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Geurink L, van Tricht E, van der Burg D, Scheppink G, Pajic B, Dudink J, Sänger-van de Griend C. Sixteen capillary electrophoresis applications for viral vaccine analysis. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:1068-1090. [PMID: 34739151 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A broad range of CE applications from our organization is reviewed to give a flavor of the use of CE within the field of vaccine analyses. Applicability of CE for viral vaccine characterization, and release and stability testing of seasonal influenza virosomal vaccines, universal subunit influenza vaccines, Sabin inactivated polio vaccines (sIPV), and adenovirus vector vaccines were demonstrated. Diverse CZE, CE-SDS, CGE, and cIEF methods were developed, validated, and applied for virus, protein, posttranslational modifications, DNA, and excipient concentration determinations, as well as for the integrity and composition verifications, and identity testing (e.g., CZE for intact virus particles, CE-SDS application for hemagglutinin quantification and influenza strain identification, chloride or bromide determination in process samples). Results were supported by other methods such as RP-HPLC, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential measurements. Overall, 16 CE methods are presented that were developed and applied, comprising six adenovirus methods, five viral protein methods, and methods for antibodies determination of glycans, host cell-DNA, excipient chloride, and process impurity bromide. These methods were applied to support in-process control, release, stability, process- and product characterization and development, and critical reagent testing. Thirteen methods were validated. Intact virus particles were analyzed at concentrations as low as 0.8 pmol/L. Overall, CE took viral vaccine testing beyond what was previously possible, improved process and product understanding, and, in total, safety, efficacy, and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Geurink
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., CN Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ewoud van Tricht
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gerard Scheppink
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bojana Pajic
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Justin Dudink
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Cari Sänger-van de Griend
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B.V., CN Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Biomedical Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Kantisto B.V., Baarn, The Netherlands
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2
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Real-Hohn A, Blaas D. Rhinovirus Inhibitors: Including a New Target, the Viral RNA. Viruses 2021; 13:1784. [PMID: 34578365 PMCID: PMC8473194 DOI: 10.3390/v13091784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are the main cause of recurrent infections with rather mild symptoms characteristic of the common cold. Nevertheless, RVs give rise to enormous numbers of absences from work and school and may become life-threatening in particular settings. Vaccination is jeopardised by the large number of serotypes eliciting only poorly cross-neutralising antibodies. Conversely, antivirals developed over the years failed FDA approval because of a low efficacy and/or side effects. RV species A, B, and C are now included in the fifteen species of the genus Enteroviruses based upon the high similarity of their genome sequences. As a result of their comparably low pathogenicity, RVs have become a handy model for other, more dangerous members of this genus, e.g., poliovirus and enterovirus 71. We provide a short overview of viral proteins that are considered potential drug targets and their corresponding drug candidates. We briefly mention more recently identified cellular enzymes whose inhibition impacts on RVs and comment novel approaches to interfere with infection via aggregation, virus trapping, or preventing viral access to the cell receptor. Finally, we devote a large part of this article to adding the viral RNA genome to the list of potential drug targets by dwelling on its structure, folding, and the still debated way of its exit from the capsid. Finally, we discuss the recent finding that G-quadruplex stabilising compounds impact on RNA egress possibly via obfuscating the unravelling of stable secondary structural elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Real-Hohn
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Vienna Biocenter, Max Perutz Laboratories, Medical University of Vienna, Dr. Bohr Gasse 9/3, A-1030 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Yang Y, Su Z, Ma G, Zhang S. Characterization and stabilization in process development and product formulation for super large proteinaceous particles. Eng Life Sci 2020; 20:451-465. [PMID: 33204232 PMCID: PMC7645648 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202000033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Super large proteinaceous particles (SLPPs) such as virus, virus like particles, and extracellular vesicles have successful and promising applications in vaccination, gene therapy, and cancer treatment. The unstable nature, the complex particulate structure and composition are challenges for their manufacturing and applications. Rational design of the processing should be built on the basis of fully understanding the characteristics of these bio-particles. This review highlights useful analytical techniques for characterization and stabilization of SLPPs in the process development and product formulations, including high performance size exclusion chromatography, multi-angle laser light scattering, asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation, nanoparticle tracking analysis, CZE, differential scanning calorimetry, differential scanning fluorescence, isothermal titration calorimetry , and dual polarization interferometry. These advanced analytical techniques will be helpful in obtaining deep insight into the mechanism related to denaturation of SLPPs, and more importantly, in seeking solutions to preserve their biological functions against deactivation or denaturation. Combination of different physicochemical techniques, and correlation with in vitro or in vivo biological activity analyses, are considered to be the future trend of development in order to guarantee a high quality, safety, and efficacy of SLPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
