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Dowall SD, Graham VA, Aram M, Findlay-Wilson S, Salguero FJ, Emery K, Hewson R. Hantavirus infection in type I interferon receptor-deficient (A129) mice. J Gen Virol 2021; 101:1047-1055. [PMID: 32667279 PMCID: PMC7660455 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon receptor knockout mice (strain A129) were assessed as a disease model of hantavirus infection. A range of infection routes (intramuscular, intraperitoneal and intranasal) were assessed using minimally passaged Seoul virus (strain Humber). Dissemination of virus to the spleen, kidney and lung was observed at 5 days after intramuscular and intraperitoneal challenge, which was resolved by day 14. In contrast, intranasal challenge of A129 mice demonstrated virus tropism to the lung, which was maintained to day 14 post-challenge. These data support the use of the A129 mouse model for future infection studies and the in vivo evaluation of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D Dowall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Victoria A Graham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Marilyn Aram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Stephen Findlay-Wilson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Kirsty Emery
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
| | - Roger Hewson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK
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2
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Shepherd JG, Blunsum AE, Carmichael S, Smollett K, Maxwell-Scott H, Farmer ECW, Osborne J, MacLean A, Ashraf S, Shah R, Gunson R, da Silva Filipe A, Aarons EJ, Thomson EC. Seoul Virus Associated with Pet Rats, Scotland, UK, 2019. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:2677-2680. [PMID: 34545785 PMCID: PMC8462346 DOI: 10.3201/eid2710.211298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a case of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome caused by Seoul virus in a woman in Scotland, UK. Whole-genome sequencing showed the virus belonged to a lineage characterized by recent international expansion, probably driven by trade in pet rats.
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3
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A rare case of tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis (TINU) syndrome: Answers. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:2269-2274. [PMID: 32440946 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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4
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Epidemiologic Characteristics of Domestic Patients with Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome in Taiwan: A 19-Year Retrospective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17155291. [PMID: 32708017 PMCID: PMC7432905 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is an illness caused by hantaviruses. Numerous factors modify the risk of hantavirus transmission. This study explored the epidemiological characteristics, differences, and trends in terms of gender, age, season, and living areas of those diagnosed with domestically acquired HFRS in Taiwan from 2001 to 2019. Methods: We examined publicly available annual summary data on the domestic cases with HFRS from 2001 to 2019; these data were obtained from the web database of Taiwan’s Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Results: This study analyzed 21 domestic cases with HFRS from Taiwan’s CDC databases. In this study of the cases of HFRS in Taiwan, a gradual increase in the cases of those aged ≥40 years acquiring the disease was noted, and a distinct pattern of seasonal variation (spring) was observed. Furthermore, more men had domestically acquired HFRS, and living in Taipei metropolitan area (6 cases [28.6%]) and the rural areas (Gao-Ping region, 9 cases [42.9%]) was identified as a potential risk factor. This study represents the first report of confirmed cases of domestically acquired HFRS from surveillance data from Taiwan’s CDC, 2001–2019. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of longitudinal studies covering a wide geographical area, particularly for highly fluctuating pathogens, to understanding the implications of the transmission of zoonotic diseases in human populations. Important data were identified to inform future surveillance and research efforts in Taiwan.
