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Zhang S, Shi J, Li X, Tiwari A, Gao S, Zhou X, Sun X, O'Brien JW, Coin L, Hai F, Jiang G. Wastewater-based epidemiology of Campylobacter spp.: A systematic review and meta-analysis of influent, effluent, and removal of wastewater treatment plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166410. [PMID: 37597560 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. is one of the four leading causes of diarrhoeal diseases worldwide, which are generally mild but can be fatal in children, the elderly, and immunosuppressed persons. The existing disease surveillance for Campylobacter infections is usually based on untimely clinical reports. Wastewater surveillance or wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been developed for the early warning of disease outbreaks and the detection of the emerging new variants of human pathogens, especially after the global pandemic of COVID-19. However, the WBE monitoring of Campylobacter infections in communities is rare due to a few large data gaps. This study is a meta-analysis and systematic review of the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in various wastewater samples, primarily the influent of wastewater treatment plants. The results showed that the overall prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was 53.26 % in influent wastewater and 52.97 % in all types of wastewater samples. The mean concentration in the influent was 3.31 ± 0.39 log10 gene copies or most probable number (MPN) per 100 mL. The detection method combining culture and PCR yielded the highest positive rate of 90.86 %, while RT-qPCR and qPCR were the two most frequently used quantification methods. In addition, the Campylobacter concentration in influent wastewater showed a seasonal fluctuation, with the highest concentration in the autumn at 3.46 ± 0.41 log10 gene copies or MPN per 100 mL. Based on the isolates of all positive samples, Campylobacter jejuni (62.34 %) was identified as the most prevalent species in wastewater, followed by Campylobacter coli (30.85 %) and Campylobacter lari (4.4 %). These findings provided significant data to further develop and optimize the wastewater surveillance of Campylobacter spp. infections. In addition, large data gaps were found in the decay of Campylobacter spp. in wastewater, indicating insufficient research on the persistence of Campylobacter spp. in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Zhang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Jiahua Shi
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Xuan Li
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ananda Tiwari
- Department of Health Security, Expert Microbiology Research Unit, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Shuhong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- School of Civil Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 519082 Zhuhai, China
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lachlan Coin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Faisal Hai
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Guangming Jiang
- School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia; School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health, University of Wollongong, Australia.
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Strakova N, Korena K, Gelbicova T, Kulich P, Karpiskova R. A Rapid Culture Method for the Detection of Campylobacter from Water Environments. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18116098. [PMID: 34198825 PMCID: PMC8200967 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18116098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The natural environment and water are among the sources of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. A limited number of protocols exist for the isolation of campylobacters in poorly filterable water. Therefore, the goal of our work was to find a more efficient method of Campylobacter isolation and detection from wastewater and surface water than the ISO standard. In the novel rapid culture method presented here, samples are centrifuged at high speed, and the resuspended pellet is inoculated on a filter, which is placed on Campylobacter selective mCCDA agar. The motile bacteria pass through the filter pores, and mCCDA agar suppresses the growth of background microbiota on behalf of campylobacters. This culture-based method is more efficient for the detection and isolation of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli from poorly filterable water than the ISO 17995 standard. It also is less time-consuming, taking only 72 h and comprising three steps, while the ISO standard method requires five or six steps and 144-192 h. This novel culture method, based on high-speed centrifugation, bacterial motility, and selective cultivation conditions, can be used for the detection and isolation of various bacteria from water samples.
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Brown KI, Graham KE, Soller JA, Boehm AB. Estimating the probability of illness due to swimming in recreational water with a mixture of human- and gull-associated microbial source tracking markers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1528-1541. [PMID: 29114693 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00316a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Beaches often receive fecal contamination from more than one source. Human sources include untreated sewage as well as treated wastewater effluent, and animal sources include wildlife such as gulls. Different contamination sources are expected to pose different health risks to swimmers. Genetic microbial source tracking (MST) markers can be used to detect bacteria that are associated with different animal sources, but the health risks associated with a mixture of MST markers are unknown. This study presents a method for predicting these health risks, using human- and gull-associated markers as an example. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) is conducted with MST markers as indicators. We find that risks associated with exposure to a specific concentration of a human-associated MST marker (HF) are greater if the HF source is untreated sewage rather than treated wastewater effluent. We also provide a risk-based threshold of HF from untreated sewage at a beach, to stay below a predicted illness risk of 3 per 100 swimmers, that is a function of gull-associated MST marker (CAT) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra I Brown
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering and Science, Stanford University, 94305-4020, USA.
