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David MCMM, Vieira GR, Leôncio LMDL, Neves LDS, Bezerra CG, Mattos MSBD, Santos NFD, Santana FHD, Antunes RB, Araújo JF, Matos RJBD. Predictors of stress in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. JOURNAL OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS REPORTS 2022; 10:100377. [PMID: 35814812 PMCID: PMC9250709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background College students experience high stress levels during emergency remote classes in the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it is not clear whether this is due to the summation effect of both stressors (classes and pandemic). Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate predictors of stress in college students before and during remote classes five months after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The study was conducted before (BRC, July-August 2020) and during remote classes (DRC, October-November 2020). The sample consisted of 177 individuals (80 in BRC, 97 in DRC). Students were asked to self-collect saliva for cortisol analysis at each moment of the study, and to fill out a form to characterize the individual and assess the chronotype (Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire), sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index) and the stress (Perceived Stress Scale–10). Results There was no difference between the evaluated periods for cortisol, perceived stress or sleep quality. Predictors for cortisol levels were gender, academic semester, chronotype, sleep quality and sadness due to pandemic (p<0.001). Limitations Short interval between BRC and DRC assessments of perceived stress and salivary cortisol. Conclusions Age, sex, income, academic semester, chronotype, and the impact of the pandemic on mood are predictors of stress among college students. In addition, emergency remote classes and sleep quality contribute to less perceived stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mírian Celly Medeiros Miranda David
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Neural Plasticity, Environment and Behavior Research Group, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Brazil
| | - Gilberto Ramos Vieira
- Physical Education and Sports Science Nucleus, Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Lívia Maria de Lima Leôncio
- Physical Education and Sports Science Nucleus, Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Letycia Dos Santos Neves
- Nutrition Nucleus, Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Clécia Gabriela Bezerra
- Physical Education and Sports Science Nucleus, Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | | | - Nataly Ferreira Dos Santos
- Neural Plasticity, Environment and Behavior Research Group, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique de Santana
- Physical Education and Sports Science Nucleus, Academic Center of Vitória, Federal University of Pernambuco, Vitória de Santo Antão, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Barbosa Antunes
- Department of Mathematics, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | | | - Rhowena Jane Barbosa de Matos
- Posgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- Neural Plasticity, Environment and Behavior Research Group, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Brazil
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Avenida Carlos Amaral, 1015, Cajueiro, Santo Antônio de Jesus, Bahia 44574-490, Brazil
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Li Q, Hu J. Post-traumatic Growth and Psychological Resilience During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Serial Mediation Model. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:780807. [PMID: 35386520 PMCID: PMC8977484 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.780807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has issued guidelines for managing to contain, mitigate, and limit of the COVID-19. However, it is more essential to highlight the urgency and importance of evaluating social functioning and mental health status during the pandemic. College students have experienced serious problems and have had to overcome many negative situations brought about by the pandemic. Accordingly, the present study intended to use Chinese college students as sample to examine the positive adoption and changes during the ongoing COVID-19. Guided by literatures in this filed, we explored the internal mechanism of post-traumatic growth affecting psychological resilience, and considered about mediation roles of positive coping styles and cognitive reappraisal. A total of 463 college students from universities in China effectively completed online questionnaires. The result indicated that these four variables were positively correlated with each other (ps < 0.001). More importantly, our findings proved a direct and positive effect on psychological resilience. Positive coping styles and cognitive reappraisal, respectively, mediated the relationship between post-traumatic growth and psychological resilience. Over all, the hypothesized serial model conclusively fits the data: students with high-level post-traumatic growth tended to report increased use of positive coping strategies, which further facilitated their cognitive reappraisal, and subsequently, promoted their psychological resilience. The findings obtained in this study will provide a theoretical basis and possible viable strategies for both targeted crisis intervention and psychological trauma recovery plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinsheng Hu
- Department of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
