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Stefanska B, Pruszynska-Oszmalek E, Fievez V, Purwin C, Nowak W. Impact of heat stress during close-up dry period on performance, fertility and immunometabolic blood indices of dairy cows: prospective cohort study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21211. [PMID: 39261589 PMCID: PMC11390746 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate whether heat stress, as defined by the temperature-humidity index (THI) during the close-up dry period, had any impact on the productive performance, fertility, and immunometabolic blood indices of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation. Lactation performance was associated with increasing THI values on - 21, - 14, and - 7 d before calving resulting in decreased milk yield by about 2.30, 2.60, and 2.90 kg, respectively. The THI on the - 7 d before the calving was negatively associated with fertility parameters such as delayed first estrus postpartum, an elongated calving interval by approximately 32 d, a higher number of services per conception by 1.00, and an elongated artificial insemination service period, days open, and inter-calving period by about 20, 52, and 52 d, respectively. The study found that the immunometabolic blood indices were associated with increasing THI values during the close-up dry period. The study showed that exposing dairy cows to close-up dry period heat stress had negative consequences on performance, fertility, and immunometabolic blood indices in the subsequent lactation. Therefore, it is recommended that herd management and barn microclimate changes be implemented earlier, starting from the late dry period, to mitigate the negative impact of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Stefanska
- Department of Grassland and Natural Landscape Sciences, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-632, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek
- Department of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry, and Biostructure, Poznań University of Life Science, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Laboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product Quality (Lanupro), Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Cezary Purwin
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Feed Science, and Cattle Breeding, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Włodzimierz Nowak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, 60-637, Poznan, Poland
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2
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Kibar M, Aytekin İ, Özkan İA. Fuzzy Logic Model for Determining Optimal Temperature-Humidity Index Values in Dairy Farms in Temperate Climate. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2024:1-13. [PMID: 39257216 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2024.2400137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
In livestock, temperature, humidity, and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) affect the welfare, yields, health and viability of animals. This study aimed to develop optimal temperature, humidity, and THI thresholds for dairy farms in temperate climate regions using a fuzzy logic model. THI values were calculated using three different literature-derived equations, considering different temperature and humidity situations in dairy farms. The Mamdani-type fuzzy logic method was utilized to formulate linguistic expressions for temperature, humidity, and THI values. According to the THI thresholds, the areas below the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) were found to be significant (p < 0.001) in all fuzzy algorithms. The study found 100% harmony with the THI thresholds of 66 and 72 for cattle in temperate climates, but only 73.6% harmony with the threshold of 74 for cattle adapted to tropical climate. Briefly, in temperate dairy farms, the fuzzy logic revealed that the optimal temperature, humidity and THI values should be between 14-18.5°C, 65-70% and 52.5-64.5, respectively. However, further research is required to understand the impact of thresholds determined by fuzzy logic on dairy cow production and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Kibar
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sciences, Siirt University, Siirt, Türkiye
| | - İbrahim Aytekin
- Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Animal Sciences, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - İlker Ali Özkan
- Faculty of Technology, Department of Computer Engineering, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye
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3
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Kotsampasi B, Karatzia MA, Tsiokos D, Chadio S. Nutritional Strategies to Alleviate Stress and Improve Welfare in Dairy Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2573. [PMID: 39272358 PMCID: PMC11394234 DOI: 10.3390/ani14172573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Dairy ruminants provide a major part of the livestock and agriculture sectors. Due to the increase in world population and the subsequent increase in dairy product demands, the dairy sector has been intensified. Dairy farming intensification and the subsequent increase in animal nutritional demands and the increase in the average global temperature as well have subjected animals to various stress conditions that impact their health and welfare. Various management practices and nutritional strategies have been proposed and studied to alleviate these impacts, especially under heat stress, as well as during critical periods, like the transition period. Some of the nutritional interventions to cope with stress factors and ensure optimal health and production are the inclusion of functional fatty acids and amino acids and feed additives (minerals, prebiotics, probiotics, essential oils and herbs, phytobiotics, enzymes, etc.) that have been proven to regulate animals' metabolism and improve their antioxidant status and immune function. Thus, these nutritional strategies could be the key to ensuring optimum growth, milk production, and reproduction efficiency. This review summarizes and highlights key nutritional approaches to support the remarkable metabolic adaptations ruminants are facing during the transition period and to reduce heat stress effects and evaluate their beneficial effects on animal physiology, performance, health, as well as welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basiliki Kotsampasi
- Research Institute of Animal Science, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 58100 Giannitsa, Greece
| | - Maria Anastasia Karatzia
- Research Institute of Animal Science, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 58100 Giannitsa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Tsiokos
- Research Institute of Animal Science, Directorate General of Agricultural Research, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-DIMITRA, 58100 Giannitsa, Greece
| | - Stella Chadio
- Laboratory of Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals, Department of Animal Science, School of Animal Biosciences, Agricultural University of Athens, Iera Odos 75, 11855 Athens, Greece
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4
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Teixeira IAMA, Härter CJ, Vargas JAC, Souza AP, Fernandes MHMR. Review: Update of nutritional requirements of goats for growth and pregnancy in hot environments. Animal 2024; 18 Suppl 2:101219. [PMID: 39013697 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Goats play an important role in the agricultural business, providing valuable income sources through producing high-quality animal protein. They are widespread livestock for rural households due to their inherent resiliency, adaptability to many environments, and suitability in sustainable production systems. While goats are reared in highly diverse environments, a great portion of their population is reared in hot environments. Heat stress is known to affect goats' productive and reproductive performance negatively. However, goats can remarkably thrive in harsh conditions due to physiological, metabolic, and molecular adaptive mechanisms. In the face of it, in the last decades, the nutrition of goats, particularly their nutritional requirements, has received special attention. Research groups worldwide have dedicated their efforts to updating feeding systems for goats. Our objective was to present the recent findings on the energy and nutrient requirements of growing and pregnant goats in hot environments. Energy and protein requirements for the maintenance and growth of goats are influenced by sex and genotype only when mature weight is not considered in the models. Sex and genotype affect the efficiency of energy use for growth but do not affect the efficiency of protein use. Major mineral requirements for maintenance and growth are not affected by sex, except for magnesium. However, the phosphorus, sodium, and potassium requirements of goats raised in hot environments differ from those in the feeding systems. This difference may be related to the adaptation mechanisms goats employ to cope with the hot environmental conditions. Regarding requirements for pregnancy, there was no effect of days of pregnancy on the energy or protein requirements. The efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for pregnancy increased with the progress of pregnancy. Mineral accretion for pregnancy differs between single and twin pregnancies and, irrespective of pregnancy type, the mineral requirements increase as pregnancy progresses. The differences between the estimated dietary requirements of goats raised in hot environments and the most widely adopted feeding systems suggest that these goats may be using energy and nutrients to cope with heat stress and other stressors associated with hot environments. The recent findings on energy, protein, and mineral requirements of growing and pregnant goats can be an important resource of information for enhancing feeding systems worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A M A Teixeira
- Department of Animal, Veterinary and Food Sciences, University of Idaho, Twin Falls, ID 83301, USA.
| | - C J Härter
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, RS 96010-900, Brazil
| | - J A C Vargas
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, Parauapebas, PA 68515-000, Brazil
| | - A P Souza
- Institute of Studies of the Humid Tropics, Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Para, Xinguara, PA 68557-335, Brazil
| | - M H M R Fernandes
- Department of Animal Science, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
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5
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Shirley AK, Thomson PC, Chlingaryan A, Clark CEF. Review: Ruminant heat-stress terminology. Animal 2024; 18:101267. [PMID: 39116468 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
With increasing climate variability, there is a rise in the exposure to, and incidence of, ruminant heat stress (HS), increasing the requirement for focused research. As such, precise terminology is crucial to maintain effective communication and knowledge advancement. Despite this, several key terms are currently defined inconsistently, leading to confusion and misinterpretation. This paper examines the historical and contemporary use of the terms 'resistance', 'tolerance', 'resilience', and 'susceptibility' across various disciplines, revealing significant ambiguities that hinder both research and practice. Through this comprehensive review, we propose new definitions for each term as they are used relating to HS, with a focus on ruminant production. Proposed definitions align with current scientific understanding, providing a robust framework for future research and application. As further research is conducted, we hope these definitions can be improved through the inclusion of quantitative measures which align with these classifications. This present review provides definition clarity for common heat abatement terminology, enabling consistency and from this, progress in the field to ameliorate HS for ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Shirley
- Livestock Production and Welfare Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - P C Thomson
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - A Chlingaryan
- Livestock Production and Welfare Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - C E F Clark
- Livestock Production and Welfare Group, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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Colombi D, Perini F, Bettini S, Mastrangelo S, Abeni F, Conte G, Marletta D, Cassandro M, Bernabucci U, Ciampolini R, Lasagna E. Genomic responses to climatic challenges in beef cattle: A review. Anim Genet 2024. [PMID: 39219301 DOI: 10.1111/age.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Climate change is a major concern for the near future and for livestock breeding. Cattle breeding, due to its greenhouse gas emissions, is one of the most implicated industries. Consequently, the main future goals are to breed animals resilient to climate change, with the aim of lowering the livestock impact on the environment and selecting animals that will be able to resist different, unsuitable, and changing climates. The aim of this literature review is to compare the most recent studies on the response and adaptation of beef cattle breeds to extreme environments, in terms of genes and pathways involved. Beef breeding is just starting to implement genomics in its selection plans, and shedding light on the genomic responses to extreme climates could speed up and simplify the adaptation of these breeds to climate change. This review discusses the genes involved in climatic stress responses, including those related to extremely cold climates, in beef and dual-purpose cattle breeds. Genes were associated with productive traits, coat and skin structure and development, thermotolerance, cellular physiology and DNA repair mechanisms, immune system, and fertility traits. The knowledge of genes and pathways involved in climate resilience should be taken into consideration for further selection in beef cattle breeding and could promote the valorization of local breeds adapted to extreme environmental conditions. The use of local or resilient breeds could enhance the environmental and social sustainability, animal welfare, and production, compared with the introduction of cosmopolitan breeds with uncertain adaptation in uncontrolled environmental areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Colombi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Perini
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
| | - Stefano Bettini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mastrangelo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Fabio Abeni
- Centro di Ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria (CREA), Lodi, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Conte
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Adaptability of Livestock Systems to Climate Change (ASIZOCACLI), Catania, Italy
| | - Donata Marletta
- Interuniversity Center for Adaptability of Livestock Systems to Climate Change (ASIZOCACLI), Catania, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Martino Cassandro
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment, University of Padova, Legnaro, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Adaptability of Livestock Systems to Climate Change (ASIZOCACLI), Catania, Italy
| | - Umberto Bernabucci
- Interuniversity Center for Adaptability of Livestock Systems to Climate Change (ASIZOCACLI), Catania, Italy
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, Università Della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberta Ciampolini
- Interuniversity Center for Adaptability of Livestock Systems to Climate Change (ASIZOCACLI), Catania, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Emiliano Lasagna
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Adaptability of Livestock Systems to Climate Change (ASIZOCACLI), Catania, Italy
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7
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Antanaitis R, Džermeikaitė K, Krištolaitytė J, Juodžentytė R, Stankevičius R, Palubinskas G, Rutkauskas A. Short-Term Effects of Heat Stress on Cow Behavior, Registered by Innovative Technologies and Blood Gas Parameters. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2390. [PMID: 39199924 PMCID: PMC11350899 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) is one of the key factors affecting an animal's immune system and productivity, as a result of a physiological reaction combined with environmental factors. This study examined the short-term effects of heat stress on cow behavior, as recorded by innovative technologies, and its impact on blood gas parameters, using 56 of the 1070 cows clinically evaluated during the second and subsequent lactations within the first 30 days postpartum. Throughout the experiment (from 4 June 2024 until 1 July 2024), cow behavior parameters (rumination time min/d. (RT), body temperature (°C), reticulorumen pH, water consumption (L/day), cow activity (h/day)) were monitored using specialized SmaXtec boluses and employing a blood gas analyzer (Siemens Healthineers, 1200 Courtneypark Dr E Mississauga, L5T 1P2, Canada). During the study period, the temperature-humidity index (THI), based on ambient temperature and humidity, was recorded and used to calculate THI and to categorize the data into four THI classes as follows: 1-THI 60-63 (4 June 2024-12 June 2024); 2-THI 65-69 (13 June 2024-18 June 2024); 3-THI 73-75 (19 June 2024-25 June 2024); and 4-THI 73-78 (26 June 2024-1 July 2024). The results showed that heat stress significantly reduced rumination time by up to 70% in cows within the highest THI class (73 to 78) and increased body temperature by 2%. It also caused a 12.6% decrease in partial carbon dioxide pressure (pCO2) and a 32% increase in partial oxygen pressure (pO2), also decreasing plasma sodium by 1.36% and potassium by 6%, while increasing chloride by 3%. The findings underscore the critical need for continuous monitoring, early detection, and proactive management to mitigate the adverse impacts of heat stress on dairy cow health and productivity. Recommendations include the use of advanced monitoring technologies and specific blood gas parameter tracking to detect the early signs of heat stress and implement more timely interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramūnas Antanaitis
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Karina Džermeikaitė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Justina Krištolaitytė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (A.R.)
| | - Renalda Juodžentytė
- Department of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.J.); (G.P.)
| | - Rolandas Stankevičius
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilzes Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania;
| | - Giedrius Palubinskas
- Department of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (R.J.); (G.P.)
| | - Arūnas Rutkauskas
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (A.R.)
