1
|
Vusirikala A, Katwa P, Kirkbride H, Dabke G, Taye A, Krisifoe S, Chattaway M, Godbole G, Balasegaram S. Epidemiology of non-travel enteric fever cases in England: insights from 10 years of surveillance. Public Health 2024; 234:43-46. [PMID: 38945034 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2024.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In non-endemic countries, surveillance of non-travel cases of enteric fever is important to identify carriers and reduce secondary transmission. We characterised these cases in England between 2012 and 2021 and assessed potential sources of infection to inform guidance revision. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case-case. METHODS We identified enteric fever cases from the national surveillance dataset. Non-travel cases were defined as no travel to an endemic country or travel but onset of >60 days after return. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with non-travel cases. We reviewed the case records of cases with unknown source of infection. RESULTS Compared to travel cases, non-travel cases (7%; 225/3075) were older (odds ratio [OR] = 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.02-1.04), asymptomatic (OR = 9.3: 95% CI: 4.3-20.3), and confirmed with Salmonella typhi infection (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.26-2.4). Non-travel cases had lower odds of being of Indian (OR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.16-0.45) or Pakistani ethnicity (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.16-0.45) than White British. Surveillance questionnaires identified a possible infection source for 53%: case records review identified a further 23%: 33% secondary transmission, mostly household; 21% had overseas visitors, or travelling family; 12% were carriers (cases with enteric fever in the past), 12% travelled to endemic country outside of the 60-day window, and 22% had other possible sources. Case records differentiated between travel 60-90 days (5%) vs travel years prior to onset (7%), suggesting carrier status. CONCLUSION Not all possible carriers were identified through the surveillance questionnaire. Therefore, we recommend additional questions to systematically capture travel history beyond 60 days to assist in classifying carrier status and to updating the source of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amoolya Vusirikala
- UK Health Security Agency, Health Protection Operations, UK; UK Field Epidemiology Training Programme, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK.
| | - Parisha Katwa
- UK Health Security Agency, Travel Health and IHR Team, UK
| | | | - Girija Dabke
- UK Health Security Agency, Health Protection Operations, UK
| | - Addis Taye
- UK Health Security Agency, Health Protection Operations, UK
| | - Suzie Krisifoe
- UK Health Security Agency, Health Protection Operations, UK
| | - Marie Chattaway
- UK Health Security Agency, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, UK
| | - Gauri Godbole
- UK Health Security Agency, Gastrointestinal Bacteria Reference Unit, UK; UK Health Security Agency, Gastro and Food Safety (One Health), UK
| | - Sooria Balasegaram
- UK Health Security Agency, Health Protection Operations, UK; UK Health Security Agency, Gastro and Food Safety (One Health), UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dolatyabi S, Renu S, Schrock J, Renukaradhya GJ. Chitosan-nanoparticle-based oral Salmonella enteritidis subunit vaccine elicits cross-protection against Salmonella typhimurium in broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103569. [PMID: 38447310 PMCID: PMC11067733 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella infection is a significant health and economic burden in poultry industry. Developing an oral vaccine to induce robust mucosal immunity in the intestines of birds, especially cross protection against different Salmonella serotypes is challenging. Therefore, a potent oral vaccine platform that can mitigate different serotypes of Salmonella is warranted for the poultry industry. We reported earlier that the Salmonella enteritidis (SE) immunogenic outer membrane proteins (OMPs) and flagellin (FLA) entrapped in mannose chitosan nanoparticles (OMPs-FLA-mCS NPs) administered prime-boost (d-3 and 3-wk later) by oral inoculation elicits mucosal immunity and reduces challenge SE colonization by over 1 log10 CFU in birds. In this study, we sought to evaluate whether the SE antigens containing OMPs-FLA-mCS NPs vaccine induces cross-protection against Salmonella typhimurium (ST) in broilers. Our data indicated that the OMPs-FLA-mCS NPs vaccine induced higher cross-protective antibody responses compared to commercial Poulvac ST vaccine (contains a modified-live ST bacterium). Particularly, OMPs-FLA-mCS-NP vaccine elicited OMPs and FLA antigens specific increased production of secretory IgA and IgY antibodies in samples collected at both post-vaccination and post-challenge timepoints compared to commercial vaccine group. Notably, the vaccine reduced the challenge ST bacterial load by 0.8 log10 CFU in the cecal content, which was comparable to the outcome of Poulvac ST vaccination. In conclusion, our data suggested that orally administered OMPs-FLA-mCS-NP SE vaccine elicited cross protective mucosal immune responses against ST colonization in broilers. Thus, this candidate vaccine could be a viable option replacing the existing both live and killed Salmonella vaccines for birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dolatyabi
