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Kawai T, Matsumori N, Otsuka K. Recent advances in microscale separation techniques for lipidome analysis. Analyst 2021; 146:7418-7430. [PMID: 34787600 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00967b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review paper highlights the recent research on liquid-phase microscale separation techniques for lipidome analysis over the last 10 years, mainly focusing on capillary liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). Lipids are one of the most important classes of biomolecules which are involved in the cell membrane, energy storage, signal transduction, and so on. Since lipids include a variety of hydrophobic compounds including numerous structural isomers, lipidomes are a challenging target in bioanalytical chemistry. MS is the key technology that comprehensively identifies lipids; however, separation techniques like LC and CE are necessary prior to MS detection in order to avoid ionization suppression and resolve structural isomers. Separation techniques using μm-scale columns, such as a fused silica capillary and microfluidic device, are effective at realizing high-resolution separation. Microscale separation usually employs a nL-scale flow, which is also compatible with nanoelectrospray ionization-MS that achieves high sensitivity. Owing to such analytical advantages, microscale separation techniques like capillary/microchip LC and CE have been employed for more than 100 lipidome studies. Such techniques are still being evolved and achieving further higher resolution and wider coverage of lipidomes. Therefore, microscale separation techniques are promising as the fundamental technology in next-generation lipidome analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Matsumori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
| | - Koji Otsuka
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan.
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Kuzyk VO, Somsen GW, Haselberg R. CE-MS for Proteomics and Intact Protein Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1336:51-86. [PMID: 34628627 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter aims to explore various parameters involved in achieving high-end capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) analysis of proteins, peptides, and their posttranslational modifications. The structure of the topics discussed in this book chapter is conveniently mapped on the scheme of the CE-MS system itself, starting from sample preconcentration and injection techniques and finishing with mass analyzer considerations. After going through the technical considerations, a variety of relevant applications for this analytical approach are presented, including posttranslational modifications analysis, clinical biomarker discovery, and its growing use in the biotechnological industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia O Kuzyk
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Kawai T. Recent Advances in Trace Bioanalysis by Capillary Electrophoresis. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:27-36. [PMID: 33041311 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20sar12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Recently, single cell analysis is becoming more and more important to elucidate cellular heterogeneity. Except for nucleic acid that can be amplified by PCR, the required technical level for single cell analysis is extremely high and the appropriate design of sample preparation and a sensitive analytical system is necessary. Capillary/microchip electrophoresis (CE/MCE) can separate biomolecules in nL-scale solution with high resolution, and it is highly compatible with trace samples like a single cell. Coupled with highly sensitive detectors such as laser-induced fluorescence and nano-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry, zmol level analytes can be detected. For further enhancing sensitivity, online sample preconcentration techniques can be employed. By integrating these high-sensitive techniques, single cell analysis of metabolites, proteins, and lipids have been achieved. This review paper highlights successful research on CE/MCE-based trace bioanalysis in recent 10 years. Firstly, an overview of basic knowledge on CE/MCE including sensitivity enhancement techniques is provided. Applications to trace bioanalysis are then introduced with discussion on current issues and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
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Kawai T, Ota N, Okada K, Imasato A, Owa Y, Morita M, Tada M, Tanaka Y. Ultrasensitive Single Cell Metabolomics by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry with a Thin-Walled Tapered Emitter and Large-Volume Dual Sample Preconcentration. Anal Chem 2019; 91:10564-10572. [PMID: 31357863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Single cell metabolome analysis is essential for studying microscale life phenomena such as neuronal networks and tumor microenvironments. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is one of the most sensitive technologies; however, its sensitivity is still not enough for single cell analysis on general human cells such as HeLa. To address these issues, we first developed an efficient ionization emitter, named as a "nanoCESI" emitter, that had a thin-walled (∼10 μm) and tapered (5-10 μm) end. The thin conductive wall enabled sheathless ionization and minimized the flow rate of ionizing sample, and the tapered end efficiently ionized analytes via an electrospray ionization mechanism, providing up to 3.5-fold increase in sensitivity compared with a conventional sheathless emitter. Fifty repetitive analyses on 20 amino acids were successfully achieved with a nanoCESI emitter. Relative standard deviations of 50 analyses were 1.5%, 4.4%, and 6.8% for migration time, peak height, and peak area, respectively, where a limit of detection (LOD) of 170 pM (850 zmol) was achieved. Second, a sample enrichment method, large-volume dual preconcentration by isotachophoresis and stacking (LDIS), was applied to a newly designed protocol of nanoCESI-MS. This approach achieved up to 380-fold enhanced sensitivity and LOD of 450 fM. Compared with normal sheathless CE-MS, coupling of nanoCESI and LDIS provided up to 800-fold increase of sensitivity in total. Finally, metabolome analyses of single HeLa cells were performed, where 20 amino acids were successfully quantified with triple-quadrupole MS and 40 metabolites were identified with quadrupole-time-of-flight MS, as a promising analytical platform for microscale bioanalysis for the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kawai
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency , PRESTO, Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ota
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Kaori Okada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Akiko Imasato
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Yuri Owa
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Makiko Morita
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Misa Tada
