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Pan RM, Chang HJ, Chi MJ, Wang CY, Chuang YH. The traditional Chinese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory: Psychometric properties and cutoff point for detecting anxiety. Geriatr Nurs 2024; 58:438-445. [PMID: 38908039 DOI: 10.1016/j.gerinurse.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to translate the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory into traditional Chinese (GAI-TC), examine its psychometric properties, and identify the optimal cutoff point. This research recruited 337 older adults from two community activity centers. Structured questionnaires were used, including demographic information and characteristics, the GAI-TC, and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Cronbach's α of the GAI-TC was 0.93. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.90. The content validity index was 1.0. An exploratory factor analysis revealed that three factors in the GAI-TC, including cognition anxiety, impact of anxiety, and somatic anxiety, explained 59.46 % of the variance. The criterion-related validity showed a significant positive correlation between the GAI-TC and STAI, with an optimal cutoff of 9/10 for detecting anxiety in older persons living in the community. The GAI-TC had good reliability and validity and can provide professionals with a tool for the early identification of anxiety among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rou-May Pan
- Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, 7, Zhongshan S. Rd., Zhongzheng Dist., Taipei 100225, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ju Chang
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, 155 Linong St., Sec. 2, Taipei 112304, Taiwan; College of Nursing, Efficient Smart Care Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University,155 Linong St., Sec. 2, Taipei City 112304, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ju Chi
- School of Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan; International PhD Program in Gerontology and Long-Term Care, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing St., Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yu Wang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing St., Xinyi District, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yeu-Hui Chuang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Xing St., Xinyi District, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 111 Xinglong Rd, Sec. 3. Wenshan District, Taipei 11696, Taiwan; Research Center in Nursing Clinical Practice, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, 111 Xinglong Rd, Sec. 3. Wenshan District, Taipei 11696, Taiwan.
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Moya-Salazar J, Damián DY, Goicochea-Palomino EA, Cañari B, Moya-Salazar B, Contreras-Pulache H. There is no association between anxiety and lifestyle in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2024; 12:20503121241242394. [PMID: 38595829 PMCID: PMC11003340 DOI: 10.1177/20503121241242394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction and objective The COVID-19 pandemic has caused mental health problems worldwide. Older people have been particularly affected by the lockdown as their health conditions have changed, although they have been kept in isolation to avoid exposure to contagion. We sought to determine the association between lifestyles and anxiety in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and methods This study was cross-sectional. We enrolled 150 older adults of both sexes and with a history of chronic diseases from the municipality of El Agustino (Lima, Peru). The 20-item Geriatric Anxiety Scale and the 25-item Lifestyle Questionnaire on eating, physical activity, rest, and sleep were administered in Spanish during July-August 2021. Results The mean age was 70.8 ± 8.1 years, 54.7% were male, and 75.3% practiced exercise. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 99.3% of the elderly had healthy lifestyles and 40% presented anxiety (mild, moderate, and severe anxiety in 26.7%, 8.7%, and 4.7%, respectively). We found no association between anxiety and lifestyle (p = 0.189), physical exercise was a predictor of lifestyle (p < 0.001) and we did not find predictors of anxiety symptoms (p > 0.05). Conclusions Our results suggest that there was no link between anxiety symptoms and lifestyle in older adults during the lockdown. It is important to conduct in-depth research on factors associated with anxiety symptoms among older residents in other regions, focusing on population groups with the highest rates of infection and death from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeel Moya-Salazar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Privada del Norte, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Betsy Cañari
- Digital Transformation Center, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
| | - Belén Moya-Salazar
- Digital Transformation Center, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, Peru
- Qualitative Unit, Nesh Hubbs, Lima, Peru
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Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Cabrera I, Fernandes-Pires JA, Márquez-González M, Losada-Baltar A. Validation of the Spanish version of the Perceived Control Scale: Perceived Constraints on Personal Control and Perceived Mastery. Aging Ment Health 2024; 28:377-383. [PMID: 37789640 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2023.2262947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Perceived control is a relevant variable for understanding middle and older adults' mental health. The Perceived Control Scale has two dimensions, Perceived Constraints on Personal Control and Perceived Mastery, and is a widely used instrument for assessing perceived control in adults. The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Perceived Control Scale with data from two different studies. METHOD In Study 1, 348 older adults between 60 and 92 years old were assessed through face-to-face assessments. In Study 2, 334 adults between 40 and 90 years completed an online survey. Perceived control, self-perceptions of aging, and anxiety and depressive symptomatology were assessed. An exploratory (Study 1) and confirmatory (Study 2) factor analysis of the Perceived Control Scale were performed, and reliability and its relationship with the other assessed variables were evaluated. RESULTS Results from parallel, exploratory, and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that the Spanish version of the Perceived Control Scale has a bidimensional structure: Perceived Constraints on Personal Control and Perceived Mastery. Good internal consistency was found for the scale in both samples. The results revealed negative and significant associations with negative self-perceptions of aging, and anxiety and depressive symptomatology. CONCLUSION The Spanish version of the Perceived Control Scale shows good psychometric properties which endorse its use with middle-aged and older adults assessed either face-to-face or through online surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Cabrera
- Department de Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Márquez-González
- Department de Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Thiamwong L, Xie R, Park JH, Lighthall N, Loerzel V, Stout J. Optimizing a Technology-Based Body and Mind Intervention to Prevent Falls and Reduce Health Disparities in Low-Income Populations: Protocol for a Clustered Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2023; 12:e51899. [PMID: 37788049 PMCID: PMC10582821 DOI: 10.2196/51899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of health care coverage, low education, low motivation, and inconvenience remain barriers to participating in fall prevention programs, especially among low-income older adults. Low-income status also contributes to negative aging self-perceptions and is associated with a high perceived barrier to care. Existing fall prevention intervention technologies do not enable participants and practitioners to interact and collaborate, even with technologies that bring viable strategies to maintain independence, prevent disability, and increase access to quality care. Research is also limited on the use of technology to enhance motivation and help individuals align their perception with physiological fall risk. We developed a novel, 8-week Physio-Feedback Exercise Program (PEER), which includes (1) technology-based physio-feedback using a real-time portable innovative technology-the BTrackS Balance Tracking System, which is reliable and affordable, allows for home testing, and provides feedback and tracks balance progression; (2) cognitive reframing using the fall risk appraisal matrix; and (3) peer-led exercises focusing on balance, strength training, and incorporating exercises into daily activities. OBJECTIVE This study consists of 3 aims. Aim 1 is to examine the effects of the technology-based PEER intervention on fall risk, dynamic balance, and accelerometer-based physical activity (PA). Aim 2 is to examine the effects of the PEER intervention on fall risk appraisal shifting and negative self-perceptions of aging. Aim 3 is to explore participants' experiences with the PEER intervention and potential barriers to accessing and adopting the technology-based PEER intervention to inform future research. METHODS This is an intention-to-treat, single-blinded, parallel, 2-arm clustered randomized controlled trial study. We will collect data from 340 low-income older adults at baseline (T1) and measure outcomes after program completion (T2) and follow-up at 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T4). Participants will be enrolled if they meet all the following inclusion criteria: aged ≥60 years, cognitively intact, and able to stand without assistance. Exclusion criteria were as follows: a medical condition precluding exercise or PA, currently receiving treatment from a rehabilitation facility, plan to move within 1 year, hospitalized >3 times in the past 12 months, and does not speak English or Spanish. RESULTS As of August 2023, the enrollment of participants is ongoing. CONCLUSIONS This study addresses the public health problem by optimizing a customized, technology-driven approach that can operate in low-resource environments with unlimited users to prevent falls and reduce health disparities in low-income older adults. The PEER is a novel intervention that combines concepts of physio-feedback, cognitive reframing, and peer-led exercise by motivating a shift in self-estimation of fall risk to align with physiological fall risk to improve balance, PA, and negative aging self-perception. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05778604; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT05778604. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/51899.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ladda Thiamwong
- Nursing Systems Department, College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Rui Xie
- Nursing Systems Department, College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Joon-Hyuk Park
- Nursing Systems Department, College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Nichole Lighthall
- Nursing Systems Department, College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Victoria Loerzel
- Nursing Systems Department, College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey Stout
- Nursing Systems Department, College of Nursing, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
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Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Cabrera I, Márquez-González M, Ribeiro Ó, Losada-Baltar A. Comorbid Depressive and Anxiety Symptomatology in Older Adults: The Role of Aging Self-Stereotypes, Loneliness, and Feelings of Guilt Associated with Self-Perception as a Burden. THE SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 26:e26. [PMID: 37772769 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2023.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to analyze the differences between older adults' symptom profiles (subclinical, anxiety, depressive, and comorbid) in negative aging self-stereotypes, loneliness, and feelings of guilt associated with self-perception as a burden. Participants were 310 community-dwelling people aged 60 years and over. The sample was grouped into four symptom profiles of older adults: anxiety, depressive, comorbid anxiety-depression, and subclinical symptoms. We carried out multinomial logistic regression analyses to analyze the role of assessed variables in the explanation of the four symptom profiles. Older adults who reported a comorbid symptomatology presented higher negative aging self-stereotypes and feelings of loneliness than the other three profiles. Compared with the subclinical profile, older adults who reported clinical symptomatology (anxiety, depressive, and comorbid profile) presented higher feelings of guilt associated with self-perception as a burden. The findings of this study suggest potential associations that may contribute to understanding and treating comorbid anxiety and depressive symptoms in older adults.
