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A systems-based dissection of retinal inputs to the zebrafish tectum reveals different rules for different functional classes during development. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13946-56. [PMID: 23986232 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1866-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the form, diversity, and organization of three functional classes of retinal inputs to the zebrafish optic tectum during development. Our systems-based approach was to analyze data from populations of retinal ganglion cells labeled with a presynaptic targeted calcium indicator, synaptophysin GCaMP3 (SyGCaMP3). Collectively, our findings provide an insight as to the degree of visual encoding during retino-tectal development and how it dynamically evolves from a nascent and noisy presynaptic neural-scape to an increasingly complex and refined representation. We report five key features: (1) direction-selective inputs are developmentally invariant; (2) orientation-selective inputs exhibit highly dynamic properties over the same period, with changes in their functional characteristics and spatial organization; (3) inputs defined as anisotropic are an early dominant functional class, with heterogeneous response profiles, which progressively diminish in incidence and spatial extent; (4) dark rearing selectively affects the orientation-selective responses: both functional characteristics and relative spatial distributions; and (5) orientation-selective inputs exhibit four subtypes, two more than previously identified in any species. Our approach was to label RGC axon terminals with an indicator of activity and quantitatively characterize coherent response properties to different visual stimuli. Its application in the zebrafish, given its small size and the accessibility of the tectum, has enabled a quick yet robust assessment of multiple functional populations of responses.
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Damjanović I, Maximova E, Maximov P, Maximov V. Cardinal difference between the orientation-selective retinal ganglion cells projecting to the fish tectum and the orientation-selective complex cells of the mammalian striate cortex. J Integr Neurosci 2012; 11:169-82. [PMID: 22744823 DOI: 10.1142/s0219635212500124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Responses from two types of orientation-selective units of retinal origin were recorded extracellularly from their axon terminals in the medial sublaminae of tectal retinorecipient layer of immobilized cyprinid fish Carassius gibelio. Excitatory and inhibitory interactions in the receptive field were analyzed with two narrow stripes of optimal orientation flashing synchronously, one in the center and the other in different parts of the periphery. The general pattern of results was that the influence of the remote peripheral stripe was inhibitory, irrespective of the polarity of each stripe (light or dark). In this regard, the orientation-selective ganglion cells of the fish retina differ from the classical orientation-selective complex cells of the mammalian cortex, where the remote paired stripes of the opposite polarity (one light and one dark) interact in a facilitatory fashion. The consequence of these differences may be a weaker lateral inhibition in the latter case in response to stimulation by periodic gratings, which may contribute to a better spatial frequency tuning in the visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija Damjanović
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems Russian Academy of Sciences Bolshoi, Moscow, Russia.
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Maximova E, Pushchin I, Maximov P, Maximov V. Presynaptic and postsynaptic single-unit responses in the goldfish tectum as revealed by a reversible synaptic transmission blocker. J Integr Neurosci 2012; 11:183-91. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219635212500136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Mora-Ferrer C, Neumeyer C. Neuropharmacology of vision in goldfish: A review. Vision Res 2009; 49:960-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2008.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2007] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Damjanović I, Maximova E, Maximov V. RECEPTIVE FIELD SIZES OF DIRECTION-SELECTIVE UNITS IN THE FISH TECTUM. J Integr Neurosci 2009; 8:77-93. [PMID: 19412981 DOI: 10.1142/s021963520900206x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ilija Damjanović
- Institute for Information Transmission Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoi Karetny 19, 127994 Moscow, Russia.
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Wyzisk K, Neumeyer C. Perception of illusory surfaces and contours in goldfish. Vis Neurosci 2007; 24:291-8. [PMID: 17822573 DOI: 10.1017/s095252380707023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Goldfish (Carassius auratus) were trained to discriminate
triangles and squares using a two choice procedure. In the first
experiment, three goldfish were trained with food reward on a black
outline triangle on a white background, while a black outline square was
shown for comparison. In transfer tests, a Kanizsa triangle and a Kanizsa
square were presented, perceived by humans as an illusory triangle- or
square-shaped surface of slightly higher brightness than the background.
