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Mendes DCS, Rodrigues DTA, Gomes HM, Lenz TM, Silva CM, Antonio IG. Pathogens and microorganisms in the mangrove oyster Crassostrea gasar cultivated in an estuarine environment in Northeast Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e272789. [PMID: 37729211 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.272789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Estuaries are important ecosystems due to the ecological services they provide, acting as nurseries for many species of fish and invertebrates, and are also used as environments for the extraction and cultivation of mollusks. Oysters are animals that filter water to obtain oxygen and nutrients. In this process, they can bioaccumulate microorganisms and chemical substances in their tissues. The growth of mollusk culture in Northeastern Brazil requires the health identification of cultivated oysters through the quantification of the potentially harmful microbiota accumulated in the animals. Therefore, the present work aims to quantify and identify bacteria and possible pathogens found in the tissues of cultivated oysters and their culture waters. The Most Probable Number of Coliforms (MPN) in oysters and water were considered suitable according to the Brazilian current legislation, Vibrio sp. obtained low colonization and Salmonella sp. was not observed. The prevalence of microorganisms potentially pathogenic to oysters was 33.7%, highlighting metazoans and Nematopsis sp., however, the intensity of the infestation of these organisms was moderate. The low contamination of oysters demonstrates that this culture environment is promising for this activity. However, continuous environmental and sanitary monitoring is fundamental to guarantee the safety of the culture waters and the sustainability of aquaculture activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C S Mendes
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - D T A Rodrigues
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - H M Gomes
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - T M Lenz
- Instituto Federal de Alagoas - IFAL, Penedo, AL, Brasil
| | - C M Silva
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, São Luís, MA, Brasil
| | - I G Antonio
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, São Luís, MA, Brasil
- Universidade Estadual do Maranhão - UEMA, Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, São Luís, MA, Brasil
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Kijewska A, Koroza A, Grudlewska-Buda K, Kijewski T, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Zorena K, Skowron K. Molluscs-A ticking microbial bomb. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1061223. [PMID: 36699600 PMCID: PMC9868776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalve shellfish consumption (ark shells, clams, cockles, and oysters) has increased over the last decades. Following this trend, infectious disease outbreaks associated with their consumption have been reported more frequently. Molluscs are a diverse group of organisms found wild and farmed. They are common on our tables, but unfortunately, despite their great taste, they can also pose a threat as a potential vector for numerous species of pathogenic microorganisms. Clams, in particular, might be filled with pathogens because of their filter-feeding diet. This specific way of feeding favors the accumulation of excessive amounts of pathogenic microorganisms like Vibrio spp., including Vibrio cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Arcobacter spp., and fecal coliforms, and intestinal enterococci. The problems of pathogen dissemination and disease outbreaks caused by exogenous bacteria in many geographical regions quickly became an unwanted effect of globalized food supply chains, global climate change, and natural pathogen transmission dynamics. Moreover, some pathogens like Shewanella spp., with high zoonotic potential, are spreading worldwide along with food transport. These bacteria, contained in food, are also responsible for the potential transmission of antibiotic-resistance genes to species belonging to the human microbiota. Finally, they end up in wastewater, thus colonizing new areas, which enables them to introduce new antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) into the environment and extend the existing spectrum of ARGs already present in local biomes. Foodborne pathogens require modern methods of detection. Similarly, detecting ARGs is necessary to prevent resistance dissemination in new environments, thus preventing future outbreaks, which could threaten associated consumers and workers in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kijewska
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Koroza
- Department of Climate and Ocean Research and Education Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Science, Sopot, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kijewski
- Department of Climate and Ocean Research and Education Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Science, Sopot, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland,*Correspondence: Krzysztof Skowron,
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Løvdal T, Lunestad BT, Myrmel M, Rosnes JT, Skipnes D. Microbiological Food Safety of Seaweeds. Foods 2021; 10:foods10112719. [PMID: 34829000 PMCID: PMC8619114 DOI: 10.3390/foods10112719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of seaweeds in the human diet has a long history in Asia and has now been increasing also in the western world. Concurrent with this trend, there is a corresponding increase in cultivation and harvesting for commercial production. Edible seaweed is a heterogenous product category including species within the green, red, and brown macroalgae. Moreover, the species are utilized on their own or in combinatorial food products, eaten fresh or processed by a variety of technologies. The present review summarizes available literature with respect to microbiological food safety and quality of seaweed food products, including processing and other factors controlling these parameters, and emerging trends to improve on the safety, utilization, quality, and storability of seaweeds. The over- or misuse of antimicrobials and the concurrent development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a current worldwide health concern. The role of seaweeds in the development of AMR and the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes is an underexplored field of research and is discussed in that context. Legislation and guidelines relevant to edible seaweed are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trond Løvdal
- Nofima–Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Department of Process Technology, Richard Johnsens Gate 4, P.O. Box 8034, NO-4021 Stavanger, Norway; (J.T.R.); (D.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Bjørn Tore Lunestad
- Institute of Marine Research, Section for Contaminants and Biohazards, Nordnesgaten 50, P.O. Box 1870, NO-5005 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Virology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Elizabeth Stephansens vei 15, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1433 Ås, Norway;
| | - Jan Thomas Rosnes
- Nofima–Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Department of Process Technology, Richard Johnsens Gate 4, P.O. Box 8034, NO-4021 Stavanger, Norway; (J.T.R.); (D.S.)
| | - Dagbjørn Skipnes
- Nofima–Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Department of Process Technology, Richard Johnsens Gate 4, P.O. Box 8034, NO-4021 Stavanger, Norway; (J.T.R.); (D.S.)
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Zampieri A, Babbucci M, Carraro L, Milan M, Fasolato L, Cardazzo B. Combining Culture-Dependent and Culture-Independent Methods: New Methodology Insight on the Vibrio Community of Ruditapes philippinarum. Foods 2021; 10:1271. [PMID: 34204939 PMCID: PMC8228196 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vibrios represent a natural contaminant of seafood products. V. alginolyticus, V. cholerae, V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus are the most hazardous species to human health. Given the worldwide consumption of mollusc products, reliable detection of Vibrio species is recommended to prevent human vibriosis. In this study, culture-dependent and -independent methods were compared and integrated to implement knowledge of the Manila clam Vibrio community composition. Here, 16S and recA-pyrH metabarcoding were applied to compare the microbial communities of homogenate clam samples (culture-independent method) and their culture-derived samples plated on three different media (culture-dependent method). In addition, a subset of plated clam samples was investigated using shotgun metagenomics. Homogenate metabarcoding characterized the most abundant taxa (16S) and Vibrio species (recA-pyrH). Culture-dependent metabarcoding detected the cultivable taxa, including rare species. Moreover, marine agar medium was found to be a useful substrate for the recovery of several Vibrio species, including the main human pathogenic ones. The culture-dependent shotgun metagenomics detected all the main human pathogenic Vibrio species and a higher number of vibrios with respect to the recA-pyrH metabarcoding. The study revealed that integration of culture-dependent and culture-independent methods might be a valid approach for the characterization of Vibrio biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luca Fasolato
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (A.Z.); (M.B.); (L.C.); (M.M.); (B.C.)
