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Welsh H, Nelson AJ, van der Merwe AE, de Boer HH, Brickley MB. An Investigation of Micro-CT Analysis of Bone as a New Diagnostic Method for Paleopathological Cases of Osteomalacia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2020; 31:23-33. [PMID: 32927328 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper looks to broaden the methodological possibilities for diagnosing osteomalacia in archaeological bone using micro-CT analysis. Increasing the identification of osteomalacia in paleopathology will provide support for important interpretive frameworks. MATERIALS Nine embedded and two unembedded rib fragments were sourced from St. Martin's Birmingham and Ancaster, UK, and Lisieux Michelet, France. Of the 11 samples, nine were previously confirmed as osteomalacic, and presented with varying levels of diagenesis and two were non-osteomalacic controls, one of which exhibits diagenetic change. METHODS Micro-CT, backscattered scanning electron microscopy, and light microscopy were employed. Micro-CT images were evaluated for osteomalacic features using corresponding microscopic images. RESULTS Micro-CT images from osteomalacic samples demonstrated the presence of defective mineralization adjacent to cement lines, areas of incomplete mineralization, and resorptive bays/borders, three key diagnostic features of osteomalacia. Diagenetic change was also detectable in micro-CT images, but did not prevent the diagnosis of osteomalacia. CONCLUSIONS Micro-CT analysis is a non-destructive method capable of providing microstructural images of osteomalacic features in embedded and unembedded samples. When enough of these features are present, micro-CT images are capable of confirming a diagnosis of osteomalacia. SIGNIFICANCE Vitamin D deficiency has important health consequences which operate throughout the life course. Increasing the ability to detect cases of vitamin D deficiency provides researchers with a greater understanding of health and disease in past communities. LIMITATIONS Only adult rib samples were used. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH Paleopathologists should look to test the utility of micro-CT analysis in diagnosing active rickets in subadult individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Welsh
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L9, Canada.
| | - A J Nelson
- Departments of Anthropology and Chemistry, Bone and Joint Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5C3, Canada
| | - A E van der Merwe
- Department of Medical Biology, Section Clinical Anatomy and Embryology, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H H de Boer
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Forensic Medicine, Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - M B Brickley
- Department of Anthropology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L9, Canada
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Astolphi RD, de Seixas Alves MT, Evison MP, Francisco RA, Guimarães MA, Iwamura ESM. The impact of burial period on compact bone microstructure: Histological analysis of matrix loss and cell integrity in human bones exhumed from tropical soil. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 298:384-392. [PMID: 30928778 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human bone histological analysis is a useful tool to assess post mortem diagenesis and to predict successful nuclear DNA typing of forensic material. This study is part of a series of studies developed by the authors intended to improve the understanding of post mortem diagenesis and to develop applications for DNA analysis of skeletal species from tropical soils, in order to optimize genetic and anthropological protocols. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of burial period on the integrity of exhumed compact bone microstructure from tropical climate. In fragments of exhumed human femora from 39 individuals from the same cemetery (exhumed group) and 5 fresh femora from routine autopsies (control group), sections stained by hematoxylin-eosin were analyzed in order to measure bone microstructural integrity. We found that bone integrity index in exhumed group was negatively influenced by the period of burial (r = -0.37, p < 0.05) and highly significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) in comparison to control group. The period of burial and nitric acid decalcification time was positively correlated (r = 0.51; p < 0.01), leading to imply a bone petrification process during inhumation. Exhumed group showed higher level of matrix bone loss (p < 0.001), as expected, and 87% of cases analyzed were "tunneled" as described by Hackett. Bone integrity index and bone matrix tend to decrease in bones buried in tropical soil between 8-14 years of inhumation. This period is short if we consider cases in which there are preserved bones interred for longer periods in other environments. These data must be considered in cases where genetic identification of exhumed skeletons from tropical environment is required. The diagenesis in these bones and the variations of results found are discussed, clarifying some challenges for forensic laboratories, especially in DNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dias Astolphi
- Department of Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raffaela Arrabaça Francisco
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurelio Guimarães
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto - Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edna Sadayo Miazato Iwamura
- Department of Pathology, Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
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Junka A, Żywicka A, Chodaczek G, Dziadas M, Czajkowska J, Duda-Madej A, Bartoszewicz M, Mikołajewicz K, Krasowski G, Szymczyk P, Fijałkowski K. Potential of Biocellulose Carrier Impregnated with Essential Oils to Fight Against Biofilms Formed on Hydroxyapatite. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1256. [PMID: 30718663 PMCID: PMC6362291 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, bacterial cellulose (BC), one of the most promising biopolymers of the recent years, was saturated with thyme, eucalyptus and clove essential oils (EOs) and applied against staphylococcal and pseudomonal biofilms formed on hydroxyapatite (HA). BC dressings were thoroughly analyzed with regard to their physical properties. Moreover, the exact composition and ability of particular EO molecules to adhere to HA was assessed. Additionally, cytotoxicity of oil-containing, cellulose-based dressings towards osteoblasts and fibroblasts as well as their impact on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by macrophages was assessed. The results revealed the high ability of BC dressings to absorb and subsequently release EOs from within their microstructure; the highest number of compounds able to adhere to HA was found in the thyme EO. The eucalyptus EO displayed low, while thyme and clove EOs displayed high cytotoxicity towards fibroblast and osteoblast cell lines. The clove EO displayed the highest eradication ability toward staphylococcal, while the thyme EO against pseudomonal biofilm. Taken together, the results obtained indicate the suitability of EO-saturated BC dressings to eradicate pseudomonal and staphylococcal biofilm on HA surface and moreover, to not trigger reactive oxygen species production by immune system effector cells. However, due to cytotoxic effects of thyme and clove EOs towards cell lines in vitro, the eucalyptus EO-saturated BC dressing is of highest potential to be further applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Żywicka
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chodaczek
- Laboratory of Confocal Microscopy, Polish Center for Technology Development PORT, Stablowicka 147, 54-066, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariusz Dziadas
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Joliot-Curie 14, 50-353, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Czajkowska
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Polish Center for Technology Development PORT, Stabłowicka 147, 54-066, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Duda-Madej
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Chałubińskiego 4, 50-534, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marzenna Bartoszewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mikołajewicz
- Laboratory of Confocal Microscopy, Polish Center for Technology Development PORT, Stablowicka 147, 54-066, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Patrycja Szymczyk
- Centre for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (CAMT/FPC), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Łukasiewicza 5, 50-371, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Karol Fijałkowski
- Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Animal Husbandry, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Piastów 45, 70-311, Szczecin, Poland.