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Bakhshi B, Naseri A, Alebouyeh M. Comparison of Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Food Samples and Patients with Diarrhea. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2016. [PMID: 26783018 PMCID: PMC4726889 DOI: 10.7508/ibj.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Campylobacter infections may lead to serious conditions, including septicemia or other invasive forms of the disease, which require rapid and accurate laboratory diagnosis and subsequently appropriate antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this study was to compare the species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter spp. strains isolated from patients and food samples. METHODS Biochemical identification was performed on 15 clinical and 30 food isolates of Campylobacter recovered onto Brucella agar containing 5% sheep blood. PCR was carried out to confirm the identity of Campylobacter spp. using primers for cadF, hipO, and asp genes of Campylobacter. To determine antibiotic sensitivity of isolates, Kirby-Bauer assay was carried out using 16 different antibiotic discs. RESULTS PCR assay and biochemical tests confirmed all 45 isolates as Campylobacter: 20 (44.44%) as C. jujeni, 10 (22.22%) as C. coli, and 15 (33.34%) as other Campylobacter strains. The maximum resistance was observed to cefotaxime and imipenem (each 86.49%) and the maximum sensitivity to erythromycin (48.65%). CONCLUSION C. jujeni is dominant among isolates from clinical and food samples. In addition, tetracycline remains the first-line therapeutic agent against Campylobacter infections in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Bakhshi
- Dept. of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; ,Corresponding Author: Bita Bakhshi ,Dept. of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Tel. (+98-21) 82884558; Fax: (+98-21) 82884555;
E-mail:
| | - Amin Naseri
- Research and Science Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Foodborne and Waterborne Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ugarte-Ruiz M, Florez-Cuadrado D, Wassenaar TM, Porrero MC, Domínguez L. Method comparison for enhanced recovery, isolation and qualitative detection of C. jejuni and C. coli from wastewater effluent samples. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:2749-64. [PMID: 25739008 PMCID: PMC4377930 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120302749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Seeking a sensitive protocol, culture-dependent methods were compared to detect thermophilic Campylobacter species in untreated urban effluents. We evaluated various combinations of selective media, with and without an enrichment steps, as well as an extra filtration step. Culture-independent real-time quantitative PCR was also included and all detected isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All tested water samples contained Campylobacter DNA, but only 64% were positive after culture. Although enrichment using Preston broth resulted in better recovery of potentially stressed Campylobacter than Bolton or Campyfood broth (CFB), there was no significant increase in efficiency compared to direct plating. The type of selective agar media used, on the other hand, had a significant effect, with CASA plates performing better than mCCDA or CFA ones. Inclusion of an enrichment step increased the ratio of C. coli vs. C. jejuni being isolated. Resistances against all antimicrobials tested were observed in C. coli, but fewer instances of resistance were found in C. jejuni isolates. Whether this difference was the result of selection during the enrichment step could not be determined. The presence of Campylobacter in urban effluents can be considered as a valuable proxy for Campylobacter populations present in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ugarte-Ruiz
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain.
- Animal Health Department, Veterinary Faculty, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Florez-Cuadrado
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Trudy M Wassenaar
- Molecular Microbiology and Genomics Consultants, Zotzenheim 55576, Germany.
