1
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Zhang H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. A review of innovative electrochemical strategies for bioactive molecule detection and cell imaging: Current advances and challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:341920. [PMID: 38057043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity poses a major challenge for tumor theranostics, requiring high-resolution intercellular bioanalysis strategies. Over the past decades, the advantages of electrochemical analysis, such as high sensitivity, good spatio-temporal resolution, and ease of use, have made it the preferred method to uncover cellular differences. To inspire more creative research, herein, we highlight seminal works in electrochemical techniques for biomolecule analysis and bioimaging. Specifically, micro/nano-electrode-based electrochemical techniques enable real-time quantitative analysis of electroactive substances relevant to life processes in the micro-nanostructure of cells and tissues. Nanopore-based technique plays a vital role in biosensing by utilizing nanoscale pores to achieve high-precision detection and analysis of biomolecules with exceptional sensitivity and single-molecule resolution. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology is utilized for real-time monitoring of the behavior and features of individual cancer cells, enabling observation of their dynamic processes due to its capability of providing high-resolution and highly sensitive bioimaging of cells. Particularly, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) which are widely used in real-time observation of cell surface biological processes and three-dimensional imaging of micro-nano structures, such as metabolic activity, ion channel activity, and cell morphology are introduced in this review. Furthermore, the expansion of the scope of cellular electrochemistry research by innovative functionalized electrodes and electrochemical imaging models and strategies to address future challenges and potential applications is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
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2
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Wu T, Jing T, Lu Y, Zhang F, He P. In Situ Investigation of Intercellular Signal Transduction Based on Detection of Extracellular pH and ROS by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7468-7474. [PMID: 37134200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular signal transduction plays an important role in the regulation of biological activities. Herein, a Transwell chamber-based two-layer device combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) technology has been proposed for in situ investigation of intercellular signal transduction. The cells in the device were cultured on two layers: the lower layer was for signaling cells, and the upper layer was for signal-receiving cells. The extracellular pH (pHe) and ROS (reactive oxygen species, ROSe) were in situ monitored by SECM potentiometric mode and SECM-MPSW (multipotential step waveform), respectively. When the signaling cells, including MCF-7, HeLa, and HFF cells, were electrically stimulated, the ROS release of the signal-receiving cells was promoted. By detecting the pH at the cell surface, it was found that more H+ generated by the signaling cells and two cell layers at a shorter distance could both cause the signal-receiving cells to release more ROS, revealing that H+ is one of the signaling molecules of intercellular communication. This SECM-based in situ monitoring strategy provides an effective way to investigate intercellular signal transduction and explore the corresponding mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Ting Jing
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Yuqi Lu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
| | - Pingang He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P. R. China
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3
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Zhao X, Zhu R, Anikovskiy M, Wu Q, Ding Z. Profiling H 2O 2 from single COS-7 cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 227:115123. [PMID: 36812793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
We report quantitative determination of extracellular H2O2 released from single COS-7 cells with high spatial resolution, using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Our strategy of depth scan imaging in vertical x-z plane was conveniently utilized to a single cell for obtaining probe approach curves (PACs) to any positions on the membrane of a live cell by simply drawing a vertical line on one depth SECM image. This SECM mode provides an efficient way to record a batch of PACs, and visualize cell topography simultaneously. The H2O2 concentration at the membrane surface in the center of an intact COS-7 cell was deconvoluted from apparent O2, and determined to be 0.020 mM by overlapping the experimental PAC with the simulated one having a known H2O2 release value. The H2O2 profile determined in this way gives insight into physiological activity of single live cells. In addition, intracellular H2O2 profile was demonstrated using confocal microscopy by labelling the cells with a luminomphore, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate. The two methodologies have illustrated complementary experimental results of H2O2 detection, indicating that H2O2 generation is centered at endoplasmic reticula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocui Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Renkang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Max Anikovskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Qingxi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, Anhui, China
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, Chemistry Building, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, N6A 5B7, Canada.
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4
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In situ monitoring reactive oxygen species released by single cells using scanning electrochemical microscopy with A Specifically designed multi-potential step waveform. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Wu T, Xiong Q, Song R, Wang Q, Zhang F, He P. In situ monitoring of the effect of Cu 2+ on the membrane permeability of a single living cell with a dual-electrode tip of a scanning electrochemical microscope. Analyst 2021; 146:7257-7264. [PMID: 34734932 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01656c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here, an Au-Cu dual-electrode tip was designed to monitor the effect of Cu2+ on the membrane permeability of a single living cell in situ using scanning electrochemical microscopy. The probe approach curves (PACs) were obtained using potassium ferricyanide as a redox mediator. Meanwhile, according to the simulation, theoretical PACs could be acquired. Thus, the cell membrane permeability coefficient (Pm) values were obtained by overlapping the experimental PACs with the theoretical values. Cu2+ was directly generated by electrolyzing the Cu electrode of the dual-electrode tip to investigate its effect on the cell membrane permeability in situ. This work has potential value to improve the understanding of the mechanism of acute heavy metal damage on the cell membrane and will also help clarify the role of heavy metal ions in physiological or pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Qiang Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Ranran Song
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Qingjiang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
| | - Pingang He
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, P.R. China.