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences; The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Sankar Renu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences; The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences; The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences; The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oxman JM, Boadla LR, Sells N. An isolated case of nosocomial acquisition of invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella. IDCases 2023; 33:e01816. [PMID: 37645540 PMCID: PMC10461127 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2023.e01816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella spreads to humans via contact with animals or consumption of contaminated animal products, often causing outbreaks of a self-resolving gastroenteritis. Less commonly, it can lead to bacteremia and invasive disease. Nosocomial, person-to-person, and asymptomatic carrier transmission are uncommon in the United States. Reactivation of latent Salmonella in immunocompromised patients is also a known phenomenon. Here, we report a case of an isolated Salmonella bacteremia that developed in an intubated patient with a prolonged hospital course and no clear outbreak or focus of infection. Non-traditional means of transmission and reactivation of latent Salmonella should be considered in the absence of an outbreak phenomenon, especially in patients with multiple comorbidities and immunocompromise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Oxman
- Mount Sinai Morningside-West Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 440 West 114th Street, New York, NY 10025, United States
| | - Laura Rivera Boadla
- Mount Sinai Morningside-West Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 440 West 114th Street, New York, NY 10025, United States
| | - Nicholas Sells
- Mount Sinai Morningside-West Hospital Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 440 West 114th Street, New York, NY 10025, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoffman SA, Sikorski MJ, Levine MM. Chronic Salmonella Typhi carriage at sites other than the gallbladder. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011168. [PMID: 36952437 PMCID: PMC10035749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever caused by infection with Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi), an important public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries, is transmitted by ingestion of water or food contaminated by feces or urine from individuals with acute or chronic S. Typhi infection. Most chronic S. Typhi carriers (shedding for ≥12 months) harbor infection in their gallbladder wherein preexisting pathologies, particularly cholelithiasis, provide an environment that fosters persistence. Much less appreciated is the existence of non-gallbladder hepatobiliary chronic S. Typhi carriers and urinary carriers. The former includes parasitic liver flukes as a chronic carriage risk factor. Chronic urinary carriers typically have pathology of their urinary tract, with or without renal or bladder stones. Even as the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant S. Typhi strains is rising, global implementation of highly effective typhoid vaccines is increasing. There is also renewed interest in identifying, monitoring, and (where possible) treating chronic carriers who comprise the long-term reservoir of S. Typhi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seth A Hoffman
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Michael J Sikorski
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Myron M Levine
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ashraf Hussain M, Ahmed I, Akram S, Khan MA, Ali S, Amir M. Extensively Drug-Resistant Typhoidal Salmonellae: Are These Bugs Swarming Into Suburban and Rural Areas of Pakistan? Cureus 2022; 14:e26189. [PMID: 35891850 PMCID: PMC9306454 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
|
6
|
Kim SH, Bansal J. A Rare Case of Typhoid Fever in the United States Associated With Travel to Mexico. Cureus 2022; 14:e22316. [PMID: 35350527 PMCID: PMC8933273 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is an infectious febrile illness caused by Salmonella typhi that is rare in the United States but is endemic in regions of South Asia and Africa. Typhoid fever initially presents with nonspecific symptoms such as fever, malaise, and abdominal pain. We describe a case of typhoid fever in an adult in the United States with recent travel to Mexico. After a nonspecific presentation, the patient developed Faget sign and computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen revealed mesenteric adenitis, which prompted additional workup. Diagnosis of typhoid fever was established by blood culture and the patient was treated with ciprofloxacin.
