1
|
Godefroy O, Weaver NA, Roussel M, Dorchies F, Kassir R, Biesbroek JM, Lee KJ, Kim BJ, Bae HJ, Lim JS, Lee M, Yu KH, Aben HP, de Kort PLM, Bordet R, Lopes R, Dondaine T, Biessels GJ, Aarabi A. Architecture and anatomy of executive processes: evidence from verbal fluency and Trail Making Test in 2009 stroke patients. J Neurol 2024; 271:6147-6159. [PMID: 39060618 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12541-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The few voxel-wise lesion-symptom mapping (VLSM) studies aimed at identifying the anatomy of executive function are limited by the absence of a model and by small populations. Using Trail Making Test (TMT) and verbal fluency and a model of their architectures, our objective was to identify the key structures underlying two major executive processes, set-shifting and strategic word search. METHODS We applied a validated VLSM analysis to harmonized cognitive and imaging data from 2009 ischemic stroke patients as a part of the Meta VCI Map consortium. All contrast analyses used an adjusted threshold with 2000 Freedman-Lane permutations (p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS The TMT parts A and B were associated with structures involved in visual-spatial processing, the motor system, the frontal lobes, and their subcortical connections. Set-shifting depended on the left dorsomedial frontal region. Both semantic and phonemic fluency tests depended on verbal output abilities and processing speed with similar slopes in different languages. The strategic search process depended on Broca's area, F2 and related tracts, temporal and deep regions. Lastly, the lesion map of set-shifting did not overlap with those of strategic word search processes. INTERPRETATION Our results identify the anatomical substrates of two main executive processes, revealing that they represent only a specific subpart of previously reported structures. Finally, our results indicate that executive functions depend on several specific, anatomically separable executive processes mainly operating in various parts of the frontal lobes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Godefroy
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France.
| | - Nick A Weaver
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martine Roussel
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Flore Dorchies
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Rania Kassir
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - J Matthijs Biesbroek
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Diakonessenhuis Hospital, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Keon-Joo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Joon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Joon Bae
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Lim
- Department of Neurology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Minwoo Lee
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hayllm University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Yu
- Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hayllm University College of Medicine, Anyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hugo P Aben
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Paul L M de Kort
- Department of Neurology, Elisabeth Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Régis Bordet
- Department of Pharmacology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Renaud Lopes
- Department of Pharmacology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Thibaut Dondaine
- Department of Pharmacology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - Geert Jan Biessels
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ardalan Aarabi
- Department of Neurology, Amiens University Hospital, and Laboratory of Functional Neurosciences (UR UPJV 4559), Jules Verne University of Picardie, Amiens, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xiang LS, Zhang JN, Xie F, Fei X, Wang Y, Shi Y, Zhang Y. Comparative analysis of the effects of the computer-based and paper-based trail making tests on oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex. BMC Neurosci 2024; 25:39. [PMID: 39187754 PMCID: PMC11348744 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-024-00886-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The trail making test (TMT) is a commonly used tool for evaluating executive functions, and the activation of cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during the test can reflect the participation of executive function. This study aimed to compare the differences in cerebral oxygenation in the PFC between the computer- and paper-based versions of the TMT and provide a theoretical basis for the optimization and clinical application of the computer-based version. A total of 32 healthy adult participants completed the computer- and paper-based TMT Types A and B. Cerebral oxygenation changes in the PFC were monitored during the experiment using near-infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, average changes in oxyhemoglobin (Δoxy-Hb) levels at the baseline and during activation periods in different types of testing were compared and analyzed. The number of correct connections in the computer-based version Type B was less than that in the paper-based version Type B (p < .001). The task time of the computer-based version was longer than that of the paper-based version (p < .001). The B/A ratio of the number of correct connections in the computer-based version was lower than that in the paper-based version (p < .001). The Δoxy-Hb in the PFC of the paper-based version was higher than that of the computer-based version (p < .001). Significant differences in oxygenation in the PFC were observed between the paper- and computer-based versions of TMT. After further improvement and correction in the subsequent development of the computer-based TMT, and taking into account the psychological feelings and preferences of the participants when performing different versions of the TMTs, the computer-based TMT is expected to play a good auxiliary role in clinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Sha Xiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 185, Juqian Street, Tianning Area, Changzhou, 213003, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Soochow University, Soochow, China
| | - Jia-Nan Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 185, Juqian Street, Tianning Area, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Fan Xie
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 185, Juqian Street, Tianning Area, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Xiao Fei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 185, Juqian Street, Tianning Area, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Ya Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 185, Juqian Street, Tianning Area, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 185, Juqian Street, Tianning Area, Changzhou, 213003, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, No. 185, Juqian Street, Tianning Area, Changzhou, 213003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Khoury MA, Churchill NW, Di Battista A, Graham SJ, Symons S, Troyer AK, Roberts A, Kumar S, Tan B, Arnott SR, Ramirez J, Tartaglia MC, Borrie M, Pollock B, Rajji TK, Pasternak SH, Frank A, Tang-Wai DF, Scott CJM, Haddad SMH, Nanayakkara N, Orange JB, Peltsch A, Fischer CE, Munoz DG, Schweizer TA. History of traumatic brain injury is associated with increased grey-matter loss in patients with mild cognitive impairment. J Neurol 2024; 271:4540-4550. [PMID: 38717612 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12369-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether a history of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with greater long-term grey-matter loss in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). METHODS 85 patients with MCI were identified, including 26 with a previous history of traumatic brain injury (MCI[TBI-]) and 59 without (MCI[TBI+]). Cortical thickness was evaluated by segmenting T1-weighted MRI scans acquired longitudinally over a 2-year period. Bayesian multilevel modelling was used to evaluate group differences in baseline cortical thickness and longitudinal change, as well as group differences in neuropsychological measures of executive function. RESULTS At baseline, the MCI[TBI+] group had less grey matter within right entorhinal, left medial orbitofrontal and inferior temporal cortex areas bilaterally. Longitudinally, the MCI[TBI+] group also exhibited greater longitudinal declines in left rostral middle frontal, the left caudal middle frontal and left lateral orbitofrontal areas sover the span of 2 years (median = 1-2%, 90%HDI [-0.01%: -0.001%], probability of direction (PD) = 90-99%). The MCI[TBI+] group also displayed greater longitudinal declines in Trail-Making-Test (TMT)-derived ratio (median: 0.737%, 90%HDI: [0.229%: 1.31%], PD = 98.8%) and differences scores (median: 20.6%, 90%HDI: [-5.17%: 43.2%], PD = 91.7%). CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the notion that patients with MCI and a history of TBI are at risk of accelerated neurodegeneration, displaying greatest evidence for cortical atrophy within the left middle frontal and lateral orbitofrontal frontal cortex. Importantly, these results suggest that long-term TBI-mediated atrophy is more pronounced in areas vulnerable to TBI-related mechanical injury, highlighting their potential relevance for diagnostic forms of intervention in TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Khoury
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Nathan W Churchill
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Physics Department, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alex Di Battista
