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Loncke C, Nozière P, Vernet J, Lapierre H, Bahloul L, Al-Jammas M, Sauvant D, Ortigues-Marty I. Net hepatic release of glucose from precursor supply in ruminants: a meta-analysis. Animal 2020; 14:1422-1437. [PMID: 31971121 PMCID: PMC7301244 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119003410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
For their glucose supply, ruminants are highly dependent on the endogenous synthesis in the liver, but despite the numerous studies that evaluated hepatic glucose production, very few simultaneously measured hepatic glucose production and uptake of all precursors. As a result, the variability of precursor conversion into glucose in the liver is not known. The present study aimed at investigating by meta-analysis the relationships between hepatic glucose net release and uptake of precursors. We used the FLuxes of nutrients across Organs and tissues in Ruminant Animals database, which gathers international results on net nutrient fluxes at splanchnic level measured in catheterized animals. Response equations were developed for intakes up to 41 g DM intake/kg BW per day of diets varying from 0 to 100 g of concentrate/100 g DM in the absence of additives. The net hepatic uptake of propionate, α-amino-N and l-lactate was linearly and better related to their net portal appearance (NPA) than to their afferent hepatic flux. Blood flow data were corrected for lack of deacetylation of the para-aminohippuric acid, and this correction was shown to impact the response equations. To develop response equations between the availability of precursors (portal appearance and hepatic uptake) and net glucose hepatic release, missing data on precursor fluxes were predicted from dietary characteristics using previously developed response equations. Net hepatic release of glucose was curvilinearly related to hepatic supply and uptake of the sum of precursors, suggesting a lower conversion rate of precursors at high precursor supply. Factors of variation were explored for the linear portion of this relationship, which applied to NPA of precursors ranging from 0.99 to 9.60 mmol C/kg BW per h. Hepatic release of glucose was shown to be reduced by the portal absorption of glucose from diets containing bypass starch and to be increased by an increased uptake of β-hydroxybutyrate indicative of higher body tissue mobilization. These relationships were affected by the physiological status of the animals. In conclusion, we established equations that quantify the net release of glucose by the liver from the net availability of precursors. They provide a quantitative overview of factors regulating hepatic glucose synthesis in ruminants. These equations can be linked with the predictions of portal absorption of nutrients from intake and dietary characteristics, and provide indications of glucose synthesis from dietary characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Loncke
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - P. Nozière
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - J. Vernet
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - H. Lapierre
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - L. Bahloul
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - M. Al-Jammas
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
| | - D. Sauvant
- UMR Modélisation Systémique Appliquée aux Ruminants, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris75005, France
| | - I. Ortigues-Marty
- INRA, UMR1213 Herbivores, Saint-Genès-ChampanelleF-63122, France
- Clermont Université, VetAgro Sup, UMR1213 Herbivores, BP 10448, Clermont-FerrandF-63000, France
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Stefanello S, Mezzomo MP, Zeni D, Ebling RC, Soares AV, Kozloski GV. Oxygen uptake and net flux of metabolites by splanchnic tissues of sheep in response to short-term mesenteric infusion of nitrogenous compounds. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 102:853-860. [PMID: 29671905 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted in an attempt to quantify the impact of N load on splanchnic tissues metabolism of sheep. The trial was conducted with four male sheep (45 ± 2.5 kg body weight (BW)) surgically implanted with chronic indwelling catheters into the portal, hepatic and mesenteric veins. Blood flow and metabolic flux through portal-drained viscera (PDV), liver and total splanchnic tissues (ST) were measured daily following a 4 × 4 Latin Square experimental design, where sheep were continually infused into the mesenteric vein with a physiological saline (0.15 m NaCl) solution during 90 min followed by the infusion, during more 120 min, of either solution: physiological saline (control), 0.250 mNH4 HCO3 , 0.250 m L-alanine or 0.125 m L-arginine, all of them infused at a rate of 1.5 ml/min to provide 375 μmol N/min. During the treatment infusion period, the net removal of ammonia N and the net production of urea N by liver were higher (p < .05) in NH4 HCO3 infused sheep. Based on oxygen consumption, and on average of all treatments, the heat produced by liver and ST was on average 6 and 14 kcal/kg BW representing 16% and 38% of the metabolizable energy intake respectively. Linear relationships between variables indicated that gluconeogenesis and ureagenesis occurred concomitantly and both processes accounted for approximately 50% of total liver energy expenditure, two-thirds of it associated with gluconeogenesis. The results of the current study did not present clear evidence of the expected energy costs associated with ammonia N, alanine or arginine metabolism by liver. However, they indicated that gluconeogenesis is on average a more energy expensive process than ureagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Stefanello
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - M P Mezzomo
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - D Zeni
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - R C Ebling
- Departamento de Clínica de Grandes Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - A V Soares
- Departamento de Clínica de Pequenos Animais, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - G V Kozloski