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Doody CB, Robertson L, Cox KM, Bogue J, Egan J, Sarma KM. Pre-deployment programmes for building resilience in military and frontline emergency service personnel. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021; 12:CD013242. [PMID: 34870330 PMCID: PMC8647095 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013242.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military personnel and frontline emergency workers may be exposed to events that have the potential to precipitate negative mental health outcomes such as depression, symptoms of post-traumatic stress and even post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Programmes have been designed to build psychological resilience before staff are deployed into the field. This review presents a synthesis of the literature on these "pre-deployment resilience-building programmes". OBJECTIVES The objective of this review was to assess the effectiveness of programmes that seek to build resilience to potentially traumatic events among military and frontline emergency service personnel prior to their deployment. These resilience programmes were compared to other interventions, treatment as usual or no intervention. SEARCH METHODS Studies were identified through searches of electronic databases including Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The initial search took place in January 2019, with an updated search completed at the end of September 2020. SELECTION CRITERIA Only studies that used a randomised controlled trial (RCT)/cluster-RCT methodology were included. The programmes being evaluated must have sought to build resilience prior to exposure to trauma. Study participants must have been 18 years or older and be military personnel or frontline emergency workers. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Studies that met the inclusion criteria were assembled. Data extracted included methods, participants' details, intervention details, comparator details, and information on outcomes. The primary outcomes of interest were resilience, symptoms of post-traumatic stress and PTSD. Secondary outcomes of interest included acute stress disorder, depression, social support, coping skills, emotional flexibility, self-efficacy, social functioning, subjective levels of aggression, quality of sleep, quality of life and stress. Assessment of risk of bias was also completed. A total of 28 studies were included in a narrative synthesis of results. MAIN RESULTS All 28 included studies compared an experimental resilience building intervention versus a control or no intervention. There was a wide range of therapeutic modalities used, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) informed programmes, biofeedback based programmes, stress-management programmes, mindfulness and relaxation programmes, neuropsychological-based programmes, and psychoeducational-informed programmes. The main outcomes are specified here, secondary outcomes such as depression, social support, coping skills, self-efficacy, subjective levels of aggression and stress are reported in text. No studies reported on the following pre-specified outcomes; acute stress disorder, emotional flexibility, social functioning, quality of sleep and quality of life. Resilience Eight studies reported resilience as an outcome. We narratively synthesised the data from these studies and our findings show that five of these interventions had success in building resilience in their respective samples. Two of the studies that reported significant results utilised a CBT approach to build resilience, while the other three successful programmes were mindfulness-based interventions. Symptoms of post-traumatic stress Our narrative synthesis of results included eight studies. Two of the eight studies produced significant reductions in symptoms of post traumatic stress compared to controls. These interventions used neuropsychological and biofeedback intervention models respectively. PTSD caseness Four studies reported PTSD caseness as an outcome. Our narrative synthesis of results suggests that evidence is mixed as to the effectiveness of these interventions in reducing clinical diagnosis of PTSD. One study of a neuropsychology-orientated Attention Bias Modification Training (AMBT) programme had success in reducing both symptoms of post-traumatic stress and numbers of participants receiving a diagnosis of PTSD. A stress-management programme reported that, when baseline differences in rates of pre-deployment mental health issues were controlled for, participants in the control condition were at 6.9 times the risk of a diagnosis of PTSD when compared to the intervention group. Given the diversity of intervention designs and theoretical orientations used (which included stress-management, neuropsychological and psychoeducational programmes), a definitive statement on the efficacy of pre-deployment programmes at reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress and PTSD cannot be confidently offered. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS While a number of evaluations of relevant programmes have been published, the quality of these evaluations limits our ability to determine if resilience-building programmes 'work' in terms of preventing negative outcomes such as depression, symptoms of post-traumatic stress and diagnoses of PTSD. Based on our findings we recommend that future research should: a) report pre-/post-means and standard deviation scores for scales used within respective studies, b) take the form of large, RCTs with protocols published in advance, and c) seek to measure defined psychological facets such as resilience, PTSD and stress, and measure these concepts using established psychometric tools. This will provide more certainty in future assessments of the evidence base. From a clinical implications point of view, overall there is mixed evidence that the interventions included in this review are effective at safe guarding military personnel or frontline emergency workers from experiencing negative mental health outcomes, including PTSD, following exposure to potentially traumatic events. Based on this, practitioners seeking to build resilience in their personnel need to be aware of the limitations of the evidence base. Practitioners should have modest expectations in relation to the efficacy of resilience-building programmes as a prophylactic approach to employment-related critical incident traumas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colm B Doody
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lindsay Robertson
- Cochrane Common Mental Disorders, University of York, York, UK
- Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, University of York, York, UK
| | - Katie M Cox
- National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John Bogue
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jonathan Egan
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Kiran M Sarma
