1
|
Mora KE, Musa MA, Robinson TJ, Mylod G, Bowyer WJ. Solvent Effects on Heterogeneous Rate Constants for Indium Mediated Allylations. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2088-2094. [PMID: 33661629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c11457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indium mediated allylation is a highly selective tool for synthetic chemists to create carbon-carbon bonds, but the first step, heterogeneous reaction of allyl halides at solid indium surfaces, is still poorly understood. For example, the nature of the solvent dramatically affects the rate of reaction, but solvent choice is often based on empirical experiments. Fundamental kinetic studies are the best way to study this effect, but the determination of heterogeneous rate constants is challenging. In an effort to better understand solvent effects, we use optical microscopy to determine heterogeneous rate constants for IMA in aqueous acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol. We fit the reaction rate data over a range of mass transport rates using only two adjustable parameters, the heterogeneous rate constant and the mass transport rate. The results emphasize the critical importance of water in determining the rate of reaction. Surprisingly, the polarity of the organic solvent in the mix does not have a major effect on the rate. It is hypothesized that the oxygen atom in water and alcohols is an especially effective Lewis base to stabilize the transition state and the organoindium intermediates, similar to the importance of the oxygen in ethers for the formation of Grignard reagents. This study again demonstrates the power of microscopy for the study of heterogeneous reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Mora
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Megan A Musa
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Troy J Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Gabriella Mylod
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Walter J Bowyer
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Han L, Hu Z, Sartin MM, Wang X, Zhao X, Cao Y, Yan Y, Zhan D, Tian ZQ. Direct Nanomachining on Semiconductor Wafer By Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:21129-21134. [PMID: 32737918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202008697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is one of the most important instrumental methods of modern electrochemistry due to its high spatial and temporal resolution. We introduced SECM into nanomachining by feeding the electrochemical modulations of the tip electrode back to the positioning system, and we demonstrated that SECM is a versatile nanomachining technique on semiconductor wafers using electrochemically induced chemical etching. The removal profile was correlated to the applied tip current when the tip was held stationary and when it was moving slowly (<20 μm s-1 ), and it followed Faraday's law. Both regular and irregular nanopatterns were translated into a spatially distributed current by the homemade digitally controlled SECM instrument. The desired nanopatterns were "sculpted" directly on a semiconductor wafer by SECM direct-writing mode. The machining accuracy was controlled to the sub-micrometer and even nanometer scales. This advance is expected to play an important role in electrochemical nanomachining for 3D micro/nanostructures in the semiconductor industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhuan Han
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Centre for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China.,Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, School of Aerospace Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhenjiang Hu
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Centre for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Matthew M Sartin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Centre for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Xuesen Zhao
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Centre for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yongzhi Cao
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Centre for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yongda Yan
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education, Centre for Precision Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhong-Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS), Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han L, Hu Z, Sartin MM, Wang X, Zhao X, Cao Y, Yan Y, Zhan D, Tian Z. Direct Nanomachining on Semiconductor Wafer By Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202008697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lianhuan Han
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education Centre for Precision Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering School of Aerospace Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS) Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhenjiang Hu
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education Centre for Precision Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Matthew M. Sartin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS) Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education Centre for Precision Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Xuesen Zhao
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education Centre for Precision Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yongzhi Cao
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education Centre for Precision Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Yongda Yan
- Department Key Laboratory of Micro-Systems and Micro-Structures Manufacturing of Ministry of Education Centre for Precision Engineering Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 150001 China
| | - Dongping Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS) Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Zhong‐Qun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces (PCOSS) Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Engineering Research Center of Electrochemical Technologies of Ministry of Education Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saw EN, Blanc N, Kanokkanchana K, Tschulik K. Time-resolved impact electrochemistry - A new method to determine diffusion coefficients of ions in solution. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
5
|
Bhat MA, Nioradze N, Kim J, Amemiya S, Bard AJ. In Situ Detection of the Adsorbed Fe(II) Intermediate and the Mechanism of Magnetite Electrodeposition by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:15891-15899. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b08835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsin A. Bhat
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Nikoloz Nioradze
- The
R. Agladze Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Ivane Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University, Tbilisi 0179, Georgia
| | - Jiyeon Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Shigeru Amemiya
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center
for Electrochemistry, Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tip current/positioning close-loop mode of scanning electrochemical microscopy for electrochemical micromachining. Electrochem commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
7
|