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6
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Zhang B, Pan N, Fan X, Lu L, Wang X. Real-time effects of Cd(II) on the cellular membrane permeability. Analyst 2021; 146:5973-5979. [PMID: 34499067 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00827g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cell membrane permeability is one of the main indicators of cytotoxicity and related to many critical biological pathways. Here, we determined the Cd2+-induced membrane permeability of human MCF-7 cells using ferrocene methanol molecular probes based on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). The cell height and topography were examined with an impermeable Ru(NH3)6Cl3 probe. The membrane permeability exhibited no significant changes when the Cd2+ incubation time was less than 2 h and its concentration was less than 40 μM. The permeability increased when the Cd2+ concentration was greater than 60 μM, or when the incubation time was longer than 3 h. From the combined 3-(4,5-di-methylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and cytoskeleton imaging experiments, it was found that the changes occurred because the cells exhibited a defensive mode and their membranes contracted when treated with a low concentration of Cd2+ for a short time. However, the cell membranes were irreversibly damaged when the cytoskeleton structures were destroyed, and the cell activities decreased at high concentrations over long periods. Interestingly, through the comparison with an x-scan study, it was found that DPV technology shows a higher performance in the detection of changes in the membrane permeability. Using a combination of cytoskeleton fluorescence imaging and cell-viability tests, the effect of the cadmium metal on the cell membrane permeability can be explored deeper and more comprehensively. This study provides a new idea for exploring the changes in the cell membrane permeability and may be helpful for rapid evaluation of cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Na Pan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xiaoyin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Liping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China. .,Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Gao H, Han W, Qi H, Gao Q, Zhang C. Electrochemiluminescence Imaging for the Morphological and Quantitative Analysis of Living Cells under External Stimulation. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8278-8284. [PMID: 32458679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a simple electrochemiluminescence (ECL) imaging method based on the cell shield of the ECL emission was developed for the morphological and quantitative analysis of living cells under external stimulation. ECL images of MCF-7 cells cultured on or captured at the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface in a solution of tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-tri-n-propylamine were recorded. Important morphological characteristics of living cells, including cell shape, cell area, average cell boundary, and junction distance between two adjacent cells, were directly obtained using the developed negative ECL imaging method. The ECL images revealed gradual morphological changes in cells on the GCE surface. During the course of H2O2 stimulation of cells on the GCE surface, cells shrunk, rounded up, disengaged from surrounding cells, and finally detached from the electrode surface. During the course of electrical stimulation (0.8 V), the cells on the GCE surface exhibited aggregation as demonstrated by increases in the average cell boundary and decreases in the junction distance between two adjacent cells. Additionally, a quantitative method for the sensitive determination of MCF-7 cells with a limit of detection of 29 cells/mL was developed using the negative ECL imaging strategy. This work demonstrates that the proposed negative ECL imaging strategy is a promising approach to assess important morphological characteristics of living cells during the course of external stimulation and to obtain quantitative information on cell concentrations in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Weijuan Han
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Honglan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Chengxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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8
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Jayathilake NM, Koley D. Glucose Microsensor with Covalently Immobilized Glucose Oxidase for Probing Bacterial Glucose Uptake by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2020; 92:3589-3597. [PMID: 32000487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new dual-tip glucose sensing scanning electrochemical microcopy (SECM) probe by covalently immobilizing the glucose oxidase (GOD) enzyme onto an ultramicro electrode (UME) to measure the local glucose consumption of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) biofilms. GOD was immobilized on a novel enzyme immobilization matrix of functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) and 1-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (ionic liquid/IL) packed into the etched Pt UME. The highly selective GOD-based SECM tip showed a high current density of 94.44 (±18.55) μA·mM-1·cm-2 from 0.10 to 1.0 mM at 37 °C as a result of the synergetic effects of f-MWCNTs and ionic liquid. The detection limit of the new 25 μm diameter glucose sensor is 10.0 μM with a linear range up to 4.0 mM. The sensor was successfully used to quantify the rate of glucose consumption of S. mutans biofilms in the presence of sucrose. S. mutans catabolizes both glucose and sucrose, producing lactic acid, reducing the local pH, and causing dental caries. With sucrose, S. mutans produces exopolysaccharides to enhance bacterial adhesion on the tooth surface; subsequent lactic acid production reduces the local pH, resulting in dental caries. Because of the high selectivity of the sensor, we were able to quantify glucose consumption in the presence of sucrose. S. mutans preferentially consumed sucrose in a mixed diet of both sucrose and glucose. Furthermore, using this unique fast-response (∼2 s) glucose sensor, we were for the first time able to map the distribution of the glucose consumption profile in the local environment of S. mutans biofilm. These findings provide insight into how the fast-growing S. mutans creates nutrient-depleted regions that affect the survival and metabolic behavior of other bacterial species within oral biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipankar Koley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
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9
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Electrochemical monitoring of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and redox balance in living cells. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4365-4374. [PMID: 31011787 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01734-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in cells and cell redox balance are of great interest in live cells as they are correlated to several pathological and physiological conditions of living cells. ROS and RNS detection is limited due to their spatially restricted abundance: they are usually located in sub-cellular areas (e.g., in specific organelles) at low concentration. In this work, we will review and highlight the electrochemical approach to this bio-analytical issue. Combining electrochemical methods and miniaturization strategies, specific, highly sensitive, time, and spatially resolved measurements of cellular oxidative stress and redox balance analysis are possible. Graphical abstract In this work, we highlight and review the use of electrochemistry for the highly spatial and temporal resolved detection of ROS/RNS levels and of redox balance in living cells. These levels are central in several pathological and physiological conditions and the electrochemical approach is a vibrant bio-analytical trend in this field.