| | - Songping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical EngineeringInstitute of Process EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingP. R. China
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4
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Liu SL, Wang ZG, Xie HY, Liu AA, Lamb DC, Pang DW. Single-Virus Tracking: From Imaging Methodologies to Virological Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 120:1936-1979. [PMID: 31951121 PMCID: PMC7075663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Uncovering
the mechanisms of virus infection and assembly is crucial
for preventing the spread of viruses and treating viral disease. The
technique of single-virus tracking (SVT), also known as single-virus
tracing, allows one to follow individual viruses at different parts
of their life cycle and thereby provides dynamic insights into fundamental
processes of viruses occurring in live cells. SVT is typically based
on fluorescence imaging and reveals insights into previously unreported
infection mechanisms. In this review article, we provide the readers
a broad overview of the SVT technique. We first summarize recent advances
in SVT, from the choice of fluorescent labels and labeling strategies
to imaging implementation and analytical methodologies. We then describe
representative applications in detail to elucidate how SVT serves
as a valuable tool in virological research. Finally, we present our
perspectives regarding the future possibilities and challenges of
SVT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry , China University of Geosciences , Wuhan 430074 , P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Hai-Yan Xie
- School of Life Science , Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081 , P. R. China
| | - An-An Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China
| | - Don C Lamb
- Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanoscience (CeNS), and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM) and Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM) , Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität , München , 81377 , Germany
| | - Dai-Wen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Sciences, College of Chemistry, and School of Medicine , Nankai University , Tianjin 300071 , P. R. China.,College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Virology, The Institute for Advanced Studies, and Wuhan Institute of Biotechnology , Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072 , P. R. China
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Branda MM, Guérin DMA. Alkalinization of Icosahedral Non-enveloped Viral Capsid Interior Through Proton Channeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1215:181-199. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14741-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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van Tricht E, Geurink L, Backus H, Germano M, Somsen GW, Sänger–van de Griend CE. One single, fast and robust capillary electrophoresis method for the direct quantification of intact adenovirus particles in upstream and downstream processing samples. Talanta 2017; 166:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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A Novel Open and Infectious Form of Echovirus 1. J Virol 2016; 90:6759-70. [PMID: 27194757 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00342-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED One of the hallmarks of enterovirus genome delivery is the formation of an uncoating intermediate particle. Based on previous studies of mostly heated picornavirus particles, intermediate particles were shown to have externalized the innermost capsid protein (VP4) and exposed the N terminus of VP1 and to have reduced infectivity. Here, in addition to the native and intact particle type, we have identified another type of infectious echovirus 1 (E1) particle population during infection. Our results show that E1 is slightly altered during entry, which leads to the broadening of the major virion peak in the sucrose gradient. In contrast, CsCl gradient separation revealed that in addition to the light intact and empty particles, a dense particle peak appeared during infection in cells. When the broad peak from the sucrose gradient was subjected to a CsCl gradient, it revealed light and dense particles, further suggesting that the shoulder represents the dense particle. The dense particle was permeable to SYBR green II, it still contained most of its VP4, and it was able to bind to its receptor α2β1 integrin and showed high infectivity. A thermal assay further showed that the α2β1 integrin binding domain (I-domain) stabilized the virus particle. Finally, heating E1 particles to superphysiological temperatures produced more fragile particles with aberrant ultrastructural appearances, suggesting that they are distinct from the dense E1 particles. These results describe a more open and highly infectious E1 particle that is naturally produced during infection and may represent a novel form of an uncoating intermediate. IMPORTANCE In this paper, we have characterized a possible uncoating intermediate particle of E1 that is produced in cells during infection. Before releasing their genome into the host cytosol, enteroviruses go through structural changes in their capsid, forming an uncoating intermediate particle. It was shown previously that structural changes can be induced by receptor interactions and, in addition, by heating the native virion to superphysiological temperatures. Here, we demonstrate that an altered, still infectious E1 particle is found during infection. This particle has a more open structure, and it cannot be formed by heating. It still contains the VP4 protein and is able to bind to its receptor and cause infection. Moreover, we show that in contrast to some other enteroviruses, the receptor-virion interaction has a stabilizing effect on E1. This paper highlights the differences between enterovirus species and further increases our understanding of various uncoating forms of enteroviruses.