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan
| | - Yo Tanaka
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research , Suita , Osaka 565-0874 , Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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Fang P, Pan JZ, Fang Q. A robust and extendable sheath flow interface with minimal dead volume for coupling CE with ESI-MS. Talanta 2017; 180:376-382. [PMID: 29332826 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a robust sheath flow-based CE-MS interface with minimal interface dead volume based on an extended pattern. A 20µm i.d. × 90µm o.d. fused-silica capillary with a chemically-etched thin-wall tip (30µm o.d.) was used as the separation capillary as well as electrospray emitter, and a 200µm i.d. × 375µm o.d. capillary with a tapered tip (40µm o.d.) was used as the sheath flow capillary. An extendable sheath-flow interface mode was adopted by decreasing the thickness of separation capillary tip and extending the separation capillary tip out from the sheath flow capillary tip, and allowing the sheath flow to be transferred to the separation capillary tip along its outer surface, forming a surface sheath flow to mix with sample flow at the separation capillary tip. Such a strategy could significantly reduce the interface dead volume and thus improve the CE separation efficiency and detection sensitivity, as well as evidently enhance the working reliability of the CE-MS interface. We investigated various factors affecting the interface performance, including capillary extending distance, emitter diameters, sheath flow capillary shape, and sheath flow rate. Under the optimized conditions, a minimal interface dead volume of ca. 4pL was obtained which is the smallest one compared with previously-reported sheath flow-based CE-MS interfaces. The feasibility and applicability of the present CE-MS interface were demonstrated in the separation of a peptide mixture with high separation efficiency of 2.07-3.38µm plate heights and good repeatabilities (< 6.1% RSD, n = 5). We except such a simple and robust interface could provide a possible solution for the development of commercial CE-MS interfaces differing from the currently-used ones, and has the potentials to be applied in routine analytical laboratories for various studies such as proteomics, metabolomics, or single cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Fang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Zhang Pan
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qun Fang
- Institute of Microanalytical Systems, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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KAWAI T. Recent Studies on Online Sample Preconcentration Methods inCapillary Electrophoresis Coupled with Mass Spectrometry. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2017. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2017.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki KAWAI
- Quantitative Biology Center, RIKEN
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University
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Yin Y, Li G, Guan Y, Huang G. Sheathless interface to match flow rate of capillary electrophoresis with electrospray mass spectrometry using regular-sized capillary. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30 Suppl 1:68-72. [PMID: 27539418 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The flow rate match has been a great challenge when coupling capillary electrophoresis (CE) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Conventional CE-ESI-MS interfaces used liquid sheath flow, narrowed capillary or additional pressure to meet this requirement; sacrifice of either capillary inner diameter (i.d.) or separation efficiency is often inevitable. Thus, a regular-sized capillary-based sheathless interface would be attractive for flow rate match in CE-MS. METHODS The regular-sized capillary-based CE-MS interface was achieved by coupling CE with induced electrospray ionization (iESI) which was stimulated by the fact that the iESI could both achieve flow rate down to 0.2 μL/min and retain ionization efficiency. The CE-iESI-MS interface was completed with an intact separation capillary, outside the outlet end of which a metal electrode was attached for the application of alternating current (ac) high voltage (HV). RESULTS The feasibility of this CE-iESI-MS interface was demonstrated through the stable total ion chromatograms obtained by continuous CE infusion of tripropylamine with regular-sized capillaries. Tripropylamine and atenolol were separated and detected successfully in phosphate buffer solution (PBS) by CE-iESI-MS using a 50 or 75 μm i.d. capillary. Furthermore, this new interface showed a better signal-to-noise (S/N) of 3 to 7 times enhancement compared with another sheathless CE-ESI-MS interface that using one high voltage for both separation and electrospray when analyzing the mixture of tripropylamine and proline in NH4 OAc buffer. In addition, the reproducibility of this interface gave satisfactory results with relative standard deviation (RSD) in retention time in the range between 1% and 3%. CONCLUSIONS The novel sheathless CE-MS interface introduced here could match conventional electroosmotic flow (EOF) with electrospray which could also preserve the separation efficiency and sensitivity of CE-MS. This newly developed CE-iESI-MS interface was also demonstrated to be effective for different buffers, PBS and NH4 OAc, without any additives such as methanol and acetic acid. Hence, we believe that this sheathless CE-MS interface could be operated with other nonvolatile and volatile buffers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yin
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Gongyu Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yafeng Guan
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry of CAS, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230026, China
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Abstract
Metabolomics is an analytical toolbox to describe (all) low-molecular-weight compounds in a biological system, as cells, tissues, urine, and feces, as well as in serum and plasma. To analyze such complex biological samples, high requirements on the analytical technique are needed due to the high variation in compound physico-chemistry (cholesterol derivatives, amino acids, fatty acids as SCFA, MCFA, or LCFA, or pathway-related metabolites belonging to each individual organism) and concentration dynamic range. All main separation techniques (LC-MS, GC-MS) are applied in routine to metabolomics hyphenated or not to mass spectrometry, and capillary electrophoresis is a powerful high-resolving technique but still underused in this field of complex samples. Metabolomics can be performed in the non-targeted way to gain an overview on metabolite profiles in biological samples. Targeted metabolomics is applied to analyze quantitatively pre-selected metabolites. This chapter reviews the use of capillary electrophoresis in the field of metabolomics and exemplifies solutions in metabolite profiling and analysis in urine and plasma.