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Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Antón-López JC, Cabrera I, Márquez-González M, Martínez-Huertas JÁ, Losada-Baltar A. 'I feel old and have aging stereotypes'. Internalized aging stereotypes and older adults' mental health: the mediational role of loneliness. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:1619-1626. [PMID: 36604315 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2163376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study was to analyze the role of aging stereotype activation (when older adults with aging stereotypes begin to consider themselves as older persons) in the relationship between ageist stereotypes, depressive, anxiety, loneliness, and comorbid anxiety-depressive symptoms. METHODS Participants were 182 autonomous community-dwelling people between 60 and 88 (mean age = 72.30; SD = 5.53). Three path models were tested exploring the role of considering oneself as an older person as a moderator variable. Ageist stereotypes were included as the independent variable, loneliness as the mediating variable, and anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and comorbid anxiety-depressive symptoms as dependent variables for each model. RESULTS The results suggest an influence of ageist stereotypes on anxiety, depressive, and comorbid anxiety-depressive symptoms only in older adults who consider themselves as older persons, and mediated by loneliness. CONCLUSION This study suggests that, when someone considers him or herself as an older person, ageist stereotypes activate loneliness feelings, and this activation is associated with psychological distress, including anxiety, depressive, and comorbid anxiety-depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Cabrera
- Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Márquez-González
- Biological and Health Psychology Department, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Russell SG, Quigley R, Thompson F, Sagigi B, Miller G, LoGiudice D, Smith K, Strivens E, Pachana NA. Culturally Appropriate Assessment of Depression and Anxiety in Older Torres Strait Islanders: Limitations and Recommendations. Clin Gerontol 2023; 46:240-252. [PMID: 35694996 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2022.2086090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of anxiety and depression in older Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults. METHODS A modified version of the PHQ-9 (KICA-dep) and the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) were administered as part of a wider dementia prevalence study conducted in the Torres Strait. Results were compared to diagnoses obtained on Geriatric review to evaluate their applicability in the region. RESULTS A total of 236 participants completed the KICA-dep and 184 completed the GAI short form. Of these, 10.6% were identified with depression and 15.8% with anxiety. Some participants found questions about suicide ideation and self-harm offensive and others had difficulty understanding concepts on the GAI. The KICA-dep performed poorly in comparison to diagnosis on geriatric clinical review, so results are unlikely to reflect the true prevalence of depression in the region. CONCLUSIONS Further research is required to explore the underlying dimensions of depression and anxiety and terminology used to express mood symptoms in the Torres Strait. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS • Current mental health screening tools are not applicable for the Torres Strait• More work is required to determine how symptoms of depression and anxiety are expressed within Torres Strait communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah G Russell
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Queensland Health, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Cairns, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Rachel Quigley
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Queensland Health, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Cairns, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Fintan Thompson
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Betty Sagigi
- Queensland Health, Torres and Cape Hospital and Health Service, Thursday Island, Australia
| | - Gavin Miller
- Queensland Health, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Cairns, Australia
| | - Dina LoGiudice
- Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Health Services, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Smith
- Centre for Aboriginal Medical and Dental Health, School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Edward Strivens
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
- Queensland Health, Cairns and Hinterland Hospital and Health Service, Cairns, Australia
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia
| | - Nancy A Pachana
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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Plys E, Jacobs ML, Allen RS, Arch JJ. Psychological flexibility in older adulthood: a scoping review. Aging Ment Health 2023; 27:453-465. [PMID: 35168415 PMCID: PMC9376200 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2022.2036948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Psychological flexibility/inflexibility (PF/PI) is a core component of the acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) model, which is gaining more attention in the geropsychological literature. This scoping review examines the size and scope of the research on PF/PI in older adulthood related to age differences between older adult and younger samples, correlates relevant to psychological health, and changes with ACT. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Peer-reviewed articles available in English were included that: had a mean age ≥65 and a minimum age ≥60; and reported self-report measures of PF/PI. We categorized PF/PI into three domains: open, aware, and engaged. RESULTS Forty-six articles were included. Most studies measured open or aware domains; few measured the engaged domain. Older adults evidenced greater awareness compared to younger adults (9 of 13 analyses were significant). Openness and awareness consistently yielded medium to large correlations with anxiety and depression. PF/PI did not relate with positive affect and inconsistently correlated with quality of life measures. CONCLUSION Despite emerging trends, variability and limitations were evident in the literature. Specifically, measurement issues, lack of conceptual clarity, and the omission of values and behavioral measures require future attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Plys
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine
| | - M. Lindsey Jacobs
- Research and Development Service, Tuscaloosa VA Medical Center
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama
| | - Rebecca S. Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama
- Alabama Research Institute on Aging, University of Alabama
| | - Joanna J. Arch
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
- Cancer Prevention and Control, University of Colorado Cancer Center
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Fhon JRS, Villanueva-Benites ME, Goméz-Luján MDP, Mocarro-Aguilar MR, Arpasi-Quispe O, Peralta-Gómez RY, Lavado-Huarcaya SS, Leitón-Espinoza ZE. The Mental Health of the Peruvian Older Adult during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16893. [PMID: 36554774 PMCID: PMC9778855 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
During the pandemic, the elderly population was the most exposed to disease and changes in their daily lives. The objective was to determine the association between demographic factors, access to health services, sources of information, and physical symptoms in the mental health of the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic-a study with 3828 older adults residing in nine cities in Peru. The data was collected using a web-based survey, and the instruments of demographic data; exposure to information (radio, television, and internet); and presence of physical symptoms, anxiety, and perceived stress were used. Descriptive and analytical analysis was performed. Female sex, those aged between 60 and 79 years old, those with secondary education, those in their own home, those residing in an urban area, and those using public services of health predominated in this study. Likewise, 62.9% presented depressive symptoms; on the stress scale, an average of 27.81 (SD = 8.71), and on the anxiety scale, an average of 27.24 (SD = 6.04). Moreover, 65.1% reported fatigue, 62.2% had a headache, and 61.2% lack of energy. There is an association between demographic variables and the physical and psychological symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms in the elderly during the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Roberto Silva Fhon
- Medical-Surgical Department, Nursing School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sofia Sabina Lavado-Huarcaya
- University Social Responsibility Network of the Organization, Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo Catholic University, Chiclayo 14001, Peru
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Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Cabrera I, Márquez-González M, Vara-García C, Fernandes-Pires JA, Gallego-Alberto L, Losada-Baltar A. [Guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden: A relevant variable associated with the psychological distress of older adults]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2022; 57:303-311. [PMID: 36243650 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2022.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To analyze the relationship between guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden and negative self-perceptions of aging, perceived control and anxious and depressive symptomatology in older people without cognitive or functional limitations. METHODS Participants were 351 community-dwelling people over 60 years without explicit cognitive or functional limitation. Indirect effet analysis were conducted that examined the indirect effect of negative self-perceptions of aging through 1) perceived control and anxious symptomatology and 2) perceived control and depressive symptomatology in guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden. RESULTS Both models showed an indirect relationship between negative self-perceptions of aging and guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden through 1) perceived control and anxious symptomatology and 2) perceived control and depressive symptomatology, explaining 26.37% of anxious symptomatology, 48.51% of depressive symptomatology and 13.73% and 14.44% of guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden, respectively. DISCUSSION The results obtained suggest that higher negative self-perceptions of aging is associated with a lower perception of control and greater psychological distress (anxiety and depression), and this process increases the feeling of guilt for perceiving oneself as burden to family members in older people without functional or cognitive limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Cabrera