- Defence Research and Development Canada, Toronto Research Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Simon J Graham
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, ON, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sean Symons
- Department of Medical Imaging, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angela K Troyer
- Neuropsychology and Cognitive Health Program, Baycrest Hospital, Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Angela Roberts
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Canadian Centre for Activity and Aging, London, ON, Canada
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Brian Tan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen R Arnott
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joel Ramirez
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maria C Tartaglia
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Borrie
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
- . Joseph's Healthcare Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce Pollock
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tarek K Rajji
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephen H Pasternak
- . Joseph's Healthcare Centre, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences, London Health Sciences Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Frank
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David F Tang-Wai
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher J M Scott
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Hurvitz Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Joseph B Orange
- School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- University of Western, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Corinne E Fischer
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David G Munoz
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tom A Schweizer
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, Science & Tech (iBEST), A Partnership Between St. Michael's Hospital and Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5V 1T8, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pluck G. Executive function and adult homelessness, true impairment or frontal lobology? Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1359027. [PMID: 38322781 PMCID: PMC10844389 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1359027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Homelessness is associated with multiple risk factors for neurocognitive impairment. Past research with people experiencing homelessness has described "frontal lobe" dysfunction including behavioral disorders and executive cognitive impairments. In the current study, 72 adults experiencing homelessness were assessed with a standardized assessment of executive function, and interviewed regarding neurological and psychiatric history. When compared to a control sample of 25 never-homeless participants, and controlling for level of education, there was little evidence for executive dysfunction in the sample of people experiencing homelessness. Levels of substance abuse, past head injury, and post-traumatic stress disorder were notably high. However, there were no statistically significant associations between cognitive task performance and clinical or substance abuse variables. Gambling was surprisingly infrequent, but risk-taking behavior among intravenous drug users was common. Though in neither case was it linked to executive function. Overall, there was little evidence for executive impairment in this sample of people experiencing homelessness. I suggest that past research has often used inappropriate criteria for "normal" performance, particularly comparing people experiencing homelessness to control data of relatively high education level. This has led to elements of "frontal lobology," that is, clinical neuroscience research that tends to overly link non-typical or pathological behavior to frontal lobe impairment. When appropriate comparisons are made, controlling for education level, as in this study, associations between executive function impairments and adult homelessness may be weaker than previously reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Pluck
- Clinical Cognitive Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Academic Clinical Psychiatry, Division of Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Beschin N, MacPherson SE, Barozzi N, Della Sala S. Luria's fist-edge-palm test: A small change makes a big difference. Cortex 2023; 169:191-202. [PMID: 37944207 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Slight modifications in the instructions or administration of neuropsychological tests could result in noticeable differences in performance. A good example is offered by a test devised by Luria to assess executive functioning in motor planning, the three-step fist-edge-palm (FEP) test, which is still frequently employed in clinical settings and features in several neuropsychological test batteries such as the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). While Luria described the orientation of the fist as horizontal to the testing desk (hFEP), recent versions of the task indicate the fist should be vertical to the testing desk (vFEP). The current study examined whether administering the hFEP or the vFEP tests results in different performance in healthy people, and whether one version is better than the other at detecting impairments in a patient population. The hFEP proved more challenging for healthy adults than the vFEP, and people with brain damage committed more errors on the hFEP than the vFEP. Both versions correlated with executive measures but also with several other cognitive variables, indicating that the test is not a specific marker of executive functions. Although performance on the FEP is sensitive to articulatory suppression, faster pace, and the number of sequences performed, none of these conditions fully account for the differences between the hFEP and vFEP. The additional demand of the hFEP appears to be due to the less natural (i.e., automatic) orientation of the horizontal fist. In conclusion, a small change in the administration of the test, eluding Luria's instructions, grossly modified its sensitivity. Clinicians and researchers should be wary of modifying instructions or testing procedures without considering the possible consequences of such modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Beschin
- Neuropsychological Service, Rehabilitation Unit, ASST Valle Olona, Somma Lombardo Hospital, Italy
| | - Sarah E MacPherson
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicole Barozzi
- Neuropsychological Service, Rehabilitation Unit, ASST Valle Olona, Somma Lombardo Hospital, Italy
| | - Sergio Della Sala
- Human Cognitive Neuroscience, Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kwok CHR, Park JC, Joseph SZ, Foster JK, Green DJ, Jansen SJ. Cognition and Cerebral Blood Flow After Extracranial Carotid Revascularization for Carotid Atherosclerosis: A Systematic Review. Clin Ther 2023; 45:1069-1076. [PMID: 37770311 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Extracranial atherosclerotic carotid stenosis is associated with inadequate cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cognitive dysfunction. The impact of extracranial carotid revascularization on cognition and how any cognitive change relates to changes in CBF are less clear. This review examines the effects of revascularization of extracranial carotid disease by carotid endarterectomy (CEA) or carotid stenting (CAS) on cognition, and how this relates to changes in CBF. METHODS A systematic review of existing reports in the Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement recommendations. All original retrospective or prospective studies and clinical trials that compared pre- and postoperative cognitive function and CBF in patients with extracranial carotid stenosis who underwent CEA or CAS versus a control group, published between January 1985 and December 2022, were identified and considered eligible for inclusion in this study. FINDINGS Seven studies (661 participants; 460 CEA or CAS) were identified. All were observational studies and of moderate to good methodologic quality. Six studies (619 participants; follow-up range 1 month to 2 years) demonstrated improvement in some cognitive domains following CEA or CAS, improvement in CBF following revascularization, and correlated some of these cognitive changes with changes in CBF. One study (42 participants; 3 months follow-up) found cognitive improvement following CEA, but found no improvement in CBF or any correlation between cognitive and CBF change. The literature however represented heterogenous study populations examining asymptomatic and/or symptomatic carotid stenosis, differing in treatment modality and criteria for control groups ranging from healthy volunteers to those with stenosis but not who underwent surgical revascularization, and finally, differing reporting methods. This heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. IMPLICATIONS Definitive conclusions are limited by variation in cognitive function assessment, timing of testing, and how these are correlated to CBF. However, research suggests a potential improvement in cognition which may be associated with improvement in CBF, particularly in those patients who have more significant CBF deficit at baseline. Further studies are required to better understand this association and provide a clearer picture of the cognitive effects of carotid revascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Ricky Kwok
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth; School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Sciences).