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Sbaoui Y, Bennis F, Chegdani F. SARS-CoV-2 as Enteric Virus in Wastewater: Which Risk on the Environment and Human Behavior? Microbiol Insights 2021; 14:1178636121999673. [PMID: 33795937 PMCID: PMC7968024 DOI: 10.1177/1178636121999673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, and protozoa are the cause of many waterborne human infections. These microbes are either naturally present in aquatic environments or transferred within them by fecal sources. They remain in these environments for varying lengths of time before contaminating a new host. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, some studies have reported the presence of viral nucleic acids in stool samples from COVID-19 patients, suggesting the possibility of fecal-oral transmission. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA was thereby detected in the wastewater of symptomatic and asymptomatic people with a risk to human and environmental health. In this work, we try to discuss the different potential sources of this contamination, the forms of persistence in the environment, the techniques of partial elimination, and the possibility of creating new reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousra Sbaoui
- Health and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Faïza Bennis
- Health and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima Chegdani
- Health and Environment Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences Aïn Chock, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca, Morocco
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Morimoto Y, Takahashi S, Isoda Y, Nokami T, Fukamizo T, Suginta W, Ohnuma T. Kinetic and thermodynamic insights into the inhibitory mechanism of TMG-chitotriomycin on Vibrio campbellii GH20 exo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. Carbohydr Res 2020; 499:108201. [PMID: 33243428 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2020.108201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the inhibition kinetics of VhGlcNAcase, a GH20 exo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (GlcNAcase) from the marine bacterium Vibrio campbellii (formerly V. harveyi) ATCC BAA-1116, using TMG-chitotriomycin, a natural enzyme inhibitor specific for GH20 GlcNAcases from chitin-processing organisms, with p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminide (pNP-GlcNAc) as the substrate. TMG-chitotriomycin inhibited VhGlcNAcase with an IC50 of 3.0 ± 0.7 μM. Using Dixon plots, the inhibition kinetics indicated that TMG-chitotriomycin is a competitive inhibitor, with an inhibition constant Ki of 2.2 ± 0.3 μM. Isothermal titration calorimetry experiments provided the thermodynamic parameters for the binding of TMG-chitotriomycin to VhGlcNAcase and revealed that binding was driven by both favorable enthalpy and entropy changes (ΔH° = -2.5 ± 0.1 kcal/mol and -TΔS° = -5.8 ± 0.3 kcal/mol), resulting in a free energy change, ΔG°, of -8.2 ± 0.2 kcal/mol. Dissection of the entropic term showed that a favorable solvation entropy change (-TΔSsolv° = -16 ± 2 kcal/mol) is the main contributor to the entropic term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Morimoto
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan
| | - Shuji Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Yuta Isoda
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Toshiki Nokami
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyama-minami, Tottori, 680-8552, Japan
| | - Tamo Fukamizo
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan; School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Tumbol Payupnai, Wangchan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Wipa Suginta
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Tumbol Payupnai, Wangchan Valley, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
| | - Takayuki Ohnuma
- Department of Advanced Bioscience, Kindai University, 3327-204 Nakamachi, Nara, 631-8505, Japan; Agricultural Technology and Innovation Research Institute, Kindai University, Nara, Japan.
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7
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Blikra MJ, Løvdal T, Vaka MR, Roiha IS, Lunestad BT, Lindseth C, Skipnes D. Assessment of food quality and microbial safety of brown macroalgae (Alaria esculenta and Saccharina latissima). JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:1198-1206. [PMID: 30054912 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has been a rapid increase in the number of seaweed farms in the Western world, and it is crucial for these companies and their customers to have standardized methods for quality assessment and optimization. The aim of this study was to adapt known methods for food-quality determination for the analysis of seaweed quality, including color, texture, and microbiology, and to discuss optimal heat treatments for the popular macroalgae Saccharina latissima and Alaria esculenta. RESULTS The development of an attractive, green color during heating was highly specific to species, freezing history, and part of the thallus. Resilience and thermostability were also species dependent. Low microbial numbers (1-3 log cfu/g) for total aerobic count, psychrotrophic bacteria, and spore-forming bacteria were found, but Bacillus spp. were isolated. No enterococci, coliforms, pathogenic vibrios, or Listeria monocytogenes were detected. CONCLUSION The methods employed were able to describe clearly the physical and microbial qualities of A. esculenta and S. latissima, and quality changes during processing. Based on the results, optimal cooking for a minimum of 15 min at 95 °C was suggested for S. latissima. Fresh and frozen A. esculenta showed the greenest color after heating for 5-9 s at a high temperature (> 85 °C). If a higher heat load is needed to achieve safe and stable food products, using fresh and not frozen A. esculenta is highly recommended, as fresh specimens remain green even after 15 min at 95 °C. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marthe J Blikra
- Department of Process Technology, Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Stavanger, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Trond Løvdal
- Department of Process Technology, Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Mette R Vaka
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Irja S Roiha
- Department of Seafood Safety and Health and Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Bjørn Tore Lunestad
- Department of Seafood Safety and Health and Department of Contaminants and Biohazards, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie Lindseth
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Dagbjørn Skipnes
- Department of Process Technology, Nofima, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research, Stavanger, Norway
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Vibrio Pathogens: A Public Health Concern in Rural Water Resources in Sub-Saharan Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101188. [PMID: 28991153 PMCID: PMC5664689 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Vibrio genus are autochthonous inhabitants of aquatic environments and play vital roles in sustaining the aquatic milieu. The genus comprises about 100 species, which are mostly of marine or freshwater origin, and their classification is frequently updated due to the continuous discovery of novel species. The main route of transmission of Vibrio pathogens to man is through drinking of contaminated water and consumption inadequately cooked aquatic food products. In sub-Saharan Africa and much of the developing world, some rural dwellers use freshwater resources such as rivers for domestic activities, bathing, and cultural and religious purposes. This review describes the impact of inadequately treated sewage effluents on the receiving freshwater resources and the associated risk to the rural dwellers that depends on the water. Vibrio infections remain a threat to public health. In the last decade, Vibrio disease outbreaks have created alertness on the personal, economic, and public health uncertainties associated with the impact of contaminated water in the aquatic environment of sub-Saharan Africa. In this review, we carried out an overview of Vibrio pathogens in rural water resources in Sub-Saharan Africa and the implication of Vibrio pathogens on public health. Continuous monitoring of Vibrio pathogens among environmental freshwater and treated effluents is expected to help reduce the risk associated with the early detection of sources of infection, and also aid our understanding of the natural ecology and evolution of Vibrio pathogens.