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | - María Márquez-González
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
| | | | | | - Laura Gallego-Alberto
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España
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Cachicatari-Vargas E, Mutter Cuellar KJ, Condori Chipana WF, Miranda Socasaire FDM, Acevedo-Duque Á, Arpasi-Quispe O. The Mental Health of Older Adults in the Densely Populated Areas of Tacna Region-Peru, 2021: Implications of the COVID-19 Information. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11470. [PMID: 36141745 PMCID: PMC9517467 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to analyze the implications of exposure to various news channels that broadcast information on COVID-19 and their impact on the mental health of older adults in the sparsely populated area of the Tacna Region during the year 2021. The present study used a descriptive correlational type of quantitative approach on a sample of 389 older adults aged 60 years and over, who were recruited by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. For the application of the survey technique, the instrument used was a questionnaire modified by the authors. In terms of research ethics for the development of the study, the respondents provided informed consent, and other ethical considerations were addressed. In relation to sociodemographic variables of mental health, it was found that women had a greater incidence of anxiety (p < 0.01) and that people with fewer years of study had a greater incidence of depression (p < 0.01) and anxiety in sparsely populated areas. Exposure to news through television was associated with depression, and news obtained from other people was associated with depression (p < 0.001). An association was also found between the number of hours of television news and stress (p < 0.05), and radio news was associated with anxiety (p < 0.05). In terms of psychological consequences, the highest mean for television exposure was fear, while the greatest psychological consequence of radio news was fear, followed by stress and awareness. Finally, negative, inverse, and significant relationships were found that indicate protective factors, such as depression with awareness and indignation, and anxiety was inversely related to awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karimen Jetzabel Mutter Cuellar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna 23001, Peru
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Wender Florencio Condori Chipana
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann, Tacna 23001, Peru
- Graduate School, Norbert Wiener University, Lima 15046, Peru
| | | | - Ángel Acevedo-Duque
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 7500912, Chile
| | - Orfelina Arpasi-Quispe
- Graduate School, Norbert Wiener University, Lima 15046, Peru
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima 15046, Peru
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Safi D, Barreto Abrams J, Rios M, Rodés E, Díaz-Santos M, Suárez P. Culturally Competent Assessment of Neurocognitive Functioning in Latinos with Complex Multimorbidity: A Case Study. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 7:geriatrics7050093. [PMID: 36136802 PMCID: PMC9498523 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics7050093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimorbidity—the coexistence of multiple chronic conditions within an individual—is the new normal in hospital settings. Individuals with higher levels of multimorbidity require a multidisciplinary and holistic approach to meet their needs, though the complexity of their neurocognitive profiles is still poorly researched. This study reported on the neurocognitive profile of a 69-year-old, left-handed, Latino cisgender male with 10 years of education. He was deemed to have a short-term mortality in 2018, yet is still enjoying a good quality of life in 2022. This case report illustrated (a) a rather common neurocognitive profile of a patient with complex multimorbidity, (b) the advantages of being served in a center of excellence with linguistically and culturally appropriate services that evaluate patients’ cognitive functioning and inform and provide continuity of care, and (c) the benefits of a holistic and multidisciplinary approach to the care of the multimorbidity population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diomaris Safi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, 760 Westwood Plaza, C8-238, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Jesús Barreto Abrams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, 760 Westwood Plaza, C8-238, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melissa Rios
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, 760 Westwood Plaza, C8-238, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- California School of Professional Psychology, Alliant International University, Alhambra, CA 91803, USA
| | - Elisenda Rodés
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, 760 Westwood Plaza, C8-238, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Graduate School of Education and Psychology, Pepperdine University, Los Angeles, CA 90045, USA
| | - Mirella Díaz-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, 760 Westwood Plaza, C8-238, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Neurology, UCLA Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Paola Suárez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, 760 Westwood Plaza, C8-238, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Alonso-Fernández M, Gillanders D, López-López A, Matías B, Losada A, González JL. An Exploration of the Psychometric Properties of the PASS-20 in Older Adults with Chronic Pain: Preliminary Development and Validity. Clin Gerontol 2022; 45:575-590. [PMID: 34047674 DOI: 10.1080/07317115.2021.1929628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20) is well validated in adults and younger populations, but not in older adults. This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the PASS-20 in Spanish older adults who experience chronic pain. METHODS Participants were 111 older adults with chronic pain living in nursing homes (mean age = 83.36; SD = 6.53; 78.6% female). Face-to-face interviews were conducted which included assessment of pain anxiety (PASS-20), chronic pain acceptance (CPAQ), depression symptoms (GDS), catastrophizing beliefs (PCS), pain severity, and sociodemographic information. An Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM) approach was used to refine the scale. RESULTS The final scale was composed of seven items, measuring two factors that could be labeled "Internal experiences" and "Escape/Avoidance behaviors". The two factors explained 60.98% of the total variance. PASS-7 version fit properly: χ2/df = 14.57/13, CMIN/df = 1.121, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = 0.033, TLI = 0.98, GFI = 0.96, AGFI = 0.92. Good validity indices were found and acceptable reliability results in the scale and its subscales (Chronbach´s α; Internal Experiences = 0.70; Escape/Avoidance Behaviors= 0.73; Total Scale = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS The short version of the PASS-7 has good psychometric properties. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS The brevity of the PASS-7 increases the feasibility of this instrument which could potentially be utilized in a variety of clinical settings and research studies with older people with chronic pain samples, specially institutionalized older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Alonso-Fernández
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Gillanders
- School of Health in Social Science, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Almudena López-López
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Borja Matías
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Losada
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis González
- Department of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Madrid, Spain
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Zhai T, Bailey PE, Rogers KD, Kneebone II. Validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in younger adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/01650254211064348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) in younger adults. Participants were 212 younger adults age M = 22 (range = 17–53) years. They completed a demographic information questionnaire and self-report measures: the GAI, the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS), the Generalized Anxiety Disorder–7 (GAD-7), the Patient Health Questionnaire–9 (PHQ-9), the Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ), and the Worry Behaviors Inventory (WBI). Data from the GAI were collected at two time points, one week apart, and data from other self-report measures were collected once via Qualtrics, an online survey platform. The internal consistency and test–retest score reliability of the GAI were excellent. It had good congruent validity with other anxiety measures, limited divergent validity with depression measures, and sound convergent validity with worry measures. The GAI showed good discrimination between probable cases and noncases of generalized anxiety disorder (participants who scored ⩾8 on the GAD-7) and its optimal cutoff score for probable cases of GAD was ⩾12. A unidimensional component structure of the GAI best fit this study’s data. This study has provided preliminary evidence that the GAI is reliable and valid for use in an Australian sample of younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Zhai
- University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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15
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Pedroso-Chaparro MDS, Márquez-González M, Fernandes-Pires JA, Gallego-Alberto L, Jiménez-Gonzalo L, Nuevo R, Losada A. Validation of the Spanish version of the Three-Item Loneliness Scale ( Validación de la versión española de la Escala de Soledad de Tres Ítems). STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2021.1989889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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16