| | - María Concepción Porrero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Avda. Puerta de Hierro, s/n. 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Whiley H, van den Akker B, Giglio S, Bentham R. The role of environmental reservoirs in human campylobacteriosis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:5886-907. [PMID: 24217177 PMCID: PMC3863877 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10115886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacteriosis is infection caused by the bacteria Campylobacter spp. and is considered a major public health concern. Campylobacter spp. have been identified as one of the most common causative agents of bacterial gastroenteritis. They are typically considered a foodborne pathogen and have been shown to colonise the intestinal mucosa of all food-producing animals. Much emphasis has been placed on controlling the foodborne pathway of exposure, particularly within the poultry industry, however, other environmental sources have been identified as important contributors to human infection. This paper aims to review the current literature on the sources of human exposure to Campylobacter spp. and will cover contaminated poultry, red meat, unpasteurised milk, unwashed fruit and vegetables, compost, wild bird faeces, sewage, surface water, ground water and drinking water. A comparison of current Campylobacter spp. identification methods from environmental samples is also presented. The review of literature suggests that there are multiple and diverse sources for Campylobacter infection. Many environmental sources result in direct human exposure but also in contamination of the food processing industry. This review provides useful information for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet Whiley
- Environmental Health, School of the Environment, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Ben van den Akker
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Steven Giglio
- Healthscope Pathology, South Australia, 1 Goodwood Rd., Wayville 5034, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
| | - Richard Bentham
- Environmental Health, School of the Environment, Flinders University, P.O. Box 2100, Adelaide 5001, South Australia, Australia; E-Mail:
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Kim SA, Lee YM, Hwang IG, Kang DH, Woo GJ, Rhee MS. Eight enrichment broths for the isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from inoculated suspensions and ground pork. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 49:620-6. [PMID: 19780965 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2009.02714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The efficiency of eight enrichment broths for the selective isolation of Campylobacter jejuni was compared to identify an optimal enrichment broth. METHODS AND RESULTS Brucella-FBP, Preston, Doyle and Roman, modified CCD (mCCD), Park and Sanders, Bolton, Hunt and Radle and Hunt broths were compared for their recovery of (i) Camp. jejuni in suspension, (ii) Camp. jejuni from inoculated ground pork, (iii) heat-injured Camp. jejuni (55 degrees C for 20 min) in suspension and (iv) heat-injured Camp. jejuni from inoculated ground pork. Hunt broth and Bolton broth showed the highest and most rapid enrichment efficacy for the cell suspensions and ground pork, respectively. Preston, Park and Sanders and mCCD broths had relatively high enrichment efficiencies, while Brucella-FBP broth was significantly inferior to the other broths (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Cell recovery from the eight enrichment broths was dependent on the sample type and the state of the cells. The use of the appropriate broth is important for the rapid and efficacious enrichment of Camp. jejuni. In particular, heat-injured Camp. jejuni require a longer cultivation time and a suitable enrichment broth. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results from the present study provide information for selecting the most appropriate enrichment broth for Camp. jejuni and may contribute to improved detection methods for the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kim
- Division of Food Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-713, Korea
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Rinsoz T, Hilfiker S, Oppliger A. Quantification of thermotolerant Campylobacter in Swiss water treatment plants, by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2009; 81:929-933. [PMID: 19860149 DOI: 10.2175/106143009x407429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A total of 49 wastewater samples from 23 different wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were analyzed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the presence and quantity of thermotolerant campylobacters. Thermotolerant campylobacters were detected in 87.5% (21/24) and 64% (16/25) of untreated and treated wastewater samples, respectively. Their concentration was sufficiently high to be quantified in 20.4% (10/49) of the samples. In these samples, the concentration ranged from 68,000 to 2,292,000 cells/L in untreated wastewater and from 10,800 to 28,000 cells/L in treated water. We conclude that thermotolerant campylobacters present a health hazard for workers at WWTPs in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rinsoz
- Institute for Work and Health, University of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Moreno Y, Botella S, Alonso JL, Ferrús MA, Hernández M, Hernández J. Specific detection of Arcobacter and Campylobacter strains in water and sewage by PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69:1181-6. [PMID: 12571045 PMCID: PMC143587 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.2.1181-1186.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2002] [Accepted: 11/01/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate PCR and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques for detecting Arcobacter and Campylobacter strains in river water and wastewater samples. Both 16S and 23S rRNA sequence data were used to design specific primers and oligonucleotide probes for PCR and FISH analyses, respectively. In order to assess the suitability of the methods, the assays were performed on naturally and artificially contaminated samples and compared with the isolation of cells on selective media. The detection range of PCR and FISH assays varied between 1 cell/ml (after enrichment) to 10(3) cells/ml (without enrichment). According to our results, both rRNA-based techniques have the potential to be used as quick and sensitive methods for detection of campylobacters in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Moreno
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Politécnica, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Jones K. Campylobacters in water, sewage and the environment. SYMPOSIUM SERIES (SOCIETY FOR APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY) 2001:68S-79S. [PMID: 11422562 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01355.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, IENS, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK.
