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Bogard JR, Downs S, Casey E, Farrell P, Gupta A, Miachon L, Naughton S, Staromiejska W, Reeve E. Convenience as a dimension of food environments: A systematic scoping review of its definition and measurement. Appetite 2024; 194:107198. [PMID: 38176442 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Convenience is a major driver of food choice throughout the world, yet it is often inconsistently conceptualised, defined and measured. This limits the scope for food systems policy and interventions to leverage convenience to improve diet and nutrition outcomes. We conducted a systematic literature review to determine how convenience is both defined and measured in food environment and nutrition research. Six databases were systematically searched and studies were screened by two independent reviewers based on pre-defined eligibility criteria, yielding 243 studies for inclusion in the final review. 77% of studies did not explicitly define convenience. Among those that did, the dimensions and components within definitions varied. 83% of studies used perceived measures of convenience rather than objective measures. Convenience was most commonly measured in high income countries (64%) and in relation to the home food environment (53%), followed by formal retail (40%). Very few studies measured convenience in relation to the informal retail or cultivated food environments, and no studies considered convenience in relation to wild food environments. The vast majority of studies did not consider the validity or reliability of the measures of convenience. Based on our findings we propose a definition of convenience as a characteristic that results in reduced requirement for resources including time, physical effort, mental effort and skills by the consumer in relation to the planning, acquisition, preparation, storage, transport, consumption or clean-up of food. This definition can be used to help guide the development of measurement tools that can be used to assess convenience across different dimensions and contexts in a more comprehensive way. We also propose a framework for considering convenience as an entry point in food systems to improve diets and nutrition outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R Bogard
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Shauna Downs
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Elodie Casey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Penny Farrell
- Menzies Centre for Health Policy, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adyya Gupta
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health & Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lais Miachon
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shaan Naughton
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health & Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wiktoria Staromiejska
- Department of Health Behavior, Society and Policy, Rutgers School of Public Health, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Erica Reeve
- Global Centre for Preventive Health and Nutrition, Institute for Health Transformation, School of Health & Social Development, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
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Jiang K, Zhang Y, Xie C, Wang T, Zhao L, Zhao W, Shi Z, Sharma M, Zhao Y. Association between body weight misperception and snacking patterns among adolescents: a population-based cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2550. [PMID: 38129799 PMCID: PMC10734079 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17316-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unhealthy snacking behaviors and body weight misperception are both significant concerns in adolescent health. Weight misperception are common among youth and may influence their motivation to engage in health-related behaviors, however, the effect on snacking patterns choice remains unclear. Our study aimed to examine the relationship between body weight misperception and snacking pattern choice among school adolescents. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey platform. Body weight misperception was defined based on perceived body weight and true weight. Snack intake was measured using a qualitative food-frequency questionnaire. Factor analysis was used to identify snacking patterns, and multiple linear regression was employed to examine the association between body weight misperception and snacking patterns. RESULTS 190,296 students with the average age of 13.3 ± 1.0 years was included, and 44.5% of students misperceived their weight. Overestimation was more prevalent than underestimation. Two snacking patterns, namely a high-calorie snacking pattern and a healthy snacking pattern, were identified with eigenvalues > 1. Weight underestimation was positively linked to high-calorie snacking pattern scores for both normal weight students (β: 0.16, 95% CI: 0.11, 0.21) and students with overweight/obesity (β: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.35, 0.52), and to healthy snacking scores for students with overweight/obesity (β: 0.28, 95% CI: 0.22, 0.33), but negatively linked to healthy snacking pattern scores for normal weight students (β: -0.12, 95% CI: -0.15, -0.09). Conversely, weight overestimation was negatively linked to both high-calorie and healthy snacking pattern scores for normal weight students (β: -0.07, 95% CI: -0.11, -0.04 and β: -0.13, 95% CI: -0.15, -0.10), but positively linked to healthy snacking scores for underweight students (β: 0.15, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.21). Interactions were found between sex, grade, accommodation, only child, primary guardians, parental education level and weight misperception to snacking patterns. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with normal weight and overweight/obesity who misperceived their weight exhibited less healthy snacking patterns, whereas underweight students who misperceived their weight displayed healthier snacking patterns. Comprehensive programs are crucial to educate and guide adolescents in understanding their weight status and making healthier snack choices, involving families, schools, and society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Jiang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Changxiao Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
| | - Tiankun Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zumin Shi
- Human Nutrition Department, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Dohe, Qatar
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Department of Social and Behavioral Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, United States
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Yong Zhao
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China.