The choice behavior in this situation indicates that goldfish are able to
discriminate between both figures in almost the same way as in the
training situation. In control experiments goldfish did not discriminate
between shapes in which humans do not perceive the illusion. A series of
generalization experiments was performed indicating the similarity between
the tested shapes and the training triangle. From all these findings we
conclude that goldfish are able to perceive an illusory triangle or square
within the Kanizsa figures. In a second experiment, four goldfish were
trained on a white outline triangle versus a white outline
square, both on black background with white diagonal lines. In transfer
tests in which the shapes were replaced by gaps within the white diagonal
lines, goldfish were clearly able to discriminate between the two patterns
based on the illusory contours. This was not the case in tranfer tests
with phase shifted abutting lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Wyzisk
- Institut für Zoologie III (Neurobiologie), Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany.
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Gehres M, Neumeyer C. Small field motion detection in goldfish is red-green color blind and mediated by the M-cone type. Vis Neurosci 2007; 24:399-407. [PMID: 17822579 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523807070447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Large field motion detection in goldfish, measured in the optomotor response, is based on the L-cone type, and is therefore color-blind (Schaerer & Neumeyer, 1996). In experiments using a two-choice training procedure, we investigated now whether the same holds for the detection of a small moving object (size: 8 mm diameter; velocity: 7 cm/s). In initial experiments, we found that goldfish did not discriminate between a moving and a stationary stimulus, obviously not taking attention to the cue “moving.” Therefore, random dot patterns were used in which the stimulus was visible only when moving. Using black and white random dot patterns with variable contrast between 0.2 and 1, we found that the fish could see motion only with high (0.8) contrast. In the decisive experiment, a red-green random dot pattern was used. By keeping the intensity of the red dots constant and reducing the intensity of the green dots, a narrow intensity range was found in which goldfish could no longer discriminate between the moving random dot stimulus in random dot surround and the stationary random dot pattern. The same was the case when a red moving disk was presented in green surround. This is the evidence that object motion is red-green color blind, i.e., color information cannot be used to detect the moving object. Calculations of the cone excitation values revealed that the M-cone type is decisive, as this cone type (and not the L-cone type) is not modulated by that particular red-green pattern in which the moving stimulus was invisible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gehres
- Institut für Zoologie III (Neurobiologie), Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Mora-Ferrer C, Hausselt S, Schmidt Hoffmann R, Ebisch B, Schick S, Wollenberg K, Schneider C, Teege P, Jürgens K. Pharmacological properties of motion vision in goldfish measured with the optomotor response. Brain Res 2005; 1058:17-29. [PMID: 16150425 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2005] [Revised: 07/21/2005] [Accepted: 07/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In goldfish, the retinal pathways involved in motion coding have been demonstrated to have an L-cone dominated action spectrum (S. Schaerer, C. Neumeyer, Motion detection in goldfish investigated with the optomotor response is "color blind", Vision Res. 36 (1996) 4025-4034). The neurotransmitters involved in retinal motion coding mechanisms, and the relevance of these retinal motion coding mechanisms for motion perception, are little investigated in fish. In this study, the optomotor response was used to investigate the effect of antagonists on different receptor types for acetylcholine (ACh), GABA, for the dopamine D2-receptor (D2-R) - which is known to modulate the action spectrum in motion coding (C. Mora-Ferrer, K. Behrend, Dopaminergic modulation of photopic temporal transfer properties in goldfish retina investigated with the ERG, Vision Res. 44 (2004) 2067-2081) - and of an agonist for against the mGluR6-receptor (mGluR6) on goldfish motion vision in the photopic range. Blockade of nicotinic ACh-R, GABAa-R and both GABAa- and GABAc-R eliminated the optomotor response completely. Neither a muscarinic ACH-R antagonist, a D2-R antagonist or a mGluR6-agonist affected goldfish motion vision. The pharmacological profile of the goldfish optomotor response resembles the pharmacological profile of direction-selective ganglion cells (DS-GC) described for vertebrate retinas in electrophysiological experiments, e.g. (S. Weng, W. Sun, S. He, Identification of ON-OFF direction-selective ganglion cells in the mouse retina, J. Physiol. 562 (2005) 915-923). This indicates that cells with direction-selective receptive field properties exist in the goldfish retina. It is proposed that these cells provide the input for the full field motion perception in goldfish.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylcholine/metabolism
