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Diaby V, Almutairi RD, Babcock A, Moussa RK, Ali A. Cost-effectiveness of treatments for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and associated metastases: an overview of systematic reviews. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2021; 21:353-364. [PMID: 33213205 PMCID: PMC8765058 DOI: 10.1080/14737167.2021.1848553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Treatment of human epithelial growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer has rapidly evolved over the past decades with the addition of trastuzumab, lapatinib, pertuzumab, and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1). These treatments have dramatically impacted the survival of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer (mBC) patients. Nonetheless, these agents are associated with high price tags, begging the question, 'Are treatments for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and associated metastases cost-effective'?Areas covered: We examine evidence on the cost-effectiveness of treatments for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer and associated metastases through a review of systematic reviews on the topic. Additionally, we discuss the implications of our findings and provide recommendations for future directions in the assessment of the cost-effectiveness of targeted directed agents for HER2-positive mBC.Expert opinion: Heterogeneous evidence from cost-effectiveness studies on the use of targeted directed agents for HER2-positive mBC across the world caution against cross-country comparisons of the value of such treatments. It also militates in favor of the production and use of cost-effectiveness analyses for local rather than global decision-making, thus ensuring that economic evaluations reflect the needs of local decision-makers and populations for which they are devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vakaramoko Diaby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (POP), College of Pharmacy, HPNP 3317, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Reem D. Almutairi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Business and Administration Sciences, MCPHS University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Aram Babcock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy (POP), College of Pharmacy, HPNP 3317, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Richard K. Moussa
- Université De Cergy-Pontoise, France and Ecole Nationale Supérieure De Statistiques Et d’Economie Appliquée (ENSEA), Côte d’Ivoire
| | - Askal Ali
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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Petrou P. A systematic review of the economic evaluations of trastuzumab in metastatic breast cancer. Breast J 2020; 26:1903-1905. [DOI: 10.1111/tbj.13853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Petrou
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, Pharmacy School Pharmacoepidemiology‐Pharmacovigilance University of Nicosia Nicosia Cyprus
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Ades F, Senterre C, Zardavas D, de Azambuja E, Popescu R, Piccart M. Are life-saving anticancer drugs reaching all patients? Patterns and discrepancies of trastuzumab use in the European Union and the USA. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172351. [PMID: 28291814 PMCID: PMC5349665 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The development of trastuzumab is considered to be one of the greatest improvements in breast cancer treatment in recent years. This study aims to evaluate changes in the uptake of trastuzumab over the last 12 years and to determine whether its use is proportional to patient needs in the European Union and the USA. Methods Using national registry data, the number of new cases of HER2-positive breast cancer patients per year was estimated. The number of likely trastuzumab treatments per year was estimated using trastuzumab procurement data for each country. Results Western Europe and the USA show increasing procurement level of trastuzumab over the years studied, reaching proportional of use of trastuzumab few years after its marketing authorization in the early 2000’s. After the approval in the adjuvant setting, in the year 2006, it was observed underuse of trastuzumab given the increase of the number of patients in need of treatment. Proportional use was shortly met after a couple of years. Few countries in Eastern Europe acquired the needed quantity of trastuzumab, with procurement levels starting to increase only after approval in the adjuvant setting in 2006. Conclusion Significant differences in trastuzumab procurement are observed between Western Europe, the USA and Eastern Europe, with the latter geographic region acquiring insufficient amounts of the drug required to treat all patients in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Ades
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Centro de Oncologia e Hematologia, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Christelle Senterre
- Research Center of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Clinical Research, School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Evandro de Azambuja
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Razvan Popescu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hirslanden Clinic Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Martine Piccart
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Doble B, Tan M, Harris A, Lorgelly P. Modeling companion diagnostics in economic evaluations of targeted oncology therapies: systematic review and methodological checklist. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 15:235-54. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.929499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Yang M, Patel DS, Tufail W, Issa AM. The quality of economic studies of cancer pharmacogenomics: a quantitative appraisal of the evidence. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2014; 13:597-611. [PMID: 24138646 DOI: 10.1586/14737167.2013.838023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the quality of health economic studies of cancer pharmacogenomics (PGx). A systematic search of the literature for economic studies of PGx was conducted in four common cancers. Evaluation of study quality was carried out using the quality of health economic studies instrument. Thirty-nine articles met our eligibility criteria and were selected and accepted for further statistical analyses. The majority of articles (85%) were studies focusing on breast cancer. The overall weighted mean quality score was 85.10, with a range from 21 to 100. Eighty-seven percent of articles were categorized as good quality, whereas some 10 and 3% were categorized as moderate and poor quality, respectively. The quality of economic studies of cancer PGx is generally good but varied widely. We identified several attributes that are predictive of quality. Our findings may be useful for oncologists, health economists and decision makers interested in evaluating studies involving PGx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Yang