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10
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Zhao L, Shi M, Liu Y, Zheng X, Xiu J, Liu Y, Tian L, Wang H, Zhang M, Zhang X. Systematic Analysis of Different Cell Spheroids with a Microfluidic Device Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Gene Expression Profiling. Anal Chem 2019; 91:4307-4311. [PMID: 30869520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The 3D cell spheroid is an emerging tool that allows better recapitulating of in vivo scenarios with multiple factors such as tissue-like morphology and membrane protein expression that intimately coordinates with enzyme activity, thus providing a psychological environment for tumorigenesis study. For analyzing different spheroids, conventional optical imaging may be hampered by the need for fluorescent labeling, which could cause toxicity side effects. As an alternative approach, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) enables label-free imaging. However, SECM for cell spheroid imaging is currently suffering from incapability of systematically analyzing the cell aggregates from spheroid generation, electrochemical signal gaining, and the gene expression on different individual cell spheroids. Herein, we developed a top-removable microfluidic device for cell aggregate yielding and SECM imaging methodology to analyze heterotypic 3D cell spheroids on a single device. This technique allows not only on-chip culturing of cell aggregates but also SECM imaging of the spheroids after opening the chip and subsequent qPCR assay of corresponding clusters. Through employment of the micropit arrays (85 × 4) with a top withdrawable microfluidic layer, uniformly sized breast tumor cell and fibroblast spheroids can be simultaneously produced on a single device. By leveraging voltage-switching mode SECM at different potentials of dual mediators, we evaluated alkaline phosphatase without disturbance of substrate morphology for distinguishing the tumor aggregates from stroma. Moreover, this method also enables gene expression profiling on individual tumor or stromal spheroids. Therefore, this new strategy can seamlessly bridge SECM measurements and molecular biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Mi Shi
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xiaonan Zheng
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Jidong Xiu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Lu Tian
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Meiqin Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- Institute of Precision Medicine and Health, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology , University of Science and Technology Beijing , Beijing 100083 , China
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11
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Filice F, Henderson JD, Li MSM, Ding Z. Correlating Live Cell Viability with Membrane Permeability Disruption Induced by Trivalent Chromium. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:2142-2151. [PMID: 30775648 PMCID: PMC6374964 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cr(III) is often regarded as a trace essential micronutrient that can be found in many dietary supplements due to its participation in blood glucose regulation. However, increased levels of exposure have been linked to adverse health effects in living organisms. Herein, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to detect variation in membrane permeability of single cells (T24) resulting from exposure to a trivalent Cr-salt, CrCl3. By employing electrochemical mediators, ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) and ferrocenecarboxylic acid (FcCOO-), initially semipermeable and impermeable, respectively, complementary information was obtained. Three-dimensional COMSOL finite element analysis simulations were successfully used to quantify the permeability coefficients of each mediator by matching experimental and simulated results. Depending on the concentration of Cr(III) administered, three regions of membrane response were detected. Following exposure to low concentrations (up to 500 μM Cr(III)), their permeability coefficients were comparable to that of control cells, 80 μm/s for FcMeOH and 0 μm/s for FcCOO-. This was confirmed for both mediators. As the incubation concentrations were increased, the ability of FcMeOH to permeate the membrane decreased to a minimum of 17 μm/s at 7500 μM Cr(III), while FcCOO- remained impermeable. At the highest examined concentrations, both mediators were found to demonstrate increased membrane permeability. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cell viability studies were also conducted on Cr(III)-treated T24 cells to correlate the SECM findings with the toxicity effects of the metal. The viability experiments revealed a similar concentration-dependent trend to the SECM cell membrane permeability study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Zhifeng Ding
- E-mail: . Tel: +1 519 661 2111x86161. Fax: +1 519 661
3022
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12
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Filice FP, Ding Z. Analysing single live cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:738-752. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01490f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) offers single live cell activities along its topography toward cellular physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Western Ontario
- London
- Canada
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13
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Voci S, Goudeau B, Valenti G, Lesch A, Jović M, Rapino S, Paolucci F, Arbault S, Sojic N. Surface-Confined Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Cell Membranes. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14753-14760. [PMID: 30336008 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein is reported a surface-confined microscopy based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) that allows to image the plasma membrane of single cells at the interface with an electrode. By analyzing photoluminescence (PL), ECL and AFM images of mammalian CHO cells, we demonstrate that, in contrast to the wide-field fluorescence, ECL emission is confined to the immediate vicinity of the electrode surface and only the basal membrane of the cell becomes luminescent. The resulting ECL microscopy reveals details that are not resolved by classic fluorescence microscopy, without any light irradiation and specific setup. The thickness of the ECL-emitting regions is ∼500 nm due to the unique ECL mechanism that involves short-lifetime electrogenerated radicals. In addition, the reported ECL microscopy is a dynamic technique that reflects the transport properties through the cell membranes and not only the specific labeling of the membranes. Finally, disposable transparent carbon nanotube (CNT)-based electrodes inkjet-printed on classic microscope glass coverslips were used to image cells in both reflection and transmission configurations. Therefore, our approach opens new avenues for ECL as a surface-confined microscopy to develop single cell assays and to image the dynamics of biological entities in cells or in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Voci