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Schönauer E, Brandstetter H. Inhibition and Activity Regulation of Bacterial Collagenases. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Zavala-Norzagaray AA, Aguirre AA, Velazquez-Roman J, Flores-Villaseñor H, León-Sicairos N, Ley-Quiñonez CP, Hernández-Díaz LDJ, Canizalez-Roman A. Isolation, characterization, and antibiotic resistance of Vibrio spp. in sea turtles from Northwestern Mexico. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:635. [PMID: 26161078 PMCID: PMC4480150 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerobic oral and cloacal bacterial microbiota and their antimicrobial resistance were characterized for 64 apparently healthy sea turtles captured at their foraging grounds in Ojo de Liebre Lagoon (OLL), Baja California Sur (BCS), Mexico (Pacific Ocean) and the lagoon system of Navachiste (LSN) and Marine Area of Influence (MAI), Guasave, Sinaloa (Gulf of California). A total of 34 black turtles (Chelonia mydas agassizii) were sampled in OLL and eight black turtles and 22 olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) were sampled in LSN and MAI, respectively from January to December 2012. We isolated 13 different species of Gram-negative bacteria. The most frequently isolated bacteria were Vibrio alginolyticus in 39/64 (60%), V. parahaemolyticus in 17/64 (26%), and V. cholerae in 6/64 (9%). However, V. cholerae was isolated only from turtles captured from the Gulf of California (MAI). Among V. parahaemolyticus strains, six O serogroups and eight serovars were identified from which 5/17 (29.4%) belonged to the pathogenic strains (tdh+ gene) and 2/17 (11.7%) had the pandemic clone (tdh+ and toxRS/new+). Among V. cholerae strains, all were identified as non-O1/non-O139, and in 4/6 (66%) the accessory cholera enterotoxin gene (ace) was identified but without virulence gene zot, ctxA, and ctxB. Of the isolated V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae, and V. alginolyticus strains, 94.1, 33.4, and 100% demonstrated resistance to at least one commonly prescribed antibiotic (primarily to ampicillin), respectively. In conclusion, the presence of several potential (toxigenic) human pathogens in sea turtles may represent transmission of environmental microbes and a high-risk of food-borne disease. Therefore, based on the fact that it is illegal and unhealthy, we discourage the consumption of sea turtle meat or eggs in northwestern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A Zavala-Norzagaray
- Programa Regional Para el Doctorado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa Culiacán, México ; Departamento de medio ambiente y desarrollo comunitario, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional - Sinaloa Guasave, Mexico
| | - A Alonso Aguirre
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- Research Unit, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa Culiacán, Mexico
| | | | - Nidia León-Sicairos
- Research Unit, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa Culiacán, Mexico ; Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa Culiacán, Mexico
| | - C P Ley-Quiñonez
- Departamento de medio ambiente y desarrollo comunitario, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional - Sinaloa Guasave, Mexico
| | - Lucio De Jesús Hernández-Díaz
- Programa Regional Para el Doctorado en Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Biológicas, Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa Culiacán, México
| | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- Research Unit, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa Culiacán, Mexico ; The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health Culiacán, Mexico
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Hygiene and health risks associated with the consumption of edible lamellibranch molluscs. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 201:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Froelich B, Bowen J, Gonzalez R, Snedeker A, Noble R. Mechanistic and statistical models of total Vibrio abundance in the Neuse River Estuary. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:5783-93. [PMID: 23948561 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Vibrio are ubiquitous to estuarine waters worldwide and are often the dominant genus recovered from these environments. This genus contains several potentially pathogenic species, including Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Vibrio alginolyticus. These bacteria have short generation times, as low as 20-30 min, and can thus respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions. A five-parameter mechanistic model was generated based on environmental processes including hydrodynamics, growth, and death rates of Vibrio bacteria to predict total Vibrio abundance in the Neuse River Estuary of eastern North Carolina. Additionally an improved statistical model was developed using the easily monitored parameters of temperature and salinity. This updated model includes data that covers more than eight years of constant bacterial monitoring, and incorporates extreme weather events such as droughts, storms, and floods. These models can be used to identify days in which bacterial abundance might coincide with increased health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett Froelich
- UNC-Chapel Hill, Institute of Marine Sciences, 3431 Arendell Street, Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
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Donatin E, Drancourt M. Optimized microbial DNA extraction from diarrheic stools. BMC Res Notes 2012; 5:702. [PMID: 23273000 PMCID: PMC3538598 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-5-702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The detection of enteropathogens in stool specimens increasingly relies on the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences. We observed that such detection was hampered in diarrheic stool specimens and we set-up an improved protocol combining lyophilization of stools prior to a semi-automated DNA extraction. FINDINGS A total of 41 human diarrheic stool specimens comprising of 35 specimens negative for enteropathogens and six specimens positive for Salmonella enterica in culture, were prospectively studied. One 1-mL aliquot of each specimen was lyophilised and total DNA was extracted from lyophilised and non-lyophilised aliquots by combining automatic and phenol-chloroform DNA extraction. DNA was incorporated into real-time PCRs targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Bacteria and the archaea Methanobrevibacter smithii and the chorismate synthase gene of S. enterica. Whereas negative controls consisting in DNA-free water remained negative, M. smithii was detected in 26/41 (63.4%) non-lyophilised (Ct value 28.78 ± 9.1) versus 39/41 (95.1%) lyophilised aliquots (Ct value 22.04 ± 5.5); bacterial 16S rRNA was detected in 33/41 (80.5%) non-lyophilised (Ct value 28.11 ± 5.9) versus 40/41 (97.6%) lyophilised aliquots (Ct value 24.94 ± 6.6); and S. enterica was detected in 6/6 (100%) non-lyophilized and lyophilized aliquots (Ct value 26.98 ± 4.55 and 26.16 ± 4.97, respectively). S. enterica was not detected in the 35 remaining diarrheal-stool specimens. The proportion of positive specimens was significantly higher after lyophilization for the detection of M. smithii (p = 0.00043) and Bacteria (p = 0.015). CONCLUSION Lyophilization of diarrheic stool specimens significantly increases the PCR-based detection of microorganisms. The semi-automated protocol described here could be routinely used for the molecular diagnosis of infectious diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Donatin
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63 CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Drancourt
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UMR63 CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, 13005, Marseille, France
- Unité des Rickettsies, Faculté de Médecine, 27, Boulevard Jean Moulin, Marseille-Cedex 5, France
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Scientific Opinion on the minimum hygiene criteria to be applied to clean seawater and on the public health risks and hygiene criteria for bottled seawater intended for domestic use. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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16