- Animals
- Dopamine/metabolism
- Eye Movements/drug effects
- Eye Movements/physiology
- GABA Antagonists/pharmacology
- Goldfish
- Motion Perception/drug effects
- Motion Perception/physiology
- Nicotinic Antagonists/pharmacology
- Psychomotor Performance/drug effects
- Psychomotor Performance/physiology
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA/drug effects
- Receptors, GABA/metabolism
- Receptors, GABA-A/drug effects
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- Receptors, Nicotinic/drug effects
- Receptors, Nicotinic/metabolism
- Retina/cytology
- Retina/drug effects
- Retina/physiology
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/cytology
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/drug effects
- Retinal Ganglion Cells/physiology
- Vision, Ocular/drug effects
- Vision, Ocular/physiology
- Visual Fields/physiology
- gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Mora-Ferrer
- Institute Zoology III, J Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany.
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Djupsund K, Furukawa T, Yasui S, Yamada M. Asymmetric temporal properties in the receptive field of retinal transient amacrine cells. J Gen Physiol 2003; 122:445-58. [PMID: 14517270 PMCID: PMC2233775 DOI: 10.1085/jgp.200308828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2003] [Accepted: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The speed of signal conduction is a factor determining the temporal properties of individual neurons and neuronal networks. We observed very different conduction velocities within the receptive field of fast-type On-Off transient amacrine cells in carp retina cells, which are tightly coupled to each other via gap junctions. The fastest speeds were found in the dorsal area of the receptive fields, on average five times faster than those detected within the ventral area. The asymmetry was similar in the On- and Off-part of the responses, thus being independent of the pathway, pointing to the existence of a functional mechanism within the recorded cells themselves. Nonetheless, the spatial decay of the graded-voltage photoresponse within the receptive field was found to be symmetrical, with the amplitude center of the receptive field being displaced to the faster side from the minimum-latency location. A sample of the orientation of varicosity-laden polyaxons in neurobiotin-injected cells supported the model, revealing that approximately 75% of these processes were directed dorsally from the origin cells. Based on these results, we modeled the velocity asymmetry and the displacement of amplitude center by adding a contribution of an asymmetric polyaxonal inhibition to the network. Due to the asymmetry in the conduction velocity, the time delay of a light response is proposed to depend on the origin of the photostimulus movement, a potentially important mechanism underlying direction selectivity within the inner retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaj Djupsund
- Department of Production, Information, and Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Technology, 6-6, Asahigaoka, Hino, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan
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Demb JB, Zaghloul K, Sterling P. Cellular basis for the response to second-order motion cues in Y retinal ganglion cells. Neuron 2001; 32:711-21. [PMID: 11719210 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00484-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We perceive motion when presented with spatiotemporal changes in contrast (second-order cue). This requires linear signals to be rectified and then summed in temporal order to compute direction. Although both operations have been attributed to cortex, rectification might occur in retina, prior to the ganglion cell. Here we show that the Y ganglion cell does indeed respond to spatiotemporal contrast modulations of a second-order motion stimulus. Responses in an OFF ganglion cell are caused by an EPSP/IPSP sequence evoked from within the dendritic field; in ON cells inhibition is indirect. Inhibitory effects, which are blocked by tetrodotoxin, clamp the response near resting potential thus preventing saturation. Apparently the computation for second-order motion can be initiated by Y cells and completed by cortical cells that sum outputs of multiple Y cells in a directionally selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Demb