- Program in Personalized Medicine & Targeted Therapeutics, University of the Sciences, Philadelphia, 600 S. 43rd St., Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Kondo M, Toi M. Cost-effective treatment options in first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer in Japan. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 6:197-204. [PMID: 16445372 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.6.2.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Concern regarding the economic aspect of cancer care has been increasing in the face of mounting healthcare expenditure in Japan. The need, not only for effective, but also for efficient treatment options in breast cancer care have been recognized in a broader context. In clinical practice, treatment options in first-line therapy for advanced breast cancer have become similar to those in Western countries in the past 5 to 10 years in the context of so-called 'evidence-based medicine' employing clinical evidence; whereas evidence of cost-effectiveness has been less acknowledged. Limited economic evidence suggests that current Japanese practice in first-line hormonal therapy is cost-effective. However, the efficiency of other options, such as chemotherapy, remains unknown. The expanding use of an expensive molecular-targeting agent, trastuzumab, has great implications for a treatment algorithm for breast cancer as well as for cost-effectiveness of care. Trastuzumab, of which use in first-line therapy was not found to be cost-effective in Western countries, is expected to be used for a number of HER2-overexpressing primary breast cancers in Japan. The extension of indication of this single agent would increase national healthcare expenditure by 0.1%. The authors believe explicit discussion on value for money of new expensive drugs would be unavoidable, not only among health policy makers, but also leading breast cancer specialists in Japan in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Kondo
- Department of Healthcare Policy and Management, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tennoudai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577 Japan.
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Parkinson B, Pearson SA, Viney R. Economic evaluations of trastuzumab in HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer: a systematic review and critique. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH ECONOMICS : HEPAC : HEALTH ECONOMICS IN PREVENTION AND CARE 2014; 15:93-112. [PMID: 23436142 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-013-0459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Published economic evaluations of trastuzumab for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer have arrived at different conclusions regarding the cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab, despite comparative efficacy being demonstrated by a small set of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). OBJECTIVES This article aims to provide insight into the quality of the evaluations and explore the possible drivers of the conflicting conclusions. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all published economic evaluations that compared the incremental costs and outcomes of trastuzumab versus a comparator. RESULTS Fifteen economic evaluations were identified. In the evaluations that estimated efficacy using an RCT, the key drivers of the conclusions regarding cost-effectiveness were: the approach used to estimate overall survival in the control group given crossover to trastuzumab following progression in the trials; the inclusion of treatment beyond progression; inclusion of wastage due to unused vial portions, adverse events, and the cost of HER2 testing. Four evaluations used non-randomised approaches to estimate efficacy, thus introducing the potential for confounding. As a result these evaluations reported relatively optimistic estimates of comparative effectiveness. Finally the evaluations used different thresholds to determine whether treatment with trastuzumab was cost-effective. CONCLUSION There were numerous drivers of the different conclusions regarding the cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab, many of which are due to judgements made by the authors when translating data from RCTs. Many of the potential drivers were not identified by the published systematic reviews of economic evaluations and perhaps more remain unidentified because of inconsistent and limited reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonny Parkinson
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Evaluation (CHERE), University of Technology, Sydney, Broadway, PO Box 123, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia,
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Cost-effectiveness analysis of trastuzumab (herceptin) in HER2-overexpressed metastatic breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2013; 32:492-8. [PMID: 19487912 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0b013e3181931277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In women with Human Epidermal growth Receptor 2 (HER2)-positive metastatic breast cancer (MBC), Trastuzumab has become the standard of care but previous studies have raised doubts about its economic acceptability. We carried out the first cost-effectiveness study for Trastuzumab in MBC patients, in France, that is based on observed resource use and outcomes in clinical practice. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 47 HER2-positive MBC patients in a before-and-after design study. Nineteen patients did not receive Trastuzumab ("before" Trastuzumab introduction in clinical practice) and 28 patients received Trastuzumab (the "after" population). Direct medical costs were estimated on the basis of the physical quantities reported in the patient medical records, for the period from first metastatic progression until death or date of patient last news. Monetary values (2002 French francs) were attributed to these quantities on the basis of unit costs and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated. RESULTS In the Trastuzumab group, median overall survival was significantly higher (37 months vs. 19 months in the non-Ttrastuzumab group, P = 0.001) but total treatment costs were 3 times higher (€ 39,608 vs. € 12,795). The cost per additional life-year saved by Trastuzumab treatment was estimated to be € 27,492 (95% confidence interval: € 20,964-€ 34,020/year of life [bootstrapped estimation]). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that despite its high unit price, Trastuzumab should be considered cost-effective in MBC patients to the extent that its incremental cost per life-year saved remains lower than gross domestic product per capita in countries like France.