| | - Jun Cheul Park
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Waikato Hospital, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Simon Z Joseph
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth; School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Sciences)
| | - Jonathan K Foster
- Synapse Neuropsychology, Perth; Faculty of Health Sciences; School of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Science
| | | | - Shirley J Jansen
- Department of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Perth; Heart and Vascular Research Institute, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth; School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Perth
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sveinsdóttir SÞ, Jóhannsdóttir KR. Is Positive Affect as a Trait Related to Higher Heart Rate Variability in a Stressful Situation? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6919. [PMID: 37887657 PMCID: PMC10606158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20206919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Most of the studies on the effect of trait positive affect (PA) and cardiovascular activity have focused on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) rather than heart rate variability (HRV). However, trait PA might sustain homeostasis for the autonomic system (ANS) by reducing activity in the sympathetic system (SNS) and increasing the activity in the parasympathetic system (PNS). A common index for the PNS is the vagal tone measured indirectly through HRV. The present study assessed whether trait PA influences cardiovascular response to various stress tasks by monitoring participants' HRV measured by RMSSD (root mean square of successive differences) along with HR and interbeat interval (IBI). A total of 54 participants performed various cognitive tasks and Trier Social Stress Tasks while their vital signs were monitored, and trait PA was measured with PANAS. The cognitive tasks included both high- and low-stress tasks, including fatigue-inducing 20 min Stroop tasks. The results showed overall higher HRV as measured by RMSSD for participants who have higher levels of trait PA, indicating more PNS activity compared with low-trait-PA individuals, particularly at the end of the task performance during the fatigue induction. High-trait-PA individuals also had a lower HR during the fatigue-inducing task and a higher IBI. The results support previous work by further indicating a more adaptive response and consequently better emotional regulation for high-trait-PA individuals in a complex, prolonged task setting.
Collapse
|
8
|
Anziano M, Mouthon M, Thoeny H, Sperber C, Spierer L. Mental flexibility depends on a largely distributed white matter network: Causal evidence from connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping. Cortex 2023; 165:38-56. [PMID: 37253289 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mental flexibility (MF) refers to the capacity to dynamically switch from one task to another. Current neurocognitive models suggest that since this function requires interactions between multiple remote brain areas, the integrity of the anatomic tracts connecting these brain areas is necessary to maintain performance. We tested this hypothesis by assessing with a connectome-based lesion-symptom mapping approach the effects of white matter lesions on the brain's structural connectome and their association with performance on the trail making test, a neuropsychological test of MF, in a sample of 167 first unilateral stroke patients. We found associations between MF deficits and damage of i) left lateralized fronto-temporo-parietal connections and interhemispheric connections between left temporo-parietal and right parietal areas; ii) left cortico-basal connections; and iii) left cortico-pontine connections. We further identified a relationship between MF and white matter disconnections within cortical areas composing the cognitive control, default mode and attention functional networks. These results for a central role of white matter integrity in MF extend current literature by providing causal evidence for a functional interdependence among the regional cortical and subcortical structures composing the MF network. Our results further emphasize the necessity to consider connectomics in lesion-symptom mapping analyses to establish comprehensive neurocognitive models of high-order cognitive functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Anziano
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Mouthon
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Harriet Thoeny
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Cantonal Hospital of Fribourg, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Sperber
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lucas Spierer
- Laboratory for Neurorehabilitation Science, Medicine Section, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
An Investigation of the Validity of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT) in Acquired Brain Injury (ABI). J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:1016-1028. [PMID: 36281634 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721001223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Social cognition is frequently impaired following an acquired brain injury (ABI) but often overlooked in clinical assessments. There are few validated and appropriate measures of social cognitive abilities for ABI patients. The current study examined the validity of the Edinburgh Social Cognition Test (ESCoT, Baksh et al., ) in measuring social cognition following an ABI. METHODS Forty-one patients with ABI were recruited from a rehabilitation service and completed measures of general ability, executive functions and social cognition (Faux Pas; FP, Reading the Mind in the Eyes; RME, Social Norms Questionnaire; SNQ and the ESCoT). Forty-one controls matched on age, sex and years of education also performed the RME, SNQ and ESCoT. RESULTS A diagnosis of ABI was significantly associated with poorer performance on all ESCoT measures and RME while adjusting for age, sex and years of education. In ABI patients, the ESCoT showed good internal consistency with its subcomponents and performance correlated with the other measures of social cognition demonstrating convergent validity. Better Trail Making Test performance predicted better ESCoT total, RME and SNQ scores. Higher TOPF IQ was associated with higher RME scores, while higher WAIS-IV working memory predicted better FP performance. CONCLUSIONS The ESCoT is a brief, valid and internally consistent assessment tool able to detect social cognition deficits in neurological patients. Given the prevalence of social cognition deficits in ABI and the marked impact these can have on an individual's recovery, this assessment can be a helpful addition to a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Linari I, Juantorena GE, Ibáñez A, Petroni A, Kamienkowski JE. Unveiling Trail Making Test: visual and manual trajectories indexing multiple executive processes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14265. [PMID: 35995786 PMCID: PMC9395513 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trail Making Test (TMT) is one of the most popular neuropsychological tests for executive functions (EFs) assessment. It presents several strengths: it is sensitive to executive dysfunction, it is easy to understand, and has a short administration. However, it has important limitations. First, the underlying EFs articulated during the task are not well discriminated, which makes it a test with low specificity. Second, the pen-and-paper version presents one trial per condition which introduces high variability. Third, only the total time is quantified, which does not allow for a detailed analysis. Fourth, it has a fixed spatial configuration per condition. We designed a computerised version of the TMT to overcome its main limitations and evaluated it in a group of neurotypical adults. Eye and hand positions are measured with high resolution over several trials, and spatial configuration is controlled. Our results showed a very similar performance profile compared to the traditional TMT. Moreover, it revealed differences in eye movements between parts A and B. Most importantly, based on hand and eye movements, we found an internal working memory measure that showed an association to a validated working memory task. Additionally, we proposed another internal measure as a potential marker of inhibitory control. Our results showed that EFs can be studied in more detail using traditional tests combined with powerful digital setups. The cTMT showed potential use in older adult populations and patients with EFs disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Linari
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gustavo E Juantorena
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center (CNC), Universidad de San Andrés, and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, USA.,Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin, Ireland.,Latin American Brain Health Institute (BrainLat), Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Agustín Petroni
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Juan E Kamienkowski
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Maestría de Explotación de Datos y Descubrimiento del Conocimiento, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Departamento de Computación, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pabellón 1, Ciudad Universitaria, (1428) Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kasselimis DS, Tsolakopoulos D, Simos PG, Makryllou I, Velonakis G, Politis AM, Potagas C. Preserved visuospatial abilities in absence of the right hemisphere: A case of cerebral hemiatrophy with minimal cognitive impairment. J Neuropsychol 2022; 16:555-568. [PMID: 35315225 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral hemiatrophy is a rare neurological condition, usually resulting in severe and diffuse cognitive impairment. In this paper we present a 69-year old woman with notable congenital hemiatrophy with strikingly preserved cognitive functions. Cognitive assessment indicated that although her executive functions were found impaired, the remaining cognitive domains were relatively unaffected. We argue that this unexpected cognitive profile may be explained by anomalous hemispheric lateralization, driven by neuroplasticity along the developmental course.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios S Kasselimis
- Neuropsychology and Language Disorders Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsolakopoulos
- Neuropsychology and Language Disorders Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis G Simos
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Irina Makryllou
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Velonakis
- 2nd Department of Radiology, Medical School, Attikon Hospital, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Antonios M Politis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin Potagas
- Neuropsychology and Language Disorders Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Neurocognitive Profiles of Caucasian Moyamoya Disease Patients in Greece: A Case Series. NEUROSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/neurosci3010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of Moyamoya Disease (MMD) on cognition inadult Caucasian patients has not yet been thoroughly investigated. The current study is the first to present detailed neuropsychological data on a series of Greek patients with MMD. A group of eight patients was assessed with an extensive neuropsychological battery, including measures of episodic memory, working memory, executive functions, language, and social cognition. The results indicated that MMD may be characterized by a trichotomous neurocognitive profile, characterized by prominent impairment in working memory, executive functions, and social cognition. Overall, we stress the need for a thorough cognitive evaluation of MMD patients and further highlight the potential importance of social cognition in this particular disease. Possible associations between the three impaired cognitive domains in our group are also discussed.