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Schwei RJ, Hetzel S, Kim K, Mahoney J, DeYoung K, Frumer J, Lanzafame RP, Madlof J, Simpson A, Zambrano-Morales E, Jacobs EA. Peer-to-Peer Support and Changes in Health and Well-being in Older Adults Over Time. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2112441. [PMID: 34129024 PMCID: PMC8207241 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Literature on peer-to-peer (P2P) programs suggests they improve health and well-being of older adults. Analysis from a previous study showed P2P to be associated with higher rates of hospitalization and no significant differences in rates of emergency department or urgent care visits; however, it is not known whether measures of health and well-being varied by group over time. OBJECTIVE To compare the association between receiving P2P support and secondary outcomes (ie, health status, quality of life, and depressive and anxiety symptoms) with receiving standard community services (SCS) over time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study was conducted among a volunteer sample of older adults (≥65 years) who were new to P2P or were already receiving P2P and a corresponding control group. Participants were matched between groups on age, sex, and race/ethnicity. The study was conducted from March 2015 to December 2017 at 3 community-based organizations that delivered P2P in California, Florida, and New York. Data analysis was performed from October 2018 through May 2020. EXPOSURES P2P support, provided by trained older adult volunteers. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Mental and physical components of the health status and quality of life measure and depressive and anxiety symptoms were collected over 12 months. The hypothesis was that older adults receiving P2P support would maintain higher health status and quality of life than the SCS group. RESULTS A total of 503 participants were screened, 456 participants were enrolled and had baseline data, and 8 participants only had baseline information with no follow-up data, leaving 448 participants (231 [52%] in the SCS group; 217 [48%] in the P2P group; 363 [81%] women; mean [SD] age, 80 [9] years). The P2P group had improvements in mental health (change at 12 months, 1.1 points; 95% CI, -0.8 to 3.0 points) and physical health (change at 12 months, 1.0 points; 95% CI, -0.7 to 2.8 points). However, the difference of differences between the 2 groups did not differ significantly from baseline to 12 months (mental health: 0.2 points; 95% CI -2.3 to 2.7 points; physical health: 1.7 points; 95% CI, -0.6 to 3.9 points). The P2P and SCS groups had a statistically significant difference of differences in anxiety symptoms of 0.36 points (95% CI, 0.04 to 0.61 points). There were no significant differences in depressive symptoms or mental and physical components of the health status and quality of life. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These findings suggest that receiving P2P support did not slow the decline of health and well-being in older adults compared with those who received SCS. Baseline imbalance in key characteristics, even after adjusting for the imbalance using the propensity score method, may explain the results. Randomized trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Schwei
- BerbeeWalsh Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Scott Hetzel
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - KyungMann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | - Jane Mahoney
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison
| | | | - Jenni Frumer
- Next Generation of Holocaust Survivors Inc, Boynton Beach, Florida
| | | | - Jenny Madlof
- Alpert Jewish Family Service of West Palm Beach, West Palm Beach, Florida
| | - Alis Simpson
- Brockport Research Institute, Brockport, New York
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Jacobs
- Department of Medicine and Population Health, University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, Austin
- now with Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough
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17
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Kashimura M, Ishizu K, Fukumori T, Ishiwata A, Tateno A, Nomura T, Pachana NA. Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory for community-dwelling older adults. Psychogeriatrics 2021; 21:378-386. [PMID: 33774888 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study developed a Japanese version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI-J) and its short form (GAI-J-SF) to evaluate anxiety in older adults in Japan and assess these measures' psychometric properties with a cross-sectional design. METHODS Participants (N = 400; mean age: 75 years) were community-dwelling older adults who answered a set of self-report questionnaires. They were recruited from a community centre for older persons in the Kanto region of Japan. Of the respondents, 100 participated in a follow-up survey to evaluate test-retest reliability. Item response theory was adopted to evaluate item parameters. RESULTS Confirmatory factor analysis with categorical data suggested that, as with the original Geriatric Anxiety Inventory, the GAI-J/GAI-J-SF had a unifactor structure. Test-retest correlation and internal consistency analyses indicated that these scales had high reliability. Item response theory results showed that both measures' item parameters were acceptable. Correlations with the Penn State Worry Questionnaire, State Trait Anxiety Inventory-State Only, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were mostly consistent with our hypotheses. This supports the high convergent validity of the GAI-J/GAI-J-SF. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate that the GAI-J and the GAI-J-SF have robust psychometric properties for assessing late-life anxiety in older Japanese adults. Future GAI-J studies in clinical groups are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Kashimura
- Department of Medical Psychology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Ishizu
- Graduate School of Teacher Training Development, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Takaki Fukumori
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Akiko Ishiwata
- Department of Neurology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amane Tateno
- Department of Psychiatry, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Nomura
- Department of Medical Psychology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nancy A Pachana
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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18
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Shati M, Mortazavi SS, Taban M, Malakouti SK, Mehravaran S, Norouzi A, Pachana NA. Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI-PV) and its short form. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2021; 35:47. [PMID: 34268235 PMCID: PMC8271228 DOI: 10.47176/mjiri.35.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite studies about anxiety in the older adult, the prevalence of anxiety in this age group is not exactly clear, which may be due to the use of tools and criteria that were not born for this age group. One of the instruments designed to assess anxiety in the elderly is the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI). The aim of this research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI-PV) and its short form (GAI-PV-SF) in a sample of older adults in Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a sample of 150 community-dwelling and a psychogeriatric sample of 48 adults older than 60 years completed the GAI-PV and GAI-PV-SF, the anxiety sub-scale of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-I). Different types of validity and reliability were evaluated for GAI-PV and GAI-PV-SF using SPSS and the LISREL software. Results: Both the GAI-PV and GAI-PV-SF exhibited excellent internal consistency (over 80 %) and desirable concurrent validity against GHQ-28 and GDS-15. The optimal cutpoint score to detect current generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) was 10/11 and 13/14 for GAI-PV in the community-dwelling and psychogeriatric samples, respectively, and 3/4 for GAI-PV-SF in both study samples. Good test-retest reliability (correlation coefficient: 0.96 and 0.88 for GAI-PV and GAI-PV-SF, respectively) and a single-factor structure were also demonstrated. Conclusion: Sound psychometric properties of the GAI-PV in both subsamples suggest that the instrument could be used successfully as an accurate screening instrument in the elderly Iranian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Shati
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institue, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyede Salehe Mortazavi
- School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry) Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Spiritual Health Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mozhgan Taban
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institue, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Kazem Malakouti
- Mental Health Research Center, Psychosocial Health Research Institue, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shiva Mehravaran
- ASCEND Center for Biomedical Research, Morgan State University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ali Norouzi
- Medical Education Department, Medical School, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Education Development Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Nancy A. Pachana
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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19
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Molde H, Nordhus IH, Torsheim T, Engedal K, Bendixen AB, Byrne GJ, Márquez-González M, Losada A, Feng L, Ow EKT, Pisitsungkagarn K, Taephant N, Jarukasemthawee S, Champagne A, Landreville P, Gosselin P, Ribeiro O, Diefenbach GJ, Blank K, Beaudreau SA, Laks J, de Araújo NB, Fonseca RP, Kochhann R, Camozzato A, van den Brink RHS, Fluiter M, Naarding P, Pelzers LPRM, Lugtenburg A, Oude Voshaar RC, Pachana NA. A Cross-National Analysis of the Psychometric Properties of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2021; 75:1475-1483. [PMID: 30624724 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbz002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assessing late-life anxiety using an instrument with sound psychometric properties including cross-cultural invariance is essential for cross-national aging research and clinical assessment. To date, no cross-national research studies have examined the psychometric properties of the frequently used Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) in depth. METHOD Using data from 3,731 older adults from 10 national samples (Australia, Brazil, Canada, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Singapore, Thailand, and United States), this study used bifactor modeling to analyze the dimensionality of the GAI. We evaluated the "fitness" of individual items based on the explained common variance for each item across all nations. In addition, a multigroup confirmatory factor analysis was applied, testing for measurement invariance across the samples. RESULTS Across samples, the presence of a strong G factor provides support that a general factor is of primary importance, rather than subfactors. That is, the data support a primarily unidimensional representation of the GAI, still acknowledging the presence of multidimensional factors. A GAI score in one of the countries would be directly comparable to a GAI score in any of the other countries tested, perhaps with the exception of Singapore. DISCUSSION Although several items demonstrated relatively weak common variance with the general factor, the unidimensional structure remained strong even with these items retained. Thus, it is recommended that the GAI be administered using all items.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge Molde