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Batz NG, Mellors JS, Alarie JP, Ramsey JM. Chemical vapor deposition of aminopropyl silanes in microfluidic channels for highly efficient microchip capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3493-500. [PMID: 24655020 DOI: 10.1021/ac404106u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We describe a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method for the surface modification of glass microfluidic devices designed to perform electrophoretic separations of cationic species. The microfluidic channel surfaces were modified using aminopropyl silane reagents. Coating homogeneity was inferred by precise measurement of the separation efficiency and electroosmotic mobility for multiple microfluidic devices. Devices coated with (3-aminopropyl)di-isopropylethoxysilane (APDIPES) yielded near diffusion-limited separations and exhibited little change in electroosmotic mobility between pH 2.8 and pH 7.5. We further evaluated the temporal stability of both APDIPES and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) coatings when stored for a total of 1 week under vacuum at 4 °C or filled with pH 2.8 background electrolyte at room temperature. Measurements of electroosmotic flow (EOF) and separation efficiency during this time confirmed that both coatings were stable under both conditions. Microfluidic devices with a 23 cm long, serpentine electrophoretic separation channel and integrated nanoelectrospray ionization emitter were CVD coated with APDIPES and used for capillary electrophoresis (CE)-electrospray ionization (ESI)-mass spectrometry (MS) of peptides and proteins. Peptide separations were fast and highly efficient, yielding theoretical plate counts over 600,000 and a peak capacity of 64 in less than 90 s. Intact protein separations using these devices yielded Gaussian peak profiles with separation efficiencies between 100,000 and 400,000 theoretical plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Batz
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, and §Carolina Center for Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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Ito E, Nakajima K, Waki H, Miseki K, Shimada T, Sato TA, Kakehi K, Suzuki M, Taniguchi N, Suzuki A. Structural Characterization of Pyridylaminated Oligosaccharides Derived from Neutral Glycosphingolipids by High-Sensitivity Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7859-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401460f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emi Ito
- Systems Glycobiology Research
Group, RIKEN−Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research
Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi,
Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nakajima
- Systems Glycobiology Research
Group, RIKEN−Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research
Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi,
Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Waki
- Analytical Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo-Ku, Kuwabaracho,
Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Kozo Miseki
- Analytical Division, Shimadzu Corporation, 1 Nishinokyo-Ku, Kuwabaracho,
Nakagyo-ku, Kyoto 604-8511, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimada
- Life Science Research Center, Shimadzu Corporation, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo
105-0045, Japan
| | - Taka-Aki Sato
- Life Science Research Center, Shimadzu Corporation, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo
105-0045, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kakehi
- School
of Pharmacy, Kinki University, 3-4-1 Kowakae,
Higashi-Osaka 577-8502,
Japan
| | - Minoru Suzuki
- Life Science Research Center, Shimadzu Corporation, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo
105-0045, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Systems Glycobiology Research
Group, RIKEN−Max Planck Joint Research Center, Global Research
Cluster, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi,
Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Akemi Suzuki
- Institute of Glycoscience, Tokai University, 4-1-1 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa,
259-1292, Japan
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Bonvin G, Schappler J, Rudaz S. Capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry interfaces: Fundamental concepts and technical developments. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1267:17-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Ramautar R, Heemskerk AAM, Hensbergen PJ, Deelder AM, Busnel JM, Mayboroda OA. CE-MS for proteomics: Advances in interface development and application. J Proteomics 2012; 75:3814-28. [PMID: 22609513 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has emerged as a powerful technique for the analysis of proteins and peptides. Over the past few years, significant progress has been made in the development of novel and more effective interfaces for hyphenating CE to MS. This review provides an overview of these new interfacing techniques for coupling CE to MS, covering the scientific literature from January 2007 to December 2011. The potential of these new CE-MS interfacing techniques is demonstrated within the field of (clinical) proteomics, more specifically "bottom-up" proteomics, by showing examples of the analysis of various biological samples. The relevant papers on CE-MS for proteomics are comprehensively summarized in tables, including, e.g. information on sample type and pretreatment, interfacing and MS detection mode. Finally, general conclusions and future perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Langan TJ, Holland LA. Capillary electrophoresis coupled to electrospray mass spectrometry through a coaxial sheath flow interface and semi-permanent phospholipid coating for the determination of oligosaccharides labeled with 1-aminopyrene-3,6,8-trisulfonic acid. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:607-13. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ramautar R, Busnel JM, Deelder AM, Mayboroda OA. Enhancing the Coverage of the Urinary Metabolome by Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 84:885-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ac202407v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rawi Ramautar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Busnel
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Beckman Coulter, Inc., Brea, California 92822, United States
| | - André M. Deelder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Oleg A. Mayboroda
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry Unit, Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Mechref Y. Analysis of glycans derived from glycoconjugates by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:3467-81. [PMID: 22180203 PMCID: PMC3360420 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The high structural variation of glycan derived from glycoconjugates, which substantially increases with the molecular size of a protein, contributes to the complexity of glycosylation patterns commonly associated with glycoconjugates. In the case of glycoproteins, such variation originates from the multiple glycosylation sites of proteins and the number of glycan structures associated with each site (microheterogeneity). The ability to comprehensively characterize highly complex mixture of glycans has been analytically stimulating and challenging. Although the most powerful MS and MS/MS techniques are capable of providing a wealth of structural information, they are still not able to readily identify isomeric glycan structures without high-order MS/MS (MS(n) ). The analysis of isomeric glycan structures has been attained using several separation methods, including high-pH anion-exchange chromatography, hydrophilic interaction chromatography and GC. However, CE and microfluidics CE (MCE) offer high separation efficiency and resolutions, allowing the separation of closely related glycan structures. Therefore, interfacing CE and MCE to MS is a powerful analytical approach, allowing potentially comprehensive and sensitive analysis of complex glycan samples. This review describes and discusses the utility of different CE and MCE approaches in the structural characterization of glycoproteins and the feasibility of interfacing these approaches to MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Mechref
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409-1061, USA.