Collapse
|
13
|
A systematic review of cognitive function after carotid endarterectomy in asymptomatic patients. J Vasc Surg 2022; 75:2074-2085. [PMID: 34995717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Asymptomatic carotid stenosis has been associated with a progressive decline in neurocognitive function. However, the effect of carotid endarterectomy on this process is poorly understood. We aimed to evaluate pre and post-operative cognitive function changes in asymptomatic patients after carotid endarterectomy METHODS: A systematic review of the existing reports in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochran databases was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis statement recommendations. All original retrospective or prospective studies (including cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, pilot studies, etc.) and clinical trials that compared pre and post-operative neurocognitive function in asymptomatic patients with carotid stenosis after CEA, which were published from January 2000 to April 2021 were identified and considered eligible for inclusion in the study. RESULTS Thirteen studies (502 CEAs) comparing cognitive function changes before and after CEA were identified. In seven studies with a total number of 272 patients, a mean age range of 67.3 ± 4.8 to 76.35 years old and after follow-up ranging between 1 and 12 months, overall cognitive function improved after CEA. However, in six studies with a total sample of 230, a mean age range of 68.6 ± 6.9 to 74.4±6.1 years, and follow-up ranged from 24 hours to 3 years, showed no change or decline in overall cognitive function after procedures. CONCLUSIONS The lack of standardization of specific cognitive tests and cognitive function assessment timing after CEA does not allow for definite conclusions to be made. However, improving the brain perfusion with combination of CEA and statin therapy may be a protective strategy against cognitive function decline.
Collapse
|
14
|
Mole J, Mead S, Rudge P, Nihat A, Mok T, Collinge J, Caine D. Cognitive decline heralds onset of symptomatic inherited prion disease. Brain 2021; 144:989-998. [PMID: 33844831 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical effectiveness of any disease-modifying treatment for prion disease, as for other neurodegenerative disorders, will depend on early treatment before damage to neural tissue is irrevocable. Thus, there is a need to identify markers that predict disease onset in healthy at-risk individuals. Whilst imaging and neurophysiological biomarkers have shown limited use in this regard, we recently reported progressive neurophysiological changes in individuals with the inherited prion disease mutation P102L. We have also previously demonstrated a signature pattern of fronto-parietal dysfunction in mild prion disease. Here we address whether these cognitive features anticipate the onset of symptoms in a unique sample of patients with inherited prion disease. In the cross-sectional analysis, we analysed the performance of patients at three time points in the course of disease onset: prior to symptoms (n = 27), onset of subjective symptoms without positive clinical findings (n = 8) and symptomatic with positive clinical findings (n = 24). In the longitudinal analysis, we analysed data from 24 patients who were presymptomatic at the time of recruitment and were followed up over a period of up to 17 years, of whom 16 remained healthy and eight converted to become symptomatic. In the cross-sectional analysis, the key finding was that, relative to a group of 25 healthy non-gene carrier controls, patients with subjective symptoms but without positive clinical findings were impaired on a smaller but similar set of tests (Trail Making Test part A, Stroop test, Performance IQ, gesture repetition, figure recall) to those previously found to be impaired in mild prion disease. In the longitudinal analysis, Trail Making Test parts A and B, Stroop test and Performance IQ scores significantly discriminated between patients who remained presymptomatic and those who converted, even before the converters reached criteria for formal diagnosis. Notably, performance on the Stroop test significantly discriminated between presymptomatic patients and converters before the onset of clinical symptoms [area under the curve = 0.83 (95% confidence interval, 0.62-1.00), P = 0.009]. Thus, we report here, for the first time, neuropsychological abnormalities in healthy patients prior to either symptom onset or clinical diagnosis of inherited prion disease. This constitutes an important component of an evolving profile of clinical and biomarker abnormalities in this crucial group for preventive medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mole
- Department of Neuropsychology, NHNN, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Peter Rudge
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Akin Nihat
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Tzehow Mok
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - John Collinge
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
- MRC Prion Unit at UCL, UCL Institute of Prion Diseases, London, W1W 7FF, UK
| | - Diana Caine
- Department of Neuropsychology, NHNN, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- National Prion Clinic, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (UCLH), London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Takeda S, Fukuzaki T. Development of a Neuropsychological Test to Evaluate Cognitive Flexibility. Yonago Acta Med 2021; 64:162-167. [PMID: 34025190 DOI: 10.33160/yam.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Background Cognitive flexibility is also referred to as set-shifting and is considered to be an important activity of the frontal lobe. The objective of this study was to produce a Cognitive Flexibility Test (CFT) that can evaluate cognitive flexibility in a short time and in a simple manner and to verify the usefulness of the test. Methods The CFT, Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), and Geriatric Depression Scale 15 (GDS-15) were implemented among a total of 94 elderly people who live at home. An "A" version of CFT (CFT-A), which asked about the possible uses of a plastic bottle other than drinking and a "B" version (CFT-B), which asked about the possible uses of a ballpoint pen other than writing, were produced. Results In the case of CFT-A, after adjusting the number of years of education, a significant correlation was found between CFT-A and the variables age, VFT, and MMSE. As for CFT-B, after adjusting the number of years of education, it was found to have a significant correlation with age and VFT. The number of responses for CFT-A and CFT-B were significantly lower than that of VFT. The number of responses for CFT-B was significantly lower than that of CFT-A. Conclusion The CFT-A may be useful as a neuropsychological test to evaluate cognitive flexibility among elderly people that can be implemented easily in a short time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Takeda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiki Fukuzaki
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Tottori University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Siquier A, Andrés P. Cognitive and Behavioral Inhibition Deficits in Parkinson's Disease: The Hayling Test as a Reliable Marker. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:621603. [PMID: 33519424 PMCID: PMC7843521 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.621603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study seeks to provide an overview of executive (inhibition and flexibility) deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD) by combining a cognitive and behavioral approach. METHODS Fifteen PD patients and 15 healthy controls underwent a neuropsychological and behavioral assessment including the Hayling and Trails Tests, the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (QUIP-RS), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-A), and the Short Form-36 Health Survey (SF-36). The level of awareness of executive functioning was also analyzed. We finally explored how these neuropsychological and clinical outcomes could relate to each other. RESULTS PD patients performed significantly worse in both neuropsychological tasks designed to evaluate inhibition abilities. They also reported more inhibition difficulties in everyday life and poorer quality of life. Associations between neuropsychological measures and self-reports were found. Moreover, as indicated by the discrepancy score, PD patients were as accurate as their relatives in self-reporting their executive daily difficulties. CONCLUSION Inhibition and cognitive flexibility impairments assessed by the neuropsychological tests (Hayling and Trails tests) seem to capture daily life executive problems in PD. Furthermore, our study provides a deeper understanding of PD patients' and their relatives' experience of these executive dysfunctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antònia Siquier