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8
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Yu Z, Cantet JM, Nair MRR, Ríus AG. Dexamethasone administration restored growth in dairy calves exposed to heat stress. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)01058-0. [PMID: 39122148 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-25076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that the heat stress loss on the growth performance of calves is associated with the diversion of nutrients to control enteritis and systemic inflammation. In this study, we investigated the impact of heat stress on markers of inflammation, feed use-efficiency, and growth of dairy calves. We hypothesized that dexamethasone, which is known for its immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory properties, would reduce inflammation and restore the growth of calves exposed to heat stress. Thirty-two Holstein bull calves (body weight (BW) 68.5 ± 1.37 kg; age 3.5 ± 0.5-week-old; mean ± SD) were housed in individual pens in climate-controlled rooms at constant ambient temperature and allowed to adjust to facilities for 5 d before the start of treatments. Calves were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments (n = 8/treatment) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of environment (ENV, thermoneutral or heat stress) and intervention (INT, saline or dexamethasone) imposed for 5 d as follow: 1) thermoneutral (constant ambient temperature of 20°C 24 h/d) and administration of saline, 2) thermoneutral (constant ambient temperature of 20°C 24 h/d) and administration of dexamethasone, 3) cyclic heat stress (40°C ambient temperature, from 0800 to 1900 h/d) and administration of saline, 4) cyclic heat stress (40°C ambient temperature, from 0800 to 1900 h/d) and administration of dexamethasone. Dexamethasone (0.05 mg/kg BW), or saline (1.2 mL) was administered intramuscularly on d 1 and 3. Upon completion of treatments, calves were euthanized on d 5 to obtain jejunum mucosa samples. Commercial milk replacer, starter grain, and water were offered, and intake was monitored daily. Rectal temperature and respiratory rate were monitored 3 times daily. Blood samples were collected on d 1, 3, and 5 to determine serum pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations. A section of the jejunum was collected and snap-frozen to determine the concentration of pro-inflammatory markers. Statistical analyses included a mixed model, fixed effects of ENV, INT, consecutive measurements taken over time (d, h, or both), replica, and random effects of calf and error (SAS version 9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The measurements collected immediately before treatment allocation were included as covariates in the model. An ENV effect showed that heat stress increased rectal temperature (38.72 vs. 39.21°C), respiratory rate (36 vs. 108 breaths/min), and water intake (3.2 vs. 6.6 L/d). The treatments did not affect dry matter intake. An ENV × INT interaction showed that heat stress with saline decreased average daily gain (ADG) by 35% and tended to decrease feed use-efficiency by 36%, but the use of dexamethasone to treat heat stress restored ADG and feed use-efficiency comparable to their basal levels. An ENV × INT interaction revealed that heat stress with saline increased jejunal interleukin (IL)-6 concentration 2-fold, but dexamethasone treatment of heat stress restored jejunal IL-6 concentration to basal levels. The bioenergetic cost of the heat stress-immune pro-inflammatory response ranged between 1.18 and 1.50 Mcal of ME. Overall, the administration of dexamethasone reduced the jejunal concentration of a pro-inflammatory marker and restored the heat stress-associated reduction in growth and feed use-efficiency. The immunomodulation and anti-inflammatory effects of dexamethasone could be part of a homeorhetic change that results in a shift from maintenance functions to support growth on calves exposed to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yu
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J M Cantet
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - M R R Nair
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - A G Ríus
- Department of Animal Science, University of Tennessee Institute of Agriculture, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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9
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Lang LI, Wang ZZ, Liu B, Chang-Qing SHEN, Jing-Yi TU, Shi-Cheng WANG, Rui-Ling LEI, Si-Qi PENG, Xiong XIAO, Yong-Ju ZHAO, Qiu XY. The effects and mechanisms of heat stress on mammalian oocyte and embryo development. J Therm Biol 2024; 124:103927. [PMID: 39153259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/19/2024]
Abstract
The sum of nonspecific physiological responses exhibited by mammals in response to the disruption of thermal balance caused by high-temperature environments is referred to as heat stress (HS). HS affects the normal development of mammalian oocyte and embryos and leads to significant economic losses. Therefore, it is of great importance to gain a deep understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of HS on oocyte and embryonic development and to explore strategies for mitigating or preventing its detrimental impacts in the livestock industry. This article provides an overview of the negative effects of HS on mammalian oocyte growth, granulosa cell maturation and function, and embryonic development. It summarizes the mechanisms by which HS affects embryonic development, including generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), endocrine disruption, the heat shock system, mitochondrial autophagy, and molecular-level alterations. Furthermore, it discusses various measures to ameliorate the effects of HS, such as antioxidant use, enhancement of mitochondrial function, gene editing, cultivating varieties possessing heat-resistant genes, and optimizing the animals'rearing environment. This article serves as a valuable reference for better understanding the relationship between HS and mammalian embryonic development as well as for improving the development of mammalian embryos and economic benefits under HS conditions in livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Lang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - S H E N Chang-Qing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - T U Jing-Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - W A N G Shi-Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - L E I Rui-Ling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - P E N G Si-Qi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - X I A O Xiong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Z H A O Yong-Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qiu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Herbivore Science, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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10
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Danmaigoro A, Muhammad MA, Abubakar K, Magiri RB, Bakare AG, Iji PA. Morphological and physiological features in small ruminants: an adaptation strategy for survival under changing climatic conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:1497-1505. [PMID: 38700715 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02694-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Climate change due to natural human activity is a significant global phenomenon affecting the sustainability of most countries' livestock industries. Climate change factors such as ambient temperature, relative humidity, direct and indirect sun radiation, and wind have significant consequences on feed, water, pasture availability, and the re-emergence of diseases in livestock. All these variables have a considerable impact on livestock production and welfare. However, animals' ability to respond and adapt to changes in climate differs within species and breeds. Comparatively, small ruminants are more adaptive to the adverse effects of climate change than large ruminants in terms of reproduction performance, survival, production yield, and resistance to re-emerging diseases. This is mainly due to their morphological features against harsh climate effects. Tropical breeds are more adaptive to the adverse effects of climate change than small temperate ruminants. However, the difference in morphological characteristics towards adaptation to the impact of climate change will guide the development of suitable policies on the selection of breeding stock suitable for different regions in the world. The choice of breeds based on morphological features and traits is an essential strategy in mitigating and minimizing the effects of climate change on small ruminants' production and welfare. This review highlights the adaptive morphological features within and among breeds of small ruminants toward adaptation to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Danmaigoro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia Campus, P. O. Box 1544, Nausori, Suva, Fiji.
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Kelantan Malaysia, Pengkalan Chepa 16100 Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Mahmud Abdullahi Muhammad
- Department of Animal Health and Production Technology, Niger State College of Agriculture, Mokwa, Niger State, Nigeria
| | - Kabeer Abubakar
- Institut de Neurosciences des Systemes, Aix-Marselille Uneversite, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Royford Bundi Magiri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia Campus, P. O. Box 1544, Nausori, Suva, Fiji
| | - Archibold Garikayi Bakare
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia Campus, P. O. Box 1544, Nausori, Suva, Fiji
| | - Paul Ade Iji
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Fiji National University, Koronivia Campus, P. O. Box 1544, Nausori, Suva, Fiji
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11
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do Nascimento Barreto A, Jacintho MAC, Barioni Junior W, Pereira AMF, Nanni Costa L, Zandonadi Brandão F, Romanello N, Novais Azevedo G, Rossetto Garcia A. Adaptive integumentary features of beef cattle raised on afforested or non-shaded tropical pastures. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16951. [PMID: 39043710 PMCID: PMC11266545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66675-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the seasonal acclimatization process of Nelore and Canchim cattle raised on two production systems (non-shaded, NS, and integrated crop-livestock-forest, ICLF), based on the dynamics of the morphological and functional attributes of the hair coat and skin during winter and summer. The study was conducted in Brazil, in a low-altitude tropical climate region. A completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design was adopted as follows: two production systems (NS and ICLF), two breeds (Nelore and Canchim) in a longitudinal structure, with measurements repeated over time through two stations (winter and summer). The experimental animals consisted of 32 Nelore (Bos indicus) and 32 Canchim (5/8 Bos taurus × 3/8 Bos indicus) bulls. The animals were equally distributed between two intensive rotational grazing systems. In both breeds, the hair coat was significantly thicker in winter but longer in summer, which increased epidermal protection. The Nelore bulls had shorter, wider, and thicker hairs, which are attributes that promote heat loss via conduction. The Canchim bulls showed significantly lower hair density and higher epithelium distance to sweat glands, which resulted in higher core temperature and respiratory rate. In turn, Nelore bulls had higher serum concentrations of triiodothyronine and lower serum concentrations of cortisol. However, Canchim bulls more frequently and intensely activated their thermoregulatory system and markedly adjusted their hair coat and hair features to reduce heat gain, especially in summer. Therefore, the anatomical plasticity and functional integumentary characteristics of Nelore and Canchim bulls reflect their acclimatization to tropical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa do Nascimento Barreto
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Av. dos Universitários, s/n, Castanhal, PA, 68746-360, Brazil
| | - Manuel Antonio Chagas Jacintho
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Waldomiro Barioni Junior
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Manuel Franco Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Apartado 94, 7006-554, Évora, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Nanni Costa
- Department of Agri-Food Science and Technology, University of Bologna, Viale Fanin, 46, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Narian Romanello
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Novais Azevedo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rossetto Garcia
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Av. dos Universitários, s/n, Castanhal, PA, 68746-360, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa), Embrapa Southeast Livestock, Rod. Washington Luiz, km 234, São Carlos, SP, 13560-970, Brazil.
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil.
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12
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Zang Y, Zhang B, Zhang G, Hu J, Shu D, Han J, Hu M, Tu M, Qiao W, Liu R, Zang Y. Effects of combined treatment with hydrogen-rich electrolyzed water and tea polyphenols on oxidative stress, intestinal injury and intestinal flora disruption in heat-stressed mice. J Therm Biol 2024; 123:103921. [PMID: 39032288 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) can cause damage to the organism, especially the intestinal tract. In this paper, we investigated the effects of the combined action of tea polyphenols (TP) and hydrogen-rich electrolyzed water (HRW) on HS in mice. The combination of HRW feeding and TP of intraperitoneal injection was screened by in vitro antioxidant activity assay. The results revealed that the combined treatment was more helpful in alleviating the effects of HS on the behavior, growth performance, oxidative damage, and intestinal tract of mice compared with the respective treatments of TP and HRW (P < 0.05). Additionally, the combined treatment could repair HS-induced intestinal dysbiosis in mice, augmenting the number and abundance of bacteria, increasing the number of beneficial genera (Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group and Lactobacillus), and decreasing the number of harmful genera (Desulfovibrio and Enterorhabdus), and the effect was significantly better than that of individual treatment (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the combined treatment of TP and HRW effectively mitigates the adverse effects of HS on mouse behavior, growth performance, oxidative damage, and intestinal dysbiosis, surpassing the efficacy of individual treatments with TP or HRW alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zang
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, China
| | | | | | - Jie Hu
- Jiangxi Agricultural University, China
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13
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Singh A, Verma A, Dutta G, Gowane GR, Ludri A, Alex R. Functional transcriptome analysis revealed major changes in pathways affecting systems biology of Tharparkar cattle under seasonal heat stress. 3 Biotech 2024; 14:177. [PMID: 38855148 PMCID: PMC11156831 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-024-04018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress significantly disturbs the production, reproduction, and systems biology of dairy cattle. A complex interaction among biological systems helps to combat and overcome heat stress. Indicine cattle breed Tharparkar has been well known for its thermal adaptability. Therefore, present investigation considered RNA-seq technology to explore the functional transcriptomics of Tharparkar cattle with the help of samples collected in spring and summer season. Among differentially expressed genes, about 3280 genes were highly dysregulated, in which 1207 gene were upregulated and 2073 genes were downregulated (|log2fold change|≥ 1 and p ≤ 0.05). Upregulated genes were related to insulin activation, interferons, and potassium ion transport. In contrast, downregulated genes were related to RNA processing, translation, and ubiquitination. Functional annotation revealed that the pathways associated with nervous system (NPFFR1, ROBO3) and metal ion transport (KCNG2, ATP1A2) were highly activated while mRNA processing and translation (EIF4A, EIF4B) and protein processing pathway (VPS4B, PEX13) were highly downregulated. Protein-protein interactions identified hub genes such as ATP13A3, IFNGR2, UBXN7, EIF4A2, SLC12A8 found to play an important role in immune, ubiquitination, translation and transport function. Co-expression network includes LYZ, PNRC1, SQSTM1, EIF4AB and DDX17 genes which are involved in lysosomal activity, tumor inhibition, ubiquitination, and translation initiation. Chemokine signaling pathway associated with immune response was highly upregulated in cluster analysis. The findings of this study provide insights into transcriptome expression and regulation which may better explain complex thermal resilience mechanism of Tharparkar cattle in heat stress under natural conditions. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-024-04018-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Singh
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Archana Verma
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Gaurav Dutta
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Gopal R. Gowane
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Ashutosh Ludri
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
| | - Rani Alex
- Animal Genetics and Breeding Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001 India
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14
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Jo JH, Nejad JG, Kim HR, Lee HG. Effect of seven days heat stress on feed and water intake, milk characteristics, blood parameters, physiological indicators, and gene expression in Holstein dairy cows. J Therm Biol 2024; 123:103929. [PMID: 39106611 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
This study examined the effects of 7 days of heat stress on eight early lactating Holstein cows in climate-controlled chambers. The early lactating Holstein cows (42 ± 2 days in milk, 29.27 ± 0.38 kg/day milk yield, 1.21 ± 0.05 parity) were subjected to two 14-day periods, each consisting of 7 days of adaptation and 7 days of heat stress. Conditions were set to 22 °C and 50% humidity during adaptation, followed by heat stress periods with low-temperature, low-humidity (LTLH, 71 THI) and high-temperature, high-humidity (HTHH, 86 THI) treatments. Data from the last 7 days were analyzed using a mixed procedure in SAS. In the study, the HTHH group displayed marked physiological and biochemical changes on 14 days of heat stress exposure compared to the LTLH group. Firstly, the HTHH group's dry matter intake decreased by approximately 12% while their water intake increased by about 23%. Secondly, both milk yield and milk protein production in the HTHH group decreased by 10% and 20%, respectively. Thirdly, there was a reduction in white blood cells, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and platelets in the HTHH group, with concurrent increases in glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, and albumin concentrations. Additionally, the HTHH group exhibited elevated plasma concentrations of cortisol and haptoglobin. Moreover, the gene expression of heat shock protein 70 and heat shock protein 90 was significantly upregulated in the HTHH group's peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Lastly, key physiological indicators such as rectal temperature, heart rate, and skin temperature showed substantial elevations in the HTHH group. Considering the enormous negative effects observed in the analyzed blood metabolites, milk yield and compositions, and heat shock protein gene expression, early lactating Holstein cows were found to be more vulnerable to HTHH than LTLH over a 7 days exposure to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hoon Jo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Kim