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Tappe D, Frank C, Homeier-Bachmann T, Wilking H, Allendorf V, Schlottau K, Muñoz-Fontela C, Rottstegge M, Port JR, Rissland J, Eisermann P, Beer M, Schmidt-Chanasit J. Analysis of exotic squirrel trade and detection of human infections with variegated squirrel bornavirus 1, Germany, 2005 to 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 30808439 PMCID: PMC6446953 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.8.1800483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Following the discovery in 2015 of the variegated squirrel bornavirus 1 (VSBV-1) in fatal encephalitis cases among exotic squirrel breeders and a zoo animal caretaker in Germany, a case definition was developed. It was employed during trace-back animal trade investigations and sero-epidemiological studies among breeders and zoo animal caretakers of holdings with VSBV-1 infected squirrels. During the investigation, two possible human cases who had died of encephalitis were identified retrospectively among the squirrel breeders. Moreover, one probable human case was detected among the breeders who had a positive memory T-cell response to VSBV-1 antigen and antibodies against VSBV-1. The low rate of seropositivity found among living persons in risk groups that handle exotic squirrels privately or at zoos may reflect rareness of exposure to VSBV-1 during animal contact, a high lethality of infection or a combination of these factors. As a precaution against human exposure, testing of exotic squirrels for VSBV-1 infection and/or avoiding direct contact with exotic squirrels in zoos and private holdings is strongly advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Kore Schlottau
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald/Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | | | - Julia R Port
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institut für Tropenmedizin, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rissland
- Institut für Virologie, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald/Insel Riems, Germany
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6
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Duggan JM. Prevalence of Seoul hantavirus in UK wild rats: an emerging public health problem? Vet Rec 2020; 184:523-524. [PMID: 31023948 DOI: 10.1136/vr.l1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Duggan
- Rare and Imported Pathogens Laboratory, National Infections Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, UK
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7
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Abstract
This chapter discusses infections of rats with viruses in the following 14 virus families: Adenoviridae, Arenaviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Hantaviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Pneumoviridae, Polyomaviridae, Poxviridae, and Reoviridae . Serological surveys indicate that parvoviruses, coronaviruses, cardioviruses, and pneumoviruses are the most prevalent in laboratory rats. A new polyomavirus and a new cardiovirus that cause disease in laboratory rats are described. Metagenomic analyses of feces or intestinal contents from wild rats have detected viruses from an additional nine virus families that could potentially cause infections in laboratory rats.
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8
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Salvaraji L, Jeffree MS, Avoi R, Akhir HM, Rahim SSSA, Lukman KA. Respiratory Symptoms Among Domestic Waste Collectors. Medeni Med J 2020; 35:304-309. [PMID: 33717622 PMCID: PMC7945730 DOI: 10.5222/mmj.2020.82246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Increasing amount of waste concurrently increases the risk of exposure to hazardous materials among waste collectors. Vigorous exertion in the field intensifies the abundance of contaminated inspirable droplets. If left undetected and untreated, it may provoke significant pernicious health effects and redundant burdens to employees and employers. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and their associated factors among domestic waste collectors. Method A cross-sectional study was conducted in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah between January and April 2020. Data were collected using a validated questionnaire which encompasses details about sociodemographic, health status, environment, and employment characteristics. Results A total of 290 waste collectors with a mean age of 40 (±9) years old were participated in the study. Most of them were from Kadazan-Dusun-Murut ethnic origin with educational background till secondary school. The average monthly income of the workers was USD 298.45 (±171.9) per month, and they had been in service for 11 (±9.04) years. Respiratory symptoms were seen in 21% of the workers. The identified significant risk factors were determined as underlying chronic diseases (OR=2.34; 95% CI=1.054, 5.219) and contact with pets (OR=1.87; 95% CI=1.004, 3.288). Conclusion Respiratory symptoms are prevalent amidst domestic waste collectors and related to their health and field activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loganathan Salvaraji
- Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Saffree Jeffree
- Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Richard Avoi
- Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Hazelina Mohd Akhir
- Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Syed Sharizman Syed Abdul Rahim
- Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Community and Family Medicine, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Khamisah Awang Lukman
- Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Center for Occupational Safety and Health, Sabah, Malaysia
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9
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Wild Rats, Laboratory Rats, Pet Rats: Global Seoul Hantavirus Disease Revisited. Viruses 2019; 11:v11070652. [PMID: 31319534 PMCID: PMC6669632 DOI: 10.3390/v11070652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports from Europe and the USA described Seoul orthohantavirus infection in pet rats and their breeders/owners, suggesting the potential emergence of a “new” public health problem. Wild and laboratory rat-induced Seoul infections have, however, been described since the early eighties, due to the omnipresence of the rodent reservoir, the brown rat Rattus norvegicus. Recent studies showed no fundamental differences between the pathogenicity and phylogeny of pet rat-induced Seoul orthohantaviruses and their formerly described wild or laboratory rat counterparts. The paucity of diagnosed Seoul virus-induced disease in the West is in striking contrast to the thousands of cases recorded since the 1980s in the Far East, particularly in China. This review of four continents (Asia, Europe, America, and Africa) puts this “emerging infection” into a historical perspective, concluding there is an urgent need for greater medical awareness of Seoul virus-induced human pathology in many parts of the world. Given the mostly milder and atypical clinical presentation, sometimes even with preserved normal kidney function, the importance of simple but repeated urine examination is stressed, since initial but transient proteinuria and microhematuria are rarely lacking.