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Sanchez-Alberola N, Campoy S, Barbé J, Erill I. Analysis of the SOS response of Vibrio and other bacteria with multiple chromosomes. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:58. [PMID: 22305460 PMCID: PMC3323433 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The SOS response is a well-known regulatory network present in most bacteria and aimed at addressing DNA damage. It has also been linked extensively to stress-induced mutagenesis, virulence and the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic resistance determinants. Recently, the SOS response has been shown to regulate the activity of integrases in the chromosomal superintegrons of the Vibrionaceae, which encompasses a wide range of pathogenic species harboring multiple chromosomes. Here we combine in silico and in vitro techniques to perform a comparative genomics analysis of the SOS regulon in the Vibrionaceae, and we extend the methodology to map this transcriptional network in other bacterial species harboring multiple chromosomes. Results Our analysis provides the first comprehensive description of the SOS response in a family (Vibrionaceae) that includes major human pathogens. It also identifies several previously unreported members of the SOS transcriptional network, including two proteins of unknown function. The analysis of the SOS response in other bacterial species with multiple chromosomes uncovers additional regulon members and reveals that there is a conserved core of SOS genes, and that specialized additions to this basic network take place in different phylogenetic groups. Our results also indicate that across all groups the main elements of the SOS response are always found in the large chromosome, whereas specialized additions are found in the smaller chromosomes and plasmids. Conclusions Our findings confirm that the SOS response of the Vibrionaceae is strongly linked with pathogenicity and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, and suggest that the characterization of the newly identified members of this regulon could provide key insights into the pathogenesis of Vibrio. The persistent location of key SOS genes in the large chromosome across several bacterial groups confirms that the SOS response plays an essential role in these organisms and sheds light into the mechanisms of evolution of global transcriptional networks involved in adaptability and rapid response to environmental changes, suggesting that small chromosomes may act as evolutionary test beds for the rewiring of transcriptional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neus Sanchez-Alberola
- Departament de Genètica i de Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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17
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Svanevik CS, Lunestad BT. Characterisation of the microbiota of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus). Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 151:164-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Mukherjee R, Halder D, Saha S, Shyamali R, Subhranshu C, Ramakrishnan R, Murhekar MV, Hutin YJ. Five pond-centred outbreaks of cholera in villages of West Bengal, India: evidence for focused interventions. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2011; 29:421-428. [PMID: 22106747 PMCID: PMC3225103 DOI: 10.3329/jhpn.v29i5.8895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In rural West Bengal, outbreaks of cholera are often centred around ponds that is a feature of the environment. Five investigations of laboratory-confirmed, pond-centred outbreaks of cholera were reviewed. Case-control odds ratios were approximated with relative risks (RRs) as the incidence was low. The environment was investigated to understand how the pond(s) could have become contaminated and could have infected villagers. The five outbreaks of cholera in 2004-2008 led to 277 cases and three deaths (median attack rate: 51/1,000 people; case fatality: 1.1%; median age of case-patients: 22 years; median duration: 13 days, range: 6-15 days). Factors significantly (p<0.05) associated with cholera in the case-control (n=4) and cohort investigations (n=1) included washing utensils in ponds (4 outbreaks of cholera, RR range: 6-12), bathing (3 outbreaks of cholera, RR range: 3.5-9.3), and exposure to pond water, including drinking (2 outbreaks of cholera, RR range: 2.1-3.2), mouth washing (1 outbreak of cholera, RR: 4.8), and cooking (1 outbreak of cholera, RR: 3.0). Initial case-patients contaminated ponds through washing soiled clothes (n=4) or defaecation (n=1). Ubiquitous ponds used for many purposes transmit cholera in West Bengal. Focused health education, hygiene, and sanitation must protect villagers, particularly following the occurrence of an index case in a village that has ponds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Mukherjee
- Field Epidemiology Training Programme, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Debasish Halder
- Field Epidemiology Training Programme, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- West Bengal Health Services, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhasish Saha
- Field Epidemiology Training Programme, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- West Bengal Health Services, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Rudra Shyamali
- Field Epidemiology Training Programme, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- West Bengal Health Services, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chakrabarti Subhranshu
- Field Epidemiology Training Programme, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- West Bengal Health Services, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - R. Ramakrishnan
- Field Epidemiology Training Programme, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manoj V. Murhekar
- Field Epidemiology Training Programme, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yvan J. Hutin
- Field Epidemiology Training Programme, National Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- WHO India Office, New Delhi, India
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19
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Gonzalez AM, Paranhos R, Lutterbach MS. Relationships between fecal indicators and pathogenic microorganisms in a tropical lagoon in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 164:207-219. [PMID: 19365609 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon is an urban ecosystem undergoing accelerated degradation, therefore selected as a model for microbiological quality studies of tropical lagoons. The aim of this study was to evaluate the abundance and the spatial distribution of fecal pollution indicators and pathogenic microorganisms in the lagoon. The relationships between microbial groups and abiotic measurements were also determined to evaluate the influence of environmental conditions on bacterial distribution and to identify the capability of coliforms and Enterococcus to predict the occurrence of Vibrio, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella. Surface water samples were collected monthly, from December 1999 to October 2000. Analyses were performed by traditional culture techniques. A uniform spatial distribution was observed for all bacterial groups. The fecal pollution indicators occurred in low abundances while potentially pathogenic microorganisms were consistently found. Therefore, our study supported the use of counts of coliforms and Enterococcus to indicate only recent fecal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra M Gonzalez
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Prédio do CCS, Bloco A, sala A1-071, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, CEP 21944-970.
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20
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Paz S. Impact of temperature variability on cholera incidence in southeastern Africa, 1971-2006. ECOHEALTH 2009; 6:340-345. [PMID: 20039097 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-009-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Revised: 11/07/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Africa has a number of climate-sensitive diseases. One that remains a threat to public health is cholera. The aquatic environment temperature is the most important ecological parameter governing the survival and growth of Vibrio cholerae. Indeed, recent studies indicate that global warming might create a favorable environment for V. cholerae and increase its incidence in vulnerable areas. In light of this, a Poisson Regression Model has been used to analyze the possible association between the cholera rates in southeastern Africa and the annual variability of air temperature and sea surface temperature (SST) at regional and hemispheric scales, for the period 1971-2006. The results showed a significant exponential increase of cholera rates in humans during the study period. In addition, it was found that the annual mean air temperature and SST at the local scale, as well as anomalies at hemispheric scales, had significant impact on the cholera incidence during the study period. Despite future uncertainty, the climate variability has to be considered in predicting further cholera outbreaks in Africa. This may help to promote better, more efficient preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Paz
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, University of Haifa, Mt. Carmel, Haifa, Israel.
