cattle, sheep, and goats. However, most of the zoonotic pathogens are sensitive to the antibiotics studied. Moreover, the prevalence at the slaughterhouse of zoonotic and foodborne agents seems to be low, but a lack of harmonization in terms of control and communication may lead to underestimate its real prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Díez
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Sónia Saraiva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
| | - Dina Moura
- Divisão de Intervenção de Alimentação e Veterinária de Vila Real e Douro Sul, Direção de Serviços de Alimentação e Veterinária da Região Norte, Direção Geral de Alimentação e Veterinária, Lugar de Codessais, 5000-567 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luca Grispoldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Beniamino Terzo Cenci-Goga
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Cristina Saraiva
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences (AL4AnimalS), Portugal
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
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Knapp J, Lallemand S, Monnien F, Felix S, Courquet S, Umhang G, Millon L. Real-time multiplex PCR for human echinococcosis and differential diagnosis. Parasite 2023; 30:3. [PMID: 36700708 PMCID: PMC9886084 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2023003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular identification of rare human infectious pathogens appears to be one of the most relevant current methods for rapid diagnosis and management of patients. PCR techniques, in particular real-time quantitative PCR, are best suited for the detection of DNA from the pathogens, even at low concentrations. Echinococcosis infections are due to helminths of the Echinococcus genus, with closely related species involved in parasitic lesions affecting animals and, accidentally, humans. We developed a multiplex qPCR (MLX qPCR) assay allowing for the detection of four Echinococcus species involved in Europe in alveolar echinococcosis (AE) and cystic echinococcosis (CE) (Echinococcus multilocularis, E. granulosus sensu stricto, E. ortleppi, and E. canadensis), based on short mitochondrial targets. A collection of 81 fresh and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues (FFPE) of AE and CE lesions was assembled. The qPCR assays were performed in triplex for Echinococcus spp. detection, associated with a qPCR inhibitor control. A duplex qPCR was also designed to enable diagnosis of two other dead-end helminthiases (cysticercosis (Taenia solium), and toxocariasis (Toxocara cati and T. canis)). The sensitivity of the qPCR was assessed and ranged from 1 to 5 × 10-4 ng/μL (seven PCR assays positive), corresponding to 37-42 cycles for quantifiable DNA. The specificity was 100% for all the targets. This multiplex qPCR, adapted to low amounts of DNA can be implemented in the laboratory for the rapid molecular diagnosis of Echinococcosis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Knapp
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon 25030 Besançon France,UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, University of Franche-Comté 16 Route de Gray 25030 Besançon France,Corresponding author:
| | - Séverine Lallemand
- UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, University of Franche-Comté 16 Route de Gray 25030 Besançon France
| | - Franck Monnien
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon 25030 Besançon France
| | - Sophie Felix
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Besançon 25030 Besançon France
| | - Sandra Courquet
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon 25030 Besançon France,UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, University of Franche-Comté 16 Route de Gray 25030 Besançon France
| | - Gérald Umhang
- ANSES Nancy laboratory for Rabies and Wildlife, National Reference Laboratory for Echinococcus spp., Wildlife Surveillance and Eco-epidemiology Unit, Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire 54220 Malzéville France
| | - Laurence Millon
- Department of Parasitology-Mycology, National Reference Centre for Echinococcoses, University Hospital of Besançon 25030 Besançon France,UMR CNRS 6249 Laboratoire Chrono-environnement, University of Franche-Comté 16 Route de Gray 25030 Besançon France
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Guo B, Zhao L, Zhao L, Mi R, Zhang X, Wang B, Guo G, Ren Y, Qi W, Zhang Z. Survey and Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto from Livestock and Humans in the Altai Region of Xinjiang, China. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010134. [PMID: 36678482 PMCID: PMC9866323 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the metacestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), is an important zoonotic parasite, endemic in the Altai region of China. It is a serious human health risk and causes livestock losses. To evaluate the prevalence, genetic variation, and population structure of CE, 2898 sheep and 703 cattle were examined from October 2019 to mid-February 2020 in the Altai region (Altai, Habahe, Fuhai, and Buerjin). Sheep had an infection rate of 4.52% (131/2898) and cattle had an infection rate of 4.84% (34/703). In total, 180 cyst isolates were obtained, including 131 sheep, 34 cattle, and 15 from CE human patients. The cysts were investigated using mitochondrial cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) results showed that, among the two genotypes of E. granulosus s.s., there were 22 different haplotypes (Haps). Phylogenetic analysis and parsimony network indicated that seventeen (77.27%) Haps belonged to the sheep strain (G1 genotype) and five Haps (22.73%) belonged to the buffalo strain (G3 genotype). Hap3 was the most common haplotype (65.00%, 112/180), which belongs to the G1 genotype. Hap18−Hap22 were found in human samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoirs of human CE. Molecular diversity indices revealed the high levels of haplotype diversity and relatively low levels of nucleotide diversity. Tajima’s D and Fu’s Fs tests displayed that the Altai population had a significant deviation from neutrality. Based on pairwise fixation index (Fst) values, a low level of genetic differentiation was found between the populations of E. granulosus s.s. isolated from different regions. The present survey findings represent an epidemiological survey of CE in the Altai region where there were two genotypes simultaneously and will provide more information on the genetic structure of E. granulosus s.s. within this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoping Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, No. 620 Xi Chang‘an Avenue, Xi’an 710119, China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Bingjie Wang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
| | - Gang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Yuan Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Wenjing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Xinjiang Medical University, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, No.137, Liyushan Road, Urumqi 830054, China
| | - Zhuangzhi Zhang
- Veterinary Research Institute, Xinjiang Academy of Animal Sciences, No. 726, Dongrong Street, Urumqi 830013, China
- Correspondence:
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Avcioglu H, Bia MM, Balkaya I, Kirman R, Akyuz M, Guven E. Cystic echinococcosis in slaughtered sheep in Erzurum province, Turkey. Acta Trop 2022; 233:106559. [PMID: 35688264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an important zoonotic infection caused by the larval stages of the genus Echinococcus. Turkey is a highly endemic region for CE and the disease is one of the major public health problems. The study was aimed to assess the situation of the CE in sheep in Turkey and also to provide data on circulating genotypes in the country. A total of 3319 sheep at slaughter were screened during the study. The prevalence of CE in the study area was 31.7% (1052/3319). The lungs were the most frequently CE infected organ (52.6%, 526/1052). Microscopic examination revealed that overall cyst fertility was 68.1%. Molecular analysis of partial fragments of 12S and COI gene regions were included for 351 selected cyst samples and all of them were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto. Sequence analysis showed that the predominant genotype in the study areas was G1 (77.1%), and the rest were G3 (22.9%). The prevalence rate of CE in sheep in the study area is lower compared to previous years except for one province. Considering the high cyst fertility rate and the predominance of E. granulosus G1 which is particularly pathogenic to humans, calls for serious control measures like public awareness about the disease, sufficient dog deworming programs, continuity of monitoring the disease should be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamza Avcioglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey.
| | - Mohammed Mebarek Bia
- Department of Parasitology, Parasitology Research Center and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University, School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Ibrahim Balkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Ridvan Kirman
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Akyuz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Esin Guven
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
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Dos Santos GB, da Silva ED, Kitano ES, Battistella ME, Monteiro KM, de Lima JC, Ferreira HB, Serrano SMDT, Zaha A. Proteomic profiling of hydatid fluid from pulmonary cystic echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:99. [PMID: 35313982 PMCID: PMC8935821 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most cystic echinococcosis cases in Southern Brazil are caused by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus ortleppi. Proteomic studies of helminths have increased our knowledge about the molecular survival strategies that are used by parasites. Here, we surveyed the protein content of the hydatid fluid compartment in E. granulosus and E. ortleppi pulmonary bovine cysts to better describe and compare their molecular arsenal at the host-parasite interface. METHODS Hydatid fluid samples from three isolates of each species were analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomics (LC-MS/MS). In silico functional analyses of the identified proteins were performed to examine parasite survival strategies. RESULTS The identified hydatid fluid protein profiles showed a predominance of parasite proteins compared to host proteins that infiltrate the cysts. We identified 280 parasitic proteins from E. granulosus and 251 from E. ortleppi, including 52 parasitic proteins that were common to all hydatid fluid samples. The in silico functional analysis revealed important molecular functions and processes that are active in pulmonary cystic echinococcosis, such as adhesion, extracellular structures organization, development regulation, signaling transduction, and enzyme activity. CONCLUSIONS The protein profiles described here provide evidence of important mechanisms related to basic cellular processes and functions that act at the host-parasite interface in cystic echinococcosis. The molecular tools used by E. granulosus and E. ortleppi for survival within the host are potential targets for new therapeutic approaches to treat cystic echinococcosis and other larval cestodiases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Brzoskowski Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Edileuza Danieli da Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Shigueo Kitano
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Battistella