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Pilar Andrés
- Neuropsychology and Cognition Research Group, Department of Psychology, Research Institute of Health Sciences (IUNICS), University of the Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Batouli SAH, Sisakhti M, Haghshenas S, Dehghani H, Sachdev P, Ekhtiari H, Kochan N, Wen W, Leemans A, Kohanpour M, Oghabian MA. Iranian Brain Imaging Database: A Neuropsychiatric Database of Healthy Brain. Basic Clin Neurosci 2021; 12:115-132. [PMID: 33995934 PMCID: PMC8114860 DOI: 10.32598/bcn.12.1.1774.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Iranian Brain Imaging Database (IBID) was initiated in 2017, with 5 major goals: provide researchers easy access to a neuroimaging database, provide normative quantitative measures of the brain for clinical research purposes, study the aging profile of the brain, examine the association of brain structure and function, and join the ENIGMA consortium. Many prestigious databases with similar goals are available. However, they were not done on an Iranian population, and the battery of their tests (e.g. cognitive tests) is selected based on their specific questions and needs. METHODS The IBID will include 300 participants (50% female) in the age range of 20 to 70 years old, with an equal number of participants (#60) in each age decade. It comprises a battery of cognitive, lifestyle, medical, and mental health tests, in addition to several Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) protocols. Each participant completes the assessments on two referral days. RESULTS The study currently has a cross-sectional design, but longitudinal assessments are considered for the future phases of the study. Here, details of the methodology and the initial results of assessing the first 152 participants of the study are provided. CONCLUSION IBID is established to enable research into human brain function, to aid clinicians in disease diagnosis research, and also to unite the Iranian researchers with interests in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Department of Neuroscience and Addiction Studies, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Minoo Sisakhti
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shirin Haghshenas
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Dehghani
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Kochan
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexander Leemans
- Image Sciences Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mohsen Kohanpour
- Departmen of Neuroimaging and Analysis, Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oghabian
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Richards E, Bayer A, Hanley C, Norris JE, Tree JJ, Tales A. Reaction Time and Visible White Matter Lesions in Subcortical Ischemic Vascular Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:859-865. [PMID: 31658059 PMCID: PMC6918906 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Slowed behavioral reaction time is associated with pathological brain changes, including white matter lesions, the common clinical characteristic of subcortical ischemic vascular cognitive impairment (SIVCI). In the present study, reaction time (RT) employing Trails B of the Trail Making Test, with responses capped at 300 s, was investigated in SIVCI (n = 27) compared to cognitively healthy aging (CH) (n = 26). RT was significantly slowed in SIVCI compared to CH (Cohen’s d effect size = 1.26). Furthermore, failure to complete Trails B within 300 s was also a characteristic of SIVCI although some ostensibly cognitively healthy older adults also failed to complete within this time limit. Within the SIVCI group, RT did not differ significantly with respect to whether the patients were classified as having moderate/severe or mild, periventricular white matter changes visible on their diagnostic CT/MRI scans. This, together with the high degree of overlap in RT between the two SIVCI subgroups, raises the possibility that using visible ratings scales in isolation may lead to the underestimation of disease level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Richards
- Centre for Innovative Ageing, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Antony Bayer
- Department of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Claire Hanley
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | | | - Jeremy J Tree
- Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Andrea Tales
- Centre for Innovative Ageing, Swansea University, Swansea, UK.,Department of Psychology, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mole J, Foddai E, Chan E, Xu T, Cipolotti L. Is the Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test sensitive to frontal dysfunction? Evidence from patients with frontal and posterior lesions. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2020; 42:531-543. [PMID: 32619157 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2020.1776223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Brixton Spatial Anticipation Test is a widely used neuropsychological test, thought to assess executive functions and to be sensitive to frontal lobe lesions. Our aim was to investigate Brixton performance in patients with focal frontal or posterior lesions and healthy controls. METHOD We compared performance on the Brixton in a sample of 24 frontal patients, 18 posterior patients and 22 healthy controls. Both overall performance (total number of errors) and error types were analyzed. RESULTS We found no significant differences between frontal and posterior patients and healthy controls in overall Brixton performance. Moreover, our error analysis showed no difference between frontal patients, posterior patients and healthy controls. The only exception was that posterior patients had a greater tendency to guess and make more errors when following specific rules than healthy controls but this was no longer significant once fluid intelligence was controlled for. We also found no significant difference between the performance of patients with left lateral (n = 11), right lateral (n = 10) or superior medial (n = 18) frontal lesions and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS The Brixton test is not sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. It is likely that the test draws on a range of cognitive abilities not specific to frontal lobe lesions. Hence, caution should be taken when drawing conclusions about its neural substrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Mole
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London , London, UK
| | - Eleonora Foddai
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, UK
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London , London, UK
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Institute of Neurology, University College London , London, UK
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery , London, UK.,Institute of Neurology, University College London , London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kasselimis D, Karadima G, Angelopoulou G, Breza M, Tsolakopoulos D, Potagas C, Panas M, Koutsis G. Evidence for Cognitive Deficits in X-Linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2020; 26:294-302. [PMID: 31948496 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617719001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMTX) is an hereditary neuropathy caused by mutations in GJB1 coding for connexin-32, found in Schwann cells, but also expressed in oligodendrocytes. Reports have identified CNS involvement in CMTX, but no systematic study of cognitive function has been published. METHODS We assessed 24 CMTX patients (13 males; 9GJB1 mutations) with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, including tests of memory, language, and executive functions. RESULTS No differences in cognitive performance were observed between males and females. A case-by-case investigation revealed selective deficits in individual patients. One subgroup (29%) demonstrated executive abnormalities; and a non-overlapping subgroup (29%), prominent reading (decoding) abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS The present data provide evidence for cognitive deficits in CMTX. Emerging neuropsychological patterns are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Kasselimis