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Jeyakumar A, Younis T. Trastuzumab for HER2-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer: Clinical and Economic Considerations. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-ONCOLOGY 2012; 6:179-87. [PMID: 22518088 PMCID: PMC3327515 DOI: 10.4137/cmo.s6460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab is a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody that selectively targets the extra-cellular domain of the HER2 receptor. It was approved by the FDA in September 1998 as the first targeted therapy for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, and has since led to significant improvements in the overall prognosis for patients with HER2-positive metastatic disease. The favourable benefit/risk profile associated with palliative trastuzumab has been demonstrated in a number of clinical trials that examined trastusumab as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy, endocrine therapy and other HER2 targeted agents. The clinical benefits of trastuzumab, however should also be examined within the context of its significant drug acquisition costs. This review highlights the significant findings from the landmark clinical trials of trastuzumab for metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, and the potential “value for money” associated with its use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin Jeyakumar
- Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre at Dalhousie University, Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 2Y9, Canada
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Becker F, van El CG, Ibarreta D, Zika E, Hogarth S, Borry P, Cambon-Thomsen A, Cassiman JJ, Evers-Kiebooms G, Hodgson S, Janssens ACJW, Kaariainen H, Krawczak M, Kristoffersson U, Lubinski J, Patch C, Penchaszadeh VB, Read A, Rogowski W, Sequeiros J, Tranebjaerg L, van Langen IM, Wallace H, Zimmern R, Schmidtke J, Cornel MC. Genetic testing and common disorders in a public health framework: how to assess relevance and possibilities. Background Document to the ESHG recommendations on genetic testing and common disorders. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19 Suppl 1:S6-44. [PMID: 21412252 PMCID: PMC3327518 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Becker
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Human Genetics, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carla G van El
- Department of Clinical Genetics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dolores Ibarreta
- IPTS Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Seville, Spain
| | - Eleni Zika
- IPTS Institute for Prospective Technological Studies, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Seville, Spain
| | - Stuart Hogarth
- Department of Social Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Pascal Borry
- Department of Clinical Genetics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Biomedical Ethics and Law, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Medical Humanities and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Cambon-Thomsen
- Inserm, U 558, Department of Epidemiology, Health Economics and Public Health, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Gerry Evers-Kiebooms
- Psychosocial Genetics Unit University Hospitals, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shirley Hodgson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - A Cécile J W Janssens
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Jan Lubinski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | | | - Andrew Read
- Division of Human Development, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Wolf Rogowski
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute and Outpatient Clinic for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Clinical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
| | - Jorge Sequeiros
- IBMC – Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, and ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Lisbeth Tranebjaerg
- Department of Audiology, H:S Bispebjerg Hospital and Wilhelm Johannsen Centre of Functional Genomics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irene M van Langen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Helen Wallace
- GeneWatch UK, The Mill House, Tideswell, Derbyshire, UK
| | - Ron Zimmern
- PHG Foundation, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jörg Schmidtke
- Hannover Medical School, Department of Human Genetics, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina C Cornel
- Department of Clinical Genetics and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Brooks J, Wilson K, Amir Z. Additional financial costs borne by cancer patients: a narrative review. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2010; 15:302-10. [PMID: 21093369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejon.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review out-of-pocket costs related to cancer that are borne by patients and their families. METHODS A literature search using key terms relating to out-of-pocket costs incurred by cancer patients and their families was undertaken to generate a comprehensive narrative synthesis of the information available. RESULTS Four themes were identified: measuring costs; sources of costs; the impact of costs and reducing costs. The wide variety of measures for ascertaining hidden costs makes comparison of findings difficult; some articles cover a very narrow range of costs. Qualitative research is useful for elucidating a wide range of costs. Costs pertaining to hospital visits, nutrition and clothing are widely mentioned. Low additional expenditure may indicate that needs/wants are going unmet. Financial capacity to cope and subjective perception of impact are important. Low income, younger age, chemotherapy and living rurally are associated with greater impact. Extra expense can exert long-term effects on family finances. Primary care follow-up, telemedicine and treatments that entail fewer visits may serve to reduce patient costs. CONCLUSIONS The key question is how to organise/deliver cancer care in order to reduce additional expenses to patients and families. Future research could identify critical time-points and demographic groups susceptible to significant additional costs, in order to target support at those most in need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Brooks
- Centre for Applied Psychological Research, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, UK.