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Division, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Woo JS, Ryu GR, Kim JH, Jang SS, Lee HG, Park KK. Dietary effects of protected fat, glycerol, and soybean meal on performance, physiological parameters, carcass characteristics, and behavioral measurements of late-fattening Hanwoo steers under heat stress conditions. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1303-1315. [PMID: 38665089 PMCID: PMC11222841 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the effects of increasing energy and protein levels in diets by including protected fat (PF), glycerol (GL), and soybean meal (SBM) on growth performance, physiological parameters, carcass characteristics, and behavioral measurements of late-fattening Hanwoo steers under heat stress conditions. METHODS Thirty-six steers (initial body weight, 724.9±58.3 kg; age, 25.5±0.4 month) were assigned into control (total digestible nutrient [TDN] 76%, crude protein [CP] 15%), PF (TDN 83.6%, CP 15%), PF+GL (TDN 83.6%, CP 15%) and PF+GL+SBM (TDN 83.6%, CP 16.5%) by randomized complete block design for a total of 16 weeks with division of 4-week periods. The average temperature-humidity index was 87.0 (1st period; severe), 82.8 (2nd; moderate), 71.4 (3rd; comfort), and 68.1 (4th; comfort). RESULTS The dry matter intake (DMI) showed no treatments differences during the whole experiment. However, DMI in 1st and 2nd period decreased by approximately 30% and 10% compared to 4th period, respectively. Higher average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were noted for treatments compared to control at both 1st and 2nd period (p<0.05). There were no treatment effects on rectal temperature (RT), cortisol, and behaviors during the entire experiment. However, both RT and cortisol in 0, 1st and 2nd period were higher than those of 3rd and 4th period (p<0.05). Carcass yield and grade remained unaffected by increasing TDN and CP levels. Behavioral changes in the hot season (1st period) included reduced lying (43%), increased standing (48%), decreased walking (62%), and decreased eating (38%) (p<0.05), with an increase in drinking by 54%. Rumination during standing was 53% higher, while rumination during lying was about 33% lower compared to the post-hot season (3rd period) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Dietary supplementation of protected fat in late-fattening Hanwoo steers under heat stress had a positive effect on preventing a reduction in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sik Woo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Gyeong Rim Ryu
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Cheonan 31000,
Korea
| | | | - Sun Sik Jang
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Pyeongchang 25340,
Korea
| | - Hong Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
| | - Keun Kyu Park
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029,
Korea
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16
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Serviento AM, He T, Ma X, Räisänen SE, Niu M. Modeling the effect of ambient temperature on reticulorumen temperature, and drinking and eating behaviors of late-lactation dairy cows during colder seasons. Animal 2024; 18:101209. [PMID: 38905777 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dairy cows may suffer thermal stress during the colder seasons especially due to their open-air housing systems. Free water temperature (FWT) and feed temperature (FT) are dependent on ambient temperature (AT) and can be critical for maintaining body and reticulorumen temperature (RT) in cold conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of FWT and FT on RT fluctuations, and of AT on RT and drinking and eating behaviors in late-lactation cows during cold exposure. Data were collected from 16 multiparous lactating cows for four 6-d periods during the autumn and winter seasons. The cows (224 ± 36 days in milk; mean ± SD) had an average milk yield (MY) of 24.8 ± 4.97 kg/d and RT of 38.84 ± 0.163 °C. Daily average AT ranged from 4.38 to 17.25 °C. The effects of the temperature and amount of the ingested water or feed on RT change and recovery time, and the effect of the daily AT on RT, feed and water intake, and drinking, eating, and rumination behaviors were analyzed using the generalized additive mixed model framework. Reticulorumen temperature change and recovery time were affected by FWT (+0.0596 °C/°C and -1.27 min/°C, respectively), but not by FT. The amount of the ingested free water and feed affected RT change (-0.108 °C/kg drink size and -0.150 °C/kg meal size, respectively), and RT recovery time (+2.13 min/kg drink size and + 3.71 min/kg meal size, respectively). Colder AT decreased RT by 0.0151 °C/°C between 9.91 and 17.25 °C AT. Cows increased DM intake (DMI) by 0.365 kg/d per 1 °C drop in AT below 10.63 °C, but with no increase in MY. In fact, MY:DMI decreased by 0.0106/°C as AT dropped from 17.25 to 4.38 °C. Free water intake (FWI) was reduced by 0.0856 FWI:DMI/°C as AT decreased from 17.25 to 8.27 °C. Cold exposure influenced animal behavior with fewer drink and meal bouts (-0.432 and -0.290 bouts/d, respectively), larger drink sizes (+0.100 kg/bout), and shorter rumination time (-5.31 min/d) per 1 °C decrease in AT from 17.25 °C to 8.77, 12.53, 4.38, and 10.32 °C, respectively. In conclusion, exposure to low AT increased feed intake, reduced water intake, and changes in eating, drinking and rumination behaviors of dairy cows in late lactation. Additionally, the consequences of cold exposure on cows may be aggravated by ingestion of feed and free water at temperatures lower than the body, potentially impacting feed efficiency due to the extra energetic cost of thermoregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Serviento
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - T He
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - X Ma
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S E Räisänen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M Niu
- Animal Nutrition Group, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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17
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Méndez MN, Swanepoel N, Robinson PH, Pons V, Jasinsky A, Adrien MDL, Chilibroste P. Behavior, Intake, Digestion and Milk Yield of Early Lactation Holstein Dairy Cows with Two Levels of Environmental Exposure and Feeding Strategy. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1905. [PMID: 38998017 PMCID: PMC11240589 DOI: 10.3390/ani14131905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Eighty-four autumn (ACS, n = 45)- and spring (SCS, n = 39)-calved multiparous early lactation Holstein cows were assigned to groups of either: (a) grazing + mixed ration (MR) during partial confinement in outdoor soil-bedded pens with shade (OD-GRZ); (b) grazing + MR during partial confinement in a compost-bedded pack barn with cooling (CB-GRZ); or (c) total confinement fed a totally mixed ration (CB-TMR) in a compost-bedded pack barn. Data were analyzed using the SAS MIXED procedure with significance at p ≤ 0.05. In both seasons, despite behavioral differences (p < 0.05) between the OD-GRZ and CB-GRZ groups (i.e., standing, first grazing meal length, bite rate), the milk and component yields, DM intake, microbial CP output (MCP) and NE efficiency were unaffected by the housing conditions, possibly due to mild weather conditions. The milk yield was substantially higher in the CB-TMR group versus the OD-TMR and CB-TMR groups (p < 0.01) in both ACS (~35%) and SCS (~20%) despite there being no intake differences, without any impact on milk component levels. In ACS, this was associated with a higher MCP, likely due to the higher nutritional value of TMR compared to pasture, which was not the case in SCS. In conclusion, the OD-GRZ group achieved the same milk production as the CB-GRZ group through behavior adaptation, under mild weather conditions, in both calving seasons. The CB-TMR group outperformed the grazing systems in both calving seasons, regardless of the MCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Noel Méndez
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Nadia Swanepoel
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Peter H. Robinson
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Victoria Pons
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Alejandra Jasinsky
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Maria de Lourdes Adrien
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Agrarias, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay
| | - Pablo Chilibroste
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Pasturas, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Paysandú 60000, Uruguay;
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18
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Davidson BD, Zambon AA, Guadagnin AR, Hoppmann A, Larsen GA, Sherlock DN, Luchini D, Apelo SIA, Laporta J. Rumen-protected methionine supplementation during the transition period under artificially induced heat stress: impacts on cow-calf performance. J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00898-1. [PMID: 38851569 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Dairy cows experiencing heat stress (HS) during the pre-calving portion of the transition period give birth to smaller calves and produce less milk and milk protein. Supplementation of rumen-protected methionine (RPM) has been shown to modulate protein, energy, and placenta metabolism, making it a potential candidate to ameliorate HS effects. We investigated the effects of supplementing RPM to transition cows under HS induced by electric heat blanket (EHB) on cow-calf performance. Six weeks before expected calving, 53 Holstein cows were housed in a tie-stall barn and fed a control diet (CON, 2.2% Met of MP) or a CON diet supplemented with Smartamine®M (MET, 2.6% Met of MP, Adisseo Inc., France). Four weeks pre-calving, all MET and half CON cows were fitted with an EHB. The other half of the CON cows were considered thermoneutral (TN), resulting in 3 treatments: CONTN (n = 19), CONHS (n = 17), and METHS (n = 17). Respiratory rate (RR), skin temperature (ST), and rectal temperature (RT) were measured thrice weekly and core body temperatures recorded bi-weekly. Post-calving body weights (BW) and BCS were recorded weekly, and DMI was calculated and averaged weekly. Milk yield was recorded daily and milk components were analyzed every third DIM. Biweekly AA and weekly nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), insulin, and glucose were measured from plasma. Calf birth weight and 24 h growth, thermoregulation, and hematology profile were measured and apparent efficiency of absorption (AEA) of immunoglobulins was calculated. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with 2 preplanned orthogonal contrasts: CONTN vs. the average of CONHS and METHS (C1) and CONHS vs. METHS (C2). Relative to TN, EHB cows had increased RT during the post-calving weeks and increased RR and ST during the entire transition period. Body weight, BCS, DMI, and milk yield were not impacted by the EHB or RPM. However, protein % and SNF were lower in CONHS, relative to METHS cows. At calving, METHS dams had higher glucose concentrations, relative to CONHS, and during the post-calving weeks, the EHB cows had lower NEFA concentrations than TN cows. Calf birthweight and AEA were reduced by HS, while RR was increased by HS. Calf withers height tended to be shorter and RT were lower in CONHS, compared with MTHS heifers. Overall, RPM supplementation to transition cows reverts the negative impact of HS on blood glucose concentration at calving and milk protein % in the dams and increases wither height while decreasing RT in the calf.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Davidson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI †Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - A A Zambon
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI †Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - A R Guadagnin
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI †Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - A Hoppmann
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI †Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - G A Larsen
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI †Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - D N Sherlock
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI †Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - D Luchini
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI †Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - S I Arriola Apelo
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI †Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA
| | - J Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI †Adisseo USA Inc., Alpharetta, GA, USA.
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19
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Islam MS, Mondal AK, Auwul MR, Faruk Siddiki S, Islam MA. Analysis of the climatic trends and heat stress periods for ruminants rearing in Bangladesh. Vet Anim Sci 2024; 24:100359. [PMID: 38812585 PMCID: PMC11133977 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2024.100359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of ruminant livestock is greatly impacted by climate change, as it is anticipated to jeopardise food security due to the increasing heat stress experienced by the animals, which can be measured using the Temperature Humidity Index (THI). The objective of our study was to analyze climatic patterns, identify influential variables and evaluate heat stress episodes through the utilization of the THI to establish a rearing system for ruminants in Bangladesh. The THI value was determined by analyzing meteorological station data spanning from 1995 to 2022 across various climatic zones in Bangladesh. The Mann-Kendall evaluation was used to analyze the THI patterns throughout the study. Our findings indicated that heat stress problems are expected to occur in Bangladesh when THI for ruminant rearing exceeds 74, particularly from February to December. The severity of heat stress in THIruminant 71-90 varied significantly, ranging from normal to extremely severe. We observed that June (90) was the hottest month in the west central region, while January (71) was the coldest in the northwest area. When examining the impact of climatic factors on the THI, we found that air temperature has the highest influence, while relative humidity had the second-highest influence on THI in all areas of Bangladesh. Sunlight length and wind speed influenced the yearly THI marginally but not seasonally. Our findings highlighted a seasonal threat associated with heat stress in the climatic conditions of Bangladesh. It is essential to identify heat stress in ruminants, especially considering the continuing global warming issue. Our results recommend the implementation of heat stress mitigation strategies for ruminant farmers in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Sodrul Islam
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Apurbo Kumar Mondal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Rabiul Auwul
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - S. H. M. Faruk Siddiki
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashraful Islam
- Department of Livestock services (DLS), Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MOFL), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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da Silva WC, da Silva JAR, Martorano LG, da Silva ÉBR, de Carvalho KC, Sousa CEL, Neves KAL, Júnior RNCC, Belo TS, de Santos AGS, de Araújo CV, Joaquim LA, Rodrigues TCGDC, Lourenço-Júnior JDB. Thermal Comfort of Nelore Cattle ( Bos indicus) Managed in Silvopastoral and Traditional Systems Associated with Rumination in a Humid Tropical Environment in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Vet Sci 2024; 11:236. [PMID: 38921983 PMCID: PMC11209581 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11060236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermal comfort of Nelore cattle (Bos indicus) managed in silvopastoral and traditional systems associated with rumination behavior in a humid tropical environment in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil. The study was carried out on a rural property in Mojuí dos Campos, Pará, Brazil, during the transition period of the year, from June to July 2023. Over these two months, six consecutive data collection days were held. We selected 20 clinically healthy non-castrated male Nelore cattle, aged between 18 and 20 months, with an average weight of 250 kg and body condition score of 3.5 (1-5). These animals were randomly divided into two groups: traditional system (TS) and silvopastoral system (SS). The physiological variables evaluated included RR, RT and BST. The variables were analyzed using the linear mixed model. For agrometeorological variables, higher values were observed between 10:00 a.m. (33 °C) and 6:00 p.m. (30 °C), with the highest temperature observed at 4:00 p.m. (40 °C). The RR showed interactions (p = 0.0214) between systems and times; in general, higher RR were obtained in the Traditional. The animals' RT showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the production systems, but there was a statistically significant difference in relation to the time of collection (p < 0.0001). In the BGHI, it was possible to observe that there was mild stress in the period from 22:00 at night to 6:00 in the morning and moderate stress in the period of greatest increase in temperature, from 10:00 in the morning to 18:00 at night. BST showed no statistical difference between the regions studied or between the SP (35.6 °C) and TS (36.25 °C) systems. RT in the TS showed a positive correlation with AT (r = 0.31507; p = 0.0477). RT in the SP showed a positive correlation with THI (r = 35583; p = 0.0242). On the other hand, RT in the SP (r = 0.42873; p = 0.0058) and ST (r = 0.51015; p = 0.0008) showed a positive correlation with BGHI. RR in the TS showed a positive correlation with BGHI (r = 0.44908; p = 0.0037). The greatest amounts of rumination were carried out by animals in the SP system, generally ruminating lying down (p < 0.05). With regard to rumination behavior in the morning and afternoon, there were higher numbers of WS and LD in the TS (p > 0.05). Most of the time, the cattle were LD during the morning and afternoon shifts, and at night and dawn they were WS in the TS. Therefore, the SP offers more thermal comfort advantages compared to the TS system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Welligton Conceição da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (É.B.R.d.S.); (R.N.C.C.J.); (L.A.J.); (T.C.G.d.C.R.); (J.d.B.L.-J.)