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhutta ZA. International Travel and the Risk of Extensively Drug-resistant Typhoid: Issues and Potential Solutions. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:e4590-e4591. [PMID: 32609356 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Centre for Global Child Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abdel-Haq N, Asmar BI. Fever in the Returned Pediatric Traveler. Glob Pediatr Health 2021; 8:2333794X211026188. [PMID: 34423077 PMCID: PMC8375340 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x211026188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Global mobility has been steadily increasing in recent years. The assessment of the febrile child returning from international travel is a diagnostic challenge. The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected international travel and made evaluation and management of the sick returned traveler more challenging. Children visiting friends and relatives abroad remain at higher risk of infection compared to tourists. This review presents a guidance on the initial assessment of a traveling febrile child including interpretation of medical history, physical examination, and laboratory findings. Important clues to etiology include exposure to different infectious agents, incubation periods of pathogens, and prophylaxis regimens and vaccines received. Early identification of potentially life-threatening and highly contagious infections is essential. In this article, we discuss the epidemiology, evaluation, and management of specific travel related infections such as malaria, typhoid fever, dengue fever, viral hemorrhagic fever, rickettsiosis, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, gastrointestinal, and respiratory infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Abdel-Haq
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Basim I. Asmar
- Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI, USA
- Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
- Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi in a patient returning from Pakistan, complicated by relapse with meropenem monotherapy. IDCases 2021; 23:e01048. [PMID: 33520658 PMCID: PMC7820545 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2021.e01048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In developing countries, typhoid fever is a common cause of febrile illness accompanied by abdominal pain and weakness. It is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Humans are the only known reservoir of infection, and typhoid fever is common in regions where access to clean water and sanitation is limited. The antimicrobials of choice for a case of typhoid fever acquired outside Pakistan are third generation cephalosporins. Lately, cases of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Salmonella Typhi have been reported in people with a travel history to Pakistan. We present a case of XDR typhoid fever which relapsed after treatment with meropenem.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bonville C, Domachowske J. Typhoid Fever. Vaccines (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58414-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
|
11
|
Kim S, Lee KS, Pak GD, Excler JL, Sahastrabuddhe S, Marks F, Kim JH, Mogasale V. Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever Outbreaks: A Worldwide Review, 1990-2018. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 69:S499-S509. [PMID: 31665782 PMCID: PMC6821269 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analyses of the global spatial and temporal distribution of enteric fever outbreaks worldwide are important factors to consider in estimating the disease burden of enteric fever disease burden. METHODS We conducted a global literature review of enteric fever outbreak data by systematically using multiple databases from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2018 and classified them by time, place, diagnostic methods, and drug susceptibility, to illustrate outbreak characteristics including spatial and temporal patterns. RESULTS There were 180 940 cases in 303 identified outbreaks caused by infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A or B (S. Paratyphi). The size of outbreak ranged from 1 to 42 564. Fifty-one percent of outbreaks occurred in Asia, 15% in Africa, 14% in Oceania, and the rest in other regions. Forty-six percent of outbreaks specified confirmation by blood culture, and 82 outbreaks reported drug susceptibility, of which 54% had multidrug-resistant pathogens. Paratyphoid outbreaks were less common compared to typhoid (22 vs 281) and more prevalent in Asia than Africa. Risk factors were multifactorial, with contaminated water being the main factor. CONCLUSIONS Enteric fever outbreak burden remains high in endemic low- and middle-income countries and, despite its limitations, outbreak data provide valuable contemporary evidence in prioritizing resources, public health policies, and actions. This review highlights geographical locations where urgent attention is needed for enteric fever control and calls for global action to prevent and contain outbreaks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Kang Sung Lee
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Deok Pak
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Florian Marks
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome H Kim
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Appiah GD, Chung A, Bentsi-Enchill AD, Kim S, Crump JA, Mogasale V, Pellegrino R, Slayton RB, Mintz ED. Typhoid Outbreaks, 1989-2018: Implications for Prevention and Control. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 102:1296-1305. [PMID: 32228795 PMCID: PMC7253085 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever remains an important public health problem in low- and middle-income countries, with large outbreaks reported from Africa and Asia. Although the WHO recommends typhoid vaccination for control of confirmed outbreaks, there are limited data on the epidemiologic characteristics of outbreaks to inform vaccine use in outbreak settings. We conducted a literature review for typhoid outbreaks published since 1990. We found 47 publications describing 45,215 cases in outbreaks occurring in 25 countries from 1989 through 2018. Outbreak characteristics varied considerably by WHO region, with median outbreak size ranging from 12 to 1,101 cases, median duration from 23 to 140 days, and median case fatality ratio from 0% to 1%. The largest number of outbreaks occurred in WHO Southeast Asia, 13 (28%), and African regions, 12 (26%). Among 43 outbreaks reporting a mode of disease transmission, 24 (56%) were waterborne, 17 (40%) were foodborne, and two (5%) were by direct contact transmission. Among the 34 outbreaks with antimicrobial resistance data, 11 (32%) reported Typhi non-susceptible to ciprofloxacin, 16 (47%) reported multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, and one reported extensively drug-resistant strains. Our review showed a longer median duration of outbreaks caused by MDR strains (148 days versus 34 days for susceptible strains), although this difference was not statistically significant. Control strategies focused on water, sanitation, and food safety, with vaccine use described in only six (13%) outbreaks. As typhoid conjugate vaccines become more widely used, their potential role and impact in outbreak control warrant further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace D Appiah
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Alexandria Chung
- Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Adwoa D Bentsi-Enchill
- Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sunkyung Kim
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John A Crump
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Vittal Mogasale
- Policy and Economic Research Department, Development and Delivery Unit, International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Rachel B Slayton
- Division of Healthcare Quality and Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eric D Mintz
- Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramatla TA, Mphuthi N, Ramaili T, Taioe MO, Thekisoe OMM, Syakalima M. Molecular detection of virulence genes in Salmonella spp. isolated from chicken faeces in Mafikeng, South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc 2020; 91:e1-e7. [PMID: 32787420 PMCID: PMC7433231 DOI: 10.4102/jsava.v91i0.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickens have been implicated in most Salmonella disease outbreaks because they act as carriers of the pathogen in their gut. There are over 2500 serotypes of Salmonella that have been reported worldwide and 2000 of these serovars can be found in chickens. The main objective of this study was to determine the Salmonella serotypes found in poultry farms around Mafikeng district, South Africa. Salmonella was identified according to the guidelines of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (ISO 6579:2002) standard techniques. Faecal samples were collected and analysed for Salmonella using conventional cultural methods and polymerase chain reaction targeting the 16S Ribosomal Deoxyribonucleic acid (rDNA) gene for Salmonella identification. Out of 130 presumptive Salmonella isolates determined by urease and triple sugar iron tests, only 46 isolates were identified as Salmonella serotypes of which S. Typhimurium was the most frequent with 18 (39.1%), followed by S. Heidelberg with 9 (19.6%), S. bongori with 7 (15.2%), S. Enteritidis with 6 (13.0%) and both S. Paratyphi B and S. Newport with 3 (6.5%) each. Seven virulence genes including invA 100%, spy 39%, hilA 9%, misL 30%, sdfI 13%, orfL 11% and spiC 9% were detected from these Salmonella isolates in this study. The presence of these virulence genes indicates high pathogenicity potential of these isolates which is a serious public health concern because of zoonotic potential of Salmonella.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsepo A Ramatla
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mafikeng.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang T, Wang X, Tie P, Bai Y, Zheng Y, Yan C, Chai Z, Chen J, Rao H, Zeng L, Chen L, Qiu L. Spatio-temporal cluster and distribution of human brucellosis in Shanxi Province of China between 2011 and 2016. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16977. [PMID: 30451894 PMCID: PMC6242928 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of human brucellosis (HB) in the Shanxi province has ranked to be the top five among the 31 China provinces. HB data in Shanxi province between 2011 and 2016 were collected from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Spatial and temporal distribution of HB was evaluated using spatial autocorrelation analysis and space-time scan analysis. The global Moran's I index ranged from 0.37 to 0.50 between 2011 and 2016 (all P < 0.05), and the "high-high" clusters of HB were located at the northern Shanxi, while the "low-low" clusters in the central and southeastern Shanxi. The high-incidence time interval was between March and July with a 2-fold higher risk of HB compared to the other months in the same year. One most likely cluster and three secondary clusters were identified. The radius of the most likely cluster region was 158.03 km containing 10,051 HB cases. Compared to the remaining regions, people dwelling in the most likely region were reported 4.50-fold ascended risk of incident HB. HB cases during the high-risk time interval of each year were more likely to be younger, to be males or to be farmers or herdsman than that during the low-risk time interval. The HB incidence had a significantly high correlation with the number of the cattle or sheep especially in the northern Shanxi. HB in Shanxi showed unique spatio-temporal clustering. Public health concern for HB in Shanxi should give priority to the northern region especially between the late spring and early summer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- China Railway Taiyuan Group Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Disease Control Division, Taiyuan, 030000, China.,Shanxi Medical University, School of Public Health, Taiyuan, 030001, China
| | - Ping Tie
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Yongfei Bai
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Yuhua Zheng
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Changfu Yan
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Zhikai Chai
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China
| | - Huaxiang Rao
- Qinghai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Xining, 810007, China
| | - Lingjia Zeng
- China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Limin Chen
- Shanxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Taiyuan, 030012, China.