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21
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Tantillo GM, Fontanarosa M, Di Pinto A, Musti M. Updated perspectives on emerging vibrios associated with human infections. Lett Appl Microbiol 2004; 39:117-26. [PMID: 15242449 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2004.01568.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the ecological, clinical and epidemiological features of emerging vibrios and discusses what laboratory methods are being used for the detection of pathogenic vibrios in clinical, environmental and food samples. After selecting articles illustrative of the current scientific research on pathogenic vibrios, the review focuses on the need for better insight into the risk factors of emerging infections to establish adequate prevention procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Tantillo
- Dipartimento di Sanità e Benessere degli Animali, Sezione di Ispezione degli Alimenti, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Strada Prov. per Casamassima, Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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22
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Butt AA, Aldridge KE, Sanders CV. Infections related to the ingestion of seafood Part I: viral and bacterial infections. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2004; 4:201-12. [PMID: 15050937 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(04)00969-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne diseases cause an estimated 76 million illnesses in the USA each year. Seafood is implicated in 10-19% of these illnesses. A causative agent can be traced in about 44% of seafood-related outbreaks, viruses accounting for around half of these illnesses. Although viruses are the most common cause of seafood-related infections, most hospitalisations and deaths are due to bacterial agents. A wide variety of viruses, bacteria, and parasites have been implicated in seafood-related outbreaks, which are reported worldwide. The factor most commonly associated with infection is consumption of raw or undercooked seafood. People with underlying disorders, particularly liver disease, are more susceptible to infection. The first part of this two-part review summarises the general incidence of seafood-related infections and discusses the common viral and bacterial causes of these infections. For each agent, the microbiology, epidemiology, mode of transmission, and treatment are discussed. In the May issue of the journal we will discuss parasites associated with seafood consumption, the safety of seafood, and the measures put in place in the USA to increase its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel A Butt
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, the VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, and the Center for Health Equity Research and Promotion, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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23
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Oyofo BA, Subekti D, Tjaniadi P, Machpud N, Komalarini S, Setiawan B, Simanjuntak C, Punjabi N, Corwin AL, Wasfy M, Campbell JR, Lesmana M. Enteropathogens associated with acute diarrhea in community and hospital patients in Jakarta, Indonesia. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2002; 34:139-46. [PMID: 12381465 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2002.tb00615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of bacteria, parasite and viral pathogens in 3875 patients with diarrhea in community and hospital settings from March 1997 through August 1999 in Jakarta, Indonesia was determined using routine bacteriology and molecular assay techniques. Bacterial pathogens isolated from hospital patients were, in decreasing frequency, Vibrio cholerae O1, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella spp. and Campylobacter jejuni, while S. flexneri, V. cholerae O1, Salmonella spp. and C. jejuni were isolated from the community patients. V. cholerae O1 was isolated more frequently (P<0.005) from the hospital patients than the community patients. Overall, bacterial pathogens were isolated from 538 of 3875 (14%) enrolled cases of diarrhea. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were detected in 218 (18%) of 1244 rectal swabs. A small percentage of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (1%) and of Clostridium difficile (1.3%) was detected. Parasitic examination of 389 samples resulted in 43 (11%) positives comprising Ascaris lumbricoides (1.5%), Blastocystis hominis (5.7%), Giardia lamblia (0.8%), Trichuris trichiura (2.1%) and Endolimax nana (0.5%). Rotavirus (37.5%), adenovirus (3.3%) and Norwalk-like virus (17.6%) were also detected. Antimicrobial resistance was observed among some isolates. Bacterial isolates were susceptible to quinolones, with the exception of some isolates of C. jejuni which were resistant to ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid and norfloxacin. Data obtained from this community- and hospital-based study will enable the Indonesian Ministry of Health to plan relevant studies on diarrheal diseases in the archipelago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buhari A Oyofo
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No 2, Jakarta, Indonesia.
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24
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Nogueira JMDR, Rodrigues Dd DDP, Hofer E. Viabilidade de Vibrio cholerae O1 em diferentes tipos de águas em condições experimentais. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2002; 18:1339-45. [PMID: 12244367 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2002000500027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A natureza endêmica e sazonal da cólera depende da sobrevivência de Vibrio cholerae O1 em estado viável, mas não necessariamente cultivável em nichos ambientais aquáticos durante períodos interepidêmicos, sendo de suma importância o estudo da sobrevivência deste microrganismo nesses locais. Para tal, foram coletadas, semanalmente, alíquotas de água pertencentes a duas lagoas e dois rios do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Esses volumes foram divididos em duas porções idênticas, uma das quais foi autoclavada. Uma diluição padronizada de V. cholerae O1 Inaba e de V. cholerae O1 Ogawa, foi inoculada em três alíquotas de 100ml dessas diferentes águas e mantidas em diferentes temperaturas. A sobrevivência desses microorganismos no âmbito aquático sob esses diferentes fatores foi então analisada. Os resultados demonstraram que o V. cholerae sorogrupo O1, independente do sorotipo, é capaz de se manter em água com salinidade abaixo de 0,5‰ e em diferentes temperaturas, por períodos suficientes para sua disseminação através de "corpos d'água", demonstrando a necessidade de monitoramento constante em áreas de possível contaminação, principalmente onde a água é utilizada para o consumo, evitando assim, a disseminação da doença para as populações próximas a esses ambientes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseli Maria da Rocha Nogueira
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Bacteriologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21045-900, Brasil
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25
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Croci L, Suffredini E, Cozzi L, Toti L. Effects of depuration of molluscs experimentally contaminated with Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae 01 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:460-5. [PMID: 11872121 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01548.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to investigate the behaviour of two pathogenic vibrios (Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio parahaemolyticus) during depuration and to compare it with that of Escherichia coli, used as an indicator of suitability for consumption. METHODS AND RESULTS Samples of Mytilus galloprovincialis were experimentally contaminated with E. coli, V. cholerae O1 and V. parahaemolyticus, depurated in a pilot plant using ozone and analysed at selected intervals. Numbers of E. coli and vibrios were estimated using an MPN method. The presence of vibrios was confirmed by the use of PCR. The target genes used were ctx for V. cholerae O1 and the restriction fragment pR72H for V. parahaemolyticus. There was a substantially smaller reduction in the numbers of both vibrios (approximately 1 log) during the depuration process than of E. coli (approximately 3 log). CONCLUSIONS The results confirm the inadequacy of E. coli as an indicator that molluscs have been cleansed of other microbiological agents. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The study confirms the risk associated with the consumption of mussels and the need to correctly conserve and cook them prior to consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Croci