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Hilde Nordhus
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Norway.,Department of Behavioural Sciences in Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Knut Engedal
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway and Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Toensberg, Norway
| | - Anette Bakkane Bendixen
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway and Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Aging and Health, Vestfold Hospital Trust, Toensberg, Norway
| | - Gerard J Byrne
- School of Clinical Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - María Márquez-González
- Biological and Health Psychology Department, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andres Losada
- Department of Medicine, Clinical Psychology Area, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lei Feng
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elisabeth Kuan Tai Ow
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oscar Ribeiro
- Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS), Department of Education and Psychology, Aveiro University, Portugal
| | | | - Karen Blank
- Anxiety Disorders Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Sherry A Beaudreau
- Sierra Pacific Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System and Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Jerson Laks
- Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rochele Paz Fonseca
- Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Renata Kochhann
- Graduate Program in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Brazil
| | - Analuiza Camozzato
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre UFCSPA, Brazil
| | - Rob H S van den Brink
- Rob Giel Research center (RGOc), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Fluiter
- Mental Health Center GGZ Noord-Holland Noord, Heerhugowaard, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Naarding
- GGNet Mental Health, Division of Old Age Psychiatry, Warnsveld & Apeldoorn, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Richard C Oude Voshaar
- Rob Giel Research center (RGOc), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy A Pachana
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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20
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Arias F, Safi DE, Miranda M, Carrión CI, Diaz Santos AL, Armendariz V, Jose IE, Vuong KD, Suarez P, Strutt AM. Teleneuropsychology for Monolingual and Bilingual Spanish-Speaking Adults in the Time of COVID-19: Rationale, Professional Considerations, and Resources. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2020; 35:1249-1265. [PMID: 33150414 PMCID: PMC7665473 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychological assessments with monolingual Spanish and bilingual Spanish/English-speaking adults present unique challenges. Barriers include, but are not limited to, the paucity of test norms, uncertainty about the equivalence of translated neuropsychological tests, and limited proficiency in the provision of culturally competent services. Similar issues generalize to telephone- and video-based administration of neuropsychological tests or teleneuropsychology (TeleNP) with Hispanics/Latinos (as), and few studies have examined its feasibility and validity in this group. The sudden onset of the COVID-19 pandemic prompted neuropsychologists to identify alternative ways to provide equitable care. Clinicians providing TeleNP to this population during (and after) the pandemic must consider safety, professional factors, and systemic barriers to accessing and benefitting from virtual modalities. METHOD This clinical process manuscript describes how cross-cultural neuropsychologists across five U.S. academic institutions serving Hispanics/Latinos (as) developed TeleNP models of care during the pandemic. RESULTS Workflows, test batteries, and resources for TeleNP assessment with monolingual and bilingual Spanish-speaking patients are included. Factors guiding model development and informing decisions to incorporate virtual administration of neuropsychological tests into their practice are also discussed. CONCLUSIONS Provision of TeleNP is a promising modality. Additional research in this area is warranted with focus on cultural and contextual factors that support or limit the use of TeleNP with this community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franchesca Arias
- Hinda & Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, The Aging Brain Center, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA 02131, USA
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Diomaris E Safi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Michelle Miranda
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Carmen I Carrión
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | | | | | - Irene E Jose
- Baylor College of Medicine Cerebro, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kevin D Vuong
- Baylor College of Medicine Cerebro, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paola Suarez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- UCLA Hispanic Neuropsychiatric Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Adriana M Strutt
- Baylor College of Medicine Cerebro, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) and its short form (GAI-SF) are self-reported scales used internationally to assess anxiety symptoms in older adults. In this study, we conducted the first critical comprehensive review of these scales' psychometric properties. We rated the quality of 31 relevant studies with the COSMIN checklist. Both the GAI and GAI-SF showed adequate internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Convergent validity indices were highest with generalized anxiety measures; lowest with instruments relating to somatic symptoms. We detected substantial overlap with depression measures. While there was no consensus on the GAI's factorial structure, we found the short version to be unidimensional. Although we found good sensitivity and specificity for detecting anxiety, cut-off scores varied. The GAI and GAI-SF are relevant instruments showing satisfactory psychometric properties; to broaden their use, however, some psychometric properties warrant closer examination. This review calls attention to weaknesses in the methodological quality of the studies.
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22
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Validation of the Guilt associated with Self-Perception as a Burden Scale (G-SPBS). Behav Cogn Psychother 2020; 49:185-196. [PMID: 32829723 DOI: 10.1017/s1352465820000557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main health-related worries for older adults is becoming dependent. Even healthy older adults may worry about becoming dependent, generating guilt feelings due to the anticipation of future needs that others must solve. The guilt associated with self-perception as a burden has not been studied in older adults, and there is no instrument available to measure these feelings. AIMS To adapt the Self-Perceived Burden Scale (SPBS; Cousineau et al., 2003) for the assessment of feelings of guilt for perceiving oneself as a burden for the family in older adults without explicit functional or cognitive impairment. METHOD Participants were 298 older adults living independently in the community. Participants completed the assessment protocol, which included measures of guilt associated with self-perception as a burden, depressive and anxious symptomatology, self-perceived burden, and sociodemographic information. RESULTS Results from exploratory, parallel and confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the scale, named Guilt associated with Self-Perception as a Burden Scale (G-SPBS), has a unidimensional structure, explaining 57.04% of the variance of guilt. Good reliability was found (Cronbach's alpha = .94). The results revealed significant (p < .01) positive associations with depressive and anxious symptomatology. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that the G-SPBS shows good psychometric properties which endorse its use with healthy community older adults. Also, guilt associated with perceiving oneself as a burden seems to be a relevant variable that can contribute to improving our understanding of psychological distress in older adults.
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Emotion regulation processes as mediators of the impact of past life events on older adults' psychological distress. Int Psychogeriatr 2020; 32:199-209. [PMID: 31969208 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610219002084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although it is known that certain emotion regulation processes produce a buffering effect on the relationship between life events and well-being, this issue has been poorly studied in the elderly population. Thus, the aim of the present study is to test and confirm a comprehensive model of the impact that past life events have on older adults' psychological distress, exploring the possible mediating roles of emotion regulation processes. These include rumination, experiential avoidance, and personal growth. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 387 people over 60 years old residing in the community were assessed on life events, physical functioning, emotion regulation variables, psychological well-being, as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression. RESULTS The structural model tested achieved a satisfactory fit to the data, explaining 73% of the variance of older adults' psychological distress. In addition, the main results suggest possible mediation effects of both the physical functioning and the emotional variables: rumination, experiential avoidance, and personal growth in the face of hardship. CONCLUSIONS These findings confirm the importance of emotion regulation processes in the final stages of life. They reveal the various adaptive and maladaptive mechanisms that underlie the relationship between life events and psychological distress. The findings suggest - both in the explanatory models of psychological well-being and in psychotherapeutic interventions - the importance of emotion regulation in the elderly population's health.