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Haselberg R, Ratnayake CK, de Jong GJ, Somsen GW. Performance of a sheathless porous tip sprayer for capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry of intact proteins. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7605-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mao X, Reschke BR, Timperman AT. Analyte transport past a nanofluidic intermediate electrode junction in a microfluidic device. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2686-94. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Shi LH, Jin YX, Moon DC, Kim SK, Park SR. A sheathless CE/ESI-MS interface with an ionophore membrane-packed electro-conduction channel. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1661-9. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Guo L, Qiu B, Chen M, Chen G. A new method for preparation of an etched porous joint for capillary electrophoresis and its pore-size evaluation. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1355-61. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
In the postgenomic era, proteomics has become a dominant field for identifying and quantifying the complex protein machinery of the cell. The expression levels, posttranslational modifications, and specific interactions of proteins control the biology of such processes as development, differentiation, and signal transduction. Studies of the proteins involved in these processes often lead to a better understanding of biology and of human disease. Powerful separation techniques and sensitive detection methods enable researchers to untangle these complicated networks of processes. CE coupled with either MS or LIF are two of the techniques that make this possible. This review will cover proven CE-based methods for proteomics on the cell and tissue level and their application in biological and clinical studies, relevant new developments in enabling technology such as microfluidic CE-MS demonstrated on model systems, and comment on the future of CE in proteomics.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/instrumentation
- Electrophoresis, Capillary/methods
- Humans
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Proteins/analysis
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteomics/methods
- Sequence Alignment
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization/methods
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/instrumentation
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan R Fonslow
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Pantůčková P, Gebauer P, Boček P, Křivánková L. Electrolyte systems for on-line CE-MS: Detection requirements and separation possibilities. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:203-14. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Recent applications of capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry (CE–MS): CE performing functions beyond separation. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:3-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Maxwell EJ, Chen DD. Twenty years of interface development for capillary electrophoresis–electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Revised: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Metabolomics, or alternately metabonomics, an emerging field of biochemical research, is a complementary technique to genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics. Direct quantitative measurements of metabolite expressions in urine, serum, plasma, and tissue are essential for the study of biological processes in normal and disease states. Since the number of metabolites in a biological sample is large separation science plays an important role in metabolomic research. This review describes the role of GC, HPLC, CE, and supercritical fluid chromatography in metabolomic research. The application of each technique is discussed and its advantages and limitations are discussed with selective illustrative examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleem J Issaq
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Analytical Technologies, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA.
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26
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Herrero M, Ibañez E, Cifuentes A. Capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-mass spectrometry in peptide analysis and peptidomics. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2148-60. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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27
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Schilling M, Janasek D, Franzke J. Electrospray-ionization driven by dielectric polarization. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:555-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2007] [Revised: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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28
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18 Coupling CE and microchip-based devices with mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0149-6395(07)00018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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29
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Solínová V, Kasicka V, Sázelová P, Barth T, Miksík I. Separation and investigation of structure–mobility relationship of gonadotropin-releasing hormones by capillary zone electrophoresis in conventional and isoelectric acidic background electrolytes. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1155:146-53. [PMID: 17229433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2006] [Revised: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 01/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) has been applied to qualitative and quantitative analysis, separation and physicochemical characterization of synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormones (GnRHs) and their analogs and fragments. Structurally related peptides were separated in conventional and isoelectric acidic background electrolytes (BGEs), pH 2.18-2.50. Best separation was achieved in isoelectric BGE composed of 200 mM iminodiacetic acid, pH 2.32. The effective electrophoretic mobilities, m(ep), of GnRHs in five BGEs were determined and four semiempirical models correlating effective mobility with charge, q, and relative molecular mass, M(r), (m(ep) versus q/M(r)(k), where k is related to the molecular shape) were tested to describe the migration behavior of GnRHs in CZE. None of the models was found to be quite definitively applicable for the whole set of 10 GnRHs differing in size (tetrapeptide-decapeptide) and positive charge (0.91-3.00 elementary charges). Nevertheless, for the dependence of m(ep) on q/M(r)(k), the highest coefficient of correlation, R=0.995-0.999, was obtained for k close to the value 0.5 in all five acidic BGEs. This indicates that the most probable structure of GnRHs in these BGEs can be predicted as a random coil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Solínová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Flemingovo 2, 166 10 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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30