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Karina Mariante Monteiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural E Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Camargo de Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural E Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural E Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Solange Maria de Toledo Serrano
- Laboratório de Toxinologia Aplicada, Center of Toxins, Immune-Response and Cell Signaling (CeTICS), Instituto Butantan, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. .,Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural E Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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11
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Bosco A, Alves LC, Cociancic P, Amadesi A, Pepe P, Morgoglione ME, Maurelli MP, Ferrer-Miranda E, Santoro KR, Nascimento Ramos RA, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G. Epidemiology and spatial distribution of Echinococcus granulosus in sheep and goats slaughtered in a hyperendemic European Mediterranean area. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:421. [PMID: 34419132 PMCID: PMC8380321 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a worldwide parasitic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato affecting livestock, particularly sheep and goats. However, often this parasitosis is underestimated. For this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological features and spatial distribution of CE in sheep and goats slaughtered in a hyperendemic Mediterranean area. Methods A survey was conducted in the Basilicata region (southern Italy) from 2014 to 2019. A total of 1454 animals (1265 sheep and 189 goats) from 824 farms were examined for hydatid cyst detection by visual inspection, palpation and incision of target organs. All the CE cysts were counted and classified into five morphostructural types (unilocular, multiseptate, calcified, caseous and hyperlaminated). Molecular analysis was performed on 353 cysts. For spatial analysis, a kriging interpolation method was used to create risk maps, while clustering was assessed by Moran’s I test. Results CE prevalence of 72.2% (595/824) and 58.4% (849/1454) was observed at the farm and animal levels, respectively, with higher values in sheep (62.9%) than goats (28.0%). The liver and lungs were the most frequently infected organs in both sheep and goats. Most of recovered cysts were of the calcified and multiseptate morphotypes. All the isolates were identified as E. granulosus sensu stricto (genotypes G1–G3). Spatial distribution showed a moderate clustering of positive animals. Conclusion The findings of this study can be used to better understand the eco-epidemiology of echinococcosis and to improve CE surveillance and prevention programs in regions highly endemic for CE. Graphical abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bosco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Campania, Italy
| | - Leucio Camara Alves
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Paola Cociancic
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Campania, Italy.,Centro de Estudios Parasitológicos y de Vectores (CEPAVE-CONICET-UNLP-asociado a CICPBA), La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alessandra Amadesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Campania, Italy
| | - Paola Pepe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Campania, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Morgoglione
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Campania, Italy
| | - Maria Paola Maurelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Campania, Italy.
| | - Edyniesky Ferrer-Miranda
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Agreste of Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Kleber Régis Santoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Agreste of Pernambuco, Garanhuns, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Laura Rinaldi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Campania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cringoli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, CREMOPAR, Naples, Campania, Italy
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Mehmood N, Dessì G, Ahmed F, Joanny G, Tamponi C, Cappai MG, Varcasia A, Scala A. Genetic diversity and transmission patterns of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto among domestic ungulates of Sardinia, Italy. Parasitol Res 2021; 120:2533-2542. [PMID: 34146127 PMCID: PMC8263412 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-021-07186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a parasitic zoonosis of public health and economic concern, is highly endemic in Sardinia, Italy. The study involved examining the intraspecific variability and demographic structure of Echinococcus granulosussensu stricto (s.s.) in common hosts of this parasite. Molecular surveillance included the fragment amplification of a partial mitochondrial gene, cox1 (750 bp), for a total of 69 isolates derived from sheep (n = 52), cattle (n = 11), pigs (n = 4), and goats (n = 2). It was ascertained that E. granulosus s.s. was the primary agent of infection among these ungulates and G1 genotype was highly prevalent (79.71%). Considerable intraspecific variation was found, revealing the existence of 22 haplotypes with relatively high haplotype (0.8555 ± 0.033) and low nucleotide diversities (0.00281 ± 0.00030). Population demographics indicated an expanding parasitic population signifying negative deviation from neutrality indices. Little genetic differentiation was found between the subpopulations of E. granulosus s.s. in the island. Moreover, the geographic dispersal of genotypes G1 and G3 also indicated similarity between Sardinian and mainland Echinococcus granulosus s.s. populations reaffirming the sympatric occurrence and efficient transmission of G1 and G3 genotypes. Molecular survey of CE has the potential to yield baseline information on the infective genotypes among the intermediate hosts and helps in devising suitable control strategies for curtailing the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naunain Mehmood