| | | | | | - Éder Bruno Rebelo da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (É.B.R.d.S.); (R.N.C.C.J.); (L.A.J.); (T.C.G.d.C.R.); (J.d.B.L.-J.)
| | - Katarina Cardoso de Carvalho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil; (K.C.d.C.); (C.E.L.S.); (T.S.B.); (A.G.S.d.S.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Lima Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil; (K.C.d.C.); (C.E.L.S.); (T.S.B.); (A.G.S.d.S.)
| | | | - Raimundo Nonato Colares Camargo Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (É.B.R.d.S.); (R.N.C.C.J.); (L.A.J.); (T.C.G.d.C.R.); (J.d.B.L.-J.)
| | - Tatiane Silva Belo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil; (K.C.d.C.); (C.E.L.S.); (T.S.B.); (A.G.S.d.S.)
| | - Ana Gizela Souza de Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Amazon (UNAMA), Santarem 68010-200, PA, Brazil; (K.C.d.C.); (C.E.L.S.); (T.S.B.); (A.G.S.d.S.)
| | - Cláudio Vieira de Araújo
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil;
| | - Leonel António Joaquim
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (É.B.R.d.S.); (R.N.C.C.J.); (L.A.J.); (T.C.G.d.C.R.); (J.d.B.L.-J.)
| | - Thomaz Cyro Guimarães de Carvalho Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (É.B.R.d.S.); (R.N.C.C.J.); (L.A.J.); (T.C.G.d.C.R.); (J.d.B.L.-J.)
| | - José de Brito Lourenço-Júnior
- Postgraduate Program in Animal Science (PPGCAN), Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Para (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, PA, Brazil; (É.B.R.d.S.); (R.N.C.C.J.); (L.A.J.); (T.C.G.d.C.R.); (J.d.B.L.-J.)
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Lee YJ, Lee JW, Huang CW, Yang KT, Peng SY, Yu C, Lee YH, Lai IL, Shen PC. Identification of Molecular Profile of Ear Fibroblasts Derived from Spindle-Transferred Holstein Cattle with Ooplasts from Taiwan Yellow Cattle under Heat Stress. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1371. [PMID: 38731375 PMCID: PMC11083940 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Global warming has a significant impact on the dairy farming industry, as heat stress causes reproductive endocrine imbalances and leads to substantial economic losses, particularly in tropical-subtropical regions. The Holstein breed, which is widely used for dairy production, is highly susceptible to heat stress, resulting in a dramatic reduction in milk production during hot seasons. However, previous studies have shown that cells of cows produced from reconstructed embryos containing cytoplasm (o) from Taiwan yellow cattle (Y) have improved thermotolerance despite their nuclei (n) being derived from heat-sensitive Holstein cattle (H). Using spindle transfer (ST) technology, we successfully produced ST-Yo-Hn cattle and proved that the thermotolerance of their ear fibroblasts is similar to that of Y and significantly better than that of H (p < 0.05). Despite these findings, the genes and molecules responsible for the different sensitivities of cells derived from ST-Yo-Hn and H cattle have not been extensively investigated. In the present study, ear fibroblasts from ST-Yo-Hn and H cattle were isolated, and differentially expressed protein and gene profiles were compared with or without heat stress (hs) (42 °C for 12 h). The results revealed that the relative protein expression levels of pro-apoptotic factors, including Caspase-3, -8, and -9, in the ear fibroblasts from the ST-Yo-Hn-hs group were significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those from the H-hs group. Conversely, the relative expression levels of anti-apoptotic factors, including GNA14 protein and the CRELD2 and PRKCQ genes, were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the ear fibroblasts from the ST-Yo-Hn-hs group compared to those from the H-hs group. Analysis of oxidative phosphorylation-related factors revealed that the relative expression levels of the GPX1 gene and Complex-I, Complex-IV, CAT, and PGLS proteins were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the ear fibroblasts from the ST-Yo-Hn-hs group compared to those from the H-hs group. Taken together, these findings suggest that ear fibroblasts from ST-Yo-Hn cattle have superior thermotolerance compared to those from H cattle due to their lower expression of pro-apoptotic factors and higher expression of oxidative phosphorylation and antioxidant factors. Moreover, this improved thermotolerance is attributed, at least partially, to the cytoplasm derived from more heat-tolerant Y cattle. Hence, using ST technology to produce more heat-tolerant H cattle containing Y cytoplasm could be a feasible approach to alleviate the negative impacts of heat stress on dairy cattle in tropical-subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ju Lee
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (I.-L.L.)
| | - Jai-Wei Lee
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-W.L.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Chao-Wei Huang
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-W.L.); (C.-W.H.)
| | - Kuo-Tai Yang
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (K.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Shao-Yu Peng
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (K.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Chi Yu
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (K.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Yen-Hua Lee
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (K.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - I-Ling Lai
- Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (Y.-J.L.); (I.-L.L.)
| | - Perng-Chih Shen
- Department of Animal Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (K.-T.Y.); (S.-Y.P.); (C.Y.); (Y.-H.L.)
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Eslamizad M, Albrecht D, Kuhla B, Koch F. Cellular and mitochondrial adaptation mechanisms in the colon of lactating dairy cows during hyperthermia. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3292-3305. [PMID: 38056565 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress causes barrier dysfunction and inflammation of the small intestine of several species. However, less is known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the response of the bovine large intestine to hyperthermia. We aimed to identify changes in the colon of dairy cows in response to constant heat stress using a proteomic approach. Eighteen lactating Holstein dairy cows were kept under constant thermoneutral conditions (16°C and 68% relative humidity [RH]; temperature-humidity index [THI] = 60) for 6 d (period 1) with free access to feed and water. Thereafter, 6 cows were equally allocated to (1) thermoneutral condition with ad libitum feeding (TNAL; 16°C, RH = 68%, THI = 60), (2) heat stress condition (HS; 28°C, RH = 50%, THI = 76) with ad libitum feeding, or (3) pair-feeding at thermoneutrality (TNPF; 16°C, RH = 68%, THI = 60) for another 7 d (period 2). Rectal temperature, milk yield, dry matter and water intake were monitored daily. Then, cows were slaughtered and colon mucosa samples were taken for proteomic analysis. Physiological data were analyzed by ANOVA and colon proteome data were processed using DESeq2 package in R. Rectal temperature was significantly higher in HS than in TNPF and TNAL cows in period 2. Proteomic analysis revealed an enrichment of activated pathways related to colonic barrier function and inflammation, heat shock proteins, AA metabolism, reduced overall protein synthesis rate, and post-transcriptional regulation induced by heat stress. Further regulations were found for enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and components of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, presumably to reduce the generation of reactive oxygen species, maintain cellular ATP levels, and prevent apoptosis in the colon of HS cows. These results highlight the cellular, extracellular, and mitochondrial adaptations of the colon during heat stress and suggest a dysfunction of the hindgut barrier integrity potentially resulting in a "leaky" colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Eslamizad
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Albrecht
- Department for Microbial Physiology and Molecular Biology, University of Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Koch
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology "Oskar Kellner," 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Barbosa JD, Barbosa CC, Ferreira Filho CEDS, Moran JFG, Oliveira CMC, Bomjardim HDA, da Costa PSC, Brito MDF, Paz MC, Lamego EC, Spanamberg A, Driemeier D. Cutaneous Mucormycosis in Buffalos in the Brazilian Amazon Biome. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1327. [PMID: 38731337 PMCID: PMC11083279 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This is the first description of cutaneous mucormycosis in buffalo in the Brazilian Amazon biome. All buffalo showed apathy, inappetence, weight loss, reluctance to move, and prolonged sternal decubitus. Of the four affected animals, two died 15 and 30 days after the appearance of clinical signs. In the initial phase, the skin lesions were rounded areas with dry central regions, sensitive to palpation, with protruding edges and diameters ranging from 8 cm to 15 cm. These areas of necrosis were isolated or coalescing and present mainly on the limbs and sides. In an advanced stage of the disease, there was detachment of the skin from the necrotic areas with extensive wound formation, which sometimes exposed the subcutaneous tissue. The histopathology of the skin showed a multifocal inflammatory infiltrate composed of intact and degenerated eosinophils surrounded by epithelioid macrophages. At the center of these areas was a focally extensive area of epidermal ulceration characterized by intact and degenerated neutrophils, the necrosis of epithelial cells, and the accumulation of fibrin and erythrocytes. The mycological culture was positive for Rhizopus sp. The diagnosis of cutaneous dermatitis caused by Rhizopus sp. was based on clinical signs, macroscopic and histopathological findings, and the identification of the fungus by mycological and molecular techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Diomedes Barbosa
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, Brazil; (C.C.B.); (C.E.d.S.F.F.); (J.F.G.M.); (C.M.C.O.)
| | - Camila Cordeiro Barbosa
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, Brazil; (C.C.B.); (C.E.d.S.F.F.); (J.F.G.M.); (C.M.C.O.)
| | | | - José Francisco Gimenez Moran
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, Brazil; (C.C.B.); (C.E.d.S.F.F.); (J.F.G.M.); (C.M.C.O.)
| | - Carlos Magno Chaves Oliveira
- Instituto de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Castanhal 68740-970, Brazil; (C.C.B.); (C.E.d.S.F.F.); (J.F.G.M.); (C.M.C.O.)
| | - Henrique dos Anjos Bomjardim
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Instituto de Estudos do Trópico Úmido da Universidade Federal do Sul e Sudeste do Pará (Unifesspa), Xinguara 68557-335, Brazil;
| | | | - Marilene de Farias Brito
- Departamento de Epidemiologia e Saúde Pública (DESP), Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica 23890-000, Brazil;
| | - Milena Carolina Paz
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil; (M.C.P.); (E.C.L.); (D.D.)
| | - Eryca Ceolin Lamego
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil; (M.C.P.); (E.C.L.); (D.D.)
| | - Andréia Spanamberg
- Setor de Micologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil;
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91540-000, Brazil; (M.C.P.); (E.C.L.); (D.D.)
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24
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Ma F, Liu J, Li S, Sun P. Effects of Lonicera japonica Extract with Different Contents of Chlorogenic Acid on Lactation Performance, Serum Parameters, and Rumen Fermentation in Heat-Stressed Holstein High-Yielding Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1252. [PMID: 38672400 PMCID: PMC11047513 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This examined the effects of Lonicera japonica extract (LJE) with different chlorogenic acid (CGA) contents on lactation performance, antioxidant status and immune function and rumen fermentation in heat-stressed high-yielding dairy cows. In total, 45 healthy Chinese Holstein high-yielding dairy cows, all with similar milk yield, parity, and days in milk were randomly allocated to 3 groups: (1) the control group (CON) without LJE; (2) the LJE-10% CGA group, receiving 35 g/(d·head) of LJE-10% CGA, and (3) the LJE-20% CGA group, receiving 17.5 g/(d·head) of LJE-20% CGA. The results showed that the addition of LJE significantly reduced RT, and enhanced DMI, milk yield, milk composition, and improved rumen fermentation in high-yielding dairy cows experiencing heat stress. Through the analysis of the serum biochemical, antioxidant, and immune indicators, we observed a reduction in CREA levels and increased antioxidant and immune function. In this study, while maintaining consistent CGA content, the effects of addition from both types of LJE are similar. In conclusion, the addition of LJE at a level of 4.1 g CGA/(d·head) effectively relieved heat stress and improved the lactation performance of dairy cows, with CGA serving as the effective ingredient responsible for its anti-heat stress properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengtao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Junhao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.M.)
| | - Shengli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (F.M.)
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Antanaitis R, Džermeikaitė K, Krištolaitytė J, Ribelytė I, Bespalovaitė A, Bulvičiūtė D, Palubinskas G, Anskienė L. The Impacts of Heat Stress on Rumination, Drinking, and Locomotory Behavior, as Registered by Innovative Technologies, and Acid-Base Balance in Fresh Multiparous Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1169. [PMID: 38672317 PMCID: PMC11047379 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study hypothesizes that heat stress adversely affects dairy cows, resulting in reduced rumination, altering eating and drinking behaviors, changes in their locomotory patterns, and significant variations in their acid-base balance. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of heat stress on rumination, drinking, and locomotory behavior, as registered by innovative technologies, and acid-base balance in fresh multiparous dairy cows. This study was conducted during the summer, from 15 June to 8 July 2023, on a Lithuanian commercial dairy farm. We assessed 350 German Holstein cows that produced an average of 11,400 kg of milk annually throughout their second and subsequent lactation periods. We used the temperature-humidity index (THI) to divide the cows under investigation into three periods: I. high HS-THI >78 (period: 15-23 June 2023); II. medium HS-THI 72-78 (period: 24-30 June 2023); and III. low HS-THI <72 (period: 1-8 July 2023). The appropriate RumiWatch sensor (RWS) parameters were assessed between 15 June 2023 and 8 July 2023. Cows were acclimatized to the rumination, drinking, and locomotory behavior parameters during the adaptation period (1-30 June 2023). The registration process started on 15 June 2023 and terminated on 8 July 2023 and was performed every hour during the 24 h day. The acid-base balance was recorded from 15 June 2023 until 8 July 2023, once per week. The cows' activity increased by 11.75% in the high HS period compared to the low HS period (p < 0.01); high mean differences were detected for rumination, which was 17.67% higher in the high HS period and 13.80% higher in the medium HS period compared to the low HS period (p < 0.01); and the change in activity was 12.82% higher in the low HS compared to the medium HS period (p < 0.01). Cows under high HS had higher blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels compared with cows under medium HS (p < 0.01). The observed alterations in the rumination, drinking, and locomotory behaviors, in addition to the acid-base balance, highlight the multifaceted impacts of varying heat stress on the physiological and behavioral responses of dairy cows. This suggests that the utilization of advanced technologies may assist dairy farmers in effectively monitoring and controlling heat stress in cows. Additionally, regularly assessing blood urea nitrogen levels can enable farmers to modify their feeding practices, thus promoting optimal cow well-being and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramūnas Antanaitis
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Karina Džermeikaitė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Justina Krištolaitytė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Ieva Ribelytė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Agnė Bespalovaitė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Deimantė Bulvičiūtė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (K.D.); (J.K.); (I.R.); (A.B.); (D.B.)
| | - Giedrius Palubinskas
- Department of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.P.); (L.A.)
| | - Lina Anskienė
- Department of Animal Breeding, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.P.); (L.A.)