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Northmore DP, Oh DJ. Axonal conduction velocities of functionally characterized retinal ganglion cells in goldfish. J Physiol 1998; 506 ( Pt 1):207-17. [PMID: 9481682 PMCID: PMC2230713 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7793.1998.207bx.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Visual response properties and conduction velocities of retinal ganglion cells were studied by extracellular recordings in the intact goldfish eye. Visually responsive single units were confirmed as ganglion cells by collision testing, and their receptive fields were mapped. 2. From compound action potentials, we identified groups I-V in the optic nerve, with overall conduction velocities of 11.5 +/- 1.17, 7.1 +/- 0.79, 4.4 +/- 0.56, 3.1 +/- 0.31 and 2.3 +/- 0.18 m s-1 (mean +/- S.D.) at 23 degrees C. 3. Ganglion cells were classified by their receptive fields as off-, on-off- or on-centre. Nearly all confirmed ganglion cells had axonal conduction velocities in groups II, III and IV; none fell in the fastest group, I. 4. Off-centre ganglion cells had conduction velocities only in the fast group, II. On-off-centre cells fell mainly in group III, with some in group, II. On-centre cells fell in groups II-V, but mainly in groups III and IV. 5. Receptive field centre diameters were 5-30 deg measured with a photopic background. The mean diameters for off-, on-off- and on-centres were 24, 15 and 18 deg, respectively. The relatively larger diameter and higher rate of spontaneous firing of the off-centre cells were maintained under different adaptation conditions. 6. The off-centre cells can be identified with an anatomical class of large, alpha-like ganglion cells in the goldfish retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Northmore
- Department of Psychology, University of Delware, Newark 19716, USA.
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Schaerer S, Neumeyer C. Motion detection in goldfish investigated with the optomotor response is "color blind". Vision Res 1996; 36:4025-34. [PMID: 9068855 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6989(96)00149-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The action spectrum of the optomotor response in goldfish was measured to investigate which of the four cone types involved in color vision contributes to motion detection. In the dark-adapted state, the action spectrum showed a single maximum in the range of 500-520 nm, and resembled the rod spectral sensitivity function. Surprisingly, the action spectrum measured in the light-adapted state also revealed a single maximum only, located in the long wavelength range between 620 and 660 nm. A comparison with spectral sensitivity functions of the four cone types suggests that motion detection is dominated by the L-cone type. Using a two colored, "red-green" cylinder illuminated with two monochromatic lights separately adjustable in intensity, it could be shown that motion vision is "color-blind": the optomotor response disappeared whenever "isoluminant" red and green stripes were offered. Under this condition, calculations revealed that the L-cones were only slightly modulated by the "red-green" stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schaerer
- Institut für Zoologie III, J. Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Bilotta J, Powers MK. Spatial contrast sensitivity of goldfish: mean luminance, temporal frequency and a new psychophysical technique. Vision Res 1991; 31:577-85. [PMID: 1843762 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6989(91)90108-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral contrast sensitivity in goldfish was examined at various mean luminances and stimulus drift rates. Goldfish were classically conditioned to suppress respiration upon presentation of a drifting sinusoidal grating. Contrast threshold at each spatial frequency was determined by means of a new two-alternative forced-choice procedure in which the observer's decision about the presence of the stimulus was based on the animal's respiration pattern. The results show that: (1) as mean luminance decreases, contrast sensitivity to high spatial frequencies decreases and peak sensitivity shifts to lower spatial frequencies; (2) as drift rate increases, contrast sensitivity to low spatial frequencies increases, but sensitivity to high spatial frequencies is relatively unaffected by stimulus drift rate. Both the mean luminance and temporal frequency of the stimulus clearly influence the behavioral contrast sensitivity of the goldfish in ways that would be predicted from behavioral results from other species. We conclude that the mechanisms that mediate contrast sensitivity in goldfish are similar to those that mediate contrast sensitivity in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bilotta
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240
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