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Chen Z, Boggess B, Chang HC. Open-tubular capillary electrochromatography-mass spectrometry with sheathless nanoflow electrospray ionization for analysis of amino acids and peptides. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:244-53. [PMID: 17195280 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel, rugged sheathless capillary electrochromatography-electrospray ionization (CEC-ESI) device, in which an open-tubular separation capillary and an electrospray tip are integrated with a Nafion tubing junction, is coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) for the analysis of amino acids and peptides. A stable electrospray was generated at nanoflow rates by applying a positive electrical potential at the Nafion membrane junction. To sustain the stable spray, an electroosmotic flow (EOF) to the spray was supported by coating the fused silica capillary with Lupamin, a high-molecular-weight linear positively charged polyvinylamine (PVAm) polymer, which also minimizes analyte adsorption. Electrochromatographic separation of amino acids and peptides was further enhanced by the chromatographic selectivity of Lupamin stationary phase for these molecules. The device was very reliable and reproducible for CEC-ESI-MS analyses of amino acids and peptides for over a hundred injections. The separation and detection behaviors of amino acids and peptides under different conditions including pH, concentration, and composition of mobile phases on Lupamin-coated and uncoated capillaries have been investigated. The relationship between nano electrospray stability and EOF is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilin Chen
- Center for Micro-fluidics and Medical Diagnostics, Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
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31
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Lo AAL, Hu A, Ho YP. Identification of microbial mixtures by LC-selective proteotypic-peptide analysis (SPA). JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1049-60. [PMID: 16888714 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a method--using a combination of LC-MS/MS of selected bacteria-specific peptides and database search--for determining the species of bacteria present in a mixture. We identified the proteotypic peptides that were associated with specific bacteria by searching protein databases for the LC-MS/MS data. The retention time windows for specific peptide markers were used as an extra constraint so that the peptide markers of many bacterial species could be analyzed in a single LC-selective proteotypic-peptide analysis (SPA). We performed LC-MS/MS analyses on the proteolytic digest of cell extracts and monitored only the selected marker peptide ions at given elution time windows. The corresponding bacterial species could be characterized when the selected peptides that eluted at expected elution windows were identified correctly from the database. We managed to identify up to eight bacterial species simultaneously during a single LC-MS/MS analysis, as well as bacteria mixed in various abundances. Two marker ions having similar values of m/z, but obtained from two different bacterial samples, which would otherwise be selected as precursors within mass tolerance and would complicate the MS/MS data, were time-resolved using LC and then used to correctly identify their bacterial sources. The coupling of selective MS/MS monitoring with separation methods, such as LC, provides a highly selective and accurate analytical method for characterizing complex mixtures of bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan A-L Lo
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
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32
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Chao BF, Chen CJ, Li FA, Her GR. Sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry using a pulsed electrospray ionization source. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2083-90. [PMID: 16645979 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A sheathless interface has been developed for coupling CE with electrospray IT mass spectrometer. This interface utilized a pulsed ESI source. The use of a pulsed electrospray source allows the use of a sprayer with larger orifice, and thus alleviates the problem of column clogging during conductive coating and CE analysis. A pulsed ESI source operated at 20 Hz and 20% duty cycle was found to produce the optimal signals. For better signals, the maximum ion injection time in the IT mass spectrometer has to be set to a value close to the actual spraying time (10 ms). Using a sprayer with 50 microm od, more stable and enhanced signals were obtained in comparison with continuous CE-ESI-MS under the same flow rate (150 nL/min). The utility of this design is demonstrated with the analysis of synthetic drugs by CE-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Fong Chao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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33
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Kasicka V. Recent developments in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of peptides. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:142-75. [PMID: 16307429 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The article gives a comprehensive review on the recent developments in the applications of high-performance capillary electromigration methods, zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography, to analysis, preparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides. The article presents new approaches to the theoretical description and experimental verification of electromigration behavior of peptides, covers the methodological aspects of capillary electroseparations of peptides, such as rational selection of separation conditions, sample preparation, suppression of peptide adsorption, new developments in individual separation modes, and new designs of detection systems. Several types of applications of capillary electromigration methods to peptide analysis are presented: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, purity control, determination in biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid and sequence analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some examples of micropreparative peptide separations are given and capabilities of capillary electromigration techniques to provide important physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kasicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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34
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Abstract
This review article with 304 references describes recent developments in CE of proteins, and covers the two years since the previous review (Hutterer, K., Dolník, V., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3998-4012) through Spring 2005. It covers topics related to CE of proteins, including modeling of the electrophoretic migration of proteins, sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving separation, various forms of detection, special electrophoretic techniques such as affinity CE, CIEF, and applications of CE to the analysis of proteins in real-world samples including human body fluids, food and agricultural samples, protein pharmaceuticals, and recombinant protein preparations.