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26
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Turk R, Rošić N, Beer Ljubić B, Vince S. Effects of Summer Heat on Adipose Tissue Activity in Periparturient Simmental Cows. Metabolites 2024; 14:207. [PMID: 38668335 PMCID: PMC11051855 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hot climate is one of the major factors affecting the dairy industry. Heat stress could be responsible for decreased feed intake and consequently leads to alterations in energy metabolism, particularly during late pregnancy and early lactation. This study aimed to assess the effects of summer heat on adipose tissue activities during the periparturient period in Simmental cows. Two groups of cows were involved: heat-stressed cows (n = 12) that calved from June to August and thermoneutral cows (n = 12) that calved from October to December. Blood samples were taken from each cow during the periparturient period: 21 and 7 days before calving and 8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 days after calving. Glucose, beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), leptin (LP), and adiponectin (ADP) were measured in serum samples by commercial kits. Thermoneutral cows expressed higher degrees of lipomobilization syndrome than heat-stressed cows, indicated by significantly higher serum NEFA and BHB concentrations in the early lactation. Leptin levels were significantly decreased, while adiponectin was increased in heat-stressed cows compared to thermoneutral ones. The results indicated that heat-stressed cows during the periparturient period mobilized less fat from adipose tissue to reduce the heat generation by fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romana Turk
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Rošić
- Veterinary Practice Jastrebarsko, 10450 Jastrebarsko, Croatia
| | - Blanka Beer Ljubić
- Laboratory of Internal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Silvijo Vince
- Department for Reproduction with Clinic for Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
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27
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Pontiggia A, Münger A, Eggerschwiler L, Holinger M, Stucki D, Ammer S, Bruckmaier RM, Dohme-Meier F, Keil NM. Behavioural responses related to increasing core body temperature of grazing dairy cows experiencing moderate heat stress. Animal 2024; 18:101097. [PMID: 38401327 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2024.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Exposure to direct solar radiation, high ambient temperature, lack of wind movement, coupled with own metabolic heat production, makes grazing dairy cows vulnerable to heat stress. In pastures, it would be beneficial to monitor heat stress by observable changes in behaviour. We hypothesised that grazing dairy cows exhibit behavioural changes due to increasing heat load in temperate climate. Over two consecutive summers, 38 full-time grazing Holstein dairy cows were investigated in 12 experimental periods of up to 3 consecutive days where the cows were repeatedly exposed to various levels of moderate heat load determined by the comprehensive climate index (CCI). The CCI defines the ambient climate conditions, combining air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. Vaginal temperature (VT) was automatically measured as an indicator of heat stress. In addition, as a less invasive method, we investigated if reticular temperature (RET) can be indicative of heat stress on pastures. Walking activity, lying-, feeding, and ruminating durations were recorded continuously with sensors. Respiration rate (RR), proximity to and competition at the water trough, social licking, self-licking, inter-individual distance, and fly intensity were directly observed. Data were analysed in the morning (0900-1100 h) and during the hottest time of day when cows were on pasture (1230-1430 h). The VT and RET showed similar patterns in relation to the CCI, suggesting that RET can be suitable for continuous monitoring of heat stress on pastures. In the morning, the cow's VT and RET did not relevantly react to the CCI. During the period 1230-1430 h, the cow's mean VT (mean vaginal temperature (VTMEAN); range: 37.7-40.3 °C) and mean RET (mean reticular temperature; range: 37.0-41.1 °C) were positively related to the mean CCI (mean comprehensive climate index) in this period (mean ± SD: 25.9 ± 5.71 °C). For cows with greater VTMEAN, an increased mean RR and decreased durations of walking, lying, feeding, and ruminating were found. These cows were also more likely to be in proximity to the water trough and to have small inter-individual distances. Changes in these traits seem to reflect behavioural adaptations to heat stress in a temperate climate and could be used to detect the heat stress in individual dairy cows on pastures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pontiggia
- Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Agroscope, Tänikon 1, 8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland; Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland; Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - A Münger
- Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - L Eggerschwiler
- Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - M Holinger
- Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland
| | - D Stucki
- Clinical Veterinary Science, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Ammer
- Livestock Sciences, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Ackerstrasse 113, 5070 Frick, Switzerland; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - R M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - F Dohme-Meier
- Ruminant Nutrition and Emissions, Agroscope, Route de la Tioleyre 4, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - N M Keil
- Centre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs, Swiss Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Agroscope, Tänikon 1, 8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland
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28
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Feng X, Ma R, Wang Y, Tong L, Wen W, Mu T, Tian J, Yu B, Gu Y, Zhang J. Non-targeted metabolomics identifies biomarkers in milk with high and low milk fat percentage. Food Res Int 2024; 179:113989. [PMID: 38342531 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.113989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Milk is widely recognized as an important food source with health benefits. Different consumer groups have different requirements for the content and proportion of milk fat; therefore, it is necessary to investigate the differential metabolites and their regulatory mechanisms in milk with high and low milk fat percentages (MFP). In this study, untargeted metabolomics was performed on milk samples from 13 cows with high milk fat percentage (HF) and 13 cows with low milk fat percentage (LF) using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Forty-eight potential differentially labeled compounds were screened using the orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) combined with the weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) method. Amino acid metabolism was the key metabolic pathway with significant enrichment of L-histidine, 5-oxoproline, L-aspartic acid, and L-glutamic acid. The negative correlation with MFP differentiated the HF and LF groups. To further determine the potential regulatory role of these amino acids on milk fat metabolism, the expression levels of marker genes in the milk fat synthesis pathway were explored. It was noticed that L-histidine reduced milk fat concentration primarily by inhibiting the triglycerides (TAG) synthesis pathway. L-aspartic acid and L-glutamic acid inhibited milk fat synthesis through the fatty acid de novo and TAG synthesis pathways. This study provides new insights into the mechanism underlying milk fat synthesis and milk quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ruoshuang Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Lijia Tong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Wan Wen
- Animal Husbandry Extension Station, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tong Mu
- School of Life Science, Yan'an University, Yanan 716000, China
| | - Jia Tian
- Animal Husbandry Extension Station, Yinchuan, China
| | - Baojun Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Yaling Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Scatà MC, Alhussien MN, Grandoni F, Reale A, Zampieri M, Hussen J, De Matteis G. Hyperthermia-induced changes in leukocyte survival and phagocytosis: a comparative study in bovine and buffalo leukocytes. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1327148. [PMID: 38322426 PMCID: PMC10844375 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1327148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress negatively affects health, welfare, and livestock productivity by impairing immune function, increasing disease incidence. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in understanding the immune system of water buffalo due to the growing economic impact of this species for the high quality and nutritional value of buffalo milk. While there are common responses across bovine and buffalo species, there are also some species-specific variations in the physiological responses to heat stress, mainly attributed to differences in metabolism and heat dissipation efficiency. At cellular level, the exposure to thermal stress induces several anomalies in cell functions. However, there is limited knowledge about the differential response of bovine and buffalo leucocytes to early and late exposure to different degrees of thermal exposure. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro effect of hyperthermia on apoptosis and phagocytosis in leukocytes from bovine and buffalo species. For this, whole blood samples of six bovines and nine buffaloes were incubated at 39°C (mimicking normothermia condition) or 41°C (mimicking heat stress condition) for 1, 2, and 4 h. Two flow cytometric assays were then performed to evaluate apoptosis and determine functional capacity of phagocytic cells (neutrophils and monocytes). The results showed that the viability of bovine and buffalo leukocytes was differently affected by temperature and time of in vitro exposure. A higher percentage of apoptotic leukocytes was observed in bovines than in buffaloes at 39°C (3.19 vs. 1.51, p < 0.05) and 41°C (4.01 vs. 1.69, p < 0.05) and for all incubation time points (p < 0.05). In contrast, no difference was observed in the fraction of necrotic leukocytes between the two species. In both species, lymphocytes showed the highest sensitivity to hyperthermia, showing an increased apoptosis rates along with increased incubation time. In bovine, apoptotic lymphocytes increased from 5.79 to 12.7% at 39°C (p < 0.05), in buffalo, this population increased from 1.50 to 3.57% at 39°C and from 2.90 to 4.99% at 41°C (p < 0.05). Although no significant differences were found between the two species regarding the percentage of phagocytic neutrophils, lower phagocytosis capacity values (MFI, mean fluorescence intensity) were found in bovines compared with buffaloes at 41°C (27960.72 vs. 53676.45, p > 0.05). However, for monocytes, the differences between species were significant for both phagocytosis activity and capacity with lower percentages of bovine phagocytic monocytes after 2 h at 39°C and after 1 h at 41°C. The bovine monocytes showed lower MFI values for all temperature and time variations than buffaloes (37538.91 vs. 90445.47 at 39°C and 33752.91 vs. 70278.79 at 41°C, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the current study represents the first report on the comparative analysis of the effect of in vitro heat stress on bovine and buffalo leukocyte populations, highlighting that the leukocytes of buffalo exhibit relatively higher thermal adaptation than bovine cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carmela Scatà
- Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Mohanned Naif Alhussien
- Reproductive Biotechnology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Francesco Grandoni
- Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Reale
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Zampieri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanna De Matteis
- Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture, Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Rome, Italy
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30
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Jo JH, Jalil GN, Kim WS, Moon JO, Lee SD, Kwon CH, Lee HG. Effects of Rumen-Protected L-Tryptophan Supplementation on Productivity, Physiological Indicators, Blood Profiles, and Heat Shock Protein Gene Expression in Lactating Holstein Cows under Heat Stress Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1217. [PMID: 38279240 PMCID: PMC10816680 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the effects of rumen-protected L-tryptophan supplementation on the productivity and physiological metabolic indicators in lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions. The study involved eight early lactating Holstein cows (days in milk = 40 ± 9 days; milk yield 30 ± 1.5 kg/day; parity 1.09 ± 0.05, p < 0.05), four cows per experiment, with environmentally controlled chambers. In each experiment, two distinct heat stress conditions were created: a low-temperature and low-humidity (LTLH) condition at 25 °C with 35-50% humidity and a high-temperature and high-humidity (HTHH) condition at 31 °C with 80-95% humidity. During the adaptation phase, the cows were subjected to LTLH and HTHH conditions for 3 days. This was followed by a 4-day heat stress phase and then by a 7-day phase of heat stress, which were complemented by supplementation with rumen-protected L-tryptophan (ACT). The findings revealed that supplementation with ACT increased dry matter intake as well as milk yield and protein and decreased water intake, heart rate, and rectal temperature in the HTHH group (p < 0.05). For plateletcrit (PCT, p = 0.0600), the eosinophil percentage (EOS, p = 0.0880) showed a tendency to be lower, while the monocyte (MONO) and large unstained cells (LUC) amounts were increased in both groups (p < 0.05). Albumin and glucose levels were lower in the HTHH group (p < 0.05). The gene expressions of heat shock proteins 70 and 90 in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were higher in the ACT group (HTHH, p < 0.05). These results suggest that ACT supplementation improved productivity, physiological indicators, blood characteristics, and gene expression in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of early lactating Holstein cows under heat-stress conditions. In particular, ACT supplementation objectively relieved stress in these animals, suggesting that L-tryptophan has potential as a viable solution for combating heat-stress-induced effects on the cattle in dairy farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang-Hoon Jo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.J.); (G.N.J.)
| | - Ghassemi Nejad Jalil
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.J.); (G.N.J.)
| | - Won-Seob Kim
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | - Jun-Ok Moon
- Institute of Integrated Technology, CJ CheilJedang, Suwon 16495, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sung-Dae Lee
- Animal Nutrition and Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chan-Ho Kwon
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea; (J.-H.J.); (G.N.J.)
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31
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Izadbakhsh MH, Hashemzadeh F, Alikhani M, Ghorbani GR, Khorvash M, Heidari M, Ghaffari MH, Ahmadi F. Effects of Dietary Fiber Level and Forage Particle Size on Growth, Nutrient Digestion, Ruminal Fermentation, and Behavior of Weaned Holstein Calves under Heat Stress. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:275. [PMID: 38254444 PMCID: PMC10812499 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of feeding diets with different fiber content and forage particle size on the performance, health, nutrient digestion, rumen fermentation, and behavioral and sorting activity of Holstein dairy calves kept under elevated environmental temperature. Sixty weaned Holstein female calves (age = 96.7 ± 7.62 days old; body weight = 82.4 ± 10.4 kg) were randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments arranged in a 2-by-2 factorial design in a 70-day experiment. Dietary forage content (moderate, 22.5%; or high, 40.0% on DM basis) and alfalfa hay particle size (short, 4.39 mm; or long, 7.22 mm as geometric mean) were the experimental factors, resulting in the following combinations: (1) high-fiber (HF) diets with forage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60 and long particle-sized alfalfa hay (LPS; HF-LPS); (2) HF diets with short particle-sized alfalfa hay (SPS; HF-SPS); (3) moderate-fiber (MF) diets with forage-to-concentrate ratio of 22.5:77.5 with LPS (MF-LPS); and (4) MF diets with SPS (MF-SPS). The temperature-humidity index averaged 73.0 ± 1.86, indicating that weaned calves experienced a moderate extent of heat stress. Fiber level and AH particle size interacted and affected dry matter intake, with the greatest intake (4.83 kg/d) observed in MF-SPS-fed calves. Final body weight was greater in calves receiving MF vs. HF diets (164 vs. 152 kg; p < 0.01). Respiration rate decreased when SPS vs. LPS AH was included in HF but not MF diet. Lower rectal temperature was recorded in calves fed MF vs. HF diet. Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein was greater in calves fed MF than HF diets, resulting in lower ruminal pH (6.12 vs. 6.30; p = 0.03). Fiber digestibility was greater in calves fed SPS compared with those fed LPS alfalfa hay. Feeding HF compared with MF diet increased acetate but lowered propionate molar proportions. The inclusion of SPS vs. LPS alfalfa hay decreased lying time in HF diet (920 vs. 861 min; p < 0.01). Calves fed MF vs. HF diets spent less time eating but more time lying, which is likely indicative of better animal comfort. Dietary fiber level and forage particle size interacted and affected sorting against 19 mm particles, the extent of which was greater in HF-SPS diet. Overall, dietary fiber level had a stronger effect than forage particle size on the performance of weaned calves exposed to a moderate degree of heat stress as feeding MF vs. HF diet resulted in greater feed intake, final body weight, structural growth measures, nutrient digestion, as well as longer lying behavior. The inclusion of SPS alfalfa hay in MF diets increased feed consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Hossein Izadbakhsh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Farzad Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Masoud Alikhani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Gholam-Reza Ghorbani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Mohammad Khorvash
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | - Mostafa Heidari
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran (F.H.)