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11
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Fitzgerald C, Stanley K, Andrew S, Jones K. Use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and flagellin gene typing in identifying clonal groups of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in farm and clinical environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:1429-36. [PMID: 11282587 PMCID: PMC92751 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.4.1429-1436.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Although campylobacters have been isolated from a wide range of animal hosts, the association between campylobacters isolated from humans and animals in the farm environment is unclear. We used flagellin gene typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to investigate the genetic diversity among isolates from animals (cattle, sheep, and turkey) in farm environments and sporadic cases of campylobacteriosis in the same geographical area. Forty-eight combined fla types were seen among the 315 Campylobacter isolates studied. Six were found in isolates from all four hosts and represented 50% of the total number of isolates. Seventy-one different SmaI PFGE macrorestriction profiles (mrps) were observed, with 86% of isolates assigned to one of 29 different mrps. Fifty-seven isolates from diverse hosts, times, and sources had an identical SmaI mrp and combined fla type. Conversely, a number of genotypes were unique to a particular host. We provide molecular evidence which suggests a link between campylobacters in the farm environment with those causing disease in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fitzgerald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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12
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Lauria-Filgueiras AL, Hofer E. Diversity of Campylobacter isolates from three activated sludge systems. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1998; 93:295-8. [PMID: 9698860 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02761998000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Thermophilic campylobacters were isolated from three sewage plants in Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil and identified. Laboratory analysis of 390 sewage samples showed the presence of 169 thermophilic strains. The results demonstrated that human and animal pathogenic biotypes could be isolated from activated sludge during the initial processing steps. The aeration tank could be considered a barrier to Campylobacter survival. C. jejuni was the prevalent species isolated (40.8%). The most common biotypes were C. jejuni biotype I (21.3%), C. coli biotype I (16%) and C. jejuni biotype II (14.8%).
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Lauria-Filgueiras
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil.
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Höller C, Witthuhn D, Janzen-Blunck B. Effect of low temperatures on growth, structure, and metabolism of Campylobacter coli SP10. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:581-7. [PMID: 9464397 PMCID: PMC106086 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.2.581-587.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of low temperatures on the survival, structure, and metabolism of Campylobacter coli SP10, a virulent strain, was investigated. C. coli became nonculturable rapidly at 20 and 10 degree C and slightly later at 4 degrees C. Incubation in a microaerobic atmosphere improved survival, but after day 8, campylobacters were detectable by direct-count procedures only. The increase in the number of coccoid cells was most pronounced at 37 degrees C but also was noticeable at 20 and 10 degrees C. Two forms of coccoid cells were seen electron microscopically, but only one (20 and 10 degrees C) seemed to be a degenerative form. The flagella were shorter at 20 and 10 degrees C, a result which correlates well with the observed slight changes in the 62-kDa protein band. The fatty acid composition of bacterial cells was influenced significantly by low temperatures. An increase in the short-chain and unsaturated acids was noted; above all, a drastic increase in C19:0 cyc at 20 degrees C with a concomitant decrease in C18:1 trans9,cis11 was seen. The concentrations of excreted metabolites were analyzed to obtain information on metabolic activity. Depending on the magnitude of the temperature downshift, the production of organic acids decreased, but it was always observable after a temperature-specific lag phase and regardless of ability to be cultured. Under optimal conditions, succinate, lactate, and acetate were the main metabolites, other acids being of less importance. The pattern changed significantly at lower temperatures. Succinate was never detected at 20 degrees C and was only occasionally detected at 10 and 4 degrees C. At the same time, fumarate concentrations, which are normally not detectable at 37 degrees C, were highest at 20 degrees C and reduced at 10 and 4 degrees C. Inactivation of fumarate reductase was considered to be a possible explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Höller
- Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany.