- Laboratorio Alimenti, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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26
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Shehane SD, Sizemore RK. Isolation and preliminary characterization of bacteriocins produced by Vibrio vulnificus. J Appl Microbiol 2002; 92:322-8. [PMID: 11849361 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2002.01533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this work was to isolate bacteriocins from the environment that would be effective in neutralizing Vibrio vulnificus in seafood. METHODS AND RESULTS Water samples from Wilmington (NC, USA) were plated to determine total viable counts and to isolate presumptive Vibrio spp. Isolates containing plasmids were checked for antimicrobial activity which was not due to lytic bacteriophage or small, non-specific molecules. Three bacteriocin producers were detected and their inhibitory spectra determined: IW1 inhibited few strains of V. vulnificus; BC1 inhibited several strains of V. vulnificus, V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus and BC2 inhibited all tested Vibrio spp., Plesiomonas shigelloides and Escherichia coli. Loss of inhibitory activity coincided with loss of the bacteriocinogenic plasmid. The bacteriocins were found to be between 1.3 and 9.0 kDa. IW1 was heat labile, while BC1 was moderately stable except at extreme temperatures. BC2 was very stable and maintained its activity when frozen, autoclaved or exposed to extreme pH values. CONCLUSIONS Bacteriocins have been isolated from environmental isolates of V. vulnificus and V. cholerae. BC2, with its broad spectrum and stability, may be useful in neutralizing V. vulnificus. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results have significance in relation to reducing the occurrence of food poisoning caused by V. vulnificus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Shehane
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
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Martin Y, Bonnefont JL, Chancerelle L. Gorgonians mass mortality during the 1999 late summer in French Mediterranean coastal waters: the bacterial hypothesis. WATER RESEARCH 2002; 36:779-782. [PMID: 11827339 DOI: 10.1016/s0043-1354(01)00251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Mass mortality by tissue necrosis of several species of gorgons was observed during the 1999 late summer on the Liguro-Provençal Mediterranean coasts. We have investigated the occurrence of vibrios on necrosis affected gorgonians Paramuricea clauata and Eunicella cavolinii, and their ability to induce tissue necrosis. Among the 11 strains tested, only 5, belonging to species Vibrio splendidus, V. pelagius and V. campbellii, were able to induce tissue necrosis in a few days. Temperature experiments carried out at 11 degrees C, 18 degrees C and 23 degrees C showed that necrotic disease may occur only at the higher temperature tested. Statistical analysis suggested that, for these thermical conditions, marine Vibrio strains can significantly speed up the necrotic crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Martin
- Institut Oceanographique Paul Ricard-Ile des Emhiez, Siv-Fours-Les-Plages, France.
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29
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Miyoshi S, Kawata K, Tomochika K, Shinoda S, Yamamoto S. The C-terminal domain promotes the hemorrhagic damage caused by Vibrio vulnificus metalloprotease. Toxicon 2001; 39:1883-6. [PMID: 11600151 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-0101(01)00171-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen, produces a 45-kDa zinc metalloprotease (V. vulnificus protease; VVP) as an important virulence determinant. VVP injected intradermally into the dorsal skin causes the hemorrhagic damage through specific degradation of type IV collage in the vascular basement membrane. The N-terminal 35-kDa polypeptide (VVP-N), the catalytic domain, also evoked the hemorrhagic skin reaction within minutes. However, the hemorrhagic activity of VVP-N was one-third of that of VVP. Besides, the proteolytic activity of VVP-N toward the reconstituted basement membrane or type IV collagen was found to be about 50 % of VVP. VVP-N, like VVP, was quickly inactivated by an equimolar amount of alpha(2)-macroglobulin, a broad-spectrum plasma protease inhibitor. These findings indicate that the C-terminal 10-kDa polypeptide, the substrate-binding domain mediating the effective binding to protein substrates, functions to augment the hemorrhagic reaction of VVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miyoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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Determination of several potential virulence factors in Vibrio spp. isolated from sea water. Food Microbiol 2001. [DOI: 10.1006/fmic.2001.0441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lerstloompleephunt N, Tantawichien T, Sitprija V. Renal failure in vibrio vulnificus infection. Ren Fail 2000; 22:337-43. [PMID: 10843244 DOI: 10.1081/jdi-100100877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus infection with septicemia is a life threatening disease in the immunocompromised hosts. Renal involvement has not been documented. We reported herein 8 patients with V. vulnificus septicemia. All were immunocompromised hosts. Four patients had cirrhosis of the liver, 3 were heavy alcohol drinkers and one had systemic lupus erythematosis. Presenting symptomatology included fever, chills, leg pain and skin rash. Renal failure was observed in 6 patients. Four patients died shortly after admission. Two survived with clinical course of tubular necrosis. Renal failure is therefore common in V. vulnificus infection. This should be brought to attention, and vigorous antibiotic treatment is required. The disease may be confused with leptospirosis, scrub typhus, malaria and other forms of sepsis which also present with renal failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lerstloompleephunt
- Department of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute Bangkok, Thailand
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Tall BD, La Peyre JF, Bier JW, Miliotis MD, Hanes DE, Kothary MH, Shah DB, Faisal M. Perkinsus marinus extracellular protease modulates survival of Vibrio vulnificus in Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) hemocytes. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:4261-3. [PMID: 10473449 PMCID: PMC99774 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.9.4261-4263.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/1999] [Accepted: 07/01/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro effects of the Perkinsus marinus serine protease on the intracellular survival of Vibrio vulnificus in oyster hemocytes were examined by using a time-course gentamicin internalization assay. Results showed that protease-treated hemocytes were initially slower to internalize V. vulnificus than untreated hemocytes. After 1 h, the elimination of V. vulnificus by treated hemocytes was significantly suppressed compared with hemocytes infected with invasive and noninvasive controls. Our data suggest that the serine protease produced by P. marinus suppresses the vibriocidal activity of oyster hemocytes to effectively eliminate V. vulnificus, potentially leading to conditions favoring higher numbers of vibrios in oyster tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Tall
- Divisions of Microbiological Studies, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C. 20204, USA.