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry , EPFL Valais Wallis , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CP 440 , CH-1951 Sion , Switzerland
| | - Milica Jović
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry , EPFL Valais Wallis , Rue de l'Industrie 17, CP 440 , CH-1951 Sion , Switzerland
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux , Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 , 33607 Pessac , France
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14
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Filice FP, Li MSM, Ding Z. Simulation Assisted Nanoscale Imaging of Single Live Cells with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P. Filice
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michelle S. M. Li
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Western Ontario 1151 Richmond Street London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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15
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Conzuelo F, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Biological imaging with scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2018; 474:20180409. [PMID: 30839832 PMCID: PMC6237495 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2018.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a powerful and versatile technique for visualizing the local electrochemical activity of a surface as an ultramicroelectrode tip is moved towards or over a sample of interest using precise positioning systems. In comparison with other scanning probe techniques, SECM not only enables topographical surface mapping but also gathers chemical information with high spatial resolution. Considerable progress has been made in the analysis of biological samples, including living cells and immobilized biomacromolecules such as enzymes, antibodies and DNA fragments. Moreover, combinations of SECM with comple-mentary analytical tools broadened its applicability and facilitated multi-functional analysis with extended life science capabilities. The aim of this review is to present a brief topical overview on recent applications of biological SECM, with particular emphasis on important technical improvements of this surface imaging technique, recommended applications and future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Albert Schulte
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering (BSE), Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry—Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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16
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Huang L, Li Z, Lou Y, Cao F, Zhang D, Li X. Recent Advances in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Biological Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1389. [PMID: 30096895 PMCID: PMC6119995 DOI: 10.3390/ma11081389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a chemical microscopy technique with high spatial resolution for imaging sample topography and mapping specific chemical species in liquid environments. With the development of smaller, more sensitive ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) and more precise computer-controlled measurements, SECM has been widely used to study biological systems over the past three decades. Recent methodological breakthroughs have popularized SECM as a tool for investigating molecular-level chemical reactions. The most common applications include monitoring and analyzing the biological processes associated with enzymatic activity and DNA, and the physiological activity of living cells and other microorganisms. The present article first introduces the basic principles of SECM, followed by an updated review of the applications of SECM in biological studies on enzymes, DNA, proteins, and living cells. Particularly, the potential of SECM for investigating bacterial and biofilm activities is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Ziyu Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuntian Lou
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Fahe Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Xiaogang Li
- Institute for Advanced Materials and Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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17
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Iffelsberger C, Raith T, Vatsyayan P, Vyskočil V, Matysik FM. Detection and imaging of reactive oxygen species associated with the electrochemical oxygen evolution by hydrodynamic scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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18
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Filice FP, Li MS, Wong JM, Ding Z. The effects of long duration chronic exposure to hexavalent chromium on single live cells interrogated by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 182:222-229. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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19
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Lin TE, Rapino S, Girault HH, Lesch A. Electrochemical imaging of cells and tissues. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4546-4554. [PMID: 29899947 PMCID: PMC5969511 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01035h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This minireview summarizes the recent achievements of electrochemical imaging platforms to map cellular functions in biological specimens using electrochemical scanning nano/micro-probe microscopy and 2D chips containing microelectrode arrays.
The technological and experimental progress in electrochemical imaging of biological specimens is discussed with a view on potential applications for skin cancer diagnostics, reproductive medicine and microbial testing. The electrochemical analysis of single cell activity inside cell cultures, 3D cellular aggregates and microtissues is based on the selective detection of electroactive species involved in biological functions. Electrochemical imaging strategies, based on nano/micrometric probes scanning over the sample and sensor array chips, respectively, can be made sensitive and selective without being affected by optical interference as many other microscopy techniques. The recent developments in microfabrication, electronics and cell culturing/tissue engineering have evolved in affordable and fast-sampling electrochemical imaging platforms. We believe that the topics discussed herein demonstrate the applicability of electrochemical imaging devices in many areas related to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry Department "Giacomo Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Hubert H Girault
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratory of Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry (LEPA) , École Polytechnique Fédéderale de Lausanne , EPFL Valais Valais , Rue de l'Industrie 17 , CP 440 , 1951 Sion , Switzerland .