- Research Center for Medicine and Social Development, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Research Center for Public Health Security, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Nutrition and Heath, Children 's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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Gell S, Pejkovic E, Heiss R. How (Un-)Healthy are Austrian school food environments? Evidence from focus groups and citizen science. Appetite 2023:106636. [PMID: 37390919 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescents face high-choice school food environments that offer plenty of highly processed foods. Processed food producers target young people in their marketing, but there is limited data on the actual food supply inside and in the vicinity of Austrian schools and its impact on adolescent food choices. This study employs an innovative mixed-methods approach to explore adolescents' food choices. METHODS In Study 1, we conducted a citizen science study, with students as volunteer scientists. The students examined the food supply in and around their schools according to the Austrian food pyramid and categorized 953 food items in 144 food suppliers using photographs and descriptions. In Study 2, we explored students' food preferences in focus groups. We conducted four focus groups at four different schools in Tyrol, with 25 students (11 male, 14 female) between the ages of 12 and 15. We then linked the findings on individual preferences with the documented supply. RESULTS Study 1 found that the food supply in the investigated schools was predominantly categorized as unhealthy. The students categorized 46% as "unhealthy", 32% as "intermediate", and only 22% as "healthy". Study 2 identified three influential factors in students' food choices: 1) individual factors (such as taste and preferences), 2) social factors (such as mingling with peers), and 3) structural factors (such as physical environment and accessibility). CONCLUSION The study shows that unhealthy products cater to unhealthy preferences among adolescents and dominate current school food environments. Policies need to address unhealthy school food environments to address this issue. For instance, food supplies should be presented in an attractive ways, in fun places where students can mingle and express their identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Gell
- MCI | The Entrepreneurial School©, Center for Social & Health Innovation Universitätsstraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Emina Pejkovic
- MCI | The Entrepreneurial School©, Center for Social & Health Innovation Universitätsstraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Raffael Heiss
- MCI | The Entrepreneurial School©, Center for Social & Health Innovation Universitätsstraße 15, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Magalhães P, Pereira B, Garcia F, Vilas C, Moreira T, Rosário P. Changes in Student's Breakfast and Snack Consumption during the Second COVID-19 Lockdown in Portugal: A Five-Wave Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3034. [PMID: 36833732 PMCID: PMC9960398 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The circumstances of the COVID-19 lockdown affected many students' life spheres, including their feeding patterns and snack intake. The main goals of the present study were to: (a) analyze the changes in students' breakfast and snacking consumption during lockdown, and (b) analyze changes in the content of the students' snacks using the Healthy Eating Index. This study analyzed data from a sample of 726 students from 36 classes from the late elementary (i.e., fifth grade) through high school (i.e., twelfth grade) from two public schools in the north of Portugal. Data were collected in five moments during the 2020/2021 school year, pre-, during, and post-second lockdown moments. Throughout the five moments, almost 90% of the students ate breakfast, and the majority brought snacks from home to eat in school. Surprisingly, there was an increase in the quality of the snacks consumed during lockdown compared to the pre-lockdown moments (e.g., consumption of more whole and total fruits and less consumption of food with added sugar, saturated fats, refined grains, and fatty acids). Suggestions for healthy behavior promotion will be discussed, such as improving the school food environment and teaching children to prepare healthy lunch boxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Magalhães
- School of Psychology, University of Minho, 4710-052 Braga, Portugal
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'I Knew I Should Stop, but I Couldn't Control Myself': a qualitative study to explore the factors influencing adolescents' consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and sugary snacks from a socio-ecological perspective. Public Health Nutr 2022; 25:2465-2474. [PMID: 35582995 PMCID: PMC9991719 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980022001185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the factors influencing Taiwanese adolescents' consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and sugary snacks from a socio-ecological perspective. DESIGN This study adopted a qualitative design by using face-to-face, in-depth interviews guided by a semistructured questionnaire. SETTING Eight junior high schools in New Taipei City and Changhua County, Taiwan, September to November 2018. PARTICIPANTS Fifty-nine participants aged 12-14 years participated