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Murphy EG, Williams NJ, Bennett M, Jennings D, Chantrey J, McElhinney LM. Detection of Seoul virus in wild brown rats ( Rattus norvegicus) from pig farms in Northern England. Vet Rec 2019; 184:525. [PMID: 30952778 PMCID: PMC6582813 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Hantaviruses are maintained by mammalian hosts, such as rodents, and are shed in their excretions. Clinical disease can occur in humans from spillover infection. Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are the globally distributed reservoir host of Seoul virus (SEOV). Human cases of SEOV-associated haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (SEOV-HFRS)have been reported in Great Britain (GB) since 1977. Methods Brown rats (n=68) were trapped from a variety of peridomestic locations, with a focus on pig farms. Kidney and lung tissues were tested for viral RNA using a pan-hantavirus RT-PCR assay followed by Sanger sequencing and analysis. Results SEOV RNA was detected in 19 per cent (13/68, 95% CI 11 to 30) of rats and all sequences fell within SEOV lineage 9. Twelve sequences were highly similar to each other and to the previously reported GB Humber strain of SEOV (98 per cent). One rat SEOV sequence was more distant. The SEOV prevalence in rats from pig farms was significantly greater (p=0.047) than other sites sampled. No significant sex or age differences were observed among positive and negative rats. Discussion The results from this study suggest that SEOV could be widespread in wild rats in GB and therefore pose a potential risk to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen G Murphy
- HPRU EZI, Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool School of Life Sciences, Neston, Cheshire, UK.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicola J Williams
- HPRU EZI, Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool School of Life Sciences, Neston, Cheshire, UK.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Malcolm Bennett
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Daisy Jennings
- Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Julian Chantrey
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lorraine M McElhinney
- HPRU EZI, Institute of Infection and Global Health (IGH), University of Liverpool School of Life Sciences, Neston, Cheshire, UK.,Wildlife Zoonoses and Vector-Borne Disease Research Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
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11
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Childs JE, Klein SL, Glass GE. A Case Study of Two Rodent-Borne Viruses: Not Always the Same Old Suspects. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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12
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Ling J, Verner-Carlsson J, Eriksson P, Plyusnina A, Löhmus M, Järhult JD, van de Goot F, Plyusnin A, Lundkvist Å, Sironen T. Genetic analyses of Seoul hantavirus genome recovered from rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the Netherlands unveils diverse routes of spread into Europe. J Med Virol 2019; 91:724-730. [PMID: 30609070 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Seoul virus (SEOV) is the etiologic agent of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. It is carried by brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), a commensal rodent that closely cohabitates with humans in urban environments. SEOV has a worldwide distribution, and in Europe, it has been found in rats in UK, France, Sweden, and Belgium, and human cases of SEOV infection have been reported in Germany, UK, France, and Belgium. In the search of hantaviruses in brown rats from the Netherlands, we found both serological and genetic evidence for the presence of SEOV in the local wild rat population. To further decipher the relationship with other SEOV variants globally, the complete genome of SEOV in the Netherlands was recovered. SEOV sequences obtained from three positive rats (captured at close trapping locations at the same time) were found highly similar. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that two lineages of SEOV circulate in Europe. Strains from the Netherlands and UK, together with the Baxter strain from US, constitute one of these two, while the second includes strains from Europe and Asia. Our results support a hypothesis of diverse routes of SEOV spread into Europe. These findings, combined with other indications on the expansion of the spatial European range of SEOV, suggest an increased risk of this virus for the public health, highlighting the need for increased surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ling
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Verner-Carlsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Angelina Plyusnina
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mare Löhmus
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institute for Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,The National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Josef D Järhult
- Section for Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Alexander Plyusnin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Åke Lundkvist