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Gottschall S, Guérin E. Organizational and non-organizational risk and resilience factors associated with mental health and well-being in the Royal Canadian Navy. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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ahmed Shafi A, Templeton S, Middleton T, Millican R, Vare P, Pritchard R, Hatley J. Towards a dynamic interactive model of resilience (DIMoR) for education and learning contexts. EMOTIONAL AND BEHAVIOURAL DIFFICULTIES 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/13632752.2020.1771923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeela ahmed Shafi
- School of Education and Humanities, University of Gloucestershire , Cheltenham UK
| | - Sian Templeton
- School of Education and Humanities, University of Gloucestershire , Cheltenham UK
| | - Tristan Middleton
- School of Education and Humanities, University of Gloucestershire , Cheltenham UK
| | - Richard Millican
- School of Education and Humanities, University of Gloucestershire , Cheltenham UK
| | - Paul Vare
- School of Education and Humanities, University of Gloucestershire , Cheltenham UK
| | - Rebecca Pritchard
- School of Education and Humanities, University of Gloucestershire , Cheltenham UK
| | - Jenny Hatley
- Education and Inclusion, University of Worcester , Worcester UK
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Chi X, Becker B, Yu Q, Willeit P, Jiao C, Huang L, Hossain MM, Grabovac I, Yeung A, Lin J, Veronese N, Wang J, Zhou X, Doig SR, Liu X, Carvalho AF, Yang L, Xiao T, Zou L, Fusar-Poli P, Solmi M. Prevalence and Psychosocial Correlates of Mental Health Outcomes Among Chinese College Students During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:803. [PMID: 32848958 PMCID: PMC7427603 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the prevalence and risk factors for poor mental health of Chinese university students during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHOD Chinese nation-wide on-line cross-sectional survey on university students, collected between February 12th and 17th, 2020. Primary outcome was prevalence of clinically-relevant posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Secondary outcomes on poor mental health included prevalence of clinically-relevant anxiety and depressive symptoms, while posttraumatic growth was considered as indicator of effective coping reaction. RESULTS Of 2,500 invited Chinese university students, 2,038 completed the survey. Prevalence of clinically-relevant PTSD, anxiety, and depressive symptoms, and post traumatic growth (PTG) was 30.8, 15.5, 23.3, and 66.9% respectively. Older age, knowing people who had been isolated, more ACEs, higher level of anxious attachment, and lower level of resilience all predicted primary outcome (all p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A significant proportion of young adults exhibit clinically relevant posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxious or depressive symptoms, but a larger portion of individuals showed to effectively cope with COVID-19 pandemic. Interventions promoting resilience should be provided, even remotely, to those subjects with specific risk factors to develop poor mental health during COVID-19 or other pandemics with social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Chi
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Yu
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | - Can Jiao
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liuyue Huang
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | | | | | - Albert Yeung
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jingyuan Lin
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Primary Care Department, Azienda ULSS 3 (Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria) "Serenissima", Dolo-Mirano District, Venice, Italy
| | - Jian Wang
- Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei, China
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Scott R Doig
- Arkansas State University, Jonesboro, AR, United States
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto and Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lin Yang
- Alberta Health Services, Calgary, AB, Canada.,University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Tao Xiao
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Liye Zou
- Center for Lifestyle and Mental Health, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- Early Psychosis: Intervention and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Solmi
- Early Psychosis: Intervention and Clinical-detection (EPIC) lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Neuroscience Center, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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The Biology of Human Resilience: Opportunities for Enhancing Resilience Across the Life Span. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:443-453. [PMID: 31466561 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent scientific and technological advances have brought us closer to being able to apply a true biopsychosocial approach to the study of resilience in humans. Decades of research have identified a range of psychosocial protective factors in the face of stress and trauma. Progress in resilience research is now advancing our understanding of the biology underlying these protective factors at multiple phenotypic levels, including stress response systems, neural circuitry function, and immune responses, in interaction with genetic factors. It is becoming clear that resilience involves active and unique biological processes that buffer the organism against the impact of stress, not simply involve a reversal of pathological mechanisms. Here, we provide an overview of recent progress in the field, highlighting key psychosocial milestones and accompanying biological changes during development, and into adulthood and old age. Continued advances in our understanding of psychological, social, and biological determinants of resilience will contribute to the development of novel interventions and help optimize the type and timing of intervention for those most at risk, resulting in a possible new framework for enhancing resilience across the life span.