in this study. RESULTS Reflexive thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. This study identified four themes to address the multifaceted factors that influence adolescents' consumption of SSB and sugary snacks. At the intrapersonal level, physiological factors, psychological factors, individual economic factors and taste preferences were mentioned in connection with people's consumption of SSB and sugary snacks. Positive or negative influences of parents, siblings, peers and teachers on SSB and sugary snack intake were identified at the interpersonal level. The availability of SSB and sugary snacks at home, their availability in vending machines or in school stores in the school environment and participants' access to convenience stores and hand-shaken drink shops in the broader community influenced SSB and sugary snack consumption. Additionally, food culture and food advertising were identified as influencing societal factors. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this qualitative study determined not only that the consumption of SSB and sugary snacks is influenced by intrapersonal factors but also that interpersonal, environmental and societal factors affect adolescents' increased sugar intake. The findings are helpful to broaden the options for designing and developing interventions to decrease SSB and sugary snack consumption by adolescents.
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Nuss T, Morley B, Scully M, Wakefield M. Energy drink consumption among Australian adolescents associated with a cluster of unhealthy dietary behaviours and short sleep duration. Nutr J 2021; 20:64. [PMID: 34225738 PMCID: PMC8259213 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-021-00719-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic energy drinks ('energy drinks') are high in sugar, as well as caffeine, leading to concerns regarding their suitability for children and adolescents. Despite this, marketing of energy drinks is often directed at adolescents, and there are no age restrictions on the sale of these products in Australia. The current study aimed to examine patterns in consumption of energy drinks among Australian secondary school students and identify sociodemographic and behavioural correlates associated with regular consumption. METHODS Participants were 8942 students in Years 8 to 11 (aged 12 to 17 years) who participated in the 2018 National Secondary Students' Diet and Activity (NaSSDA) cross-sectional survey. A multistage stratified random sampling procedure was used. Within the school setting, students self-completed an online questionnaire assessing their dietary, physical activity and sedentary behaviours. A multilevel logistic regression model was used to examine associations between energy drink consumption and sociodemographic and behavioural factors. RESULTS Overall, 8% of students reported consuming energy drinks on a weekly basis ('regular consumers'). A further 16% indicated they consume less than one cup per week of these types of drinks, while around three-quarters (76%) reported they do not consume energy drinks. Regular consumption of energy drinks was independently associated with being male, having greater weekly spending money, high intakes of snack foods, fast food, other sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice, as well as short sleep duration. There was no independent association with other sociodemographic characteristics (i.e., year level, level of disadvantage, geographic location), consumption of vegetables and fruit, physical activity level, or sedentary recreational screen time. CONCLUSIONS While most Australian adolescents do not consume energy drinks, regular consumption is more prevalent among males, and consumption appears to cluster with other unhealthy dietary behaviours and short sleep duration. Findings support the need for policies that will reach identified at-risk groups (e.g., increased regulation of the marketing and sale of energy drinks), as well as suggest opportunities for interventions targeting energy drink consumption alongside other unhealthy dietary behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegan Nuss
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Belinda Morley
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Maree Scully
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
| | - Melanie Wakefield
- Centre for Behavioural Research in Cancer, Cancer Council Victoria, 615 St Kilda Road, Melbourne, VIC 3004 Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
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Upreti YR, Bastien S, Bjønness B, Devkota B. The socio-ecological model as a framework for understanding junk food consumption among schoolchildren in Nepal. Nutr Health 2021; 27:337-346. [PMID: 33719742 DOI: 10.1177/02601060211000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The consumption of industrially processed food, popularly known as junk food, is a growing public health concern worldwide, including in Nepal. Schoolchildren are a vulnerable group and they consume junk food at school. AIM The aim of this study was to examine multi-level determinants of junk food consumption among basic schoolchildren using the socio-ecological model as a framework. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted among students (n = 404), and a self-reported questionnaire was used to collect the data. The chi-square test and logistic regression were applied to analyse the results using SPSS version 26. RESULTS Nearly half (47%) of the students reported that they consumed junk foods at snack time. Important variables for explaining junk food consumption were knowledge of food and nutrition-a micro-level determinant; sharing knowledge of food and nutrition with classmates at school-a meso-level determinant; grade of student-an exo-level determinant; and occupation of parents-a macro-level determinant. However, multivariate analysis found that knowledge of food and nutrition (p < 0.05), and sharing knowledge of food and nutrition with classmates at school (p < 0.05) were the significant predictors of junk food consumption. CONCLUSIONS Junk food consumption is common among basic-level students in the study schools. Multi-level determinants explain the factors associated with this behaviour, extending from micro to macro as the socio-ecological model asserts. This study points to the need for comprehensive school-based nutrition education that targets multiple levels of influence, focusing on active learning approaches to promote healthy dietary behaviour in students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadu Ram Upreti
- Central Department of Education, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Nepal
| | - Sheri Bastien
- Department of Public Health Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway.,Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Birgitte Bjønness
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
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A Cross-Sectional Survey of Salty Snack Consumption among Serbian Urban-Living Students and Their Contribution to Salt Intake. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113290. [PMID: 33121048 PMCID: PMC7692209 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the behavior of urban-living students related to the salty snacks consumption, and their contribution to salt daily intake. A cross-sectional survey on 1313 urban-living students (16–25 years, 61.4% university students and 38.6% high school students) used a pre-verified questionnaire created specifically for the study. The logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the factors influencing snack consumption. The results of salt content and the snack consumption frequency were used to evaluate snack contribution to salt intake. All subjects consumed salty snacks, on average several times per week, more often at home and slightly more during periods of intensive studying, with 42% of the participants reporting to consume two or more packages per snacking occasion. Most of the participants consumed such products between main meals, but 10% of them took snacks immediately after the main meal. More high-school students than university students were in the “high snack group” (p < 0.05). The most frequently consumed salty snacks were those with the highest content of salt. Salt intake from snack products for a majority of participants ranged between 0.4 and 1 g/day. The research revealed younger age, home environment and significant contribution to salt intake as critical points in salty snack consumption among urban-living students important for the better understanding of their dietary habits.
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Ronto R, Carins J, Ball L, Pendergast D, Harris N. Adolescents' views on high school food environments. Health Promot J Austr 2020; 32:458-466. [PMID: 32619026 DOI: 10.1002/hpja.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ISSUE ADDRESSED This study explored adolescents' views on high school food environments and potential strategies to help them to make informed food choices. METHODS Fifteen focus groups were conducted with 131 adolescents aged 12-17 years from three high schools in South East Queensland, Australia. Adolescents were asked how their school food environment (dis)encouraged them to eat healthy and what schools could do to help them eat healthier. All focus groups were audio recorded. Data were analysed using content and thematic data analysis methods. RESULTS Four major themes emerged: food availability and affordability; food related policy and regulations; nutrition education; and attitudes, preferences and practices. Adolescents stated that nutrition education within the school curriculum and positive role modelling by peers and school staff in healthy eating were the major factors in helping them to make informed food choices. In contrast, high availability, affordability, fundraising, peer pressure, positive attitudes and negative role modelling towards unhealthy foods impacted unhealthy dietary behaviours. CONCLUSIONS Emerging results indicate that adolescents do not perceive the current high school food environments as helping them to make healthy food choices. Adolescents suggested limiting unhealthy foods in high schools by implementing strict food and beverage policies, compulsory nutrition education classes and changing attitudes towards healthy foods as strategies to improve high school food environments. SO WHAT?: This study highlights the importance of high school food environments in impacting adolescents' food choices. Strategies identified by adolescents inform public health practitioners and school authorities on how high school food environments could be tailored to help them in making better food choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rimante Ronto
- Department of Health Systems and Populations, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Julia Carins