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20
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Jedraszko J, Michalak M, Jönsson-Niedziolka M, Nogala W. Hopping mode SECM imaging of redox activity in ionic liquid with glass-coated inlaid platinum nanoelectrodes prepared using a heating coil puller. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Shen R, Liu P, Zhang Y, Yu Z, Chen X, Zhou L, Nie B, Żaczek A, Chen J, Liu J. Sensitive Detection of Single-Cell Secreted H2O2 by Integrating a Microfluidic Droplet Sensor and Au Nanoclusters. Anal Chem 2018; 90:4478-4484. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Peipei Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Yiqiu Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Zhao Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Xuyue Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Baoqing Nie
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Anna Żaczek
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, Dębinki 1, Gdańsk, 80-211, Poland
| | - Jian Chen
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, 199 Ren Ai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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22
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Takahashi Y, Ida H, Matsumae Y, Komaki H, Zhou Y, Kumatani A, Kanzaki M, Shiku H, Matsue T. 3D electrochemical and ion current imaging using scanning electrochemical-scanning ion conductance microscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:26728-26733. [PMID: 28951914 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp05157c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Local cell-membrane permeability and ionic strength are important factors for maintaining the functions of cells. Here, we measured the spatial electrochemical and ion concentration profile near the sample surface with nanoscale resolution using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) combined with scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM). The ion current feedback system is an effective way to control probe-sample distance without contact and monitor the kinetic effect of mediator regeneration and the chemical concentration profile. For demonstrating 3D electrochemical and ion concentration mapping, we evaluated the reaction rate of electrochemical mediator regeneration on an unbiased conductor and visualized inhomogeneous permeability and the ion concentration 3D profile on a single fixed adipocyte cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, 980-8577, Japan.
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23
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Soldà A, Valenti G, Marcaccio M, Giorgio M, Pelicci PG, Paolucci F, Rapino S. Glucose and Lactate Miniaturized Biosensors for SECM-Based High-Spatial Resolution Analysis: A Comparative Study. ACS Sens 2017; 2:1310-1318. [PMID: 28836760 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.7b00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
With the aim of developing miniaturized enzymatic biosensors suitable for in vitro diagnostic applications, such as monitoring of metabolites at single cell level, glucose and lactate biosensors were fabricated by immobilizing enzymes (glucose oxidase and lactate oxidase, respectively) on 10 μm Pt ultramicroelectrodes. These electrodes are meant to be employed as probes for scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), which is a unique technique for high-spatial-resolution electrochemical-based analysis. The use of enzymatic moieties improves sensitivity, time scale response, and information content of the microprobes; however, protein immobilization is a key step in the biosensor preparation that greatly affects the overall performance. A crucial aspect is the miniaturization of the sensing, preserving their sensitivity. In this work, we investigated the most common enzyme immobilization techniques. Several fabrication routes are reported and the main figures of merit, such as sensitivity, detection limit, response time, reproducibility, spatial resolution, biosensor efficiency, permeability, selectivity, and the ability to block electro-active interfering species, are investigated and compared. With the intent of using the microprobes for in vitro functional imaging of single living cells, we carefully evaluate the spatial resolution achieved by our modified electrodes on 2D SECM imaging. Metabolic activity of single MCF10A cells were obtained by monitoring the glucose concentrations in close proximity of single living cell, using the UME-based biosensor probes prepared. A voltage-switch approach was implemented to disentangle the topographical contribution of the cells enabling quantitative measurements of cellular uptakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Soldà
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Marcaccio
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Giorgio
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Pier Giuseppe Pelicci
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Rapino
- Chemistry
Department “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- Experimental
Oncology Department, European Institute of Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
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24
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Joshi VS, Kreth J, Koley D. Pt-Decorated MWCNTs-Ionic Liquid Composite-Based Hydrogen Peroxide Sensor To Study Microbial Metabolism Using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7709-7718. [PMID: 28613833 PMCID: PMC6261441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a highly relevant metabolite in many biological processes, including the oral microbiome. To study this metabolite, we developed a 25 μm diameter, highly sensitive, nonenzymatic H2O2 sensor with a detection limit of 250 nM and a broad linear range of 250 nM to 7 mM. The sensor used the synergistic activity of the catalytically active Pt nanoparticles on a high surface area multiwalled carbon nanotube and conducting ionic liquid matrix to achieve high sensitivity (2.4 ± 0.24 mA cm-2 mM-1) for H2O2 oxidation. The unique composite allowed us to miniaturize the sensor and couple it with a Pt electrode (25 μm diameter each) for use as a dual scanning electrochemical microscopy probe. We could detect 65 ± 10 μM H2O2 produced by Streptococcus gordonii (Sg) in a simulated biofilm at 50 μm above its surface in the presence of 1 mM glucose and artificial saliva solution (pH 7.2 at 37 °C). Because of its high stability and low detection limit, the sensor showed a promising chemical image of H2O2 produced by Sg biofilms. We were also able to detect 30 μM H2O2 at 50 μm above the biofilm in the presence of the H2O2-decomposing salivary lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate, which would not otherwise be possible using an existing H2O2 assay. Thus, this sensor can potentially find applications in the study of other important biological processes in a complex matrix where circumstances demand a low detection limit in a compact space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vrushali S Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Jens Kreth
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR USA
| | - Dipankar Koley
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
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25
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Henderson JD, Filice FP, Li MSM, Ding Z. Tracking Live-Cell Response to Hexavalent Chromium Toxicity by using Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Henderson
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
| | - Fraser P. Filice
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
| | - Michelle S. M. Li
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; 1151 Richmond Street London, Ontario N6 A 5B7 Canada
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26