| | | | - Farhad Ahmadi
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
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32
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Izquierdo VS, Cappellozza BI, Silva JVL, Santos GCM, Miranda A, Bittar JHJ, Pickett A, Mackey S, Cooke RF, Vendramini JMB, Moriel P. Maternal pre- and postpartum supplementation of a Bacillus-based DFM enhanced cow and calf performance. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae110. [PMID: 38647379 PMCID: PMC11077610 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of maternal supplementation of a Bacillus-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on the physiology and growth performance of Bos indicus-influenced cow-calf pairs. On day 0 (~139 d before expected calving date), 72 fall-calving, Brangus crossbred beef heifers (20 to 22 mo of age) pregnant with first offspring were stratified by their initial body weight (BW; 431 ± 31 kg) and body condition score (BCS; 6.0 ± 0.36; scale 1 to 9), and randomly allocated into 1 of 12 bahiagrass pastures (1 ha and six heifers per pasture). Treatments were randomly assigned to pastures (six pastures per treatment) and consisted of heifers supplemented with 1 kg/d of soybean hulls (dry matter, DM) that was added (BAC) or not (CON) with DFM containing Bacillus subtilis and B. licheniformis (Bovacillus; Chr. Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark). Treatments were provided from days 0 to 242 (139 ± 4 d prepartum to 104 ± 4 d postpartum). Calves were weaned on day 242 (96 ± 30 d of age) and then allocated into 1 of 16 drylot pens and fed the same concentrate at 3.25% of BW (DM) until day 319. Maternal treatment effects were not detected (P ≥ 0.29) for herbage allowance and forage chemical composition. Heifer BCS on days 39 and 63 tended (P ≤ 0.09) to be greater for BAC vs. CON heifers, whereas heifer BCS on day 91 was greater (P = 0.01) for BAC vs. CON heifers. Heifer BCS did not differ (P ≥ 0.20) between treatments on days 179 and 242. Plasma glucose concentration did not differ from days 0 to 63 (P ≥ 0.14) but were greater (P < 0.01) on day 179 and tended (P = 0.09) to be greater on day 242 for BAC vs. CON heifers. Calf BW at birth, ADG from birth to weaning, and BW at weaning did not differ (P ≥ 0.19) between treatments, but calf BW at drylot exit (day 319) was greater (P = 0.05) for BAC vs. CON calves. Maternal treatment effects were not detected (P ≥ 0.42) for calf serum concentration of IgG at birth and postvaccination plasma concentrations of glucose, cortisol, and haptoglobin. Serum titers against bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) were greater (P = 0.04) for BAC vs. CON calves on day 287, whereas seroconversion against parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3) was greater (P < 0.01) for BAC vs. CON calves on day 271. Thus, maternal supplementation of a Bacillus-based DFM increased prepartum BCS gain and postpartum plasma glucose concentration of heifers and led to positive carryover effects on postweaning BW gain and humoral immune response in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius S Izquierdo
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Ona, FL 33865, USA
| | | | - João V L Silva
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Ona, FL 33865, USA
| | - Giovanna C M Santos
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Ona, FL 33865, USA
| | - André Miranda
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Ona, FL 33865, USA
| | - João H J Bittar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Autumn Pickett
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Shea Mackey
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - João M B Vendramini
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Ona, FL 33865, USA
| | - Philipe Moriel
- Range Cattle Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Ona, FL 33865, USA
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33
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Cardoso MGR, Bignardi AB, Pereira RJ, Eler JP, Ferraz JBS, Brito LF, Santana ML. Genotype-by-gestational thermal environment interaction and its impact on the future performance of tropical composite beef cattle offspring. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae200. [PMID: 39028536 PMCID: PMC11303872 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
With global warming, there are growing challenges for raising taurine and composite beef cattle populations in tropical regions, including elevated temperatures, limited forage availability, parasite infestation, and infectious diseases. These environmental factors can trigger specific physiological responses in the developing fetus, which may have long-term implications on its performance. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to assess the influence of naturally induced thermal stress during the gestation period on the subsequent performance of tropical composite beef cattle progeny. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the impact of genotype-by-gestational thermal environment interaction (G×Eg) on traits under selection pressure in the breeding population. A total of 157,414 animals from 58 farms located in various Brazilian states were recorded for birth weight (BW), preweaning weight gain (PWG), yearling weight (YW), hip height (HH), scrotal circumference (SC), and days to first calving (DFC). We first applied a linear regression model to the BW data, which revealed that the last 40 d of gestation were suitable for calculating the mean temperature humidity index (THIg). Subsequent regression analyses revealed that for every 10-unit increase in THIg, detrimental effects of approximately 1.13% to 16.34% are expected for all traits evaluated. Genetic parameters were estimated through a reaction norm model using THIg as the environmental descriptor. The posterior means of heritability estimates (SD) were 0.35 (0.07), 0.25 (0.03), 0.31 (0.03), 0.37 (0.01), 0.29 (0.07), and 0.20 (0.09) for the direct effect of BW, PWG, YW, HH, SC, and DFC, respectively. These estimates varied along the range of THIg values, suggesting a variable response to selection depending on the thermal environment during gestation. Genetic correlation estimates between more divergent THIg values were low or negative for YW, PWG, and DFC, indicating that the best-performing individuals at low THIg values may not perform as well at high THIg values and vice versa. Overall, thermal stress during gestation impacts the future performance of beef cattle offspring. Our results indicate the need for developing effective breeding strategies that take into account G×Eg effects and the re-ranking of breeding animals along the THIg scale, particularly for traits such as DFC that are highly sensitive to thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Gomes Rodrigues Cardoso
- Grupo de Melhoramento Animal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, MT, 78736-900, Brazil
| | - Annaiza Braga Bignardi
- Grupo de Melhoramento Animal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, MT, 78736-900, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Junqueira Pereira
- Grupo de Melhoramento Animal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, MT, 78736-900, Brazil
| | - Joanir Pereira Eler
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - José Bento Sterman Ferraz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mário Luiz Santana
- Grupo de Melhoramento Animal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, MT, 78736-900, Brazil
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Roach CM, Mayorga EJ, Baumgard LH, Ross JW, Keating AF. Phenotypic, endocrinological, and metabolic effects of zearalenone exposure and additive effect of heat stress in prepubertal female pigs. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103742. [PMID: 38056360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Independently, both heat stress (HS) and zearalenone (ZEN) compromise female reproduction, thus the hypothesis that ZEN would affect phenotypic, endocrine, and metabolic parameters in pigs with a synergistic and/or additive impact of HS was investigated. Prepubertal gilts (n = 6-7) were assigned to: thermoneutral (TN) vehicle control (TC; n = 6); TN ZEN (40 μg/kg; TZ; n = 6); pair-fed (PF; n = 6) vehicle control (PC; n = 6); PF ZEN (40 μg/kg; PZ; n = 6); HS vehicle control (HC; n = 7); and HS ZEN (40 μg/kg; HZ; n = 7) and experienced either constant 21.0 ± 0.10 °C (TN and PF) or 35.0 ± 0.2 °C (12 h) and 32.2 ± 0.1 °C (12 h) to induce HS for 7 d. Elevated rectal temperature (P < 0.01) and respiration rate (P < 0.01) confirmed induction of HS. Rectal temperature was decreased (P = 0.03) by ZEN. Heat stress decreased (P < 0.01) feed intake, body weight, and average daily gain, with absence of a ZEN effect (P > 0.22). White blood cells, hematocrit, and lymphocytes decreased (P < 0.04) with HS. Prolactin increased (P < 0.01) in PC and PZ and increased in HZ females (P < 0.01). 17β-estradiol reduced (P < 0.01) in HC and increased in TZ females (P = 0.03). Serum metabolites were altered by both HS and ZEN. Neither HS nor ZEN impacted ovary weight, uterus weight, teat size or vulva area in TN and PF treatments, although ZEN increased vulva area (P = 0.02) in HS females. Thus, ZEN and HS, independently and additively, altered blood composition, impacted the serum endocrine and metabolic profile and increased vulva size in prepubertal females, potentially contributing to infertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal M Roach
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Edith J Mayorga
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Lance H Baumgard
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Jason W Ross
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Azevedo LA, Canozzi MEA, Rodhermel JCB, Schwegler E, La Manna A, Clariget J, Bianchi I, Moreira F, Olsson DC, Peripolli V. Strategies to alleviate heat stress on performance and physiological parameters in feedlot-finished cattle under heat stress conditions. A systematic review-meta-analysis. J Therm Biol 2024; 119:103798. [PMID: 38310809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Strategies to alleviate heat stress on live performance - dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) - and on physiological parameters - respiratory rate (RR) and panting score (PS) - of feedlot-finished cattle were evaluated by systematic review-meta-analysis. Using the PICO framework were identified 3813 records, with 31 publications and 6729 cattle being considered in the meta-analysis (MA). The comparison most reported was sun vs. shade (n = 24 publications), followed by shade vs. shade (area per animal and effectivity in reduce solar load) (n = 7 publications) and sun vs. sprinkling (n = 4 publications). Cattle with access to shade with total reduction in solar load improved ADG (p = 0.008) and FCE (p = 0.024), and reduced RR (p < 0.001) compared to unshaded animals. Cattle with access to shade with a height between 3 and 4 m increased ADG (p < 0.001), tended to improve FCE (p = 0.054), and reduced RR (p < 0.001) compared to unshaded animals. An area of shade from 2 to 4 m2/animal increased ADG (p = 0.002), and higher than 4 m2/animal reduced RR (p < 0.001) compared to unshaded animals. Animals that received sprinkling volume below 1 L/animal/min improved ADG (p = 0.008) compared to unshaded animals. Cattle with access to shade with a high area per animal improved DMI (p = 0.023) and ADG (p < 0.001) compared to animals with a low area. In univariate meta-regression, it was observed that the variables significantly (P < 0.05) influencing DMI were THI category; influencing ADG were cattle gender, THI category, and coat color; influencing FCE were cattle age and hemisphere; and influencing RR were country, THI category and climate. Performance and physiological parameters of feedlot-finished cattle under heat stress depend on animal and environmental characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Araujo Azevedo
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, SC, 89245-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elizabeth Schwegler
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, SC, 89245-000, Brazil
| | - Alejandro La Manna
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, 70000, Uruguay
| | - Juan Clariget
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria (INIA), INIA La Estanzuela, Colonia, 70000, Uruguay
| | - Ivan Bianchi
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, SC, 89245-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Moreira
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, SC, 89245-000, Brazil
| | - Débora Cristina Olsson
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Concórdia, Concórdia, SC, 89703-720, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Peripolli
- Curso de Pós-Graduação em Produção e Sanidade Animal (PGPSA), Instituto Federal Catarinense, Campus Araquari, Araquari, SC, 89245-000, Brazil.