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Abstract
Resilience is defined as the dynamic ability to adapt successfully in the face of adversity, trauma, or significant threat. Some of the key early studies of resilience were observational studies in children. They were followed by research in adults, studies testing interventions to promote resilience in different populations, and a recent upsurge of studies on the underlying genomic and neurobiological mechanisms. Neural and molecular studies in preclinical models of resilience are also increasingly identifying active stress adaptations in resilient animals. Knowledge gained from animal and human studies of resilience can be harnessed to develop new preventive interventions to enhance resilience in at-risk populations. Further, treatment interventions focused on enhancing potentially modifiable protective factors that are consistently linked to psychological resilience can enrich currently available treatment interventions for individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Translating our expanding knowledge of the neurobiology of resilience additionally promises to yield novel therapeutic strategies for treating this disabling condition. This review summarizes the vast field of resilience research spanning genomic, psychosocial, and neurobiological levels, and discusses how findings have led and can lead to new preventive and treatment interventions for PTSD.
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Mathad MD, Pradhan B, Rajesh SK. Correlates and Predictors of Resilience among Baccalaureate Nursing Students. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:JC05-JC08. [PMID: 28384889 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/24442.9352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A growing body of literature recognizes the importance of resilience in the nursing profession. Both mindfulness and resilience aid in handling stress, stress increases the risk of rumination and/or worry especially in females and they are more empathetic than other healthcare students. AIM To identify correlates and predictors of the resilience among nursing students. MATERIALS AND METHODS This is a descriptive correlation study and we have recruited 194 participants (1-4th year B.Sc Nursing) from Government College of Nursing and NIMHANS College of Nursing in Bangalore, India. The following instruments were used to collect the data, Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory (FMI), Toronto Empathy Questionnaire (TEQ), Perseverative Thinking Questionnaire (PTQ) and Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Data was analysed using Pearson's correlation test and multiple regression analysis. RESULTS Resilience is significantly correlated with mindfulness, perseverative thinking and empathy in nursing students. Based on regression analysis this model accounted for almost 33% of variance in resilience. This result is of interest as mindfulness alone explained 23% of the variance and unproductive Repeated Negative Thinking (RNT) and RNT consuming mental capacity predicted 8% and 2% respectively. CONCLUSION These results support the importance of resilience and mindfulness in nursing students. Hence, resilience and/or mindfulness enhancing interventions should be inculcated in nursing education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monali Devaraj Mathad
- Research Scholar, Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA University , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram Pradhan
- Assistant Professor, Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA University , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sasidharan K Rajesh
- Assistant Professor, Division of Yoga and Humanities, SVYASA University , Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Horn SR, Charney DS, Feder A. Understanding resilience: New approaches for preventing and treating PTSD. Exp Neurol 2016; 284:119-132. [PMID: 27417856 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
All individuals experience stressful life events, and up to 84% of the general population will experience at least one potentially traumatic event. In some cases, acute or chronic stressors lead to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or other psychopathology; however, the majority of people are resilient to such effects. Resilience is the ability to adapt successfully in the face of stress and adversity. A wealth of research has begun to identify the genetic, epigenetic, neural, and environmental underpinnings of resilience, and has indicated that resilience is mediated by adaptive changes encompassing several environmental factors, neural circuits, numerous neurotransmitters, and molecular pathways. The first part of this review focuses on recent findings regarding the genetic, epigenetic, developmental, psychosocial, and neurochemical factors as well as neural circuits and molecular pathways that underlie the development of resilience. Emerging and exciting areas of research and novel methodological approaches, including genome-wide gene expression studies, immune, endocannabinoid, oxytocin, and glutamatergic systems, are explored to help delineate innovative mechanisms that may contribute to resilience. The second part reviews several interventions and preventative approaches designed to enhance resilience in both developmental and adult populations. Specifically, the review will delineate approaches aimed to bolster resilience in individuals with PTSD. Furthermore, we discuss novel pharmacologic approaches, including the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor ketamine and neuropeptide Y (NPY), as exciting new prospects for not only the treatment of PTSD but as new targets to enhance resilience. Our growing understanding of resilience and interventions will hopefully lead to the development of new strategies for not just treating PTSD but also screening and early identification of at-risk youth and adults. Taken together, efforts aimed at dissemination and implementation of novel interventions to enhance resilience will have to keep pace with the growth of new preventive and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Horn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dennis S Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Feder
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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