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Vogel UF. Confirmation of a low HER2 positivity rate of breast carcinomas - limitations of immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Diagn Pathol 2010; 5:50. [PMID: 20670419 PMCID: PMC2923103 DOI: 10.1186/1746-1596-5-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate assessment of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) of invasive breast cancer is essential to treatment decisions since the advent of targeted therapy with the humanized monoclonal antibody trastuzumab and the dual tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib. In the literature, the percentage of HER2-overexpressed/amplified breast carcinomas range from 3% to 30%. The routinely assigned low rate of 9% of HER2-overexpressed breast carcinomas alarmed one of our gynecologists who requested to confirm our HER2 test results. Methods A small study of 83 patients with breast carcinoma was designed to reexamine the routinely assessed HER2 status using immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results The low rate of 9% of HER2-overexpressed/amplified breast tumors (DIN1C-3, invasive carcinoma) could be confirmed. However, FISH revealed two false positive cases and one false negative case. Moreover a case with an equivocal result in FISH was detected. Conclusion The HER2 positivity rate may be as low as 9%. The novel ASCO/CAP criteria for assessing immunohistochemical results in HER 2 testing reduce the false positive rate of HER2. First-line testing with immunohistochemistry may obscure false positive and false negative test results. In heterogeneous carcinomas even fluorescence in situ hybridization may not succeed in a correct evaluation of HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich F Vogel
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, Eberhard-Karls-University, Liebermeisterstrasse 8, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Chan ALF, Leung HWC, Lu CL, Lin SJ. Cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab as adjuvant therapy for early breast cancer: a systematic review. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43:296-303. [PMID: 19193576 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1l504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify published, original, cost-effectiveness analyses presenting cost/quality-adjusted life year (QALY) ratios for trastuzumab used as an adjuvant treatment for HER2-positive early breast cancer and to evaluate the quality of reporting the favorable cost-effectiveness ratios. DATA SOURCES The terms trastuzumab adjuvant therapy, cost-effectiveness, quality-adjusted, QALY, and early breast cancer were searched in MEDLINE, PubMed, Embase, and CancerLit, as well as in Cochrane economic evaluation and reference lists from 1998 to June 2008. Only English-language publications were eligible. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All published studies examining cost-effectiveness outcomes on the basis of modeling or clinical trials were included. Cost-effectiveness analysis that measured health effects in units other than QALY, life year gained, neoadjuvant data, reviews, and comments were excluded. Each study was assessed independently by 2 trained reviewers. DATA SYNTHESIS Thirteen of the 239 articles identified met the inclusion criteria, with 23 cost-effectiveness ratios pertaining to treatment of early breast cancer. These ratios ranged from $5020/QALY to $134,610/QALY. Most studies reported favorable cost-effectiveness values (ie, below $50,000/QALY). About 84.6% were conducted using a Markov model based on data from clinical trials and 15.3% were analyzed by other economic or cost models; 84.6% reported sensitivity analysis, 11 studies (84.6%) clearly described a justification of selecting study design, and only 15.3% noted study limitations. All studies mentioned their perspective; 92.3% did not show the funding source. Methods of reporting costs, effectiveness, and time-horizons for disease states varied significantly. Nine (69.2%) studies used a discount rate of 3%, 3 studies used a discount rate of 5%, and 1 study used 3.5%. The mean quality of the studies was 4.43. CONCLUSIONS Most studies presenting the frequently proposed threshold of QALY suggest that trastuzumab may be cost-effective for treatment of early breast cancer in a 1-year treatment regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes L F Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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14