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Barbieri E, Falzano L, Fiorentini C, Pianetti A, Baffone W, Fabbri A, Matarrese P, Casiere A, Katouli M, Kühn I, Möllby R, Bruscolini F, Donelli G. Occurrence, diversity, and pathogenicity of halophilic Vibrio spp. and non-O1 Vibrio cholerae from estuarine waters along the Italian Adriatic coast. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:2748-53. [PMID: 10347072 PMCID: PMC91407 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.6.2748-2753.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence, diversity, and pathogenicity of Vibrio spp. were investigated in two estuaries along the Italian Adriatic coast. Vibrio alginolyticus was the predominant species, followed by Vibrio parahaemolyticus, non-O1 Vibrio cholerae, and Vibrio vulnificus. By using a biochemical fingerprinting method, all isolates were grouped into nine phenotypes with similarity levels of 75 to 97.5%. The production of toxins capable of causing cytoskeleton-dependent changes was detected in a large number of Vibrio strains. These findings indicate a significant presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio strains along the Adriatic coast.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Barbieri
- Istituto di Scienze Tossicologiche, Igienistiche e Ambientali, University of Urbino, Italy.
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Faruque SM, Albert MJ, Mekalanos JJ. Epidemiology, genetics, and ecology of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1998; 62:1301-14. [PMID: 9841673 PMCID: PMC98947 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.62.4.1301-1314.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholera caused by toxigenic Vibrio cholerae is a major public health problem confronting developing countries, where outbreaks occur in a regular seasonal pattern and are particularly associated with poverty and poor sanitation. The disease is characterized by a devastating watery diarrhea which leads to rapid dehydration, and death occurs in 50 to 70% of untreated patients. Cholera is a waterborne disease, and the importance of water ecology is suggested by the close association of V. cholerae with surface water and the population interacting with the water. Cholera toxin (CT), which is responsible for the profuse diarrhea, is encoded by a lysogenic bacteriophage designated CTXPhi. Although the mechanism by which CT causes diarrhea is known, it is not clear why V. cholerae should infect and elaborate the lethal toxin in the host. Molecular epidemiological surveillance has revealed clonal diversity among toxigenic V. cholerae strains and a continual emergence of new epidemic clones. In view of lysogenic conversion by CTXPhi as a possible mechanism of origination of new toxigenic clones of V. cholerae, it appears that the continual emergence of new toxigenic strains and their selective enrichment during cholera outbreaks constitute an essential component of the natural ecosystem for the evolution of epidemic V. cholerae strains and genetic elements that mediate the transfer of virulence genes. The ecosystem comprising V. cholerae, CTXPhi, the aquatic environment, and the mammalian host offers an understanding of the complex relationship between pathogenesis and the natural selection of a pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Faruque
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
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Faisal M, MacIntyre E, Adham K, Tall B, Kothary M, La Peyre J. Evidence for the presence of protease inhibitors in eastern (Crassostrea virginica) and Pacific (Crassostrea gigas) oysters. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)10084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Miyoshi S, Fujii S, Tomochika K, Shinoda S. Some properties of nicked Vibrio vulnificus hemolysin. Microb Pathog 1997; 23:235-9. [PMID: 9344784 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1997.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic human pathogen, secretes the 50 kDa single-chain hemolysin. When incubated with an exocellular protease from this vibrio, the 50 kDa hemolysin was cleaved in some peptides joined with the disulfide bond(s); the 40 kDa fragment and the small fragment(s) undetectable in SDS-PAGE. The nicked hemolysin induced comparable hemolysis through the same process as that of the intact toxin. However, the nicked hemolysin was found to be more stable against inactivation due to autoaggregation, so that it formed a larger precipitation zone in the single radial immunodiffusion test using the antiserum against the intact hemolysin. These results suggest that V. vulnificus hemolysin is modified to be a more hydrophilic protein by nicking, while it is not accompanied by loss of the hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Miyoshi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Tsushima-Naka, Okayama, 700, Japan
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Birmingham ME, Lee LA, Ndayimirije N, Nkurikiye S, Hersh BS, Wells JG, Deming MS. Epidemic cholera in Burundi: patterns of transmission in the Great Rift Valley Lake region. Lancet 1997; 349:981-5. [PMID: 9100624 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(96)08478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After a 14-year hiatus, epidemic cholera swept through Burundi between January and May, 1992. The pattern of transmission was similar to that in 1978, when the seventh pandemic first reached this region. Communities affected were limited to those near Lake Tanganyika and the Rusizi River. The river connects Lake Tanganyika with Lake Kivu to the north in Zaire and Rwanda. METHODS To identify sources of infection and risk factors for illness, an epidemiological study was carried out in Rumonge, a lake-shore town where 318 people were admitted to hospital with cholera between April 9 and May 31, 1992. The investigation included a case-control study of 56 case-patients and 112 matched controls. FINDINGS Attack rates according to street increased with the street's proximity to Lake Tanganyika (chi 2 test for linear trend, p < 0.01) which suggests that exposure to the lake was a risk factor for illness. Comparison of the 56 case-patients with matched controls showed that bathing in the lake (odds ratio 1.6, attributable risk percentage 37%) and drinking its water (2.78, 14%) were independently and significantly (p < 0.05) linked with illness. No food-borne risk factors were identified. Vibrio cholera 01 was isolated from Lake Tanganyika during, but not after, the outbreak in Rumonge. Isolates from the lake and from patients with acute watery diarrhoea had the same serotype, biotype, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The number of cases rapidly declined when access to the lake was blocked. INTERPRETATION This study identifies bathing in contaminated surface water as a major risk factor for cholera in sub-Saharan Africa, and suggests that improving the quality of drinking water alone will have only limited impact on the transmission of the disease in the Great Rift Valley Lake region. The similarity in the patterns of transmission during the 1978 and 1992 epidemics suggests that extensive use of the Great Lakes and connecting rivers for transportation and domestic purposes may be the reason for the explosive cholera outbreaks that occur sporadically in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Birmingham
- International Health Program Office, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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38
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Mezrioui N, Oufdou K. Abundance and antibiotic resistance of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae strains in domestic wastewater before and after treatment in stabilization ponds in an arid region (Marrakesh, Morocco). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.1996.tb00124.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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Donovan TJ, van Netten P. Culture media for the isolation and enumeration of pathogenic Vibrio species in foods and environmental samples. Int J Food Microbiol 1995; 26:77-91. [PMID: 7662520 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(95)00015-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The genus Vibrio now includes a large number of species. Clear evidence is only available for the aetiological role of V. cholerae, V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus in foodborne diseases. Until recently, V. cholerae serogroup 0:1 was accepted as the cause of epidemic cholera. However, the designation of outbreaks of diarrhoeal diseases caused by V. cholerae 0:139 as clinical cholera has lead to renewed interest in Non 0:1 serogroups of V. cholerae. A wide range of enrichment and selective media for the isolation of vibrios has been developed. These media are reviewed with respect to their ability to recover and differentiate the target vibrios. Alkaline peptone water (APW) remains the recommended enrichment medium for vibrios in parallel with either salt polymyxin broth (SPB) or glucose teepol (or sodium dodecylsulphate) salt broth (GTSB) when tests for V. parahaemolyticus are required. Thiosulphate citrate bile salt agar (TCBS) in parallel with polymyxin mannose tellurite (PMT) or sodium dodecylsulphate polymyxin sucrose agar (SPS) are the recommended selective plating media.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Donovan