- Department of Zoology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Giorgia Dessì
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Fahad Ahmed
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gaelle Joanny
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Cappai
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Scala
- Dipartimento Di Medicina Veterinaria, Università Degli Studi Di Sassari, Via Vienna, 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and Echinococcus multilocularis: A review. Res Vet Sci 2020; 135:517-522. [PMID: 33246571 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus spp. have a global distribution and are found on every continent except Antarctica. Infections with these parasites are considered extremely serious, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality in addition to substantial economic losses to the livestock industry. Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) and Echinococcus multilocularis, causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively, are the two main species of interest from a human and veterinary perspective. This review collates the current state-of-the-art understanding of these two parasites within four key areas of relevance to human and veterinary professionals: transmission and epidemiology, clinical signs and pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment and prevention. This review should serve as a broad introduction to the most important Echinococcus spp. The reader is advised to seek out specific literature on individual diseases and their causative parasites for a deeper understanding.
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14
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Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from Humans in Slovenia. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070562. [PMID: 32664693 PMCID: PMC7400081 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval form of tapeworms of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species cluster cause an important zoonotic infection, cystic echinococcosis (CE). Molecular characterization of the cluster’s isolates from different hosts greatly contributes to a better understanding of its transmission dynamics. To date, no genetic information is available on CE in Slovenia. In this work, we characterized isolates from human CE cases. Parasite samples from 18 patients were collected, together with the patients’ demographic and clinical data. Genomic DNA was analyzed by conventional PCR and sequencing at four mitochondrial loci (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, cox1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, nad1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5, nad5; and small ribosomal RNA, rrnS). Thirteen isolates were successfully amplified and sequenced. Seven (58.8%) patients were infected with E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) G1, five (38.5%) with E. canadensis G7 and one (7.7%) with E. granulosus s.s. G3. Echinococcus canadensis G7, the pig genotype, was identified exclusively in autochthonous Slovenes, while the patients originating from the Western Balkans were all infected with E. granulosus s.s. Our findings suggest that pigs are important intermediate hosts for human CE in Slovenia.
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15
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Microsatellite Investigations of Multiple Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Stricto Cysts in Single Hosts Reveal Different Patterns of Infection Events between Livestock and Humans. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9060444. [PMID: 32516904 PMCID: PMC7350307 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9060444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.) is a worldwide zoonosis and E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) is the most common species associated with animal and human diseases. The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of CE infection in livestock and humans from very low and high endemic areas—France and Tunisia—by studying the genetic diversity of E. granulosus s.s. at the intra-individual host level. This genetic diversity was studied using EgSca6 and EgSca11 microsatellite profiles in 93 sheep from France and Tunisia, and in 12 cattle and 31 children from Tunisia only, all presenting multiple CE cysts (2 to 10 cysts). Overall, 96% of sheep, 92% of cattle, and 48% of children had at least two cysts with different microsatellite profiles. Inversely, 35% of sheep, 17% of cattle, and 65% of children had at least two cysts with the same microsatellite profile. The genotyping results for the CE samples highlight high and similar genetic diversity in France and Tunisia, suggesting that the probability of being successively infected by CE of the same microsatellite profile was rare in both countries. Therefore, our results suggest that in rare cases, several eggs of the same microsatellite profile, from two to seven in our data, can be ingested simultaneously in a single infection event and develop into several cysts in livestock and children. They also indicate that multiple infection events are frequent in livestock, even in a low endemic country such as France, and are less frequent but not negligible in children in a high endemic country such as Tunisia. Moreover, this is the first time that genetic evidence of secondary CE has been found. Further studies are needed to better assess the pattern of infection events in livestock and humans, especially by studying the genetic diversity of adult worms in definitive hosts.
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