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Bondarenko A, Lin TE, Stupar P, Lesch A, Cortés-Salazar F, Girault HH, Pick H. Fixation and Permeabilization Approaches for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy of Living Cells. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11436-11443. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Bondarenko
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Tzu-En Lin
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Petar Stupar
- Laboratory of the
Physics of Living Matter, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Lesch
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Fernando Cortés-Salazar
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hubert H. Girault
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie
Physique et Analytique, EPFL Valais Wallis, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1951 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Horst Pick
- Laboratory of
Physical Chemistry of Polymers and Membranes, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Polcari D, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Mauzeroll J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13234-13278. [PMID: 27736057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Philippe Dauphin-Ducharme
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
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28
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Kim J, Renault C, Nioradze N, Arroyo-Currás N, Leonard KC, Bard AJ. Nanometer Scale Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Instrumentation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10284-10289. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Laboratoire
de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique Palaiseau, 91128 Palaiseau, France
| | - Nikoloz Nioradze
- The Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Netzahualcóyotl Arroyo-Currás
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93111, United States
| | - Kevin C. Leonard
- Center for Environmentally Beneficial Catalysis, Department of Chemical
and Petroleum Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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29
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Li MS, Filice FP, Ding Z. Determining live cell topography by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Henderson JD, Filice FP, Li MS, Ding Z. Tracking live cell response to cadmium (II) concentrations by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2016; 158:92-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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31
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Zhang MN, Ding Z, Long YT. Sensing cisplatin-induced permeation of single live human bladder cancer cells by scanning electrochemical microscopy. Analyst 2016; 140:6054-60. [PMID: 26194058 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01148e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used anti-cancer agent, which was believed to trigger apoptosis of cancer cells by forming DNA adducts. However, recent studies evidenced a cisplatin-induced extrinsic apoptotic pathway through interaction with plasma membranes. We present quantitative time-course imaging of cisplatin-induced permeation of ferrocenemethanol to single live human bladder cancer cells (T24) using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). Simultaneous quantification of cellular topography and membrane permeability was realized by running SECM in the depth scan mode. It was demonstrated that the acute addition of cisplatin to the outer environment of T24 cells immediately induced membrane permeability change in 5 min, which indicated a loosened structure of the cellular membrane upon cisplatin dosage. The cisplatin-induced permeation of T24 cells might be a one-step action, an extrinsic mechanism, since the cell response was quick, and no continuous increase in the membrane permeability was observed. The time-lapse SECM depth scan method provided a simple and facile way of monitoring cisplatin-induced membrane permeability changes. Our study is anticipated to lead to a methodology of screening anti-cancer drugs through their interactions with live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ni Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5B7.
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32
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Filice FP, Li MSM, Henderson JD, Ding Z. Mapping Cd²⁺-induced membrane permeability changes of single live cells by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 908:85-94. [PMID: 26826690 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) is a powerful, non-invasive, analytical methodology that can be used to investigate live cell membrane permeability. Depth scan SECM imaging allowed for the generation of 2D current maps of live cells relative to electrode position in the x-z or y-z plane. Depending on resolution, one depth scan image can contain hundreds of probe approach curves (PACs). Individual PACs were obtained by simply extracting vertical cross-sections from the 2D image. These experimental PACs were overlaid onto theoretically generated PACs simulated at specific geometry conditions. Simulations were carried out using 3D models in COMSOL Multiphysics to determine the cell membrane permeability coefficients at different locations on the surface of the cells. Common in literature, theoretical PACs are generated using a 2D axially symmetric geometry. This saves on both compute time and memory utilization. However, due to symmetry limitations of the model, only one experimental PAC right above the cell can be matched with simulated PAC data. Full 3D models in this article were developed for the SECM system of live cells, allowing all experimental PACs over the entire cell to become usable. Cd(2+)-induced membrane permeability changes of single human bladder (T24) cells were investigated at several positions above the cell, displaced from the central axis. The experimental T24 cells under study were incubated with Cd(2+) in varying concentrations. It is experimentally observed that 50 and 100 μM Cd(2+) caused a decrease in membrane permeability, which was uniform across all locations over the cell regardless of Cd(2+) concentration. The Cd(2+) was found to have detrimental effects on the cell, with cells shrinking in size and volume, and the membrane permeability decreasing. A mapping technique for the analysis of the cell membrane permeability under the Cd(2+) stress is realized by the methodology presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser P Filice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Michelle S M Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Henderson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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33
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TAKAHASHI Y. Development of High-Resolution Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Nanoscale Topography and Electrochemical Simultaneous Imaging. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.84.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi TAKAHASHI
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University
- PRESTO, JST
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34
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Kuss S, Trinh D, Mauzeroll J. High-Speed Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Method for Substrate Kinetic Determination: Application to Live Cell Imaging in Human Cancer. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8102-6. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Kuss
- McGill University, Chemistry Department, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Québec H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Dao Trinh