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Weiss VU, Bliem C, Gösler I, Fedosyuk S, Kratzmeier M, Blaas D, Allmaier G. In vitro RNA release from a human rhinovirus monitored by means of a molecular beacon and chip electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4209-17. [PMID: 27020928 PMCID: PMC4875947 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-phase electrophoresis either in the classical capillary format or miniaturized (chip CE) is a valuable tool for quality control of virus preparations and for targeting questions related to conformational changes of viruses during infection. We present an in vitro assay to follow the release of the RNA genome from a human rhinovirus (common cold virus) by using a molecular beacon (MB) and chip CE. The MB, a probe that becomes fluorescent upon hybridization to a complementary sequence, was designed to bind close to the 3′ end of the viral genome. Addition of Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid), a well-known additive for reduction of bleaching and blinking of fluorophores in fluorescence microscopy, to the background electrolyte increased the sensitivity of our chip CE set-up. Hence, a fast, sensitive and straightforward method for the detection of viral RNA is introduced. Additionally, challenges of our assay will be discussed. In particular, we found that (i) desalting of virus preparations prior to analysis increased the recorded signal and (ii) the MB–RNA complex signal decreased with the time of virus storage at −70 °C. This suggests that 3′-proximal sequences of the viral RNA, if not the whole genome, underwent degradation during storage and/or freezing and thawing. In summary, we demonstrate, for two independent virus batches, that chip electrophoresis can be used to monitor MB hybridization to RNA released upon incubation of the native virus at 56 °C. Schematic of the study strategy: RNA released from HRV-A2 is detected by chip electrophoresis through the increase in fluorescence after genom complexation to a cognate molecular beacon ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christina Bliem
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Gösler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sofiya Fedosyuk
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Kratzmeier
- Agilent Technologies, Hewlett-Packard-Straße 8, 76337, Waldbronn, Germany
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Günter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9/164, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
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9
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Asati A, Kachurina O, Karol A, Dhir V, Nguyen M, Parkhill R, Kouiavskaia D, Chumakov K, Warren W, Kachurin A. Fluorescence Adherence Inhibition Assay: A Novel Functional Assessment of Blocking Virus Attachment by Vaccine-Induced Antibodies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0144261. [PMID: 26863313 PMCID: PMC4749260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination or natural infection play a critically important role in protection against the viral diseases. In general, neutralization of the viral infection occurs via two major pathways: pre- and post-attachment modes, the first being the most important for such infections as influenza and polio, the latter being significant for filoviruses. Neutralizing capacity of antibodies is typically evaluated by virus neutralization assays that assess reduction of viral infectivity to the target cells in the presence of functional antibodies. Plaque reduction neutralization test, microneutralization and immunofluorescent assays are often used as gold standard virus neutralization assays. However, these methods are associated with several important prerequisites such as use of live virus requiring safety precautions, tedious evaluation procedure and long assessment time. Hence, there is a need for a robust, inexpensive high throughput functional assay that can be performed rapidly using inactivated virus, without extensive safety precautions. Herein, we report a novel high throughput Fluorescence Adherence Inhibition assay (fADI) using inactivated virus labeled with fluorescent secondary antibodies virus and Vero cells or erythrocytes as targets. It requires only few hours to assess pre-attachment neutralizing capacity of donor sera. fADI assay was tested successfully on donors immunized with polio, yellow fever and influenza vaccines. To further simplify and improve the throughput of the assay, we have developed a mathematical approach for calculating the 50% titers from a single sample dilution, without the need to analyze multi-point titration curves. Assessment of pre- and post-vaccination human sera from subjects immunized with IPOL®, YF-VAX® and 2013-2014 Fluzone® vaccines demonstrated high efficiency of the assay. The results correlated very well with microneutralization assay performed independently by the FDA Center of Biologics Evaluation and Research, with plaque reduction neutralization test performed by Focus Diagnostics, and with hemaglutination inhibition assay performed in-house at Sanofi Pasteur. Taken together, fADI assay appears to be a useful high throughput functional immunoassay for assessment of antibody-related neutralization of the viral infections for which pre-attachment neutralization pathway is predominant, such as polio, influenza, yellow fever and dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Asati