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Li Z, Zhao X, Sheng A, Wang L. Item response analysis of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory among the elderly in China: dimensionality and differential item functioning test. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:313. [PMID: 31729965 PMCID: PMC6858656 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety symptoms are pervasive among elderly populations around the world. The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (the GAI) has been developed and widely used in screening those suffering from severe symptoms. Although debates about its dimensionality have been mostly resolved by Molde et al. (2019) with bifactor modeling, evidence regarding its measurement invariance across sex and somatic diseases is still missing. METHODS This study attempted to provide complemental evidence to the dimensionality debates of the GAI with Mokken scale analysis and to examine its measurement invariance across sex and somatic diseases by conducting differential item functioning (DIF) analysis among a sample of older Chinese adults. The data was from responses of a large representative sample (N = 1314) in the Chinese National Survey Data Archive, focusing on the mental health of elderly adults. RESULTS The results of Mokken scale analysis confirmed the unidimensionality of the GAI, and DIF analysis indicated measurement invariance of this inventory across individuals with different sex and somatic diseases, with just a few items exhibiting item bias but all of them negligible. CONCLUSIONS All these findings supported the use of this inventory among Chinese elders to screen anxiety symptoms and to make comparisons across sex and somatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongquan Li
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xia Zhao
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ang Sheng
- School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory for Traumatic Stress Studies, CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bandari R, Heravi-Karimooi M, Miremadi M, Mohebbi L, Montazeri A. The Iranian version of geriatric anxiety inventory (GAI-P): a validation study. Health Qual Life Outcomes 2019; 17:118. [PMID: 31296228 PMCID: PMC6624870 DOI: 10.1186/s12955-019-1176-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety is one of the most common mental health problems experienced by the elderly that affects quality of life. This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI-P) in order to provide a valid instrument for measuring anxiety in this population. METHODS Forward-backward translation was used to translate the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory from English into Persian and was tested by 10 elderly to assess its face validity. Then a sample of elderly people attending health centers in Dezful, Iran completed the questionnaire. Validity was assessed using both exploratory and confirmatory factors analysis, known-groups comparison (abused and non-abused elderly) also was administered. The internal consistency of the instrument was assessed using Kuder-Richardson 20 coefficients (KR-20). Afterwards, the reliability and validity through assessing the correlation between the Persian version of the GAI-P and the SF-36, were measured. RESULTS In all 720 elderly completed the questionnaire. Of these data from 420 elderly were used for exploratory factor analysis and the data from the remaining 300 elderly were used for confirmatory factor analysis. The exploratory factor analysis showed a three-factor solution (cognitive, arousal and somatic) for the questionnaire that jointly explained 59.48% of the overall variance observed. The confirmatory factor analysis supported the three-factor solution and the second-order latent factor model. The findings indicated a positive and significant correlation between the two measures lending support to its concurrent validity (r = 0.67, p < .001).Ultimately, the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory was found to have a favorable internal consistency. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that the GAI-P is a valid measure of anxiety in elderly population and now can be used in geriatric studies in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Bandari
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Majideh Heravi-Karimooi
- Elderly Care Research Center, College of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojgan Miremadi
- Faculty of Nursing Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Mohebbi
- Department of Health, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Ali Montazeri
- Population Health Group Health Metrics Research Centre, Iranian Institute for Health Sciences Research, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Faculty of Humanity Sciences, University of Science & Culture ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Miranda-Castillo C, Contreras D, Garay K, Martínez P, León-Campos MO, Farhang M, Morán J, Fernández-Fernández V. Validation of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory in Chilean older people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2019; 83:81-85. [PMID: 30974400 DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Currently in Chile there is a lack of validated tools for measuring anxiety in the elderly population. Considering this, the purpose of this study was to validate the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) in the country. METHOD An analysis of the psychometric properties of the GAI was carried out, using a non-clinical sample of 301 older adults in the Metropolitan and Valparaíso regions of Chile. Older people were asked about anxiety, rumination, depression, well-being and sociodemographic data. RESULTS An excellent internal reliability was obtained with a Cronbach score of 0.931. An adequate convergent validity was observed with the Depression scales (CES-D) (Rho = 0.549, p < .01), Rumination (RSS) (Rho = 0.618; p < 0.01) and Experiential avoiding (Rho = 0.485; p < 0.01). On the other hand, the discriminant validity of the psychological well-being scale presented a negative correlation of Rho = -0.699 (p < 0.01). Finally, and Exploratory Factor Analysis was made, revealing a one-dimensional model of the instrument. CONCLUSION The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory has very good psychometric properties measuring anxiety in elderly people, being an adequate instrument for the screening of anxiety on this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Miranda-Castillo
- Universidad Andres Bello, Faculty of Nursing, Sazié 2212, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Daniel Contreras
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2140, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Karin Garay
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2140, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paula Martínez
- School of Psychology, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2140, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - María O León-Campos
- Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maryam Farhang
- Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile
| | - Javier Morán
- Millennium Institute for Research in Depression and Personality, Av. Vicuña Mackenna 4860, Macul, Santiago, Chile; School of Psychology, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2140, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Virginia Fernández-Fernández
- Psychology of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment Department, Faculty of Psychology, UNED, C/ Juan del Rosal 10, 28040, Madrid, Spain
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Balsamo M, Cataldi F, Carlucci L, Padulo C, Fairfield B. Assessment of late-life depression via self-report measures: a review. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:2021-2044. [PMID: 30410319 PMCID: PMC6199213 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s178943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression in later life is a significant and growing problem. Age-related differences in the type and severity of depressive disorders continue to be questioned and necessarily question differential methods of assessment and treatment strategies. A host of geropsychiatric measures have been developed for diagnostic purposes, for rating severity of depression, and monitoring treatment progress. This literature review includes the self-report depression measures commonly and currently used in geropsychological practice. Each of the included measures is considered according to its psychometric properties. In particular, information about reliability; convergent, divergent, and factorial validity evidence based on data from clinical and nonclinical samples of older adults; and availability of age-appropriate norms was provided along with the strengths and weaknesses of each measure. Results highlighted that in cognitively intact or mildly impaired patients over 65 years, the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 currently seem to be the preferred instruments. The psychometric functioning of the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale, instead, is mixed in this population. Most importantly, this review may be a valuable resource for practicing clinicians and researchers who wish to develop state-of-the-science assessment strategies for clinical problems and make informed choices about which instruments best suit their purposes in older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balsamo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy,
| | - Fedele Cataldi
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy,
| | - Leonardo Carlucci
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy,
| | - Caterina Padulo
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy,
| | - Beth Fairfield
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, School of Medicine and Health, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Italy,
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Parkin Kullmann JA, Hayes S, Pamphlett R. Is psychological stress a predisposing factor for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? An online international case-control study of premorbid life events, occupational stress, resilience and anxiety. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204424. [PMID: 30240431 PMCID: PMC6150536 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress has been suggested to be relevant to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, possibly via the generation of oxygen free radicals. We therefore sought to determine whether people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) had been subjected to more potentially stressful life events or occupations than controls, and whether they had differences in resilience or trait anxiety that would moderate their responses to these stressors. An online anonymous multilingual questionnaire was used to collect data on significant life events from people with and without ALS, using items from a modified Social Readjustment Rating Scale and from self-described significant events, which were combined to create a Life Events Inventory. Inventory scores were subdivided into 0–20 years and 21–40 years age ranges, and for the preceding 2, 5 and 10 years. Respondents also rated levels of stress experienced during different occupations. Resilience was measured using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, and trait anxiety with a modified Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Scores were compared using nonparametric statistics. Data from 400 ALS (251 male, 149 female) and 450 control (130 male, 320 female) respondents aged 40 years and over showed that Life Events Inventory scores were similar in male ALS respondents and controls, but lower in female ALS respondents than female controls for the preceding 5-year and 10-year periods. Occupational stress did not differ between ALS respondents and controls. Both male and female ALS respondents had higher resilience scores than controls. Anxiety scores did not differ between ALS and control groups. In conclusion, people with ALS reported no raised levels of potentially stressful premorbid life events or occupational stress, and did not have reduced levels of resilience, or increased levels of anxiety, that would augment the deleterious effects of stressors. On the contrary, ALS respondents had higher resilience than controls, though this conclusion relies on ALS respondents recalling their premorbid status. These results do not support the hypothesis that psychological stress from significant life events or occupational stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Alana Parkin Kullmann
- The Stacey Motor Neuron Disease Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Susan Hayes
- Forensic Psychology, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Roger Pamphlett
- The Stacey Motor Neuron Disease Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Balsamo M, Cataldi F, Carlucci L, Fairfield B. Assessment of anxiety in older adults: a review of self-report measures. Clin Interv Aging 2018; 13:573-593. [PMID: 29670342 PMCID: PMC5896683 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s114100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing numbers of older adults in the general population, anxiety will become a widespread problem in late life and one of the major causes of health care access contributing to high societal and individual costs. Unfortunately, the detection of anxiety disorders in late life is complicated by a series of factors that make it different from assessment in younger cohorts, such as differential symptom presentation, high comorbidity with medical and mental disorders, the aging process, and newly emergent changes in life circumstances. This review covers commonly and currently used self-report inventories for assessing anxiety in older adults. For each tool, psychometric data is investigated in depth. In particular, information about reliability, validity evidence based on data from clinical and nonclinical samples of older adults, and availability of age-appropriate norms are provided. Finally, guidance for clinical evaluation and future research are proposed in an effort to highlight the importance of clinical assessment in the promotion of clinically relevant therapeutic choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Balsamo
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Territorial Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Fedele Cataldi
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Territorial Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Leonardo Carlucci
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Territorial Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Beth Fairfield
- Department of Psychological, Health, and Territorial Sciences, Gabriele d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Bakkane Bendixen A, Hartberg CB, Selbæk G, Engedal K. Symptoms of Anxiety in Older Adults with Depression, Dementia, or Psychosis: A Principal Component Analysis of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2018; 42:310-322. [PMID: 27811466 DOI: 10.1159/000452272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The primary aim of this study was to examine anxiety symptoms as measured by the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) in older patients with depression, dementia, or psychotic disorders. The secondary aim was to conduct a principal component analysis (PCA) of the GAI and to examine whether its subscales differ between the 3 disorders. METHODS We included data from 428 patients who were admitted to a department of geriatric psychiatry and examined according to a standardized protocol. The GAI was used to measure current anxiety symptoms. RESULTS The GAI symptoms occurred more frequently in the group with depression than in the other 2 groups. The PCA of the GAI with oblimin rotation resulted in a 2-component solution, labelled as "worries" (explained variance 46.3%, Cronbach's α 0.92) and "physical symptoms" (explained variance 7.1%, Cronbach's α 0.85). CONCLUSION The results indicate that in old age, anxiety is especially prevalent in depression. The 2-component solution indicates that the GAI measures 2 different aspects of anxiety with different symptomatology.