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Davidson B, Gonzales E, Mast G, Laporta J. Late-gestation heat stress in Holstein dams programs in utero development of daughter's germline, triggering skin and hair morphology adaptations of granddaughters. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:83-88. [PMID: 38223391 PMCID: PMC10785235 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2023-0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Homeostasis and thermoregulation are influenced by the interplay of hair coat and skin characteristics. Our previous work indicated that hair and skin adaptations, triggered by in utero heat stress, affect thermoregulation in postnatal life. Herein, we investigate multigenerational carry-over effects of late-gestation heat stress on hair and skin characteristics beyond the first generation. Pregnant Holstein dams (F0, grand-dams) were heat stressed (HT, shade, n = 41) or provided active cooling (CL, shade, fans, and water soakers, n = 41) for the last 56 d of gestation during summer (temperature-humidity index ≥68). The first generation of heifers (F1, daughters) who were in utero heat stressed (HTF1, n = 36) or not (CLF1, n = 37) were born and raised as a cohort from birth to first calving. Thirty second-generation heifers (F2, granddaughters), born to HTF1 (HTF2, n = 12) and CLF1 (CLF2, n = 18), were raised as a cohort from birth to 70 d of age. Hair samples and skin biopsies from HTF2 and CLF2 were collected on postnatal d 70 (n = 6/group). Hair samples were subdivided into topcoat and undercoat, and skin tissue was fixed for ~18 h in 10% formalin, dehydrated, paraffin-embedded, sectioned, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin to visualize morphology. Variables analyzed included hair length and diameter; stratum corneum cross-sectional area and thickness; epidermis thickness; sweat gland depth, number, cross-sectional area, and average size; and sebaceous gland number, cross-sectional area, and average size. Measurements were performed using the ImageJ software and analyzed using PROC MIXED in SAS (SAS Institute Inc.). Hair length and diameter tended to be shorter and thicker in HTF2, compared with CLF2. The HTF2 skin had smaller stratum corneum cross-sectional area and tended to a thinner epidermis. to CLF2, HTF2 skin had more but smaller sebaceous glands, whereas no differences in sweat glands were observed. In summary, we report phenotypic alterations in hair and skin characteristics of granddaughters. Whether these adaptations grant improved postnatal thermoregulatory ability for the granddaughters remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- B.D. Davidson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - E.T. Gonzales
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - G.L. Mast
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - J. Laporta
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706
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Tan L, Sun X, Li J, Wang Q, Zhuo Z, Li Y, Su Y, Fan C, Cheng J. Effects of bupleurum extract on the haematological, mineral, and hormonal profiles of heat-stressed dairy cows. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2022.2157763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lun Tan
- Department of Ruminant Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Xianzhi Sun
- Department of Ruminant Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Ruminant Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Qingfeng Wang
- Department of Ruminant Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhao Zhuo
- Department of Ruminant Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Ruminant Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanjing Su
- Bright Farming Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Caiyun Fan
- Department of Ruminant Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Jianbo Cheng
- Department of Ruminant Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
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Wen H, Johnson JS, Freitas PHF, Maskal JM, Gloria LS, Araujo AC, Pedrosa VB, Tiezzi F, Maltecca C, Huang Y, Schinckel AP, Brito LF. Longitudinal genomic analyses of automatically-recorded vaginal temperature in lactating sows under heat stress conditions based on random regression models. Genet Sel Evol 2023; 55:95. [PMID: 38129768 PMCID: PMC10734178 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-023-00868-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Automatic and continuous recording of vaginal temperature (TV) using wearable sensors causes minimal disruptions to animal behavior and can generate data that enable the evaluation of temporal body temperature variation under heat stress (HS) conditions. However, the genetic basis of TV in lactating sows from a longitudinal perspective is still unknown. The objectives of this study were to define statistical models and estimate genetic parameters for TV in lactating sows using random regression models, and identify genomic regions and candidate genes associated with HS indicators derived from automatically-recorded TV. RESULTS Heritability estimates for TV ranged from 0.14 to 0.20 over time (throughout the day and measurement period) and from 0.09 to 0.18 along environmental gradients (EG, - 3.5 to 2.2, which correspond to dew point values from 14.87 to 28.19 ˚C). Repeatability estimates of TV over time and along EG ranged from 0.57 to 0.66 and from 0.54 to 0.77, respectively. TV measured from 12h00 to 16h00 had moderately high estimates of heritability (0.20) and repeatability (0.64), indicating that this period might be the most suitable for recording TV for genetic selection purposes. Significant genotype-by-environment interactions (GxE) were observed and the moderately high estimates of genetic correlations between pairs of extreme EG indicate potential re-ranking of selection candidates across EG. Two important genomic regions on chromosomes 10 (59.370-59.998 Mb) and16 (21.548-21.966 Mb) were identified. These regions harbor the genes CDC123, CAMK1d, SEC61A2, and NUDT5 that are associated with immunity, protein transport, and energy metabolism. Across the four time-periods, respectively 12, 13, 16, and 10 associated genomic regions across 14 chromosomes were identified for TV. For the three EG classes, respectively 18, 15, and 14 associated genomic windows were identified for TV, respectively. Each time-period and EG class had uniquely enriched genes with identified specific biological functions, including regulation of the nervous system, metabolism and hormone production. CONCLUSIONS TV is a heritable trait with substantial additive genetic variation and represents a promising indicator trait to select pigs for improved heat tolerance. Moderate GxE for TV exist, indicating potential re-ranking of selection candidates across EG. TV is a highly polygenic trait regulated by a complex interplay of physiological, cellular and behavioral mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wen
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jay S Johnson
- USDA-ARS Livestock Behavior Research Unit, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Pedro H F Freitas
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jacob M Maskal
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Leonardo S Gloria
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Andre C Araujo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Victor B Pedrosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Francesco Tiezzi
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environment and Forestry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Christian Maltecca
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | - Allan P Schinckel
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Luiz F Brito
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Zheng X, Ma W, Wang Y, Wu C, Wang J, Ma Z, Wei Y, Cui C, Zhang S, Guan W, Chen F. Heat Stress-Induced Fetal Intrauterine Growth Restriction Is Associated with Elevated LPS Levels Along the Maternal Intestine-Placenta-Fetus Axis in Pregnant Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19592-19609. [PMID: 38018895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The exacerbation of the greenhouse effect has made heat stress (HS) an important risk factor for the occurrence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The experiment aims to uncover the effects of maternal HS on IUGR and its mechanisms. The results showed that HS leads to decreased maternal and fetal birth weights, accompanied by increased serum oxidative stress and cortisol levels. Moreover, HS inflicted significant damage to both the intestinal and placental barriers, altering maternal gut microbiota and increasing intestinal LPS levels. As a result, LPS levels increased in maternal serum, placenta, and fetus. Furthermore, HS damaged the intestinal structure, intensifying inflammation and disrupting the redox balance. The placenta exposed to HS exhibited changes in the placental structure along with disrupted angiogenesis and decreased levels of nutritional transporters. Additionally, the leakage of LPS triggered placental JNK and ERK phosphorylation, ultimately inducing severe placental inflammation and oxidative stress. This study suggests that LPS translocation from the maternal intestine to the fetus, due to a disrupted gut microbiota balance and compromised intestinal and placental barrier integrity, may be the primary cause of HS-induced IUGR. Furthermore, increased LPS leakage leads to placental inflammation, redox imbalance, and impaired nutrient transport, further restricting fetal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zheng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Caichi Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yulong Wei
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chang Cui
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
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Feltes GL, Negri R, Raidan FSS, Viana AFP, Feres LFR, Ribeiro VMP, Cobuci JA. Impact of heat stress on genetic evaluation of oocyte and embryo production in Gir dairy cattle. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 56:7. [PMID: 38063913 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03850-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Identifying and selecting genotypes tolerant to heat stress might improve reproductive traits in dairy cattle, including oocyte and embryo production. The temperature-humidity index (THI) was used, via random regression models, to investigate the impact of heat stress on genetic parameters and breeding values of oocyte and embryo production in Gir dairy cattle. We evaluated records of total oocytes (TO), viable oocytes (VO), cleaved embryos (CE), and viable embryos (VE) from dairy Gir donors. Twenty-four models were tested, considering age at ovum pick-up (AOPU) and THI means as a regressor in the genetic evaluation. We computed THI in eight periods, from 0 to 112 days before ovum pick-up, which were adjusted by different orders of Legendre polynomials (second, third, and fourth). The best-fit model according to Akaike's information criterion (AIC) and Model Posterior Probabilities (MPP) considered Legendre polynomials of third order and THI means of 112 days for TO, fourth order and 56 days for VO, second order and 28 days for CE, and second order and 42 days for VE, respectively. The heritability (h2) estimates across AOPU and THI scales ranged from 0.34 to 0.62 for TO, 0.31 to 0.58 for VO, 0.26 to 0.39 for CE, and 0.15 to 0.26 for VE, respectively. The fraction of the phenotypic variance explained by the permanent environment in different AOPU and THI scales ranged from 0.03 to 0.25 for TO, 0.05 to 0.26 for VO, 0.09 to 0.36 for CE, and 0.15 to 0.27 for VE, respectively. Spearman's rank correlation between the estimated breeding values in different AOPU and THI scale from the top 5% sires and females ranged from 0.18 to 0.90 for TO, 0.31 to 0.95 for VO, 0.14 to 0.85 for CE, and 0.47 to 0.94 for VE, respectively. The h2 estimates for all evaluated traits varied from moderate to high magnitude across AOPU and THI scales, indicating that genetic selection can result in rapid genetic progress for the evaluated traits. There was a reranking among the best animals in different AOPU and THI. It is possible to select dairy Gir cattle tolerant to heat stress to improve oocyte and embryo production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovani Luis Feltes
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, no 7.712, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Negri
- Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Girolando, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Alexandra Fabielle Pereira Viana
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, no 7.712, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - Jaime Araújo Cobuci
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Faculdade de Agronomia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, no 7.712, Porto Alegre, RS, CEP 91540-000, Brazil.
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Gayathri SL, Bhakat M, Mohanty TK. Short milking tube thermogram analysis: an indicator of mastitis in Murrah buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 56:5. [PMID: 38055070 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, thermal images of the short milking tube of the milking machine representing four udder quarters independently attached to a milking animal, along with pre-milking and post-milking udder and teat thermograms, were taken using a hand-held digital infrared thermal camera (DarviDTL007) during morning milking of lactating Murrah buffaloes (n = 132) to assess the mastitis status. California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) of milk samples were carried out to screen the udder quarters as healthy, subclinical (SCM), and clinical mastitis (CM). The thermograms revealed an increase (p < 0.05) of 2.19 and 3.72ºC in the mean values of short milking tube (SMT) surface temperature among SCM and CM quarters compared to healthy quarters, respectively. The mean values of udder skin surface temperature (USST) for pre-milking, milking, and post-milking of SCM and CM compared to healthy quarters showed an increase (p < 0.05) of 2.17, 1.96, and 1.61ºC and 3.11, 2.88, and 2.73ºC, respectively. Similarly, compared to healthy quarters, the mean values of teat skin surface temperature (TSST) for pre-milking and post-milking of SCM and CM showed an increase (p < 0.05) of 2.12 and 1.66ºC and 3.07 and 2.45ºC, respectively. Also, CMT and SCC results showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.68-0.91, p < 0.01) with all the thermographic parameters. Thus, thermograms of SMT alone can be used as an efficient detection tool in assessing SCM among Murrah buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gayathri
- Artificial Breeding Research Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - M Bhakat
- Artificial Breeding Research Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - T K Mohanty
- Artificial Breeding Research Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
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Gujar G, Tiwari M, Yadav N, Monika D. Heat stress adaptation in cows - Physiological responses and underlying molecular mechanisms. J Therm Biol 2023; 118:103740. [PMID: 37976864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a key abiotic stressor for dairy production in the tropics which is further compounded by the ongoing climate change. Heat stress not only adversely impacts the production and welfare of dairy cows but severely impacts the economics of dairying due to production losses and increased cost of rearing. Over the years, selection has ensured development of high producing breeds, however, the thermotolerance ability of animals has been largely overlooked. In the past decade, the ill effects of climate change have made it pertinent to rethink the selection strategies to opt for climate resilient breeds, to ensure optimum production and reproduction. This has led to renewed interest in evaluation of the impacts of heat stress on cows and the underlying mechanisms that results in their acclimatization and adaptation to varied thermal ambience. The understanding of heat stress and associated responses at various level of animal is crucial to device amelioration strategies to secure optimum production and welfare of cows. With this review, an effort has been made to provide an overview on temperature humidity index as an important indicator of heat stress, general effect of heat stress in dairy cows, and impact of heat stress and subsequent response at physiological, haematological, molecular and genetic level of dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Gujar
- Livestock Production Management, Bikaner, Rajasthan, 334001, India.
| | - Manish Tiwari
- Animal Biotechnology, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Nistha Yadav
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Science, Bikaner, Rajasthan, 334001, India
| | - Dr Monika
- Veterinary Parasitology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, 302012, India
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Giannone C, Bovo M, Ceccarelli M, Torreggiani D, Tassinari P. Review of the Heat Stress-Induced Responses in Dairy Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3451. [PMID: 38003069 PMCID: PMC10668733 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the dairy cattle sector, the evaluation of the effects induced by heat stress is still one of the most impactful and investigated aspects as it is strongly connected to both sustainability of the production and animal welfare. On the other hand, more recently, the possibility of collecting a large dataset made available by the increasing technology diffusion is paving the way for the application of advanced numerical techniques based on machine learning or big data approaches. In this scenario, driven by rapid change, there could be the risk of dispersing the relevant information represented by the physiological animal component, which should maintain the central role in the development of numerical models and tools. In light of this, the present literature review aims to consolidate and synthesize existing research on the physiological consequences of heat stress in dairy cattle. The present review provides, in a single document, an overview, as complete as possible, of the heat stress-induced responses in dairy cattle with the intent of filling the existing research gap for extracting the veterinary knowledge present in the literature and make it available for future applications also in different research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Bovo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 48, 40127 Bologna, Italy; (C.G.); (M.C.); (D.T.); (P.T.)
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Habeeb AA, Osman SF, Teama FEI, Gad AE. The detrimental impact of high environmental temperature on physiological response, growth, milk production, and reproductive efficiency of ruminants. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:388. [PMID: 37910293 PMCID: PMC10620265 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The optimal environments for ruminants are air temperatures between 13 and 20 °C, winds between 5 and 18 km/h, humidity levels between 55 and 65%, and a moderate amount of sunlight. In tropical and subtropical regions, climate is the top factor restricting animal growth and reproductive efficiency. The digestive system, blood biochemical components, and hormones all go through a range of physiological changes at high temperatures. Ruminant animals respond to heat stress by drinking more water, breathing more quickly, panting, and raising their rectal temperatures while reducing their activity levels, intake of roughage, and rumination. Blood metabolites and biochemical modifications are negatively impacted by the concentration of blood biochemical components and hormonal levels, particularly those of anabolic hormones, which are decreased as a result of the animals' exposure to high environmental temperatures. Changes in blood metabolite and hormone levels were influenced by the duration of exposure to high temperatures, the level of background heat, and the species, breed, and age of the animals. The major biological changes caused by heat stress have a negative impact on growth, milk production, and reproduction. Animals subjected to high environmental temperatures also undergo reductions in feed intake and feed efficiency. These changes eventually impair ruminant reproduction and production abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alsaied Alnaimy Habeeb
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nuclear Research Center, Radioisotopes Applications Division, Biological Applications Department, Cairo, P.O. 13759, Egypt.