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Olga Kachurina
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Alex Karol
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Vipra Dhir
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Michael Nguyen
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Robert Parkhill
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Diana Kouiavskaia
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Chumakov
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20993, United States of America
| | - William Warren
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
| | - Anatoly Kachurin
- Sanofi Pasteur VaxDesign Campus, 2501 Discovery Dr. Suite 3000, Orlando, Florida 32826, United States of America
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Horká M, Růžička F, Kubesová A, Šlais K. Dynamic labeling of diagnostically significant microbial cells in cerebrospinal fluid by red chromophoric non-ionogenic surfactant for capillary electrophoresis separations. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 728:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Huang LL, Zhou P, Wang HZ, Zhang R, Hao J, Xie HY, He ZK. A new stable and reliable method for labeling nucleic acids of fully replicative viruses. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2424-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc17069h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Szumski M, Kłodzińska E, Dziubakiewicz E, Hrynkiewicz K, Buszewski B. EFFECT OF APPLIED VOLTAGE ON VIABILITY OF BACTERIA DURING SEPARATION UNDER ELECTROPHORETIC CONDITIONS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.593223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Szumski
- a Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Ewa Kłodzińska
- a Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Ewelina Dziubakiewicz
- a Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz
- b Department of Microbiology , Institute of General and Molecular Biology, Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- a Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry , Nicolaus Copernicus University , Torun , Poland
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Cui ZQ, Ren Q, Wei HP, Chen Z, Deng JY, Zhang ZP, Zhang XE. Quantum dot-aptamer nanoprobes for recognizing and labeling influenza A virus particles. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:2454-2457. [PMID: 21509395 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10218d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence labeling of viruses is a useful technology for virus detection and imaging. By combining the excellent fluorescence properties of quantum dots (QDs) with the high affinity and specificity of aptamers, we constructed a QD-aptamer probe. The aptamer A22, against the hemagglutinin of influenza A virus, was linked to QDs, producing the QD-A22 probe. Fluorescence imaging and transmission electron microscopy showed that the QD-A22 probe could specifically recognize and label influenza A virus particles. This QD labeling technique provides a new strategy for labeling virus particles for virus detection and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Qiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Abstract
We discuss the progress during the last 4 years in the analysis of viruses by electrophoresis in capillaries and microfluidic devices. The paper is the continuation of a review published in this journal in 2005 [Kremser, L., Blaas, D., Kenndler, E., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 2282-2291]. Eighteen papers on the topic have appeared since; the majority deals with zone electrophoresis and three reports are on IEF. These methods have been applied to human rhinoviruses, poliovirus Semliki Forest virus, norovirus-like particles, and the two bacteriophages MS2 and T5. A main finding was that addition of detergents and salts to the BGEs are essential for the robustness of the CE analysis. Analyte detection was usually via UV absorbance but there are some examples where the viruses were rendered fluorescent via modification of the capsid proteins with reactive dyes and/or by non-covalent attachment of intercalating fluorescent compounds to the nucleic acids making up the viral genome. Interestingly, some viruses are permeable to small molecular mass components; this allows fluorescent dyes to diffuse into the intact virus where they attach to the nucleic acid. Release of a viral genome upon heating was also monitored by using similar methodologies. Interactions of viruses and subviral particles with antibodies, receptors, and receptor-decorated liposomes were investigated with CE methods, all by using a non-equilibrium approach (i.e. co-incubation of the components prior to CE separation). Viruses are multivalent (i.e. possess many identical surface-exposed patches) and most of them are composed of defined numbers of identical subunits. The high resolution of CE has been most remarkably demonstrated by the separation of stoichiometric complexes between virus and a distinct number of soluble recombinant receptors and revealed their concentration-dependent distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kremser
- Innsbruck Medical University, Biocenter, Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Innsbruck, Austria.