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Zoonosis Science Center, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Swanink C, Reimerink J, Gisolf J, de Vries A, Claassen M, Martens L, Waegemaekers T, Rozendaal H, Valkenburgh S, Hoornweg T, Maas M. Autochthonous Human Case of Seoul Virus Infection, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 24:2158-2163. [PMID: 30067176 PMCID: PMC6256391 DOI: 10.3201/eid2412.180229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthohantaviruses are a group of rodentborne viruses with a worldwide distribution. The orthohantavirus Seoul virus (SEOV) can cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in humans and is distributed worldwide, like its reservoir host, the rat. Cases of SEOV in wild and pet rats have been described in several countries, and human cases have been reported in the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and the United States. In the Netherlands, SEOV has previously been found in wild brown rats. We describe an autochthonous human case of SEOV infection in the Netherlands. This patient had nonspecific clinical symptoms of an orthohantavirus infection (gastrointestinal symptoms and distinct elevation of liver enzymes). Subsequent source investigation revealed 2 potential sources, the patient’s feeder rats and a feeder rat farm. At both sources, a high prevalence of SEOV was found in the rats. The virus closely resembled the Cherwell and Turckheim SEOV strains that were previously found in Europe.
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Robin C, Perkins E, Watkins F, Christley R. Pets, Purity and Pollution: Why Conventional Models of Disease Transmission Do Not Work for Pet Rat Owners. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1526. [PMID: 29215554 PMCID: PMC5750944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the United Kingdom, following the emergence of Seoul hantavirus in pet rat owners in 2012, public health authorities tried to communicate the risk of this zoonotic disease, but had limited success. To explore this lack of engagement with health advice, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with pet rat owners and analysed them using a grounded theory approach. The findings from these interviews suggest that rat owners construct their pets as different from wild rats, and by elevating the rat to the status of a pet, the powerful associations that rats have with dirt and disease are removed. Removing the rat from the contaminated outside world moves their pet rat from being 'out of place' to 'in place'. A concept of 'bounded purity' keeps the rat protected within the home, allowing owners to interact with their pet, safe in the knowledge that it is clean and disease-free. Additionally, owners constructed a 'hierarchy of purity' for their pets, and it is on this structure of disease and risk that owners base their behaviour, not conventional biomedical models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Robin
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK.
| | - Elizabeth Perkins
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK.
- Health Services Research Department, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK.
| | - Francine Watkins
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK.
- Department of Public Health & Policy, Institute of Psychology Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK.
| | - Robert Christley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Institute of Infection and Global Health, School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Neston CH64 7TE, UK.
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit, University of Liverpool, Ronald Ross Building, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK.
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15
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Forbes KM, Sironen T, Plyusnin A. Hantavirus maintenance and transmission in reservoir host populations. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 28:1-6. [PMID: 29024905 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hantaviruses are primarily hosted by mammalian species of the orders Rodentia, Eulipotyphla and Chiroptera. Spillover to humans is common, and understanding hantavirus maintenance and transmission in reservoir host populations is important for efforts to curtail human disease. Recent field research challenges traditional phases of virus shedding kinetics derived from laboratory rodent infection experiments. Organ infection sites in non-rodent hosts suggest similar transmission routes to rodents, but require direct assessment. Further advances have also been made in understanding virus persistence (and fadeouts) in fluctuating host populations, as well as occupational, recreational and environmental risk factors associated with spillover to humans. However, despite relevance for both intra-species and inter-species transmission, our understanding of the longevity of hantaviruses in natural environments remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian M Forbes
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland; Centre for Infectious Disease Dynamics and Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, Millennium Science Complex, State College, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Tarja Sironen
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Agnes Sjöbergin katu 2, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Alexander Plyusnin
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 3, Helsinki FI-00290, Finland
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