| | - Lixia Qiu
- Shanxi Medical University, School of Public Health, Taiyuan, 030001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Use of whole genome sequencing to complement characterisation of a typhoid fever outbreak among a Marshallese community: Oklahoma, 2015. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 147:e11. [PMID: 30236166 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Typhoid fever is an illness caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi. In developing regions, it affects an estimated 20 million people annually, causing 200 000 deaths. Although uncommon, cases occur in the USA each year, predominantly due to international travel. During February 2015, the Oklahoma State Department of Health (OSDH) detected an outbreak of typhoid fever among residents of northwestern Oklahoma. OSDH conducted case-patient interviews to identify the source and symptomatic contacts. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed to characterise the genetic relatedness of isolates among the four outbreak-associated pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns. We identified 38 cases, 25 confirmed and 13 probable, in two states. WGS revealed a 0-10 single-nucleotide polymorphism variation between isolates. Although we were unable to determine the source, almost all case-patients were members of the Marshallese community that attended a common event in Oklahoma, or were contacts to a confirmed case. This is the largest outbreak of typhoid fever in the USA since 1989, and first to apply WGS to complement interpretation of PFGE results during a typhoid fever outbreak investigation. This investigation illustrates the potential risk of outbreaks among communities comprised of international populations from regions where typhoid fever remains endemic.
Collapse
|
16
|
Adams DA, Thomas KR, Jajosky RA, Foster L, Baroi G, Sharp P, Onweh DH, Schley AW, Anderson WJ. Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015. MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT 2017; 64:1-143. [PMID: 28796757 DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6453a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Summary of Notifiable Infectious Diseases and Conditions - United States, 2015 (hereafter referred to as the summary) contains the official statistics, in tabular and graphical form, for the reported occurrence of nationally notifiable infectious diseases and conditions in the United States for 2015. Unless otherwise noted, data are final totals for 2015 reported as of June 30, 2016. These statistics are collected and compiled from reports sent by U.S. state and territories, New York City, and District of Columbia health departments to the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS), which is operated by CDC in collaboration with the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE). This summary is available at https://www.cdc.gov/MMWR/MMWR_nd/index.html. This site also includes summary publications from previous years.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Adams
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Kimberly R Thomas
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Ruth Ann Jajosky
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Loretta Foster
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Gitangali Baroi
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Pearl Sharp
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Diana H Onweh
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Alan W Schley
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | - Willie J Anderson
- Division of Health Informatics and Surveillance, Office of Public Health Scientific Services, CDC
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Requena-Méndez A, Berrocal M, Almela M, Soriano A, Gascón J, Muñoz J. Enteric fever in Barcelona: Changing patterns of importation and antibiotic resistance. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14:577-582. [PMID: 27890811 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enteric fever's incidence is decreasing among residents of high-income countries, although it's rising in travelers coming from low-resource endemic settings. The study's aim is to describe epidemiological, clinical and laboratory features of patients with enteric fever. METHODS Retrospective descriptive study of enteric fever cases diagnosed at a Tropical Medicine Unit in Barcelona, 1993-2012. RESULTS Out of 40 patients, 31(77,5%) were returning travelers, and 70% of them had been in Southern Asia. In the rest of patients without an antecedent of a recent travel, the infection occurred mainly before year 2000. The more frequently reported symptoms were fever and diarrhea, lacking significant differences between S. typhi and S. paratyphi infections. Quinolones were used as empiric treatment in 47.2% of patients, 36.1% received 3rd generation cephalosporins, 2.78% azithromycin and 13.89% other combinations. Resistance to quinolones in the S. paratyphi group (66.7%) was significantly higher compared with the S. typhi group (20%) (p:0.02). 22.5% of patients had treatment failure and 23.6% patients presented complications, none of them had been previously vaccinated. CONCLUSIONS The diagnosis of enteric fever was more frequent among travelers coming from Southern-East Asia. Quinolone resistance is widely spread, particularly in S. paratyphi serotypes and should not be considered as first choice treatment anymore.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Requena-Méndez
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Monica Berrocal
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Almela
- Department of Microbiology (CDB), Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alex Soriano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Gascón
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Muñoz
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health, ISGlobal-CRESIB, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|