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15
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Horká M, Růžička F, Holá V, Kahle V, Moravcová D, Šlais K. Capillary Electromigration Separation of Proteins and Microorganisms Dynamically Modified by Chromophoric Nonionogenic Surfactant. Anal Chem 2009; 81:6897-904. [DOI: 10.1021/ac900897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Horká
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Růžička
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Holá
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislav Kahle
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Moravcová
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Šlais
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v. v. i., Veveří 97, 602 00 Brno, Czech Republic, and Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Weiss VU, Bilek G, Pickl-Herk A, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Mimicking virus attachment to host cells employing liposomes: Analysis by chip electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2123-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Kłodzińska E, Buszewski B. Electrokinetic Detection and Characterization of Intact Microorganisms. Anal Chem 2008; 81:8-15. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801369a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Virus analysis by electrophoresis on a microfluidic chip. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 860:173-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Kolivoška V, Weiss VU, Kremser L, Gaš B, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Electrophoresis on a microfluidic chip for analysis of fluorescence-labeled human rhinovirus. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:4734-40. [PMID: 18008310 PMCID: PMC7163641 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the analysis of human rhinovirus serotype 2 (HRV2) on a commercially available lab-on-a-chip instrument. Due to lack of sufficient native fluorescence, the proteinaceous capsid of HRV2 was labeled with Cy5 for detection by the red laser (lambda ex 630 nm) implemented in the instrument. On the microdevice, electrophoresis of the labeled virus was possible in a BGE without stabilizing detergents, which is in contrast to conventional CE; moreover, analysis times were drastically shortened to the few 10 s range. Resolution of the sample constituents (virions, a contaminant present in all virus preparations, and excess dye) was improved upon adaptation of the separation conditions, mainly by adjusting the SDS concentration of the BGE. Purity of fractions from size-exclusion chromatography after labeling of virus was assessed, and affinity complex formation of the labeled virus with various recombinant very-low-density lipoprotein receptor derivatives differing in the number of concatenated V3 ligand binding repeats was monitored. Virus analysis on microchip devices is of particular interest for experiments with infectious material because of easy containment and disposal of samples. Thus, the employment of microchip devices in routine analysis of viruses appears to be exceptionally attractive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viliam Kolivoška
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Victor U. Weiss
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Leopold Kremser
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bohuslav Gaš
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Kenndler
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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20
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Brandenburg B, Lee LY, Lakadamyali M, Rust MJ, Zhuang X, Hogle JM. Imaging poliovirus entry in live cells. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e183. [PMID: 17622193 PMCID: PMC1914398 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses initiate infection by transferring their genetic material across a cellular membrane and into the appropriate compartment of the cell. The mechanisms by which animal viruses, especially nonenveloped viruses, deliver their genomes are only poorly understood. This is due in part to technical difficulties involved in direct visualization of viral gene delivery and to uncertainties in distinguishing productive and nonproductive pathways caused by the high particle-to–plaque forming unit ratio of most animal viruses. Here, we combine an imaging assay that simultaneously tracks the viral capsid and genome in live cells with an infectivity-based assay for RNA release to characterize the early events in the poliovirus (PV) infection. Effects on RNA genome delivery from inhibitors of cell trafficking pathways were probed systematically by both methods. Surprisingly, we observe that genome release by PV is highly efficient and rapid, and thus does not limit the overall infectivity or the infection rate. The results define a pathway in which PV binds to receptors on the cell surface and enters the cell by a clathrin-, caveolin-, flotillin-, and microtubule-independent, but tyrosine kinase- and actin-dependent, endocytic mechanism. Immediately after the internalization of the virus particle, genome release takes place from vesicles or tightly sealed membrane invaginations located within 100–200 nm of the plasma membrane. These results settle a long-lasting debate of whether PV directly breaks the plasma membrane barrier or relies on endocytosis to deliver its genome into the cell. We expect this imaging assay to be broadly applicable to the investigation of entry mechanisms for nonenveloped viruses. During travel between hosts, the genome of a virus is well protected by the viral capsid and/or envelope. After binding specifically to target cells, the virus particles enter cells by hijacking cell trafficking pathways and then deliver the viral genome into the appropriate compartment of the cell where it directs the production of progeny virus particles. How nonenveloped viruses, such as poliovirus, enter target cells is not well understood. Here, we produced fully infectious poliovirus with both