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35
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Edwards JL, Chisolm CN, Shackman JG, Kennedy RT. Negative mode sheathless capillary electrophoresis electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry for metabolite analysis of prokaryotes. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1106:80-8. [PMID: 16443454 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2005] [Revised: 08/25/2005] [Accepted: 08/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) was coupled to negative mode electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry (MS) for separation and detection of phosphorylated and acidic metabolites in extracts of prokaryotes. Unlike previous CE-MS systems for metabolite analysis, a sheathless interface was used to improve sensitivity. To accomplish this, the separation capillary was modified by creating a porous junction near the outlet where the electrospray voltage and cathodic voltage for CE were applied. The outlet of the capillary was pulled to a 5 microm inner diameter to form an electrospray emitter and had a frit fabricated near the exit to prevent clogging. During analysis pressure was applied at the inlet of the separation column to create sufficient flow towards the detector. Limits of detection for 19 metabolites in full scan mode ranged from 20 nM for ADP ribose to 2.5 microM for alpha-ketoglutarate for 40 nL injections. Extracts of Escherichia coli, strain DH5-alpha, were analyzed using this system. In full scan mode, 118 different metabolites were detected. Tandem mass spectrometry was also employed to attempt identification. Reproducible fragmentation of 19 parent peaks was found and 10 of these produced spectra that were consistent with identification obtained from matching to compounds in the MetaCyc database. These results demonstrate the utility of a sensitive CE-MS system for large scale metabolite detection in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA
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36
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Klampfl CW. Recent advances in the application of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometric detection. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:3-34. [PMID: 16315165 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of applications of CE coupled to MS detection published in the literature of the last three years. The works discussed in this paper comprise a wide range of different fields of application. These include important sections such as the analysis of biomolecules, the analysis of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in different matrices, environmental analysis, and also investigations on the composition of technical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria.
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37
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Ohnesorge J, Neusüss C, Wätzig H. Quantitation in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:3973-87. [PMID: 16252322 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
CE-MS has evolved into a strong alternative to LC-MS. Most of CE-MS applications deal with characterization and identification. However, quantitative aspects have gained importance in, e.g., pharmaceutical and biotechnological applications. Here we summarize and evaluate various methodological aspects in order to achieve sensitive and reproducible results. Similar to LC-MS, aspects of matrix influence on the electrospray process need to be carefully addressed when quantitative results are intended by CE-MS. Due to a more complicated coupling special emphasis needs to be put on the CE-MS interface. Generally linearity over more than three orders of magnitude can be achieved by CE-ESI-MS. Furthermore, a literature survey has been performed in order to give an overview over quantitative measurements performed by CE-MS. The precision can be doubled when changing from a structural related to an isotopically labeled internal standard. Thus a level of precision better than 5% RSD can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Ohnesorge
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
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38
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Huang G, Lv Y, Zhang S, Yang C, Zhang X. Development of an Aerosol Chemiluminescent Detector Coupled to Capillary Electrophoresis for Saccharide Analysis. Anal Chem 2005; 77:7356-65. [PMID: 16285686 DOI: 10.1021/ac0511290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel aerosol chemiluminescent (CL) detector coupling to capillary electrophoresis (CE) for the detection of saccharides is reported. This CL detector is composed of a postcapillary nebulizer and porous alumina as catalyzer in quartz tube. The CL emission could be generated due to the catalyzing oxidization of saccharides on the surface of porous alumina. The saccharides such as sucrose, alpha-lactose, maltose, raffinose, galactose, xylose, and glucose with only weak UV absorbance can be successfully detected. The linear ranges of those saccharides are from 30-2000 to 50-2000 mg/L; relative standard deviations range from 2.1 to 3.7% (200 mg/L, n = 11). Compared with the traditional UV detector currently used in CE, this novel detector shows the advantage of high sensitivity to the compounds with only weak UV absorption. Thus, it could be an important supplement of CE detectors for UV-lacking compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangming Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory for Atomic and Molecular Nanosciences of Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, PR China
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39
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Schmitt-Kopplin P, Englmann M. Capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry: survey on developments and applications 2003-2004. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1209-20. [PMID: 15776480 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The major developments and applications related to CE-MS over the last two years (2003-2004) and most of the reviews and applications found in the ISI Web of Science and publisher data bases are presented in a tabulated way. This article complements our previous review "Capillary electrophoresis - mass spectrometry: 15 years of developments and applications", Electrophoresis, 2003, 24, 3837-3867 for the last two years 2003-2004. All cited articles were analyzed in a way to illustrate (i) in which journals CE-MS-related papers were mostly found over the last decades and (ii) which commercial CE-, MS-instrumentations or CE-MS combinations were mostly used in the European, Asian, and American continent. Additionally, like it was done in our last review, the reader will rapidly find applications classified as forensics, environment, bioanalytics, pharmaceutics, and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- GSF - National Research Center for Environment and Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, Neuherberg, Germany.
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40
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Stutz H. Advances in the analysis of proteins and peptides by capillary electrophoresis with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and electrospray-mass spectrometry detection. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1254-90. [PMID: 15776483 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
High throughput, outstanding certainty in peptide/protein identification, exceptional resolution, and quantitative information are essential pillars in proteome research. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has proven to meet these requirements. Soft ionization techniques, such as matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI), have paved the way for the story of success of CE-MS in the analysis of biomolecules and both approaches are subject of discussion in this article. Meanwhile, CE-MS is far away from representing a homogeneous field. Therefore the review will cover a vast area including the coupling of different modes of CE (capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric foscusing, capillary electrochromatography, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis) to MS as well as on-line preconcentration techniques (transient capillary isotachophoresis, solid-phase extraction, membrane preconcentration) applied to compensate for restricted detection sensitivity. Special attention is given to improvements in interfacing, namely addressing nanospray and coaxial sheath liquid design. Peptide mapping, collision-induced dissociation with subsequent tandem MS, and amendments in mass accuracy of instruments improve information validity gained from MS data. With 2-D on-line coupling of liquid chromatography (LC) and CE a further topic will be discussed. A special section is dedicated to recent attempts in establishing CE-ESI-MS in proteomics, in the clinical and diagnostic field, and in the food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Stutz
- University of Salzburg, Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Chemistry, Salzburg, Austria.