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Assis S, Henderson CY, Casimiro S, Alves Cardoso F. Is differential diagnosis attainable in disarticulated pathological bone remains? A case-study from a late 19th/early 20th century necropolis from Juncal (Porto de Mós, Portugal). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 20:26-37. [PMID: 29496213 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Differential diagnosis is a fundamental step in every palaeopathological study. It is a challenging exercise since many intrinsic and extrinsic factors may negatively impact the accurate interpretation of bone changes in human skeletal remains. Among these, the completeness and preservation of skeletal elements plays a significant role. This study aims to explore the limits of differential diagnosis in the analysis of disarticulated, fragmented bones. The sample consists of twelve adult bone fragments with noticeable changes. The remains were identified in a dis-articulated skeletal assemblage from the former necropolis of Juncal (Porto de Mós, Portugal), which probably closed in the late 19th century/early 20th century. They were analysed visually and with X-radiography, and the changes carefully described prior to differential diagnosis. Six bones presented signs of healed bone trauma and one showed features compatible with leg amputation. Periosteal reactions were observed in several bones, one of them resembling changes consistent with an overlying skin ulcer. Two bone fragments were identified as belonging to the same individual due to the matching bone changes. Despite the incomplete remains, a broader diagnosis was possible for most cases, which facilitated a discussion of health, medical and social care among the inhabitants of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Assis
- LABOH - Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica e Osteologia Humana, CRIA/FCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal; CRIA - Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, FCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Charlotte Yvette Henderson
- CIAS - Research Centre for Anthropology and Health, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3001-401 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Sílvia Casimiro
- LABOH - Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica e Osteologia Humana, CRIA/FCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal; CRIA - Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, FCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Francisca Alves Cardoso
- LABOH - Laboratório de Antropologia Biológica e Osteologia Humana, CRIA/FCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal; CRIA - Centro em Rede de Investigação em Antropologia, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, FCSH, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1069-061 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Junka A, Szymczyk P, Ziółkowski G, Karuga-Kuzniewska E, Smutnicka D, Bil-Lula I, Bartoszewicz M, Mahabady S, Sedghizadeh PP. Bad to the Bone: On In Vitro and Ex Vivo Microbial Biofilm Ability to Directly Destroy Colonized Bone Surfaces without Participation of Host Immunity or Osteoclastogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169565. [PMID: 28076372 PMCID: PMC5226730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone infections are a significant public health burden associated with morbidity and mortality in patients. Microbial biofilm pathogens are the causative agents in chronic osteomyelitis. Research on the pathogenesis of osteomyelitis has focused on indirect bone destruction by host immune cells and cytokines secondary to microbial insult. Direct bone resorption by biofilm pathogens has not yet been seriously considered. In this study, common osteomyelitis pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Streptococcus mutans) were grown as biofilms in multiple in vitro and ex vivo experiments to analyze quantitative and qualitative aspects of bone destruction during infection. Pathogens were grown as single or mixed species biofilms on the following substrates: hydroxyapatite, rat jawbone, or polystyrene wells, and in various media. Biofilm growth was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and pH levels were monitored over time. Histomorphologic and quantitative effects of biofilms on tested substrates were analyzed by microcomputed tomography and quantitative cultures. All tested biofilms demonstrated significant damage to bone. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that all strains formed mature biofilms within 7 days on all substrate surfaces regardless of media. Experimental conditions impacted pH levels, although this had no impact on biofilm growth or bone destruction. Presence of biofilm led to bone dissolution with a decrease of total volume by 20.17±2.93% upon microcomputed tomography analysis, which was statistically significant as compared to controls (p <0.05, ANOVA). Quantitative cultures indicated that media and substrate did not impact biofilm formation (Kruskall-Wallis test, post-hoc Dunne's test; p <0.05). Overall, these results indicate that biofilms associated with osteomyelitis have the ability to directly resorb bone. These findings should lead to a more complete understanding of the etiopathogenesis of osteomyelitis, where direct bone resorption by biofilm is considered in addition to the well-known osteoclastic and host cell destruction of bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Junka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Patrycja Szymczyk
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (CAMT/FPC), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Ziółkowski
- Center for Advanced Manufacturing Technologies (CAMT/FPC), Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Karuga-Kuzniewska
- Division of Infectious Diseases of Animals and Veterinary Administration, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Smutnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Bil-Lula
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marzenna Bartoszewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Susan Mahabady
- Center for Biofilms and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Parish Paymon Sedghizadeh
- Center for Biofilms and Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Ostrow School of Dentistry of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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