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Oestreicher N. Costs of adjuvant breast cancer treatments. Cancer Treat Res 2009; 151:421-440. [PMID: 19593526 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75115-3_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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The costs of colonoscopy in a Canadian hospital using a microcosting approach. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY = JOURNAL CANADIEN DE GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2008; 22:565-70. [PMID: 18560635 DOI: 10.1155/2008/854984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colonoscopy has become accepted as one of the most effective methods of screening patients for colorectal cancer, and is used to remove the majority of colonic adenomas. OBJECTIVE Because of the paucity of such estimates in the literature and the significant number of candidates for this procedure, the present study was performed to estimate the direct hospital costs of both diagnostic and therapeutic (polypectomy) colonoscopy. METHODS A microcosting methodology was used to itemize the costs of colonoscopy. Variable and fixed costs were divided into labour, supplies, equipment and overhead costs. A third-party payer perspective was adopted. All costs are expressed in 2007 Canadian dollars. RESULTS The cost of a diagnostic colonoscopy was $157 and the cost of a therapeutic colonoscopy was $199. Overhead costs represented approximately 30% of these amounts. When physician fees were added, these costs rose to $352 and $467, respectively. CONCLUSION Because the overhead costs represent a large proportion of the total costs, allocation methods for these costs should be improved to allow for a more precise determination of the total costs of a colonoscopy. These estimates are useful when analyzing the cost-effectiveness of a strategy that uses colonoscopy when screening for colorectal cancer.
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Nunn AD. Molecular imaging and personalized medicine: an uncertain future. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2008; 22:722-39. [PMID: 18158763 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2007.0417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Food and Drug Administration has described their view of the role that imaging will play in the approval, and perhaps postapproval, use of new therapeutic drugs. The therapeutic drug industry and regulatory authorities have turned to imaging to help them achieve better efficiency and efficacy. We must extend this initiative by demonstrating that molecular imaging can also improve the efficiency and efficacy of routine treatment with these same drugs. The role of molecular imaging in personalized medicine, using targeted drugs in oncology, is very attractive because of the regional information that it provides (in many cases, with a functional or dynamic component), which cannot be provided by in vitro methods ("regional proteomics"). There is great potential for molecular imaging to play a major role in selecting appropriate patients and providing early proof of response, which is critical to addressing the conflict between the high price of treatment and limited reimbursement budgets. This is a new venture in both molecular imaging and targeted drugs. However, there are various regulatory, financial, and practical barriers that must be overcome to achieve this aim, in addition to the normal scientific challenges of drug discovery. There is an urgent need to reduce the cost (i.e., time and money) of developing imaging agents for routine clinical use. The mismatch between the current regulations and personalized medicine includes molecular imaging and requires the engagement of the regulatory authorities to correct. Therapeutic companies must be engaged early in the development of new targeted drugs and molecular imaging agents to improve the fit between the two drug types. Clinical trials must be performed to generate data that not only shows the efficacy of imaging plus therapy in a medical sense, but also in a financial sense. Molecular imaging must be accepted as not just good science but also as central to routine patient management in the personalized medicine of the future.