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41
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Prange A, Pröfrock D. Application of CE–ICP–MS and CE–ESI–MS in metalloproteomics: challenges, developments, and limitations. Anal Bioanal Chem 2005; 383:372-89. [PMID: 16158292 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-005-3420-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2005] [Revised: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Application of capillary electrophoresis (CE) as a high-resolution separation technique in metalloproteomics research is critically reviewed. The focus is on the requirements and challenges involved in coupling CE to sensitive element and molecule-specific detection techniques such as inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The complementary application of both detection techniques to the structural and functional characterisation of metal-binding proteins and their structural metal-binding moieties is emphasised. Beneficial aspects and limitations of mass spectrometry hyphenated to CE are discussed, on the basis of the literature published in this field over the last decade. Recent metalloproteomics applications of CE are reviewed to demonstrate its potential and limitations in modern biochemical speciation analysis and to indicate future directions of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Prange
- Department of Marine Bioanalytical Chemistry, GKSS Research Centre, Institute for Coastal Research, Max-Planck Str. 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany.
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42
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Yue GE, Roper MG, Jeffery ED, Easley CJ, Balchunas C, Landers JP, Ferrance JP. Glass microfluidic devices with thin membrane voltage junctions for electrospray mass spectrometry. LAB ON A CHIP 2005; 5:619-27. [PMID: 15915254 DOI: 10.1039/b502446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study a novel glass membrane was prepared for conducting high voltage (HV) to solution in the channel of a microfabricated device for generation of liquid electrospray. Taylor cone formation and mass spectra obtained from this microdevice confirmed the utility of the glass membrane, but voltage conduction through the membrane could not be successfully explained based solely on the conductivity of the glass itself. This novel method for developing a high-voltage interface for microdevices avoids direct metal/liquid contact eliminating bubble formation in the channel due to water hydrolysis on the surface of the metal. Further, this arrangement produces no dead volume as is often found with traditional liquid junctions. At the same time, preliminary investigations into the outlet design of glass microdevices for interfacing with electrospray mass spectrometry, was explored. Both the exit shape and the use of hydrophobic coatings at the channel exit of the microdevice electrospray interface were evaluated using standard proteins with results indicating the utility of this type of design after further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihua Eileen Yue
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, VA 22904, USA
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43
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Abstract
The sequencing of several organisms' genomes, including the human's one, has opened the way for the so-called postgenomic era, which is now routinely coined as "proteomics". The most basic task in proteomics remains the detection and identification of proteins from a biological sample, and the most traditional way to achieve this goal consists of protein separations performed by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE). Still, the 2-D PAGE-mass spectrometry (MS) approach remains lacking in proteome coverage (for proteins having extreme isoelectric points or molecular masses as well as for membrane proteins), dynamic range, sensitivity, and throughput. Consequently, considerable efforts have been devoted to the development of non-gel-based proteome separation technologies in an effort to alleviate the shortcomings in 2-D PAGE while reserving the ability to resolve complex protein and peptide mixtures prior to MS analysis. This review focuses on the most recent advances in capillary-based separation techniques, including capillary liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and capillary electrokinetic chromatography, and combinations of multiples of these mechanisms, along with the coupling of these techniques to MS. Developments in capillary separations capable of providing extremely high resolving power and selective analyte enrichment are particularly highlighted for their roles within the broader context of a state-of-the-art integrated proteome effort. Miniaturized and integrated multidimensional peptide/protein separations using microfluidics are further summarized for their potential applications in high-throughput protein profiling toward biomarker discovery and clinical diagnosis.
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44
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Shamsi SA, Miller BE. Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: recent advances to the analysis of small achiral and chiral solutes. Electrophoresis 2005; 25:3927-61. [PMID: 15597424 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200406131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We describe here the state-of-the-art development of on-line capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) over the last two years. Technological developments included are novel designs of new interfaces and ionization sources, new capillary coatings, buffers, and micelles as well as application of various modes of CE-MS published in the recent literature. The areas of CE-MS application in analysis of small achiral and chiral solutes are covered in sections that highlight the recent advances and possibilities of each mode of CE-MS. Application areas reviewed in this paper include achiral and chiral pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, carbohydrates, and small peptides. The separation of enantiomers using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC)-MS with molecular micelles and capillary electrochromatography (CEC)-MS using pack tapered columns appears to provide good tolerance to electrospray stability for routine on-line CE-MS. These two modes seem to be very suitable for sensitive detection of chiral pharmaceuticals in biological samples, but their use will probably increase in the near future. Overall, it seems that one mode of CE-MS, in particular capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-MS, is now recognized as established technique for analysis of small charged solutes, but other modes, such as MEKC-MS and CEC-MS, are still within a period of development in terms of both MS-compatible pseudostationary phases and columns as well as applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab A Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Biotechnology and Drug Design, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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45
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Liu CC, Alary JF, Vollmerhaus P, Kadkhodayan M. Design, optimisation, and evaluation of a sheath flow interface for automated capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-mass spectrometry. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1366-75. [PMID: 15761922 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A sheath-flow capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) system utilizing a fully integrated large-bore stainless-steel emitter electrode tapered at the end for micro-ionspray operation has been developed and evaluated. A separation capillary with an outer diameter of up to 360 microm was inserted into the electrode thus forming a void volume of less than 15 nL between the capillary end and the electrospray ionisation (ESI) tip. The sheath liquid, usually methanol-water (80:20) with 0.1% formic acid for positive ion mode or methanol for negative ion mode, was delivered at 0.5-1.0 microL/min. Unlike previously reported CE-MS interfaces, the CE-MS probe was incorporated directly onto an Applied Biosystems/MDS SCIEX orthogonal-spray Turbo "V" ion source for ease of use and automatic operation. This integration enables fast and facile coupling and replacement of the separation capillary without interrupting the ion source configuration, and the sheath liquid supply. The reusable electrospray electrode was precisely fabricated and aligned with the length of the nebulizing gas tube for improved reproducibility. Automation was achieved through software control of both CE and tandem MS (MS/MS) for unattended batch sample analysis. The system was evaluated for attomole- to low femtomole-level profiling of model peptides and protein mixtures, bisphosphates, as well as antiviral nucleosidic drugs in cellular extracts.