- Defence Science and Technology Group, Scottsdale, TAS, Australia.,Social Marketing @ Griffith, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Lauren Ball
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Donna Pendergast
- School of Education and Professional Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - Neil Harris
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
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Miguel-Berges ML, Flores Barrantes P, Iglesia Altaba I, Santaliestra-Pasias A, Samper P, A. Moreno L, Rodriguez G. Association of sedentary behaviours with food and beverages consumption and total diet quality in children from a Spanish region. The Calina study. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT OBESITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/2574254x.2020.1776054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- María L Miguel-Berges
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paloma Flores Barrantes
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Iris Iglesia Altaba
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Aragón (IIS Aragón), Spain
- ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, Red De Salud Materno-infantil Y Del Desarrollo (SAMID), Spain
| | - Alba Santaliestra-Pasias
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Samper
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Aragón (IIS Aragón), Spain
- ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, Red De Salud Materno-infantil Y Del Desarrollo (SAMID), Spain
| | - Luis A. Moreno
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Aragón (IIS Aragón), Spain
- Centro De Investigación Biomédica En Red De Fisiopatología De La Obesidad Y Nutrición (Ciberobn), Instituto De Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS), University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Gerardo Rodriguez
- Growth, Exercise, Nutrition and Development (GENUD) Research Group, University of Zaragoza, Instituto Agroalimentario De Aragón (IA2), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto De Investigación Sanitaria De Aragón (IIS Aragón), Spain
- ISCIII-Sub-Directorate General for Research Assessment and Promotion, Red De Salud Materno-infantil Y Del Desarrollo (SAMID), Spain
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Hartley C, Keast RS, Liem DG. The Response of More Health Focused and Less Health Focused People to a Physical Activity Calorie Equivalent Label on Discretionary Snack Foods. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030525. [PMID: 30823437 PMCID: PMC6471609 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A Physical Activity Calorie Equivalent (PACE) label shows the minutes of physical activity required to burn off the caloric content of a particular food. This study investigated the influence of PACE labelling on liking and consumption of discretionary snack foods in a group of more health focused and less health focused consumers. Participants (n = 97) tasted and rated (i.e., liking, prospective consumption) a range of snack foods with or without a PACE label. Total sampling consumption was also measured. Participants completed a shortened version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the General Health Interest Scale questionnaire. Paired samples t-test, independent samples t-tests, a General Linear Model and Chi-Square tests were used to check for statistical significance. For more health focused participants (n = 57), the PACE label decreased only liking (p = 0.02). The PACE label was not effective in reducing liking (p = 0.49), prospective consumption (defined as the amount of the sample participants thought that they could consume) (p = 0.10) or consumption (p = 0.41) of energy-dense discretionary snack foods for less health focused individuals (n = 40). The level of participants’ physical activity did not facilitate the influence of PACE labelling on liking, consumption or prospective consumption. The PACE label was found to not be effective among less health focused individuals or the overall sample population. Therefore, the PACE label may not be an effective labelling strategy to reduce the liking or consumption of discretionary snack foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Hartley
- Deakin University, Centre For Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Russell Sj Keast
- Deakin University, Centre For Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
| | - Djin Gie Liem
- Deakin University, Centre For Advanced Sensory Science, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
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Mithra P, Unnikrishnan B, Thapar R, Kumar N, Hegde S, Mangaldas Kamat A, Kulkarni V, Holla R, Darshan BB, Tanuj K, Guddattu V, Kumar A. Snacking Behaviour and Its Determinants among College-Going Students in Coastal South India. J Nutr Metab 2018; 2018:6785741. [PMID: 29850233 PMCID: PMC5932424 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6785741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Consumption of snacks in between the regular meals is a poor snacking behaviour. It is an established risk factor for several lifestyle-related disorders and has long-term effects among the younger individuals. OBJECTIVES To study the snacking behaviour and to assess their determinants among college-going students. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted among 865 college-going students in Mangaluru. Data were collected using a pretested pro forma that was coded and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 11.5. The chi-square test and random-effect logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS Overall, there were 52.4% females and 47.6% males, and 76.8% of them were aged <20 years. More than half of the participants (54.3%) had the habit of snacking in between regular meals. Among them, a large proportion (78.7%) did not have any specific timings for snacking. Also, 51.1% of the students were snacking while watching TV, and 31.9% of them snacked while studying. Breakfast was the most commonly skipped meal (26.2%); of those missing the breakfast regularly, 123 (71.9%) had poor snacking behaviour. A significantly larger proportion of males had a higher frequency of snacking per day (69.3% versus 57.2%, p < 0.0001) and consumed aerated drinks more frequently (22.6% versus 15.8%, p=0.011), skipped meals more often (58.6% versus 50.6%, p=0.022), and preferred adding fruits in snacks (78.1% versus 69.4%, p=0.005). Snacking frequency was proportionately higher among students of private colleges (73.6%) than that in the government colleges (55.1%). Participants from nonscience stream, nonvegetarians, and those with a tendency to skip the regular meals had significantly higher levels of poor snacking behaviour. CONCLUSIONS The study population had a high level of poor snacking behaviour. Appropriate measures are needed among younger people to follow fixed eating patterns and avoid skipping of regular meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Mithra
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Rekha Thapar
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Nithin Kumar
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sharana Hegde
- Georgetown University Hospital, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Anjali Mangaldas Kamat
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Vaman Kulkarni
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ramesh Holla
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - B. B. Darshan
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kanchan Tanuj
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Basni Industrial Area, Phase-2, Jodhpur 342005, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vasudev Guddattu
- Prasanna School of Public Health, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Avinash Kumar
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Si Hassen W, Castetbon K, Péneau S, Tichit C, Nechba A, Lampuré A, Bellisle F, Hercberg S, Méjean C. Socio-economic and demographic factors associated with snacking behavior in a large sample of French adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:25. [PMID: 29544552 PMCID: PMC5856366 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few studies have specifically focused on demographic and socio-economic characteristics associated with snacking in adults, whereas their identification could be useful for defining effective public health measures. The aim of our study was to assess the associations of these factors with daily snacking behavior and its dietary quality. Methods This cross-sectional study included 84,692 women and 23,491 men from the NutriNet-Santé cohort study. Occurrence of snacking, energy intake from snacks, snack nutrient, and energy densities were assessed using 24-h dietary records of weekdays at baseline. Associations between socio-economic and demographic factors (age, presence of children in the household, education, income, occupation), and snacking behavior were examined using multivariable logistic regression and analysis of covariance, stratified by sex and adjusted for total daily energy intake. Results Older individuals were more likely to snack during the day in both sexes while individuals with primary education (OR = 0.79 (0.71;0.87) in women; OR = 0.71 (0.60;0.83) in men), female employees (OR = 0.94 (0.89;0.99), and self-employed women were less likely to snack during the day. Older individuals, in particular middle-aged subjects, had higher snack nutrient density, and lower energy intake and density from snacks compared with younger adults. Presence of a child in the household was associated with higher energy density, lower nutrient density (in women), and lower energy intake from snacks (in men), compared with those who lived without a child in household. In low income individuals and manual workers, snacks had lower nutrient density and higher energy content than in higher socioeconomic categories. At last, energy intake from daily snacking occasions was higher in women with low education level. Conclusions Although snacking was less prevalent in low socioeconomic categories and young adults, their snacks had higher energy content and were of poorer nutrient density. Such findings provide useful information on mechanisms of social disparities in dietary behavior. Trial registration This study was conducted according to the guidelines laid down in the Declaration of Helsinki. All procedures were approved by the Institutional Review Board of the French Institute for Health and Medical Research (IRB Inserm No0000388FWA00005831) and the French Data Protection Authority (Commission Nationale Informatique et Libertés No.908450 and No.909216). Clinical Trial no. NCT03335644 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12966-018-0655-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Si Hassen
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France.