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Champagne A, Landreville P, Gosselin P, Carmichael PH. Psychometric properties of the French Canadian version of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory. Aging Ment Health 2018; 22:40-45. [PMID: 27656951 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1226767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) and a short form of this instrument (GAI-SF) were developed to assess the severity of anxiety symptoms in older adults in order to compensate for the lack of validated screening tools adapted to the elderly population. This study examined the psychometric properties of the French Canadian version of the GAI, in its complete (GAI-FC) and short form (GAI-FC-SF). METHOD A total of 331 community-dwelling seniors between 65 and 92 years old participated in this study. RESULTS Both the GAI-FC and the GAI-FC-SF have sound psychometric properties with, respectively, a high internal consistency (α = .94 and .83), an adequate convergent validity (r = .50 to .86 with instruments known to evaluate constructs similar to the GAI or related to anxiety), a good test-retest reliability (r = .89 and .85), in addition to a single-factor structure. CONCLUSIONS The results support the use of both the GAI-FC and the GAI-FC-SF. The GAI-FC-SF seems to be an interesting alternative to the GAI-FC as a screening tool when time available for assessment is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Landreville
- a School of Psychology , Université Laval , Québec , Canada.,b Centre d'Excellence sur le Vieillissement , CHU de Quebec Research Center , Québec , Canada
| | - Patrick Gosselin
- c Department of Psychology , Université de Sherbrooke , Sherbrooke , Canada.,d Axis Adult Capacity Development , Institut universitaire de première ligne en santé et services sociaux - Centre intégré universitaire en santé et services sociaux de l'Estrie - CHUS (CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS) , Sherbrooke , Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to previously reported mixed findings, there is a need for further empirical research on the factorial structure of the commonly used Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI). Therefore, the psychometric properties of the GAI and its short form version (GAI-SF) were evaluated in a psychogeriatric mixed in-and-out patient sample (n = 543). METHODS Unidimensionality was tested using a bifactor analysis. Rasch modeling was used to assess scale properties. Sex, cognitive functioning and depressive symptoms were tested for differential item functioning (DIF). RESULTS The bifactor analysis identified an essential unidimensional (general) factor structure but also specific local factors. The general factor comprises all the 20 items as one factor, and the results showed that the variance in the general and specific factors (subscale) scores is best explained by the single general factor. These findings were demonstrated for both versions of the GAI. Furthermore, the Rasch models identified extensive item overlap, indicating redundant items in the full version of the GAI. The GAI-SF also seems to extract much of the same information as the full form. Test scores and items have the same meaning for older adults across different demographic status. CONCLUSION The findings support the use of a total sum score for both GAI and GAI-SF. Notably, when using the GAI-SF, no information is lost, in comparison with the full scale, thus, supporting the option of choosing the short form (version) when considered most appropriate in demanding clinical contexts.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aims were to explore prevalence of anxiety among patients admitted to departments of geriatric psychiatry for treatment of various diagnoses and to examine how often anxiety was registered as a previous or ongoing diagnosis. METHOD In all, 473 patients admitted to one of five departments of geriatric psychiatry were included in a quality register and examined according to a standardized protocol. The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) was used to measure anxiety during the first week after admission. Diagnoses were made at discharge. RESULTS Using a cutoff on the GAI of 8/9, the prevalence of anxiety for the following diagnostic groups was depression 65.3%, psychosis 28%, dementia 38.8% and mania 33.3%. Of 24 patients with a primary diagnosis of anxiety, 66.7% scored above 8 on the GAI. Of 236 patients with a GAI score above 8, only 22 (9.3%) were reported to have a comorbid anxiety disorder by the treating psychiatrist. In a multiple regression analysis, we found that the severity of depression (beta 0.585, p < 0.001), being female (beta 0.096, p 0.028) and the use of antipsychotic drugs (beta 0.129, p 0.006) and anxiolytic drugs (beta 0.129, p 0.005) were associated with a higher GAI score. CONCLUSION Anxiety is common in geriatric psychiatric patients, regardless of the primary diagnosis. Our findings suggest that anxiety is often a hidden comorbidity in various psychiatric disorders. A high score on the GAI was associated with the severity of depression, female gender and the use of antipsychotic and anxiolytic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette Bakkane Bendixen
- a Department of Geriatric Psychiatry , Diakonhjemmet Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Knut Engedal
- b Norwegian Advisory Unit of Aging and Health , Vestfold Hospital Trust, Toensberg, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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Guan M. Factor structure of the Chinese version of the geriatric anxiety inventory. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2016; 15:4. [PMID: 26823674 PMCID: PMC4730632 DOI: 10.1186/s12991-016-0092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As China's population ages, the mental health of older people has been increasingly focused on by academic circles. PURPOSE The aim of this study was to identify the factor structure of the Chinese version of the geriatric anxiety inventory (GAI-CV). METHODS This study used data collected from Investigation on the anxiety symptoms of the elderly in the city of Beijing supported by scientific research fund project of Renmin University of China. Cronbach's α was used to test internal consistency reliability. Both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were performed separately for factor analysis. RESULTS 1318 subjects with mean age 71.35 ± 7.44 years (male 40.6 %) were involved. Principal components analysis revealed a three-factor structure of the GAI-CV. GAI-CV scales exhibited good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.937) and a three-factor model fit the data well [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.891, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.084]. CONCLUSIONS The Chinese version of the GAI appears to be reliable and valid to measure anxiety for elderly people in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Guan
- Family Issues Center, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China ; School of Business, Xuchang University, Xuchang, China
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Validation of the geriatric anxiety inventory in a duloxetine clinical trial for elderly adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Int Psychogeriatr 2015; 27:1533-9. [PMID: 25925598 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610215000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Generalized Anxiety Inventory (GAI) has been developed for use in the assessment of anxiety symptoms in older adults (≥ 65 years), but previous validation work has not examined the psychometric qualities of the instrument in relation to treatment. The objective of this study was to examine the performance of the GAI for its internal reliability, convergent and divergent validity, and its sensitivity to treatment. METHODS Elderly patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) participated in a 10-week double-blind study of duloxetine treatment for patients with GAD. Anxiety symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) anxiety and depression subscales, and the GAI. Internal reliability of the GAI was assessed with Cronbach's α. Correlations among the HAMA, HADS, and GAI scores were analyzed to determine convergent and divergent validity. Patients were also compared on remission status using recommended cut-off scores for the GAI. RESULTS Patients with GAD, who were at least 65 years of age, were randomly assigned to double-blind treatment with either duloxetine (N = 151) or placebo (N = 140) for 10 weeks acute therapy. The mean change on the GAI was significantly greater with duloxetine compared with placebo treatment (-8.36 vs. -4.96, respectively, p ≤ 0.001). The GAI demonstrated good internal consistency, good convergent and divergent validity, but suggested cut-off values for caseness with the GAI did not correspond to remission status as measured by the HAMA. CONCLUSIONS Within an elderly patient population with GAD, the GAI demonstrated sound psychometric qualities and sensitivity to change with treatment.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) is a recently developed scale aiming to evaluate symptoms of anxiety in later life. This 20-item scale uses dichotomous answers highlighting non-somatic anxiety complaints of elderly people. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version GAI (GAI-BR) in a sample from community and outpatient psychogeriatric clinic. METHODS A mixed convenience sample of 72 subjects was recruited for answering the research protocol. The interview procedures were structured with questionnaires about sociodemographic data, clinical health status, anxiety, and depression previously validated instruments, Mini-Mental State Examination, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, and GAI-BR. Twenty-two percent of the sample were interviewed twice for test-retest reliability. For internal consistency analyses, the Cronbach's α test was applied. The Spearman correlation test was applied to evaluate the test-retest GAI-BR reliability. A ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve study was made to estimate the GAI-BR area under curve, cut-off points, sensitivity, and specificity for the Generalized Anxiety Disorder diagnosis. RESULTS The GAI-BR version showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.91) and strong and significant test-retest reliability (ρ = 0.85, p < 0.001). It also showed moderate and significant correlation with the Beck Anxiety Inventory (ρ = 0.68, p < 0.001) and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (ρ = 0.61, p < 0.001) showing evidence of concurrent validation. The cut-off point of 13 estimated by ROC curve analyses showed sensitivity of 83.3% and specificity of 84.6% to detect Generalized Anxiety Disorder (DSM-IV). CONCLUSION GAI-BR has demonstrated very good psychometric properties and can be a reliable instrument to measure anxiety in Brazilian elderly people.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Research on the behavioral correlates of anxiety in older adults is sparse. The aim of this study was to explore the association of anxiety with behavioral patterns defined by health, activity, emotional and social variables. METHODS A convenience sample of 395 older adults completed measures of health, activity, emotions, social variables and experiential avoidance. Cross-sectional data were analysed using cluster analysis. RESULTS Five clusters were identified: active healthy, healthy, active vulnerable, lonely inactive and frail lonely. Participants in the active healthy and healthy clusters showed the highest scores on health variables (vitality and physical function), and adaptive scores on the rest of variables. They also reported the lowest scores on anxiety and included the lowest number of cases with clinically significant anxiety levels. Active vulnerable showed high scores on social support, leisure activities and capitalization on them but low scores in vitality and physical functioning. Participants in the lonely inactive cluster reported the highest mean score in experiential avoidance and high scores on boredom and loneliness, and low scores on social support, leisure activities capitalizing on pleasant activities and health variables. Frail lonely represent a particularly vulnerable profile of participants, similar to that of lonely inactive, but with significantly lower scores on health variables and higher scores on boredom and hours watching TV. CONCLUSIONS Anxiety in older adults is not only linked to poor health, but also to dysfunctional social behavior, loneliness, boredom and experiential avoidance. Maladaptive profiles of older adults with regard to these variables have been identified.