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14
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Höller C, Schomakers-Revaka U. A note: comparison of different homogenization procedures for detecting Campylobacter spp. in sewage sludge. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1994; 77:591-6. [PMID: 8002483 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb04406.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Crude sewage sludge contains Campylobacter spp. in a concentration of 10(1)-10(3) cfu 100 ml-1 on average. Because large variations in the number of bacteria are seen when samples are examined in parallel, we attempted to improve the detection method. Seeded sewage sludge samples were homogenized by a high-speed blender, ultrasonic bath and ultrasonic bar. Bacterial counts were determined by the MPN method in triplicate. The recovery rate was < 10%. Subsequently, sludge samples without artificial contamination were also examined. The bacterial counts varied considerably, as seen earlier. In order to enhance the detection rate of campylobacters homogenization times and frequencies were increased, samples were diluted prior to treatment and pre-enriched in non-selective broth or supplemented with detergent. None of the methods applied proved satisfactory. The bacterial counts achieved with all methods varied greatly, with minimum and maximum values lying at least two orders of magnitude apart.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Höller
- Department of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine, University of Kiel, Germany
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15
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Brennhovd O, Kapperud G, Langeland G. Survey of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. and Yersinia spp. in three surface water sources in Norway. Int J Food Microbiol 1992; 15:327-38. [PMID: 1419539 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(92)90066-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence of thermotolerant Campylobacter and Yersinia spp. in three surface water sources in Norway which represented different levels of pollution and eutrophication. Samples were collected every fortnight during a 14-month period. In addition, samples from 100 private wells were examined for campylobacters only. Campylobacter was recovered from 42 (43.8%) of the 96 samples of surface water, whereas Yersinia spp. were isolated from four (4.2%) of the samples. Campylobacter was not isolated from the well water samples. The highest isolation rate of Campylobacter was obtained from the two most polluted water sources. The proportion of positive samples was significantly higher in the autumn (71.4%) than in the spring (36.4%) or summer (22.2%). The highest overall isolation rate was obtained at water temperatures ranging from 2.1 to 8.0 degrees C, and the lowest at temperatures greater than 15 degrees C. Logistic regression analysis showed a highly significant relationship between the prevalence of Campylobacter and the number of three types of indicator bacteria: faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and sulphite-reducing clostridia. Of the 60 Campylobacter isolates obtained, 51.7% belonged to C. jejuni biotype 1, 20.0% belonged to C. jejuni biotype 2, 21.7% to C. coli, 3.3% to C. lari and 3.3% were non-typable. All four Yersinia isolates were non-pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Brennhovd
- Department of Food Hygiene, Norwegian College of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo
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16
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Jacob J, Stelzer W. Comparison of two media for the isolation of thermophilic Campylobacters from waste waters of different quality. ZENTRALBLATT FUR MIKROBIOLOGIE 1992; 147:41-4. [PMID: 1509825 DOI: 10.1016/s0232-4393(11)80361-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Counts of thermophilic campylobacters from 31 different waste water samples were parallel estimated with two different cultivation media. The resulting increased isolation sale obtained with an modified Charcoal-Cefoperazone-Deoxycholat-Medium (MCCD-Medium), was statistically significant. An 15.8 fold increased isolation rate, compared with the standard medium, could be estimated with the help of the geometric mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jacob
- Institut für Wasser-, Boden- und Lufthygiene des Bundesgesundheitsamtes, Forschungsstelle Bad Elster, Deutschland
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Jones K, Betaieb M, Telford DR. Thermophilic campylobacters in surface waters around Lancaster, UK: negative correlation with Campylobacter infections in the community. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1990; 69:758-64. [PMID: 2276990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of campylobacter enteritis in Lancaster City Health Authority is three times the UK average for similar sizes of population and has marked seasonal peaks in May and June. Environmental monitoring of surface waters around Lancaster showed that thermophilic campylobacters were absent from drinking water from the fells and from the clean upper reaches of the River Conder but were present in the main rivers entering Morecambe Bay, the lower reaches of the River Conder, the Lancaster canal, and seawater from the Lune estuary and Morecambe Bay. All the surface waters tested showed the same seasonality, namely, higher numbers in the winter months and low numbers or none in May, June and July. The absence of thermophilic campylobacters in the summer months may be due to high sunshine levels because experiments on the effects of light showed that campylobacters in sewage effluent and seawater were eliminated within 60 and 30 min of daylight respectively but survived for 24 h in darkness. As the concentrations of campylobacters in surface waters were at their lowest precisely at the time of peak infections in the community it is unlikely that surface waters form Lancaster's reservoir of campylobacter infection for the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jones
- Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, UK
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Griffiths PL, Park RW. Campylobacters associated with human diarrhoeal disease. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1990; 69:281-301. [PMID: 2246137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P L Griffiths
- Department of Microbiology, University of Reading, UK
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Arimi SM, Park RW, Fricker CR. Study of haemolytic activity of some Campylobacter spp. on blood agar plates. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1990; 69:384-9. [PMID: 2246143 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01528.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A total of 152 strains of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. laridis and C. fetus subsp. fetus were tested for haemolysis on blood agar plates. Distinct haemolysis was detected in 92.3% (96/104) of strains of C. jejuni and 21.7% (5/23) of strains of C. coli on sheep blood heart infusion agar after incubation for 4 d microaerobically at 42 degrees C. Haemolysis was also detected on horse blood heart infusion agar. Haemolysis was not detected at 37 degrees C except with one of 50 strains of C. jejuni tested at this temperature, which was weakly positive. Campylobacter laridis was not haemolytic; C. fetus subsp. fetus, which does not grow at 42 degrees C, showed no haemolysis at 37 degrees C. Blood agar (Oxoid, BA Base No. 2) was not suitable for testing for haemolysis by these organisms. A microaerobic gas mixture containing hydrogen is better than that containing nitrogen because the medium has a brighter colour, making haemolysis easier to detect. There was no synergistic haemolysis with Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus agalactiae. The plate haemolysis test as described here may aid differentiation within the thermophilic campylobacters.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Arimi
- Department of Microbiology, University of Reading, UK
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Jones K, Betaieb M, Telford DR. Seasonal variation of thermophilic campylobacters in sewage sludge. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1990; 69:185-9. [PMID: 2272939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal variation of thermophilic campylobacters in Lancaster's sewage sludge was studied over a 21 month period. The numbers in fresh sludge (from primary sedimentation) vary between approximately 200 and 5000/100 ml for most of the year but there was a large increase in May and June (in May 1988 there were 42,100 campylobacters/100 ml which is 17 times more than in the preceding April). In 1989 there was a similar May/June peak but with lower numbers. This seasonal variation, measured by environmental monitoring, reflects the incidence of infections in the community. The same pattern was found in 2-d old sludge but the numbers were substantially lower (40% lower over the experimental period). Thermophilic campylobacters were virtually absent from digested sludge and sludge prior to land distribution. Survival experiments confirm that campylobacters survive for only a few hours in both sterile and unsterile digested and undigested sludge. These results suggest that it is safe to dispose of Lancaster's digested sludge on land but there is still uncertainty about the ability of campylobacters to survive in sludge in the viable but non-culturable form.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jones
- Institute of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, UK
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Jones K, Betaieb M, Telford DR. Correlation between environmental monitoring of thermophilic campylobacters in sewage effluent and the incidence of Campylobacter infection in the community. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1990; 69:235-40. [PMID: 2272945 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1990.tb01514.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Environmental monitoring of thermophilic campylobacters in liquid sewage effluent (primary settlement only) during 1988 and 1989 showed a prominent seasonality with distinct peaks in May and June (the average number of bacteria per 100 ml of effluent in months other than May and June was 2244 and the average for the peak months was 50,778). Apart from September 1989, this seasonality coincided precisely with the seasonal variation of campylobacter enteritis in the community with similar distinct peaks in May and June (the incidence of infection in May and June was twice or three times that in the other months). Sampling of sewers showed that the campylobacters in the sewage effluent came mainly from abbatoir and animal processing plants with only a minor input from the community. Therefore, the seasonal peaks in the sewage effluent and in the community may not be dependent on human infections but on zoonotic infections which may also peak in May and June.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jones
- Division of Biological Sciences, Lancaster University, UK
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