- Area Public Health Laboratory, William Harvey Hospital, Ashford, Kent, UK
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40
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Chapter 12 Culture media for the isolation and enumeration of pathogenic vibrio species in foods and environmental samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6352(05)80014-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Matté GR, Matté MH, Sato MI, Sanchez PS, Rivera IG, Martins MT. Potentially pathogenic vibrios associated with mussels from a tropical region on the Atlantic coast of Brazil. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1994; 77:281-7. [PMID: 7989253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb03075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mussels (Perna perna) harvested on the coast of Ubatuba, in three different stations in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were examined for Vibrio spp. over a 1 year period. The ranges of most probable number (MPN 100 g-1) were: Vibrio alginolyticus (< 3-24,000), V. parahaemolyticus (< 3-24,000), V. fluvialis (< 3-1100), V. cholerae non-O1 (< 3-23), V. furnissii (< 3-30), V. mimicus (< 3-9) and V. vulnificus (< 3-3). The highest incidence was observed for V. alginolyticus (92-100%), followed by V. parahaemolyticus (67-92%), V. fluvialis (34-67%), V. vulnificus (8-17%), V. furnissii (0-17%), V. mimicus (0-17%) and V. cholerae non-O1 (0-8%). Tests for virulence factors were positive in 34.1% of the vibrios in the rabbit ileal loop and 31.7% in the Dean test. Positive results in the Kanagawa test were obtained with 0.51% of V. parahaemolyticus strains. The mean values (MPN 100 g-1) of faecal coliforms in mussels from the three regions varied from 1100 to 44,000, and seawater collected at the same stations gave average values for faecal coliforms in the range 18-3300 MPN 100 ml-1. These results highlight the potential risks of food poisoning associated with raw or undercooked seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Matté
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Buck J, McCarthy SA. Occurrence of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae in Texas Gulf Coast dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Lett Appl Microbiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1994.tb00797.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Wuthe HH, Aleksić S, Hein W. Contribution to some phenotypical characteristics of Vibrio cincinnatiensis. Studies in one strain of a diarrhoeic human patient and in two isolates from aborted bovine fetuses. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 279:458-65. [PMID: 8305803 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Until now, only a few strains of V. cincinnatiensis have been isolated. This study describes a further three isolates which originated in one case from a stool specimen of an immunocompromised elder patient suffering from enteritis and in two cases from the rennin stomachs of aborted bovine fetuses. These strains grew on TCBS, CIN, MacConkey and XLD plates. Their biochemical activities were dependent on NaCl concentration, in particular the formation of indole, lysine and ornithine decarboxylases, arginine dihydrolase, the reduction of nitrate and behaviour in the Voges-Proskauer test. Moreover, lysine decarboxylase and nitrate reductase were temperature-dependent. The knowledge of these hitherto unknown phenotypical characteristics may facilitate the diagnosis of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Wuthe
- Abteilung Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Virologie der Universität, Kiel, Germany
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44
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Illness associated with seafood. CMAJ 1992; 147:1344-7. [PMID: 1483238 PMCID: PMC1336443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Ketterer PJ, Eaves LE. Deaths in captive eels (Anguila reinhardtii) due to Photobacterium (Vibrio) damsela. Aust Vet J 1992; 69:203-4. [PMID: 1530562 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.1992.tb07528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P J Ketterer
- Department of Primary Industries, Animal Research Institute, Yeerongpilly, Queensland
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46
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Rodrigues DP, Ribeiro RV, Hofer E. Analysis of some virulence factors of Vibrio vulnificus isolated from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 1992; 108:463-7. [PMID: 1601080 PMCID: PMC2272213 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268800049979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Twenty strains of V. vulnificus isolated from the environment were investigated for characteristics related to their infectivity such as colonial morphology, enzymatic activity and animal assays. The presence of DNase, chitinase, amylase, lecithinase and gelatinase was observed in 100% of the strains, haemolytic activity was absent, and variable results were obtained in elastase, collagenase and chondroitinase. In the animal assays, 70% of the strains were lethal to adult mice, while 45% caused fluid accumulation in suckling mice. Although all strains had opaque colonies, only 3 of the 20 had the three enzymes elastase, collagenase and gelatinase, and only one of these was virulent in animal assays.
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47
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Sato MIZ, Monteiro CK, Stoppe NC, Sanchez PS, Ostini S, Matté GR. Shellfish and marine water microbiological quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/tox.2530070109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mossel DA, Struijk CB, Jansen JT. Control of the transmission of Vibrio cholerae and other enteropathogens by foods originating from endemic areas in South America and elsewhere as a model situation. Int J Food Microbiol 1992; 15:1-11. [PMID: 1622746 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(92)90131-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The cholera-pandemic raging in South and Middle America and endemic cholera in other countries call for measures of health protection of the local population, but particularly with respect to the young, old, pregnant and immunocompromised citizens of countries importing food from the areas where the disease has struck. Instead of harshly barring importation, a more humanitarian policy is recommended, relying on assistance of areas presenting risks, with the introduction of and adherence to rigorous measures of longitudinally integrated microbiological safety assurance. This model is equally applicable to other enteric diseases transmitted by food. Examples are given of how canned foods of neutral pH, fishery products, vegetables and certain fruits should be processed for safety. Importation monitoring strategies, linked to this proactive approach to consumer protection, are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Mossel
- Eijkman Foundation, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Han TJ, Chai TJ. Occurrence of 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octonic acid in lipopolysaccharides isolated from Vibrio parahaemolyticus. J Bacteriol 1991; 173:6303-6. [PMID: 1917863 PMCID: PMC208386 DOI: 10.1128/jb.173.19.6303-6306.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-manno-octonic acid (KDO) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus was demonstrated for the first time by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after dephosphorylation, reduction, and methylation. KDO was virtually completely phosphorylated, since no KDO was detected by either gas chromatography or thiobarbituric acid assay before dephosphorylation. The level of KDO in all six strains of V. parahaemolyticus investigated ranged from 0.37 to 0.69%, which was considerably lower than that in enterobacterial LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Han
- Horn Point Environmental Laboratory, University of Maryland, Cambridge 21613
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