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Bluett EJ, Homan KJ, Morrison KL, Levin ME, Twohig MP. Acceptance and commitment therapy for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders: an empirical review. J Anxiety Disord 2014; 28:612-24. [PMID: 25041735 DOI: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A fair amount of research exists on acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) as a model and a treatment for anxiety disorders and OCD spectrum disorders; this paper offers a quantitative account of this research. A meta-analysis is presented examining the relationship between psychological flexibility, measured by versions of the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (AAQ and AAQ-II) and measures of anxiety. Meta-analytic results showed positive and significant relationships between the AAQ and general measures of anxiety as well as disorder specific measures. Additionally, all outcome data to date on ACT for anxiety and OCD spectrum disorders are reviewed, as are data on mediation and moderation within ACT. Preliminary meta-analytic results show that ACT is equally effective as manualized treatments such as cognitive behavioral therapy. Future directions and limitations of the research are discussed.
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Kim J, Park MS, Oh DN. Reliability and Validity of Korean Geriatric Anxiety Inventory(K-GAI). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.5953/jmjh.2014.21.1.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Application of the Geriatric Anxiety Inventory-Chinese Version (GAI-CV) to older people in Beijing communities. Int Psychogeriatr 2014; 26:517-23. [PMID: 24252312 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610213002007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) was developed to assess anxiety in older adults. The objectives of this work were as follows: (a) to analyze the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the GAI (GAI-CV), and (b) to explore the extent of anxiety and related factors in the elderly Chinese residents of Beijing. METHODS Participants in this study included 1,047 people (59.4% female) more than 60 years old who were living in the community. They were randomly selected from 15 communities in Beijing. Basic information was collected. Anxiety was measured using the GAI-CV, the Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). RESULTS The GAI-CV exhibited good internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) and demonstrated good concurrent validity against the SAS (r = 0.52, p = 0.018) and the BAI (r = 0.560, p = 0.000). Item response theory (IRT) analyses showed that the items of the GAI-CV exhibited high difficulty (0.97-2) and discrimination parameters (1.91-5.33). The items exhibited information parameters greater than 1.25 with the exceptions of items 2, 12, and 18. The GAI-CV scores were significantly associated with gender, age, and chronic disease. However, no significant differences due to marriage or education were found. CONCLUSIONS The GAI is a new scale that was specifically designed to measure anxiety in older people. The results of this study suggest that the GAI-CV had good psychometric properties, but some items need to be modified. IRT analyses indicated that the GAI-CV provided good measures of anxiety across the moderately high to very high levels. The GAI-CV may be a useful instrument for further research studies aimed at analyzing high-level anxiety among older adults in China.
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Frequency of leisure activities and depressive symptomatology in elderly people: the moderating role of rumination. Int Psychogeriatr 2014; 26:297-305. [PMID: 24252215 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610213001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The positive effects of leisure activities on depressive symptomatology are well known. However, the extent to which emotional regulation variables moderate that relationship has scarcely been studied, especially in older people. The aim of this study is to analyze the moderating role of rumination in the relation between leisure activities and depressive symptoms. METHODS Participants in this study were 311 people, aged 60 to 90 years (mean age: 71.27 years; SD: 6.99; 71.7% women). We evaluated depressive symptomatology, frequency of leisure activities, and rumination. We carried out a hierarchical regression analysis to confirm the moderating role of rumination. RESULTS We obtained a model that explains 39.4% of the variance of depressive symptomatology. Main effects were found for the frequency of leisure activities (β = -0.397; p < 0.01) and for rumination (β = 0.497; p < 0.01). Moreover, we found a significant effect of the interaction between frequency of leisure activities and rumination (β = 0.110; p < 0.05), suggesting that rumination plays a moderating role in the relation between leisure activities and depressive symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS A risk profile of elderly people may consist of those who engage in low levels of leisure activities but also use more frequently the dysfunctional emotional regulation strategy of rumination.
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Abstract
Die Anzahl der Studien, die sich mit dem Zusammenhang zwischen Emotionsregulation (ER) und depressiven Störungen befassen, steigt. In diesem Review werden Studien zusammengefasst und metaanalytisch ausgewertet, die den Zusammenhang zwischen ER und Depression mittels Fragebögen bzw. Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) erfassen. Dabei zeigt sich ein ER-Profil welches durch die vermehrte Nutzung von Rumination, Suppression und Vermeidung bei gleichzeitig seltenerem Einsatz von Neubewertung und Problemlösen gekennzeichnet ist. Mit mittleren bis großen Effekten, ist der Zusammenhang zwischen Depression und maladaptiven Strategien besser belegt als bei den adaptiven Formen, wo die Effekte eher moderat ausfielen. EMA-Messungen bestätigen dieses Profil. Da EMA-Studien neben der Häufigkeit des Strategieeinsatzes auch die Erfassung anderer ER-Parameter wie Effektivität und Flexibilität ermöglichen, sollten solche Designs in der ER-Forschung zukünftig vermehrt Einsatz finden.
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Fernández-Fernández V, Márquez-González M, Losada-Baltar A, García PE, Romero-Moreno R. [Design and validation of the scales for the assessment of the psychological impact of past life events: the role of ruminative thought and personal growth]. Rev Esp Geriatr Gerontol 2013; 48:161-170. [PMID: 23743356 DOI: 10.1016/j.regg.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Older people's emotional distress is often related to rumination processes focused on past vital events occurred during their lives. The specific coping strategies displayed to face those events may contribute to explain older adults' current well-being: they can perceive that they have obtained personal growth after those events and/or they can show a tendency to have intrusive thoughts about those events. This paper describes the development and analysis of the psychometric properties of the Scales for the Assessment of the Psychological Impact of Past Life Events (SAPIPLE): the past life events-occurrence scale (LE-O), ruminative thought scale (LE-R) and personal growth scale (LE-PG). MATERIAL AND METHODS Participants were 393 community dwelling elderly (mean age=71.5 years old; SD=6.9). In addition to the SAPIPLE scales, depressive symptomatology, anxiety, psychological well-being, life satisfaction, physical function and vitality have been assessed. RESULTS The inter-rater agreement's analysis suggests the presence of two factors in the LE-O: positive and negative vital events. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) supported this two-dimensional structure for both the LE-R and the LE-PG. Good internal consistency indexes have been obtained for each scale and subscale, as well as good criterion and concurrent validity indexes. CONCLUSIONS Both ruminative thoughts about past life events and personal growth following those events are related to older adults' current well-being. The SAPIPLE presents good psychometric properties that justify its use for elderly people.
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