- Neuropsychology and Language Disorders Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 AthensGreece
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece
| | - Georgia Karadima
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Angelopoulou
- Neuropsychology and Language Disorders Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 AthensGreece
| | - Marianthi Breza
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsolakopoulos
- Neuropsychology and Language Disorders Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 AthensGreece
| | - Constantin Potagas
- Neuropsychology and Language Disorders Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 AthensGreece
| | - Marios Panas
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Koutsis
- Neurogenetics Unit, 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cipolotti L, Molenberghs P, Dominguez J, Smith N, Smirni D, Xu T, Shallice T, Chan E. Fluency and rule breaking behaviour in the frontal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2020; 137:107308. [PMID: 31866432 PMCID: PMC6996283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Design (DF) and phonemic fluency tests (FAS; D-KEFS, 2001) are commonly used to investigate voluntary generation. Despite this, several important issues remain poorly investigated. In a sizeable sample of patients with focal left or right frontal lesion we established that voluntary generation performance cannot be accounted for by fluid intelligence. For DF we found patients performed significantly worse than healthy controls (HC) only on the switch condition. However, no significant difference between left and right frontal patients was found. In contrast, left frontal patients were significantly impaired when compared with HC and right frontal patients on FAS. These lateralization findings were complemented, for the first time, by three neuroimaging; investigations. A traditional frontal subgrouping method found significant differences on FAS between patients with or without Left Inferior Frontal Gyrus lesions involving BA 44 and/or 45. Parcel Based Lesion Symptom Mapping (PLSM) found lower scores on FAS were significantly associated with damage to posterior Left Middle Frontal Gyrus. An increase in rule break errors, so far only anecdotally reported, was associated with damage to the left dorsal anterior cingulate and left body of the corpus callosum, supporting the idea that conflict resolution and monitoring impairments may play a role. Tractwise statistical analysis (TSA) revealed that patients with disconnection; in the left anterior thalamic projections, frontal aslant tract, frontal; orbitopolar tract, pons, superior longitudinal fasciculus I and II performed significantly worse than patients without disconnection in these tracts on FAS. In contrast, PLSM and TSA analyses did not reveal any significant relationship between lesion location and performance on the DF switch condition. Overall, these findings suggest DF may have limited utility as a tool in detecting lateralized frontal executive dysfunction, whereas FAS and rule break behavior appears to be linked to a set of well localized left frontal grey matter regions and white matter tracts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Cipolotti
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK.
| | | | - Juan Dominguez
- School of Psychology and Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Australia
| | - Nicola Smith
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Daniela Smirni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Psicologiche, Pedagogiche e della Formazione, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Tianbo Xu
- Institute of Neurology, UCL, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, UK; International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS), Trieste, Italy
| | - Edgar Chan
- Department of Neuropsychology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chan E, Garritsen E, Altendorff S, Turner D, Simister R, Werring DJ, Cipolotti L. Additional Queen Square (QS) screening items improve the test accuracy of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) after acute stroke. J Neurol Sci 2019; 407:116442. [PMID: 31677556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) is a popular cognitive screening tool used in stroke, but lacks sensitivity for detecting impairment in stroke-relevant domains of processing speed, non-verbal memory and executive functions. Our aim was to assess whether the test accuracy of the MoCA can be improved with additional tailored screening items targeting these three domains. METHODS We included 196 patients admitted to an acute stroke unit at the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square (QS), London. Participants completed the MoCA as well as a series of additional QS-screening items designed to assess speed of processing, non-verbal memory and executive functions. Performance on the MoCA and QS screening items was compared with performance on "gold standard" neuropsychological assessment. RESULTS In our sample, 22% of patients were classified as "cognitively intact" on the traditional MoCA alone (≥ 25). However, when tested on the QS-screening items, 40% of these patients failed on speed of processing, 56% failed on non-verbal memory and 26% failed on executive functions. Compared with neuropsychological assessment, the QS-screening items had good sensitivity (QS-Speed: 0.85; QS-Vis: 0.71; QS-EF: 0.73) and modest specificity (QS-Speed: 0.59; QS-Vis: 0.39; QS-EF: 0.54), regardless of stroke lateralisation. CONCLUSION Additional screening items detected impairments in speed of processing, non-verbal memory and executive functions over and above those captured using the standard MoCA. The use of these QS-screening items improves the detection of post-stroke cognitive deficits in domains not adequately covered by the standard MoCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Chan
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dept. of Neuropsychology, London, United Kingdom; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Stroke Research Centre, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Eva Garritsen
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Stroke Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Samantha Altendorff
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dept. of Neuropsychology, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Turner
- Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Simister
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Stroke Research Centre, London, United Kingdom; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - David J Werring
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Stroke Research Centre, London, United Kingdom; Comprehensive Stroke Service, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Dept. of Neuropsychology, London, United Kingdom; UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Stroke Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Magnusdottir BB, Haraldsson HM, Sigurdsson E. Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency: Regression-Based Norms for the Icelandic Population. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019; 36:253-266. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
The aim of this study was to construct regression-based norms for 3 executive-function tests: the Trail Making Test, Stroop, and Verbal Fluency.
Method
A sample of 1,034 healthy Icelandic adults (18–64 years) was used to calculate predicted scores for test measures from all 3 tests, controlled for the effects of age, gender, and education, as well as the interaction between these variables.
Results
The 3 demographic variables showed significant effects on most test measures and were included in the final equation for estimating predicted scores. An older age and less education predicted worse cognitive performances in most cases, and women tended to outperform men.