- Université de la Rochelle, Laboratoire des Sciences
de l’Ingénieur Pour l’Environnement UMR-7536
CNRS, Avenue Michel Crépeau, 17042 La Rochelle, France
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- McGill University, Chemistry Department, 801 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, Québec H3A 2A7, Canada
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35
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Galler K, Bräutigam K, Große C, Popp J, Neugebauer U. Making a big thing of a small cell--recent advances in single cell analysis. Analyst 2015; 139:1237-73. [PMID: 24495980 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01939j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Single cell analysis is an emerging field requiring a high level interdisciplinary collaboration to provide detailed insights into the complex organisation, function and heterogeneity of life. This review is addressed to life science researchers as well as researchers developing novel technologies. It covers all aspects of the characterisation of single cells (with a special focus on mammalian cells) from morphology to genetics and different omics-techniques to physiological, mechanical and electrical methods. In recent years, tremendous advances have been achieved in all fields of single cell analysis: (1) improved spatial and temporal resolution of imaging techniques to enable the tracking of single molecule dynamics within single cells; (2) increased throughput to reveal unexpected heterogeneity between different individual cells raising the question what characterizes a cell type and what is just natural biological variation; and (3) emerging multimodal approaches trying to bring together information from complementary techniques paving the way for a deeper understanding of the complexity of biological processes. This review also covers the first successful translations of single cell analysis methods to diagnostic applications in the field of tumour research (especially circulating tumour cells), regenerative medicine, drug discovery and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Galler
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center "Center for Sepsis Control and Care", Jena University Hospital, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747 Jena, Germany
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36
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Biological cell morphology studies by scanning electrochemical microscopy imagery at constant height: Contrast enhancement using biocompatible conductive substrates. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Şen M, Takahashi Y, Matsumae Y, Horiguchi Y, Kumatani A, Ino K, Shiku H, Matsue T. Improving the Electrochemical Imaging Sensitivity of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy-Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy by Using Electrochemical Pt Deposition. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3484-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Şen
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Advanced Institute
for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsumae
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Horiguchi
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Advanced Institute
for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Advanced Institute
for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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38
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Danis L, Polcari D, Kwan A, Gateman SM, Mauzeroll J. Fabrication of carbon, gold, platinum, silver, and mercury ultramicroelectrodes with controlled geometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2565-9. [PMID: 25629426 DOI: 10.1021/ac503767n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple, fast, and reproducible method for the fabrication of disk ultramicroelectrodes (UMEs) with controlled geometry is reported. The use of prepulled soda-lime glass capillaries allows one to bypass the irreproducible torch-sealing and experimentally challenging tip-sharpening steps used in conventional fabrication protocols. A micron-sized electroactive wire is sealed inside this capillary producing UMEs with a highly reproducible geometry. Total fabrication time (1 h) and experimental difficulty are significantly reduced. Disk UMEs with various diameters and cores were fabricated, including carbon fiber (7 and 11 μm), gold (10 and 25 μm), platinum (10 and 25 μm), silver (25 μm), and mercury (25 μm). The ratio of the insulating sheath to the electroactive core of the UMEs was 2.5-3.6. Silver UMEs were also used to produce a Ag/AgCl microreference electrode. This general fabrication method can readily be applied to other electroactive cores and could allow any research group to produce high quality disk UMEs, which are a prerequisite for quantitative scanning electrochemical microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Danis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University , 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0B8
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39
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Wang Y, Shan X, Cui F, Li J, Wang S, Tao N. Electrochemical Reactions in Subfemtoliter-Droplets Studied with Plasmonics-Based Electrochemical Current Microscopy. Anal Chem 2014; 87:494-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5036692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wang
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
| | - Xiaonan Shan
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
| | - Fengjuan Cui
- Department
of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shaopeng Wang
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
| | - Nongjian Tao
- Center
for Bioelectronics and Biosensors, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
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40
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Development of Nano-Disc electrodes for Application as Shear Force Sensitive Electrochemical Probes. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Li MSM, Filice FP, Ding Z. A time course study of cadmium effect on membrane permeability of single human bladder cancer cells using scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Inorg Biochem 2014; 136:177-83. [PMID: 24656893 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cd(2+) is carcinogenic to both humans and experimental animals. We present quantitative time-course imaging of Cd(2+)-induced variation in the membrane permeability of single live human bladder cancer cells (T24) to ferrocenemethanol using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). High temporal resolution combined with non-invasive nature renders a time-lapse SECM depth scan, a promising method to quantitatively investigate the effectiveness, kinetics, and mechanism of metal ions based on the responses of single live cells in real time. Under unstimulated conditions, T24 cells have constant membrane permeability to ferrocenemethanol of approximately 5.0×10(-5) m/s. When cadmium is added in-situ to T24 cells, the membrane permeability increases up to 3.5×10(-4) m/s, allowing more flux of ferrocenemethanol to the ultramicroelectrode tip. This suggests an increased spreading between the phospholipid heads in the cytoplasmic membrane. Membrane permeability might be used as a measure to probe cell status in practical intoxication cases. The methodology reported here can be applied to many other metals and their interactions with extracellular biomolecules, leading insights into cell physiology and pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle S M Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Fraser P Filice
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Zhifeng Ding
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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42