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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do Sacramento Ribeiro J, Santos LL, de Lima Júnior DM, de Albuquerque Mariz TM, Ladeira MM, de Azevedo PS, Lima CB, dos Santos Silva MJM. Spineless cactus associated with Tifton hay or sugarcane bagasse may replace corn silage in sheep diets. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:995-1000. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1288-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hentz F, Kozloski GV, Zeni D, Brun MV, Stefanello S. Relationship between level of forage intake, blood flow and oxygen consumption by splanchnic tissues of sheep fed a tropical grass forage. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 101:121-126. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Hentz
- Departamento de Zootecnia (Animal Science); Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brasil
| | - G. V. Kozloski
- Departamento de Zootecnia (Animal Science); Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brasil
| | - D. Zeni
- Departamento de Zootecnia (Animal Science); Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brasil
| | - M. V. Brun
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia de Pequenos Animais (Clinic and Surgery of Small Animals); Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brasil
| | - S. Stefanello
- Departamento de Zootecnia (Animal Science); Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria Brasil
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Cheng L, Logan CM, Dewhurst RJ, Hodge S, Zhou H, Edwards GR. Effects of feed intake and genetics on tissue nitrogen-15 enrichment and feed conversion efficiency in sheep. J Anim Sci 2015; 93:5849-55. [PMID: 26641195 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of sheep genetics and feed intake on nitrogen isotopic fractionation (ΔN) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE; live weight gain/DMI), using a 2 × 2 factorial design, with 2 levels of genetic merit for growth (high vs. low) and 2 levels of feed intake (110 vs. 170% of ME for maintenance [MEm]). No effect of genetic merit was detected for live weight gain ( = 0.64), FCE ( = 0.46), plasma urea nitrogen ( = 0.52), plasma glucose ( = 0.78), and ΔN of wool ( = 0.45), blood ( = 0.09), and plasma ( = 0.51). Sheep receiving 170% of MEm had 175% higher live weight gain ( < 0.001) and 77% higher FCE ( < 0.001) than sheep receiving 110% of MEm. There was no difference among treatments at the beginning of the study for either blood or plasma ∆N, but the treatment groups started to diverge in blood and plasma ∆N at 21 and 7 d, respectively. Blood, plasma, and wool samples were enriched in N compared with feed. There was a higher blood, plasma, and wool ∆N for the low feed intake group than the high feed intake group ( < 0.001 in all cases). Across the 4 treatment groups, higher FCE in sheep was associated with lower ∆N for plasma, blood, and wool. Overall, the results are consistent with the potential of ∆N as a rapid, low-cost biomarker of FCE in sheep, despite there being no effects of genetic treatment on FCE and ∆N.
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Obitsu T, Hata H, Taniguchi K. Nitrogen digestion and urea recycling in Hokkaido native horses fed hay-based diets. Anim Sci J 2015; 86:159-65. [PMID: 25040128 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) digestion and urea-N metabolism in Hokkaido native horses fed roughage-based diets containing different types and levels of protein sources were studied. Horses (173 ± 4.8 kg) fitted with an ileum cannula were fed four diets consisting of 100% timothy hay (TH), 88% TH and 12% soybean meal (SBM), 79% TH and 21% SBM, and 51% TH and 49% alfalfa hay at 2.2% of body weight. Dietary protein content varied from 5% to 15% of dry matter. Apparent N digestibilities in the pre-cecum and total tract for the TH diet were lower than those for other diets. However, the proportion of post-ileum N digestion to N intake was not affected by the diets. Urea-N production was linearly related to N intake, but gut urea-N entry was not affected by the diets. The proportion of gut urea-N entry to urea-N production tended to be higher for the TH diet (57%) than the two SBM diets (39%). Anabolic use of urea-N entering the gut was not affected by the diets (20-36% of gut urea-N entry). These results indicate that urea-N recycling provides additional N sources for microbial fermentation in the hindgut of Hokkaido native horses fed low-quality roughages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taketo Obitsu
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Higashihiroshima, Japan
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Effects of forage intake level on nitrogen net flux by portal-drained viscera of mature sheep with abomasal infusion of an amino acid mixture. Animal 2013; 7:1614-21. [PMID: 23800417 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731113001122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the pattern of nitrogen (N) metabolites flux across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of mature sheep over a wide range of forage intake, and to determine the effect of dry matter intake (DMI) on the PDV recovery of an abomasally infused amino acids (AA) mixture. Four Suffolk mature sheep (61.4 ± 3.6 kg BW) surgically fitted with abomasal cannulae and multi-catheters were fed four levels of DMI of lucerne hay cubes ranging from 0.4 to 1.6 fold the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance. Each period lasted for 17 days: 7 days for diet adaptation, 5 days for measurement of N balance and N metabolites flux under basal pre-infusion conditions (basal phase) and 5 days for determining the recovery of the infused AA (584 mmol/day) across the PDV (infusion phase). Six sets of blood samples were collected on the last day of both basal and infusion phases. Increasing DMI increased portal release of AA and enhanced N retention. At 0.4 M and as a proportion of digested N, there was a marked drop in total AA-N release accompanied by greater ammonia-N release and urea-N uptake across the PDV. The incremental recovery ratio of infused AA across the PDV was altered with increasing DMI accounting for 0.88, 1.12, 1.23 and 1.31 at 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 M, respectively. In addition, across the individual AA, the net portal recovery ratio of infused methionine and valine increased linearly (P < 0.05) while that of phenylalanine, branched-chain AA and total essential AA tended to increase linearly (P < 0.10) with increasing DMI. These results indicated that DMI affects the net portal recovery of AA available in the small intestine of mature sheep.
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