genome and capsid specifically labeled by fluorescent dyes. We could then use real-time fluorescent microscopy to follow single virus particles during infection, to define how they enter cells and to determine when and where in the cell the genome gets released. We have complemented the microscopic studies with virological assays, which demonstrate that the pathways observed by microscopy are productive. We show that poliovirus enters live cells in a process that requires energy, an intact actin cytoskeleton, and cell signaling pathways, but does not depend on the well-known markers of endocytic pathways. We show that after internalization, the genome release is surprisingly efficient and occurs from vesicles that are very close to the cell surface. Our experiments offer new insights into the early steps of poliovirus infection, and describe methods that can be used for a wide variety of other viruses. Combining an imaging assay that simultaneously tracks the viral capsid and genome in live cells with an infectivity-based biological assay for RNA release, the authors settle a long-lasting debate on the nature of poliovirus entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boerries Brandenburg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lily Y Lee
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael J Rust
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (XZ); (JMH)
| | - James M Hogle
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: (XZ); (JMH)
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21
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Abstract
The picornavirus family contains a number of significant pathogens, such as poliovirus, rhinovirus (common cold) and foot-and-mouth disease virus. Despite having been the subject of extensive study for more than a century, we remain ignorant of the exact molecular mechanisms by which these viruses infect cells. In this article we review recent progress towards the understanding of this process and discuss what questions remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias J Tuthill
- University of Leeds, Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - David J Rowlands
- University of Leeds, Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Richard A Killington
- University of Leeds, Institute of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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22
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Kremser L, Bilek G, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Capillary electrophoresis of viruses, subviral particles and virus complexes. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:1704-13. [PMID: 17623450 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CZE and CIEF were so far applied to the analysis of tobacco mosaic virus, Semliki forest virus, human rhinovirus, adenovirus, norovirus and the bacteriophages T5 and MS2. The concentration of viral or subviral particles, of capsid proteins and viral genomes were determined, their electrophoretic mobilities and pI values were measured and bioaffinity reactions between viruses and antibodies, antibody fragments and receptor fragments were assessed. The role of detergents added to the BGE to obtain reproducible electrophoretic conditions was elucidated. The analytes were detected via their UV-absorbance or via fluorescence after derivatization of the viral capsid, the nucleic acid, or both. A new dimension to the detection is added by the possibility of making use of the viral infectivity. At least in theory, this allows for the unequivocal identification of a single infectious virus particle after collection at the capillary outlet. This review summarizes the 25 papers so far published on this topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kremser
- Institute for Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Kremser L, Petsch M, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Capillary electrophoresis of affinity complexes between subviral 80S particles of human rhinovirus and monoclonal antibody 2G2. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2630-7. [PMID: 16732623 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), the main etiologic agents of the common cold, transform into subviral B- or 80S particles (they sediment at 80S upon sucrose density gradient centrifugation) during infection and, in vitro, upon exposure to a temperature between 50 and 56 degrees C. With respect to the native virion they lack the genomic RNA and the viral capsid protein VP4. 80S particles are unstable and easily disintegrate into their components, VP1, VP2, and VP3 in buffers containing SDS. However, this detergent was found to be a necessary constituent of the BGE for the analysis of these viruses and their complexes with receptors and antibodies by CE. We here demonstrate that dodecylpoly(ethyleneglycol ether) (D-PEG) a nonionic detergent, is suitable for analysis of subviral particles as it preserves their integrity, in contrast to SDS. Electrophoresis of the 80S particles in borate buffer (pH 8.3, 100 mM) containing 10 mM D-PEG resulted in a well-defined electrophoretic peak. The identity of the peak was confirmed, among other means, by complexation with mAb 2G2, which recognizes a structural epitope exclusively present on subviral particles but not on native virus. Upon incubation of the 80S particles with mAb 2G2 the peak disappeared, but a new peak, attributed to the antibody complex emerged. The separation system allowed following the time course of the transformation of intact HRV serotype 2 into 80S particles upon incubation at temperatures between 40 and 65 degrees C. We also demonstrate that subviral particles derived from HRV2 labeled with the fluorescence dyes FITC or Cy3.5 were stable in the separation system containing D-PEG. Dye-modified particles were still recognized by mAb 2G2, suggesting that the exposed lysines that are derivatized by the reagent do not form part of the epitope of the antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kremser
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Austria.