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High-throughput scanning electrochemical microscopy brushing of strongly tilted and curved surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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43
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Salamifar SE, Lai RY. Use of combined scanning electrochemical and fluorescence microscopy for detection of reactive oxygen species in prostate cancer cells. Anal Chem 2013; 85:9417-21. [PMID: 24044675 DOI: 10.1021/ac402367f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Release of ROS from prostate cancer (PC3) cells was studied using scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and fluorescence microscopy. One-directional lateral scan SECM was used as a rapid and reproducible tool for simultaneous mapping of cell topography and reactive oxygen species (ROS) release. Fluorescence microscopy was used in tandem to monitor the tip position, in addition to providing information on intracellular ROS content via the use of ROS-reactive fluorescent dyes. A unique tip current (iT) vs lateral distance profile was observed when the tip potential (ET) was set at -0.65 V. This profile reflects the combined effects of topographical change and ROS release at the PC3 cell surfaces. Differentiation between topographical-related and ROS-induced current change was achieved by comparing the scans collected at -0.65 and -0.85 V. The effects of other parameters such as tip to cell distance, solvent oxygen content, and scan direction on the profile of the scan were systematically evaluated. Cells treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide, a known ROS stimulus, were also evaluated using the lateral scanning approach. Overall, the SECM results correlate well with the fluorescence results. The extracellular ROS level detected at the SECM tip was found to be similar to the intracellular ROS level monitored using fluorescence microscopy. While the concentration of each contributing ROS species has not been determined and is thus part of the future study, here we have successfully demonstrated the use of a simple two-potential lateral scan approach for analysis of ROS released by living cells under real physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ehsan Salamifar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0304, United States
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44
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Lazenby RA, McKelvey K, Unwin PR. Hopping intermittent contact-scanning electrochemical microscopy (HIC-SECM): visualizing interfacial reactions and fluxes from surfaces to bulk solution. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2937-44. [PMID: 23373422 DOI: 10.1021/ac303642p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hopping intermittent contact-scanning electrochemical microscopy (HIC-SECM) is introduced as a powerful new technique for the quantitative visualization of redox activity and concentration at and above a surface of interest. HIC-SECM combines a hopping imaging mode, in which data are acquired at a tip as a function of distance (z) from the surface, at a series of x, y pixels across the surface, using the principles of intermittent contact to provide a nonelectrochemical means of determining when the tip and the substrate come into contact. The implementation of HIC-SECM is described, and SECM feedback measurements in three-dimensional (3D) space over a gold band array are presented. To demonstrate the generality of the methodology, flux imaging is also carried out over a Pt-disk ultramicroelectrode (UME) in the feedback mode and substrate generation/tip collection mode. The type of information that can be extracted from the data sets acquired include x-y current maps at a well-defined tip-substrate separation (parallel to the surface), x-z current maps (normal to the surface), 3D x-y-z profiles, approach curves at particular spots on the surface of interest, and surface topography. Moreover, because HIC-SECM utilizes an oscillating probe, alternating current data are also obtained that greatly enhances the information content compared to other types of electrochemical imaging. Furthermore, interfacial fluxes are ubiquitous in chemistry and allied areas, and HIC-SECM opens up the possibility of detailed flux visualization in three dimensions for many physicochemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK CV4 7AL
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu MATSUE
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University
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46
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Nebel M, Grützke S, Diab N, Schulte A, Schuhmann W. Microelectrochemical visualization of oxygen consumption of single living cells. Faraday Discuss 2013; 164:19-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00011g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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47
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48
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Diakowski PM, Chen M. Surface Analysis of Materials in Aqueous Solution by Localized Alternating Current Impedance Measurements. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7622-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac3019944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Miao Chen
- CSIRO Process Science and Engineering, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
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49
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Topographical and electrochemical nanoscale imaging of living cells using voltage-switching mode scanning electrochemical microscopy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:11540-5. [PMID: 22611191 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1203570109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe voltage-switching mode scanning electrochemical microscopy (VSM-SECM), in which a single SECM tip electrode was used to acquire high-quality topographical and electrochemical images of living cells simultaneously. This was achieved by switching the applied voltage so as to change the faradaic current from a hindered diffusion feedback signal (for distance control and topographical imaging) to the electrochemical flux measurement of interest. This imaging method is robust, and a single nanoscale SECM electrode, which is simple to produce, is used for both topography and activity measurements. In order to minimize the delay at voltage switching, we used pyrolytic carbon nanoelectrodes with 6.5-100 nm radii that rapidly reached a steady-state current, typically in less than 20 ms for the largest electrodes and faster for smaller electrodes. In addition, these carbon nanoelectrodes are suitable for convoluted cell topography imaging because the RG value (ratio of overall probe diameter to active electrode diameter) is typically in the range of 1.5-3.0. We first evaluated the resolution of constant-current mode topography imaging using carbon nanoelectrodes. Next, we performed VSM-SECM measurements to visualize membrane proteins on A431 cells and to detect neurotransmitters from a PC12 cells. We also combined VSM-SECM with surface confocal microscopy to allow simultaneous fluorescence and topographical imaging. VSM-SECM opens up new opportunities in nanoscale chemical mapping at interfaces, and should find wide application in the physical and biological sciences.
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50
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Matsue T. Development of Biosensing Devices and Systems Using Micro/Nanoelectrodes. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20110249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University
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