| | - Katia Castetbon
- Université Libre de Bruxelles, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Ecole de Santé publique, Route de Lennik 808 - CP 598, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Péneau
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Christine Tichit
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) - UR 1303 Alimentation et Sciences Sociales ALISS, 65 boulevard de Brandebourg, F-94025, Ivry sur Seine, France
| | - Anouar Nechba
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Aurélie Lampuré
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - France Bellisle
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France.,Département de santé publique, Hôpital Avicenne, 125 rue de Stalingrad, F-93000, Bobigny, France
| | - Caroline Méjean
- Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Université Paris 13, 74 rue Marcel Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France.,MOISA, INRA, CIRAD, CIHEAM-IAMM, Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present research aimed to investigate the impact of the physical activity calorie equivalent (PACE) front-of-pack label on consumption, prospective consumption and liking of familiar and unfamiliar discretionary snack foods. DESIGN In a within-subject randomised design, participants tasted and rated liking (9-point hedonic scale) and prospective consumption (9-point category scale) of four different snack foods with four different labels (i.e. blank, fake, PACE, PACE doubled) and four control snack foods. The twenty snack foods were presented during two 45 min sessions (i.e. ten snack foods per session) which were separated by one week. The amount participants sampled of each snack food was measured. SETTING The study was conducted in the Centre for Advanced Sensory Sciences laboratory at Deakin University, Australia. SUBJECTS The participants were 153 university students (126 females, twenty-seven males, mean age 24·3 (sd 4·9) years) currently enrolled in an undergraduate nutrition degree at Deakin University. RESULTS When the PACE label was present on familiar snack foods, participants sampled 9·9 % (22·8 (sem 1·4) v. 25·3 (sem 1·5) g, P=0·03) less than when such label was not present. This was in line with a decreased prospective snack food consumption of 9·1 % (3·0 (sem 0·2) v. 3·3 (sem 0·2) servings, P=0·03). Such pattern was not seen in unfamiliar snacks. CONCLUSIONS The PACE label appears to be a promising way to decrease familiar discretionary snack food consumption in young, health-minded participants.
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Gustafson A, Jilcott Pitts S, McDonald J, Ford H, Connelly P, Gillespie R, Liu E, Bush H, Brancato C, Babatande T, Mullins J. Direct Effects of the Home, School, and Consumer Food Environments on the Association between Food Purchasing Patterns and Dietary Intake among Rural Adolescents in Kentucky and North Carolina, 2017. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14101255. [PMID: 29065444 PMCID: PMC5664756 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Obesity rates are higher among rural versus urban adolescents. To examine possible mechanisms for the rural-urban adolescent obesity disparity, we examined the direct and indirect effects of food purchasing patterns, and the home, school, and consumer food environments on dietary intake among rural adolescents. Methods: A baseline survey was conducted among adolescents in eight rural high schools (four in Eastern Kentucky, and four in Eastern North Carolina). Participants answered questions about food purchasing patterns, dietary intake, home food availability, and demographics. The school and consumer food environments were assessed using validated measures from the School Meals Cost Study (United States Department of Agriculture-Mathematica) and the Nutrition Environment Measurement Survey for Stores, Restaurants, and Corner Stores. Results: Of 432 adolescents, 55% were normal weight, 24% were overweight, and 21% were obese. There was a direct association between unhealthy food purchasing patterns (shopping frequently at gas stations, fast food, and dollar stores) and consuming more added sugars, when compared to those with a healthy shopping pattern (shopping less frequently at gas stations, fast food, and dollar stores) [Odds Ratio = 2.41 (95% CI (confidence interval) 0.99, 3.82)]. Those who reported always having fruits and vegetables in the home consumed more servings of fruits and vegetables [OR = 0.31 cups (95% CI 0.22, 0.44)] compared to those who reported never having fruits and vegetables in the home. Adolescents attending a school with a low healthy food availability score consumed fewer servings of fruits and vegetables [−0.001 (95% CI −0.001, 0.0001)] compared to those attending a school with a high healthy food availability score. Conclusions: There are direct associations between food purchasing patterns, the home and school food environments, and dietary intake among rural adolescents. These cross-sectional results informed the development of the “Go Big and Bring it Home” program, a text messaging intervention to improve adolescents’ fruit, vegetable, and healthy beverage intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gustafson
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, 206J Funkhouser Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Stephanie Jilcott Pitts
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, ECU 600 Moye Blvd., Mailstop 660, Lakeside Annex Modular Unit 8 Room 126, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Jordan McDonald
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, 206J Funkhouser Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Hannah Ford
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, 206J Funkhouser Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Paige Connelly
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, 206J Funkhouser Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Rachel Gillespie
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, 206J Funkhouser Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Emily Liu
- Department of Nutrition, University of Pennsylvania, College Station, PA 20067, USA.