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46
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Chen YR, Tseng MC, Her GR. Design and performance of a low-flow capillary electrophoresis-electrospray-mass spectrometry interface using an emitter with dual beveled edge. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1376-82. [PMID: 15761919 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A low-flow electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) interface has been developed for interfacing capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) with electrospray- ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The interface consists of two parallel capillary columns (a separation column and a makeup column), and an emitter with a dual beveled edge. While maintaining a relatively low optimum flow rate, the dual-beveled-edge ESI emitter allows the use of a tip with larger orifice. Therefore, this interface is less prone to column blocking in comparison with a flat tip. Primarily attributed to low sample dilution and smaller initial droplet, the interface showed better sensitivity than a conventional sheath liquid interface. Furthermore, the interface was found to be more resistant to the presence of nonvolatile salts. By using 40 mM borate and 20 mM alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) as the running buffer, four major forms of gangliosides were detected by CE-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yet-Ran Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Sassi AP, Andel F, Bitter HML, Brown MPS, Chapman RG, Espiritu J, Greenquist AC, Guyon I, Horchi-Alegre M, Stults KL, Wainright A, Heller JC, Stults JT. An automated, sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry platform for discovery of biomarkers in human serum. Electrophoresis 2005; 26:1500-12. [PMID: 15765480 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200410127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) method has been developed to perform routine, automated analysis of low-molecular-weight peptides in human serum. The method incorporates transient isotachophoresis for in-line preconcentration and a sheathless electrospray interface. To evaluate the performance of the method and demonstrate the utility of the approach, an experiment was designed in which peptides were added to sera from individuals at each of two different concentrations, artificially creating two groups of samples. The CE-MS data from the serum samples were divided into separate training and test sets. A pattern-recognition/feature-selection algorithm based on support vector machines was used to select the mass-to-charge (m/z) values from the training set data that distinguished the two groups of samples from each other. The added peptides were identified correctly as the distinguishing features, and pattern recognition based on these peptides was used to assign each sample in the independent test set to its respective group. A twofold difference in peptide concentration could be detected with statistical significance (p-value < 0.0001). The accuracy of the assignment was 95%, demonstrating the utility of this technique for the discovery of patterns of biomarkers in serum.
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Liu CC, Zhang J, Dovichi NJ. A sheath-flow nanospray interface for capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2005; 19:187-192. [PMID: 15593250 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a novel sheath-flow interface for low-flow electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and capillary electrophoresis/electrospray mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-MS). The interface is composed of two capillaries. One is a tapered fused-silica ESI emitter suitable for microliter and nanoliter flow rate electrospray and the other is a tail-end gold-coated CE separation column that is inserted into the emitter. A sheath liquid is supplied between the column and the emitter capillaries. The gold coating and the sheath liquid are used as the conducting media for ESI and the CE circuit. This novel design was initially evaluated by an infusion ESI-MS analysis of the most common antiretroviral dideoxynucleosides, followed by CE/MS coupling analysis of several antidepressant drugs. With infusion studies, the effects of the sheath liquid and the sample flow rates on detection sensitivity and signal stability were investigated. For an emitter with an internal diameter of 30 microm, the optimum flow rates for the sheath and the sample were 200 and 300 nL/min, respectively. The main improvement of this approach in comparison with conventional sheath liquid approaches using an ionspray interface is the gain in sensitivity. Sensitivities were three times better for dideoxynucleosides analyzed by infusion and 12 times higher for antidepressant drugs analyzed by CE/MS with this interface compared with ionspray. The emitter is durable, disposable, and simple to fabricate.
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Mass spectrometry detection in capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(05)45009-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Monton MRN, Terabe S. Recent Developments in Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry of Proteins and Peptides. ANAL SCI 2005; 21:5-13. [PMID: 15675508 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Many researchers have invested considerable efforts toward improving capillary electrophoresis (CE)-mass spectrometry (MS) systems so they can be applied better to standard analyses. This review highlights the developments in CE-MS of proteins and peptides over the last five years. It includes the developments in interfaces, sample-enrichment techniques, microfabricated devices, and some applications, largely in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF) and capillary isotachophoresis formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rowena N Monton
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan.
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