| | - Samir F Osman
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nuclear Research Center, Radioisotopes Applications Division, Biological Applications Department, Cairo, P.O. 13759, Egypt
| | - Fatma E I Teama
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nuclear Research Center, Radioisotopes Applications Division, Biological Applications Department, Cairo, P.O. 13759, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E Gad
- Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Nuclear Research Center, Radioisotopes Applications Division, Biological Applications Department, Cairo, P.O. 13759, Egypt
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Halli K, Cohrs I, Brügemann K, Koch C, König S. Effects of temperature-humidity index on blood metabolites of German dairy cows and their female calves. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:7281-7294. [PMID: 37500442 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) impairs productivity, health, and welfare in dairy cows, and additionally causes metabolic changes. Hence, specific metabolites could be used as HS biomarkers. Consequently, the aim of the present study was to compare blood metabolite concentrations of German Holstein dairy cows and of their female calves suffering from high temperature-humidity index (THI) during late gestation (cows) or during their first week of life (calves) or not. According to the mean daily THI (mTHI) at the day before blood sampling, animals were classified into 2 groups: high mTHI ≥60 (hmTHI) and low mTHI <60 (lmTHI). To perform a standard cross-sectional 2-group study, cow groups (n = 48) and calf groups (n = 47) were compared separately. Differences in metabolite concentrations between hmTHI and lmTHI animals were inferred based on a targeted metabolomics approach. In the first step, processed metabolomics data were evaluated by multivariate data analysis techniques, and were visualized using the web-based platform MetaboAnalyst V5.0. The most important metabolites with pronounced differences between groups were further analyzed in a second step using linear mixed models. We identified 9 thermally sensitive metabolites for the cows [dodecanedioic acid; 3-indolepropionic acid; sarcosine; triglycerides (14:0_34:0), (16:0_38:7), (18:0_32:1), and (18:0_36:2); phosphatidylcholine aa C38:1; and lysophosphatidylcholine a C20:3] and for the calves [phosphatidylcholines aa C38:1, ae C38:3, ae C36:0, and ae C36:2; cholesteryl esters (17:1) and (20:3); sphingomyelins C18:0 and C18:1; and p-cresol sulfate], most of them related to lipid metabolism. Apart from 2 metabolites (3-indolepropionic acid and sarcosine) in cows, the metabolite plasma concentrations were lower in hmTHI than in lmTHI groups. In our heat-stressed dry cows, results indicate an altered lipid metabolism compared with lactating heat-stressed cows, due to the missing antilipolytic effect of HS. The results also indicate alterations in lipid metabolism of calves due to high mTHI in the first week of life. From a cross-generation perspective, high mTHI directly before calving seems to reduce colostrum quality, with detrimental effects on metabolite concentrations in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Halli
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - I Cohrs
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Muenchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - K Brügemann
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - C Koch
- Educational and Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Hofgut Neumuehle, 67728 Muenchweiler an der Alsenz, Germany
| | - S König
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus Liebig University, 35390 Giessen, Germany
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Sharma S, Sharma V, Konwar D, Khan A, Kumar D, Brahma B. A comparative study on effect of heat stress on physiological and cellular responses of crossbred cattle and riverine buffalo in subtropical region of India. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:1619-1628. [PMID: 37495744 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02523-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The study was carried out to compare the in vitro and in vivo heat shock responses of cattle and buffaloes. The expression of heat responsive genes (HSP70 and HSF family) were studied in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of cattle and buffalo. In vivo observations on animals were carried out to investigate the physiological responses of cattle and buffalo at different THI over a period of 14 months. The study indicated that onset and severity of heat stress at different THI varied significantly between cattle and buffalo. Rectal temperature (RT) showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase at THI 67 in buffaloes and at THI 68 in cattle. Significant (p < 0.01) differences in RT between the species were observed at THI 71, 72, and 73. Respiration rate (RR) significantly (p < 0.05) increased at THI 70 in both the species and significant (p < 0.05) differences in RR were observed between the species at THI 65, 68, 69, and 74. THI had significant (p < 0.05) effect on blood glucose and blood electrolytes of the species with increased levels at higher THI. Serum AST and ALT levels showed less pronounced changes over increasing THI. Heat stress-associated expressions of HSP 70 genes followed temporal changes with incremental THI. The expression of HSPA8 was consistent at lower THI whereas upregulation of HSPA1A and HSPA1L was evident at higher THI. The study concludes that changes in physiological parameters such as RT and RR occur in a phasic pattern in both species and onset of heat stress was early in buffalo as compared to cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sutikshan Sharma
- Division of Livestock Production Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, Jammu & Kashmir, 181102, India
| | - Vaishali Sharma
- Division of Livestock Production Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, Jammu & Kashmir, 181102, India
| | - Dipanjali Konwar
- Division of Livestock Production Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, Jammu & Kashmir, 181102, India
| | - Asma Khan
- Division of Livestock Production Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, Jammu & Kashmir, 181102, India
| | - Dhirendra Kumar
- Division of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, Jammu, India
| | - Biswajit Brahma
- Division of Livestock Production Management, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, R. S. Pura, Jammu & Kashmir, 181102, India.
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Antanaitis R, Džermeikaitė K, Bespalovaitė A, Ribelytė I, Rutkauskas A, Japertas S, Baumgartner W. Assessment of Ruminating, Eating, and Locomotion Behavior during Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle by Using Advanced Technological Monitoring. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2825. [PMID: 37760226 PMCID: PMC10525662 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) significantly impacts dairy farming, prompting interest in precision dairy farming (PDF) for gauging its effects on cow health. This study assessed the influence of the Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) on rumination, eating, and locomotor activity. Various parameters, like rumination time, drinking gulps, chews per minute, and others were analyzed. The hypothesis was that precision dairy farming technology could help detect HS. Nine healthy Lithuanian Black-and-White cows were randomly selected for the trial. RumiWatch noseband sensors recorded behaviors, while SmaXtec climate sensors monitored THI. The data collection spanned from 14 June to 30 June. Cows in the THI class ≥ 72 exhibited reduced drinking time (51.16% decrease, p < 0.01), fewer chews per minute (12.9% decrease, p < 0.01), and higher activity levels (16.99% increase, p < 0.01). THI showed an inverse correlation with drinking time (r = -0.191, p < 0.05) and chews per bolus (r = -0.172, p < 0.01). Innovative technologies like RumiWatch are effective in detecting HS effects on behaviors. Future studies should explore the impact of HS on RWS biomarkers, considering factors such as lactation stage, number, yield, and pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramūnas Antanaitis
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania (I.R.)
| | - Karina Džermeikaitė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania (I.R.)
| | - Agnė Bespalovaitė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania (I.R.)
| | - Ieva Ribelytė
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania (I.R.)
| | - Arūnas Rutkauskas
- Large Animal Clinic, Veterinary Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės Str. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania (I.R.)
| | - Sigitas Japertas
- Practical Training and Research Center, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Topolių g. 6, LT-54310 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Walter Baumgartner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria
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Afarani OR, Zali A, Dehghan-Banadaki M, Kahyani A, Esfahani MA, Ahmadi F. Altering palmitic acid and stearic acid ratios in the diet of early-lactation Holsteins under heat stress: Feed intake, digestibility, feeding behavior, milk yield and composition, and plasma metabolites. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:6171-6184. [PMID: 37500434 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of varying the ratio of dietary palmitic (C16:0; PA) and stearic (C18:0; SA) acids on nutrient digestibility, production, and blood metabolites of early-lactation Holsteins under mild-to-moderate heat stress. Eight multiparous Holsteins (body weight = 589 ± 45 kg; days in milk = 51 ± 8 d; milk production = 38.5 ± 2.4 kg/d; mean ± standard deviation) were used in a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin square design (21-d periods inclusive of 7-d data collection). The PA (88.9%)- and SA (88.5%)-enriched fat supplements, either individually or in combination, were added to diets at 2% of dry matter (DM) to formulate the following treatments: (1) 100PA:0SA (100% PA + 0% SA), (2) 66PA:34SA (66% PA + 34% SA), (3) 34PA:66SA (34% PA + 66% SA), and (4) 0PA:100SA (0% PA + 100% SA). Diets offered, in the form of total mixed rations, were formulated to be isonitrogenous (crude protein = 17.2% of DM) and isocaloric (net energy for lactation = 1.69 Mcal/kg DM), with a forage-to-concentrate ratio of 40:60. Ambient temperature-humidity index averaged 72.9 throughout the experiment, suggesting that cows were under mild-to-moderate heat stress. No differences in DM intake across treatments were detected (mean 23.5 ± 0.64 kg/d). Increasing the dietary proportion of SA resulted in a linear decrease in total-tract digestibility of total fatty acids, but organic matter, DM, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein digestibilities were not different across treatments. Decreasing dietary PA-to-SA had no effect on the time spent eating (340 min/d), rumination (460 min/d), and chewing (808 min/d). As dietary PA-to-SA decreased, milk fat concentration and yield decreased linearly, resulting in a linear decrease of 3.5% fat-corrected milk production and milk fat-to-protein ratio. Feed efficiency expressed as kg 3.5% fat-corrected milk/kg DM intake decreased linearly with decreasing the proportion of PA-to-SA in the diet. Treatments had no effect on milk protein and lactose content. A linear increase in de novo and preformed fatty acids was identified as the ratio of PA to SA decreased, while PA and SA concentrations of milk fat decreased and increased linearly, respectively. A linear reduction in blood nonesterified fatty acids and glucose was detected as the ratio of PA to SA decreased. Insulin concentration increased linearly from 10.3 in 100PA:0SA to 13.1 µIU/mL in 0PA:100SA, whereas blood β-hydroxybutyric acid was not different across treatments. In conclusion, the heat-stressed Holsteins in early-lactation phase fed diets richer in PA versus SA produced greater fat-corrected milk and were more efficient in converting feed to fat-corrected milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ramezani Afarani
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran
| | - A Zali
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran.
| | - M Dehghan-Banadaki
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural and Natural Resources College, University of Tehran, Karaj 77871-31587, Iran
| | - A Kahyani
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - M Asemi Esfahani
- Department of Animal Science, Khuzestan Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources, Molasani, Ahvaz 63417-73637, Iran
| | - F Ahmadi
- Department of Eco-friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, South Korea
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Shashank CG, Prashant RG, Kumar P, Kulkarni NA, Tiwari M, Jayakumar S, Sejian V. Comparative assessment of growth performance of indigenous and cross-bred calves subjected to combined stressors (heat and nutritional). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:1435-1450. [PMID: 37418176 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the impact of combined stressors (heat and nutritional stresses) on the growth and adaptive capability of Sahiwal (SW) and Karan Fries (KF) calves during the summer season. Calves in each breed were randomly divided into four groups. In SW breed the groupings were as follows: SWC (n = 4; Sahiwal Control); SWHS (n = 4; Sahiwal Heat Stress); SWNS (n = 4; Sahiwal Nutritional Stress) and SWCS (n = 4; Sahiwal Combined Stresses). Likewise, in the KF breed, KFC (n = 4; Karan Fries Control); KFHS (n = 4; Karan Fries Heat Stress); KFNS (n = 4; Karan Fries Nutritional Stress), and KFCS (n = 4; Karan Fries Combined Stresses). Control (C) and Heat Stress (HS) calves were fed ad libitum while Nutritional Stress (NS) and Combined Stresses (CS) calves were fed restricted feed (50% of C calves of respective breed) to induce nutritional stress in both the breeds. SWHS, SWCS, KFHS, and KFCS were exposed to summer heat stress from 1000 to 1600 h. All growth and adaptation variables were recorded at fortnightly intervals. Respiration rate, pulse rate, and rectal temperature during the afternoon were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in the CS group in both breeds. Further, CS had significantly (P < 0.05) higher plasma growth hormone and cortisol levels. Insulin-like growth factor-1, Triiodothyronine, and Thyroxine levels significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the CS group in both breeds. Interestingly, heat stress didn't affect SWHS and KFHS bodyweight, however, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in body weight of SWCS and KFCS was observed when compared with C. Hepatic mRNA expression of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, and growth hormone receptor significantly (P < 0.05) varied when compared between C and CS groups in both the breeds. The overall magnitude of stress was more pronounced in KF compared to the SW breed. This study concludes that when two stressors occur concurrently, they may have a greater influence on the adaptive capability of calves. Further, SW had better tolerance levels than KF, confirming the indigenous breed's superiority over cross-bred.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Shashank
- ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - R G Prashant
- ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Parveen Kumar
- ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Nitish A Kulkarni
- ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - Manish Tiwari
- ICAR- National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - S Jayakumar
- ICAR-National National Bureau of Animal Genetics Resources, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - V Sejian
- ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Audugodi, Bangalore, 560030, Karnataka, India
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50
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Morales-Cruz JL, Calderon-Leyva G, Angel-García O, Guillen-Muñoz JM, Santos-Jimenez Z, Mellado M, Pessoa LG, Guerrero-Gallego HZ. The Effect of Month of Harvesting and Temperature-Humidity Index on the Number and Quality of Oocytes and In Vitro Embryo Production in Holstein Cows and Heifers. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1174. [PMID: 37759574 PMCID: PMC10525241 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the month of oocyte harvesting and the temperature-humidity index on oocyte number and quality harvested from Holstein cows and heifers, oocyte developmental competence, and total embryos produced in an area of intense ambient temperature for most of the year. A total of 5064 multiparous lactating cows and 2988 nulliparous heifers were used as oocyte donors and distributed across the months of the year. Overall, total oocytes per collection did not differ (p > 0.05) between cows (16.6 ± 2.7) and heifers (15.1 ± 1.8), but oocyte developmental competence was lower (p < 0.05) in cows (21.3 ± 5.4) than heifers (25.5 ± 4.0). For cows, the total number of oocytes harvested was two-fold higher (p < 0.05) in November than in May. For heifers, the total number of oocytes harvested was highest in April (17.19 ± 0.53) and lowest in May (10.94 ± 0.32; p < 0.05). For cows, total embryos were highest in November (2.58 ± 0.42) and lowest in August (1.28 ± 0.10; p < 0.05). Thus, taken together, these results indicate that severe heat stress impaired the number and quality of oocytes harvested from donor Holstein multiparous cows and heifers, oocyte developmental competence, and total embryos produced in this area of intense ambient temperature for most of the year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan L. Morales-Cruz
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna, Torreón 25315, Mexico; (J.L.M.-C.); (G.C.-L.); (O.A.-G.); (J.M.G.-M.); (Z.S.-J.)
| | - Guadalupe Calderon-Leyva
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna, Torreón 25315, Mexico; (J.L.M.-C.); (G.C.-L.); (O.A.-G.); (J.M.G.-M.); (Z.S.-J.)
| | - Oscar Angel-García
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna, Torreón 25315, Mexico; (J.L.M.-C.); (G.C.-L.); (O.A.-G.); (J.M.G.-M.); (Z.S.-J.)
| | - Juan M. Guillen-Muñoz
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna, Torreón 25315, Mexico; (J.L.M.-C.); (G.C.-L.); (O.A.-G.); (J.M.G.-M.); (Z.S.-J.)
| | - Zurisaday Santos-Jimenez
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna, Torreón 25315, Mexico; (J.L.M.-C.); (G.C.-L.); (O.A.-G.); (J.M.G.-M.); (Z.S.-J.)
| | - Miguel Mellado
- Departamento de Nutrición Animal, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Mexico;
| | | | - Hugo Z. Guerrero-Gallego
- Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro-Unidad Laguna, Torreón 25315, Mexico; (J.L.M.-C.); (G.C.-L.); (O.A.-G.); (J.M.G.-M.); (Z.S.-J.)
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