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24
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Kremser L, Petsch M, Blaas D, Kenndler E. Influence of detergent additives on mobility of native and subviral rhinovirus particles in capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:1112-21. [PMID: 16523456 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic properties of two human rhinovirus (HRV) serotypes, HRV2 and HRV14, their subviral particles, and their capsid proteins were investigated by CE using borate buffer, pH 8.3, as BGE and three different detergents as additives. In addition, the influence of modification of the capsid with an amine reactive fluorescent dye, Cy3.5, on migration in the electric field was assessed. We found that the reproducibility of the electrophoretic results was decisively dependent on the presence of the detergents above their respective CMC. As compared to the strong ionic detergent SDS, the nonionic, mild detergent dodecylpoly(ethyleneglycol ether) (D-PEG) efficiently and reproducibly resolved both, native viruses as well as subviral particles. Most of the analytes behaved as expected except native HRV2; this serotype showed a dramatically higher anionic mobility in SDS than in D-PEG. Additionally, its mobility decreased when each positive charge contributed from a lysine at the capsid surface was substituted by four negative charges upon derivatization with Cy3.5. We discuss the possibility that this effect is caused by differences in number and in arrangement of exposed lysines in the two serotypes leading to differences in the amount of bound SDS micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leopold Kremser
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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25
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Abstract
This review article with 304 references describes recent developments in CE of proteins, and covers the two years since the previous review (Hutterer, K., Dolník, V., Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 3998-4012) through Spring 2005. It covers topics related to CE of proteins, including modeling of the electrophoretic migration of proteins, sample pretreatment, wall coatings, improving separation, various forms of detection, special electrophoretic techniques such as affinity CE, CIEF, and applications of CE to the analysis of proteins in real-world samples including human body fluids, food and agricultural samples, protein pharmaceuticals, and recombinant protein preparations.
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26
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Bulina ME, Chudakov DM, Britanova OV, Yanushevich YG, Staroverov DB, Chepurnykh TV, Merzlyak EM, Shkrob MA, Lukyanov S, Lukyanov KA. A genetically encoded photosensitizer. Nat Biotechnol 2005; 24:95-9. [PMID: 16369538 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Photosensitizers are chromophores that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon light irradiation. They are used for inactivation of specific proteins by chromophore-assisted light inactivation (CALI) and for light-induced cell killing in photodynamic therapy. Here we report a genetically encoded photosensitizer, which we call KillerRed, developed from the hydrozoan chromoprotein anm2CP, a homolog of green fluorescent protein (GFP). KillerRed generates ROS upon irradiation with green light. Whereas known photosensitizers must be added to living systems exogenously, KillerRed is fully genetically encoded. We demonstrate the utility of KillerRed for light-induced killing of Escherichia coli and eukaryotic cells and for inactivating fusions to beta-galactosidase and phospholipase Cdelta1 pleckstrin homology domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Bulina
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia
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