Conclusion
These results highlight the importance of adjusting for age, gender, and educational level when constructing normative data. Controlling for age alone may be insufficient or misleading in clinical-practice settings. A simple, user-friendly program for predicting executive-function test scores is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B B Magnusdottir
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychology, Reykjavik University, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - H M Haraldsson
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - E Sigurdsson
- School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Psychiatry, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carson RG. Get a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 71:189-222. [PMID: 30172220 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Demonstrations that grip strength has predictive power in relation to a range of health conditions-even when these are assessed decades later-has motivated claims that hand-grip dynamometry has the potential to serve as a "vital sign" for middle-aged and older adults. Central to this belief has been the assumption that grip strength is a simple measure of physical performance that provides a marker of muscle status in general, and sarcopenia in particular. It is now evident that while differences in grip strength between individuals are influenced by musculoskeletal factors, "lifespan" changes in grip strength within individuals are exquisitely sensitive to integrity of neural systems that mediate the control of coordinated movement. The close and pervasive relationships between age-related declines in maximum grip strength and expressions of cognitive dysfunction can therefore be understood in terms of the convergent functional and structural mediation of cognitive and motor processes by the human brain. In the context of aging, maximum grip strength is a discriminating measure of neurological function and brain health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Carson
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK; School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zaytseva Y, Fajnerová I, Dvořáček B, Bourama E, Stamou I, Šulcová K, Motýl J, Horáček J, Rodriguez M, Španiel F. Theoretical Modeling of Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia by Means of Errors and Corresponding Brain Networks. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1027. [PMID: 30026711 PMCID: PMC6042473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The current evidence of cognitive disturbances and brain alterations in schizophrenia does not provide the plausible explanation of the underlying mechanisms. Neuropsychological studies outlined the cognitive profile of patients with schizophrenia, that embodied the substantial disturbances in perceptual and motor processes, spatial functions, verbal and non-verbal memory, processing speed and executive functioning. Standardized scoring in the majority of the neurocognitive tests renders the index scores or the achievement indicating the severity of the cognitive impairment rather than the actual performance by means of errors. At the same time, the quantitative evaluation may lead to the situation when two patients with the same index score of the particular cognitive test, demonstrate qualitatively different performances. This may support the view why test paradigms that habitually incorporate different cognitive variables associate weakly, reflecting an ambiguity in the interpretation of noted cognitive constructs. With minor exceptions, cognitive functions are not attributed to the localized activity but eventuate from the coordinated activity in the generally dispersed brain networks. Functional neuroimaging has progressively explored the connectivity in the brain networks in the absence of the specific task and during the task processing. The spatio-temporal fluctuations of the activity of the brain areas detected in the resting state and being highly reproducible in numerous studies, resemble the activation and communication patterns during the task performance. Relatedly, the activation in the specific brain regions oftentimes is attributed to a number of cognitive processes. Given the complex organization of the cognitive functions, it becomes crucial to designate the roles of the brain networks in relation to the specific cognitive functions. One possible approach is to identify the commonalities of the deficits across the number of cognitive tests or, common errors in the various tests and identify their common "denominators" in the brain networks. The qualitative characterization of cognitive performance might be beneficial in addressing diffuse cognitive alterations presumably caused by the dysconnectivity of the distributed brain networks. Therefore, in the review, we use this approach in the description of standardized tests in the scope of potential errors in patients with schizophrenia with a subsequent reference to the brain networks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Zaytseva
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Eva Bourama
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Ilektra Stamou
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Šulcová
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Motýl
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
| | - Jiří Horáček
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Filip Španiel
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czechia
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
St-Hilaire A, Parent C, Potvin O, Bherer L, Gagnon JF, Joubert S, Belleville S, Wilson MA, Koski L, Rouleau I, Hudon C, Macoir J. Trail Making Tests A and B: regression-based normative data for Quebec French-speaking mid and older aged adults. Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 32:77-90. [DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2018.1470675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre St-Hilaire
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Camille Parent
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, Canada
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Potvin
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Department de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche, Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jean-François Gagnon
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre d’Études Avancées en Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sven Joubert
- Centre de recherche, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Sylvie Belleville
- Centre de recherche, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maximiliano A. Wilson
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de réadaptation, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Lisa Koski
- Département de neurologie, Université McGill, Montréal, Canada
- Neurorehabilitation Research Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Isabelle Rouleau
- Département de psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Carol Hudon
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, Canada
- École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Joël Macoir
- Centre de recherche CERVO, Institut universitaire en santé mentale de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Département de réadaptation, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shallice T, Cipolotti L. The Prefrontal Cortex and Neurological Impairments of Active Thought. Annu Rev Psychol 2018; 69:157-180. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010416-044123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Shallice
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Cognitive Neuropsychology and Neuroimaging Lab, Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), 34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lisa Cipolotti
- Neuropsychology Department, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London WC1N 3BG, United Kingdom
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Varjačić A, Mantini D, Levenstein J, Slavkova ED, Demeyere N, Gillebert CR. The role of left insula in executive set-switching: Lesion evidence from an acute stroke cohort. Cortex 2017; 107:92-101. [PMID: 29248158 PMCID: PMC6181803 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Impairments in executive functions are common in stroke survivors, both in the acute and in the chronic phase. However, little is known about the underlying lesion neuroanatomy of these deficits. This study aimed to elucidate the pattern of brain damage underlying executive dysfunction in a large and acute stroke cohort. Executive set-switching deficits were evaluated by a shape-based analogue of the Trail Making Test (from the Oxford Cognitive Screen) in a consecutive sample of 144 stroke patients (age: 70 ± 15 years, examination: 5 ± 4 days post-stroke; brain imaging: 1.7 ± 2.9 days post-stroke). A voxelwise lesion-symptom mapping analysis was performed by combining executive set-switching accuracy scores with manually delineated lesions on computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging scans. The analysis showed that lesions within the left insular cortex and adjacent white matter predicted poorer executive set-switching. Further analyses confirmed that the lesion effect in the left insula survived correction for the low-level visuospatial and motor component processes of executive set-switching. In conclusion, the study provides lesion-based evidence for the role of the left insular cortex in flexible switching of attention. The findings are consistent with emergent models of insular function postulating the role of this region in regulatory aspects of goal-directed behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreja Varjačić
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Dante Mantini
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Cognition, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jacob Levenstein
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Elitsa D Slavkova
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Nele Demeyere
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Céline R Gillebert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Brain and Cognition, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