| | - Heather Bush
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street Room 301, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Candace Brancato
- College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, 725 Rose Street Room 301, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| | - Toyin Babatande
- Health Sciences Bldg, 3310J MailStop #668, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
| | - Janet Mullins
- Department of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, 206J Funkhouser Building, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
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Factors associated with high consumption of soft drinks among Australian secondary-school students. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20:2340-2348. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo examine demographic and behavioural correlates of high consumption of soft drinks (non-alcoholic sugar-sweetened carbonated drinks excluding energy drinks) among Australian adolescents and to explore the associations between high consumption and soft drink perceptions and accessibility.DesignCross-sectional self-completion survey and height and weight measurements.SettingAustralian secondary schools.SubjectsStudents aged 12–17 years participating in the 2012–13 National Secondary Students’ Diet and Activity (NaSSDA) survey (n 7835).ResultsOverall, 14 % of students reported consuming four or more cups (≥1 litres) of soft drinks each week (‘high soft drink consumers’). Demographic factors associated with high soft drink consumption were being male and having at least $AU 40 in weekly spending money. Behavioural factors associated with high soft drink consumption were low fruit intake, consuming energy drinks on a weekly basis, eating fast foods at least once weekly, eating snack foods ≥14 times/week, watching television for >2 h/d and sleeping for <8 h/school night. Students who perceived soft drinks to be usually available in their home, convenient to buy and good value for money were more likely to be high soft drink consumers, as were students who reported usually buying these drinks when making a beverage purchase from the school canteen/vending machine.ConclusionsHigh soft drink consumption clusters with other unhealthy lifestyle behaviours among Australian secondary-school students. Interventions focused on reducing the availability of soft drinks (e.g. increased taxes, restricting their sale in schools) as well as improved education on their harms are needed to lower adolescents’ soft drink intake.
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Fletcher EA, McNaughton SA, Lacy KE, Dunstan DW, Carson V, Salmon J. Mediating effects of dietary intake on associations of TV viewing, body mass index and metabolic syndrome in adolescents. Obes Sci Pract 2016; 2:232-240. [PMID: 27708839 PMCID: PMC5043492 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 07/03/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Evidence suggests that TV viewing is associated with body mass index (BMI) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adolescents. However, it is unclear whether dietary intake mediates these relationships. Methods A cross‐sectional analysis was conducted in adolescents (12–19 years) participating in the 2003–2006 United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. BMI z scores (zBMI) (n = 3,161) and MetS (n = 1,379) were calculated using age‐ and sex‐specific criteria for adolescents. TV viewing (h/day) was measured via a self‐reported questionnaire, and dietary intake was assessed using two 24‐h recalls. Using the MacKinnon method, a series of mediation analyses were conducted examining five dietary mediators (total energy intake, fruit and vegetable intake, discretionary snacks, sugar‐sweetened beverages and diet quality) of the relationships between TV viewing and zBMI and MetS. Results Small positive relationships were observed between TV viewing and zBMI (β = 0.99, p < 0.001) and TV viewing and MetS (OR = 1.18, p = 0.046). No dietary element appeared to mediate the relationship between TV viewing and zBMI. However, sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption and fruit and vegetable intake partially mediated the relationship between TV viewing and MetS, explaining 8.7% and 4.1% of the relationship, respectively. Conclusions These findings highlight the complexity of the relationships between TV viewing, dietary intake and cardiometabolic health outcomes, and that TV viewing should remain a target for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Fletcher
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - S A McNaughton
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - K E Lacy
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
| | - D W Dunstan
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute Melbourne Victoria Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne Australia; School of Public Health The University of Queensland Brisbane Australia; Department of Medicine Monash University Melbourne Australia; School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health The University of Western Australia Perth Australia; Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic University Melbourne Australia
| | - V Carson
- Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - J Salmon
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Deakin University Geelong Australia
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