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Dendukuri N, Khetani K, McIsaac M, Brophy J. Testing for HER2-positive breast cancer: a systematic review and cost-effectiveness analysis. CMAJ 2007; 176:1429-34. [PMID: 17485695 PMCID: PMC1863543 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing to determine HER2 status has come into focus since the approval of trastuzumab (Herceptin) for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. We compared the cost-effectiveness of various strategies used to test HER2 status, an important first step toward evaluating the overall cost-effectiveness of trastuzumab therapy. METHODS We performed a systematic review of studies that evaluated concordance between immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization testing to determine HER2 status. We performed a meta-analysis to estimate the distribution of immunohistochemistry scores in each category (0, 1+, 2+, 3+) and the probability of receiving a positive result of fluorescence in situ hybridization (which we assumed to be the "gold-standard" test) for each category. We calculated the accuracy and incremental cost per accurate diagnosis for each testing strategy compared with the base strategy (immunohistochemistry testing, followed by confirmation of 2+ scores by fluorescence in situ hybridization). RESULTS The median percentage of patients in each category of immunohistochemistry score was: 0, 36.1%; 1+, 35.5%; 2+, 12.0%; and 3+, 16.2%. The median percentage of results of fluorescence in situ hybridization that were positive in each immunohistochemistry category was: 0, 1.6%; 1+, 4.9%; 2+, 29.8%; and 3+, 92.4%. The base strategy was expected to correctly determine the HER2 status of 96% of patients with breast cancer. Confirmation of the HER2 status by fluorescence in situ hybridization in cases that received a score of 3+ reduced the percentage of false-positive results to 0% and increased the percentage of accurately determined HER2 results to 97.6%. Compared with the base strategy, this strategy was associated with a median incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $6175 per case of accurately determined HER2 status. The strategy of performing fluorescence in situ hybridization testing in all cases of breast cancer was associated with a median incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $8401 per case of accurately determined HER2 status. INTERPRETATION The strategy with the lowest cost-effectiveness ratio involved screening all newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer with immunohistochemistry and confirming scores of 2+ or 3+ with fluorescence in situ hybridization testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Dendukuri
- Technology Assessment Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, Que.
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Plosker GL, Keam SJ. Trastuzumab: a review of its use in the management of HER2-positive metastatic and early-stage breast cancer. Drugs 2006; 66:449-75. [PMID: 16597163 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200666040-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Trastuzumab (Herceptin) is a humanised monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of breast cancer that overexpresses human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which is associated with clinically aggressive disease and a poor prognosis. The addition of intravenous trastuzumab to first-line chemotherapy improved the time to disease progression, objective response rate, duration of response, and overall survival in randomised, multicentre trials in women with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. As such, trastuzumab has become the standard of care in this setting, despite its high acquisition cost and potential for cardiac events, and is licensed for use in combination with paclitaxel (Europe and the US) or docetaxel (Europe). In addition, trastuzumab monotherapy is approved for use in patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer who have previously received chemotherapy for their metastatic disease. Recent data from large phase III trials with trastuzumab in the adjuvant setting revealed significant improvements in disease-free and overall survival. Thus, trastuzumab is also rapidly becoming a standard component of adjuvant therapy for patients with HER2-positive early-stage breast cancer.
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Neyt M, Albrecht J, Cocquyt V. An economic evaluation of Herceptin® in adjuvant setting: the Breast Cancer International Research Group 006 trial. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:381-90. [PMID: 16319089 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdj101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herceptin (trastuzumab) is a humanized monoclonal antibody that is being tested in the adjuvant setting. Cost implications of using trastuzumab, as administered in the Breast Cancer International Research Group 006 trial, are being calculated. This provides information on the treatment's value for money. METHODS Standard breast cancer treatment models were set up for different subpopulations according to stage (I, II, III) and menopausal condition (<50 and >50 years). Costs were calculated from the hospital's point of view, using the micro-costing method. Life expectancy data were based on literature. Our comparator was the existing practice. In addition to a sensitivity analysis, a threshold analysis on the prices of trastuzumab and docetaxel was performed to target an acceptable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio. RESULTS Treatment costs were euro 45,034 (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide --> docetaxel and trastuzumab) or euro 47,765 (docetaxel, carboplatin and trastuzumab). This was largely (79% and 75%, respectively) attributed to trastuzumab. According to our threshold analysis, an acceptable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio can be reached if health improvements are large enough and/or price discounts are given. CONCLUSIONS Trastuzumab is a promising but very expensive antibody. With the current pressure on health-care budgets, cost implications of using trastuzumab in adjuvant setting must be calculated before use of the product becomes wide-spread. This provides essential information for price-setting policies and for policy makers considering reimbursement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neyt
- Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Department of Economics, Ghent University, Ghent.
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