MacPherson SE, Cox SR, Dickie DA, Karama S, Starr JM, Evans AC, Bastin ME, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Processing speed and the relationship between Trail Making Test-B performance, cortical thinning and white matter microstructure in older adults. Cortex 2017; 95:92-103. [PMID: 28865241 PMCID: PMC5637162 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Part B of the Trail Making Test (TMT-B) is widely used as a quick and easy to administer measure of executive dysfunction. The current study investigated the relationships between TMT-B performance, brain volumes, cortical thickness and white matter water diffusion characteristics in a large sample of older participants, before and after controlling for processing speed. Four hundred and eleven healthy, community-dwelling older adults who were all born in 1936 were assessed on TMT-B, 5 tests of processing speed, and provided contemporaneous structural and diffusion MRI data. Significant relationships were found between slower TMT-B completion times and thinner cortex in the frontal, temporal and inferior parietal regions as well as the Sylvian fissure/insula. Slower TMT-B completion time was also significantly associated with poorer white matter microstructure of the left anterior thalamic radiation, and the right uncinate fasciculus. The majority of these associations were markedly attenuated when additionally controlling for processing speed. These data suggest that individual differences in processing speed contribute to the associations between TMT-B completion time and the grey and white matter structure of older adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E MacPherson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Simon R Cox
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David A Dickie
- Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sherif Karama
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - John M Starr
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan C Evans
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mark E Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Edinburgh, UK; Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
van Aken L, van der Heijden PT, Oomens W, Kessels RPC, Egger JIM. Predictive Value of Traditional Measures of Executive Function on Broad Abilities of the Cattell–Horn–Carroll Theory of Cognitive Abilities. Assessment 2017; 26:1375-1385. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117731814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The neuropsychological construct of executive functions (EFs), and the psychometric Cattell–Horn–Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities are both approaches that attempt to describe cognitive functioning. The coherence between EF and CHC abilities has been mainly studied using factor-analytical techniques. Through multivariate regression analysis, the current study now assesses the integration of these latent constructs in clinical assessment. The predictive power of six widely used executive tasks on five CHC measures (crystallized and fluid intelligence, visual processing, short-term memory, and processing speed) is examined. Results indicate that executive tasks—except for the Stroop and the Tower of London—predict overall performance on the intelligence tests. Differentiation in predicting performance between the CHC abilities is limited, due to a high shared variance between these abilities. It is concluded that executive processes such as planning and inhibition have a unique variance that is not well-represented in intelligence tests. Implications for the use of EF tests and operationalization of CHC measures in clinical practice are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Loes van Aken
- Centres of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry and Korsakoff, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Paul T. van der Heijden
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Reinier van Arkel Psychiatric Hospital, Den Bosch, Netherlands
| | - Wouter Oomens
- Centres of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry and Korsakoff, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Roy P. C. Kessels
- Centres of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry and Korsakoff, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jos I. M. Egger
- Centres of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry and Korsakoff, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Mandonnet E, Cerliani L, Siuda-Krzywicka K, Poisson I, Zhi N, Volle E, de Schotten M. A network-level approach of cognitive flexibility impairment after surgery of a right temporo-parietal glioma. Neurochirurgie 2017; 63:308-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
32
|
Tyburski E, Pełka-Wysiecka J, Mak M, Samochowiec A, Bieńkowski P, Samochowiec J. Neuropsychological Profile of Specific Executive Dysfunctions in Patients with Deficit and Non-deficit Schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1459. [PMID: 28912737 PMCID: PMC5582382 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Although it has been shown that there are more profound deficits present in deficit schizophrenia (DS) patients than in non-deficit schizophrenia (NDS) patients, there still remain some matters requiring further investigation. In this context, we formulated three research aims: (1) to compare executive functions between the investigated groups, (2) to determine the relationship between particular aspects of executive functions within the groups, and (3) to draw up a neuropsychological profile for executive functions. Methods: The study involved 148 schizophrenia patients divided into two groups on the basis of the Schedule for the Deficit Syndrome: DS (n = 70) and NDS (n = 78). Patients were matched for sex, age, years of education, and overall cognitive functioning. For assessing executive functions we used the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), the Trail Making Test (TMT), the Phonemic Verbal Fluency Test (VFT P), the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT), and the Go/No Go task (GNG). Results: Deficit schizophrenia patients scored lower on the WCST and TMT (relative flexibility) than did the NDS patients. There were no inter-group differences in the VFT P, SCWT (relative inhibition), or GNG. There were significant correlations between WCST and TMT scores in both groups. The general neuropsychological profiles were similar in both groups. Conclusion: Deficit schizophrenia patients exhibited slightly greater interference with concept formation and non-verbal cognitive flexibility. Therefore, such problems may be specific to this particular type of schizophrenia. These results may be useful for the development of neuropsychological diagnostic methods for patients with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
| | | | - Monika Mak
- Independent Clinical Psychology Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical UniversitySzczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Samochowiec
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of SzczecinSzczecin, Poland
| | | | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical UniversitySzczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Relationship of Cognitive Function to Motor Symptoms and Mood Disorders in Patients With Isolated Dystonia. Cogn Behav Neurol 2017; 30:16-22. [DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
34
|
Besnard J, Allain P, Lerma V, Aubin G, Chauviré V, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Le Gall D. Frontal versus dysexecutive syndromes: relevance of an interactionist approach in a case series of patients with prefrontal lobe damage. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2016; 28:919-936. [DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2016.1209420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Besnard
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638), LUNAM Université, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Philippe Allain
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638), LUNAM Université, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Vanesa Lerma
- Department of Psychology, St. Edward’s University, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ghislaine Aubin
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638), LUNAM Université, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Regional Centre for Functional Rehabilitation, Angers, France
| | - Valérie Chauviré
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638), LUNAM Université, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Frédérique Etcharry-Bouyx
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638), LUNAM Université, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Didier Le Gall
- Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638), LUNAM Université, University of Angers, Angers, France
- Neuropsychological Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Correia S, Ahern DC, Rabinowitz AR, Farrer TJ, Smith Watts AK, Salloway S, Malloy PF, Deoni SC. Lowering the Floor on Trail Making Test Part B: Psychometric Evidence for a New Scoring Metric. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 30:643-56. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
36
|
Errors on the Trail Making Test Are Associated with Right Hemispheric Frontal Lobe Damage in Stroke Patients. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:309235. [PMID: 26074673 PMCID: PMC4444530 DOI: 10.1155/2015/309235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Measures of performance on the Trail Making Test (TMT) are among the most popular neuropsychological assessment techniques. Completion time on TMT-A is considered to provide a measure of processing speed, whereas completion time on TMT-B is considered to constitute a behavioral measure of the ability to shift between cognitive sets (cognitive flexibility), commonly attributed to the frontal lobes. However, empirical evidence linking performance on the TMT-B to localized frontal lesions is mostly lacking. Here, we examined the association of frontal lesions following stroke with TMT-B performance measures (i.e., completion time and completion accuracy measures) using voxel-based lesion-behavior mapping, with a focus on right hemispheric frontal lobe lesions. Our results suggest that the number of errors, but not completion time on the TMT-B, is associated with right hemispheric frontal lesions. This finding contradicts common clinical practice—the use of completion time on the TMT-B to measure cognitive flexibility, and it underscores the need for additional research on the association between cognitive flexibility and the frontal lobes. Further work in a larger sample, including left frontal lobe damage and with more power to detect effects of right posterior brain injury, is necessary to determine whether our observation is specific for right frontal lesions.
Collapse
|