Parker AS, Al Botros R, Kinnear SL, Snowden ME, McKelvey K, Ashcroft AT, Carvell M, Joiner A, Peruffo M, Philpotts C, Unwin PR. Combinatorial localized dissolution analysis: Application to acid-induced dissolution of dental enamel and the effect of surface treatments. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 476:94-102. [PMID: 27209395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) is used to quantitatively study the acid-induced dissolution of dental enamel. A micron-scale liquid meniscus formed at the end of a dual barrelled pipette, which constitutes the SECCM probe, is brought into contact with the enamel surface for a defined period. Dissolution occurs at the interface of the meniscus and the enamel surface, under conditions of well-defined mass transport, creating etch pits that are then analysed via AFM. This technique is applied to bovine dental enamel, and the effect of various treatments of the enamel surface on acid dissolution (1mM HNO3) is studied. The treatments investigated are zinc ions, fluoride ions and the two combined. A finite element method (FEM) simulation of SECCM mass transport and interfacial reactivity, allows the intrinsic rate constant for acid-induced dissolution to be quantitatively determined. The dissolution of enamel, in terms of Ca(2+) flux ( [Formula: see text] ), is first order with respect to the interfacial proton concentration and given by the following rate law: [Formula: see text] , with k0=0.099±0.008cms(-1). Treating the enamel with either fluoride or zinc ions slows the dissolution rate, although in this model system the partly protective barrier only extends around 10-20nm into the enamel surface, so that after a period of a few seconds dissolution of modified surfaces tends towards that of native enamel. A combination of both treatments exhibits the greatest protection to the enamel surface, but the effect is again transient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Parker
- Electrochemistry and Interfaces Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Rehab Al Botros
- Electrochemistry and Interfaces Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Sophie L Kinnear
- Electrochemistry and Interfaces Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Michael E Snowden
- Electrochemistry and Interfaces Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Electrochemistry and Interfaces Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Mel Carvell
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Andrew Joiner
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Massimo Peruffo
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Carol Philpotts
- Unilever Oral Care, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral CH63 3JW, UK
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Electrochemistry and Interfaces Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang SY, Kwon JS, Kim KN, Kim KM. Enamel Surface with Pit and Fissure Sealant Containing 45S5 Bioactive Glass. J Dent Res 2016; 95:550-7. [PMID: 26767770 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515626116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel demineralization adjacent to pit and fissure sealants leads to the formation of marginal caries, which can necessitate the replacement of existing sealants. Dental materials with bioactive glass, which releases ions that inhibit dental caries, have been studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the enamel surface adjacent to sealants containing 45S5 bioactive glass (BAG) under simulated microleakage between the material and the tooth in a cariogenic environment. Sealants containing 45S5BAG filler were prepared as follows: 0% 45S5BAG + 50.0% glass (BAG0 group), 12.5% 45S5BAG + 37.5% glass (BAG12.5 group), 25.0% 45S5BAG + 25.0% glass (BAG25.0 group), 37.5% 45S5BAG + 12.5% glass (BAG37.5 group), and 50.0% 45S5BAG + 0% glass (BAG50.0 group). A cured sealant disk was placed over a flat bovine enamel disk, separated by a 60-µm gap, and immersed in lactic acid solution (pH 4.0) at 37 °C for 15, 30, and 45 d. After the storage period, each enamel disk was separated from the cured sealant disk, and the enamel surface was examined with optical 3-dimensional surface profilometer, microhardness tester, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed a significant increase in roughness and a decrease in microhardness of the enamel surface as the proportion of 45S5BAG decreased (P< 0.05). In the scanning electron microscopy images, enamel surfaces with BAG50.0 showed a smooth surface, similar to those in the control group with distilled water, even after prolonged acid storage. Additionally, an etched pattern was observed on the surface of the demineralized enamel with a decreasing proportion of 45S5BAG. Increasing the 45S5BAG filler contents of the sealants had a significant impact in preventing the demineralization of the enamel surface within microgaps between the material and the tooth when exposed to a cariogenic environment. Therefore, despite some marginal leakage, these novel sealants may be effective preventive dental materials for inhibiting secondary caries at the margins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Yang
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J-S Kwon
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K-N Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K-M Kim
- Department and Research Institute of Dental Biomaterials and Bioengineering, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Perry AR, Lazenby RA, Adobes-Vidal M, Peruffo M, McKelvey K, Snowden ME, Unwin PR. Hopping intermittent contact-scanning electrochemical microscopy (HIC-SECM) as a new local dissolution kinetic probe: application to salicylic acid dissolution in aqueous solution. CrystEngComm 2015; 17:7835-7843. [PMID: 39086503 PMCID: PMC11288246 DOI: 10.1039/c5ce00138b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Dissolution kinetics of the (110) face of salicylic acid in aqueous solution is determined by hopping intermittent contact-scanning electrochemical microscopy (HIC-SECM) using a 2.5 μm diameter platinum ultramicroelectrode (UME). The method operates by translating the probe UME towards the surface at a series of positions across the crystal and inducing dissolution via the reduction of protons to hydrogen, which titrates the weak acid and promotes the dissolution reaction, but only when the UME is close to the crystal. Most importantly, as dissolution is only briefly and transiently induced at each location, the initial dissolution kinetics of an as-grown single crystal surface can be measured, rather than a surface which has undergone significant dissolution (pitting), as in other techniques. Mass transport and kinetics in the system are modelled using finite element method simulations which allows dissolution rate constants to be evaluated. It is found that the kinetics of an 'as-grown' crystal are much slower than for a surface that has undergone partial bulk dissolution (mimicking conventional techniques), which can be attributed to a dramatic change in surface morphology as identified by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The 'as-grown' (110) surface presents extended terrace structures to the solution which evidently dissolve slowly, whereas a partially dissolved surface has extensive etch features and step sites which greatly enhance dissolution kinetics. This means that crystals such as salicylic acid will show time-dependent dissolution kinetics (fluxes) that are strongly dependent on crystal history, and this needs to be taken into account to fully understand dissolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Robert A Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Massimo Peruffo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Michael E Snowden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick Gibbet Hill Road Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lucas M, Stafiej J, Slim C, Delpech S, di Caprio D. Cellular automata modeling of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (SECM) experiments. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
11
|
Measurement of the efficacy of calcium silicate for the protection and repair of dental enamel. J Dent 2014; 42 Suppl 1:S21-9. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-5712(14)50004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
|
12
|
Local flux of hydrogen from magnesium alloy corrosion investigated by scanning electrochemical microscopy. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
13
|
Dickinson EJ, Ekström H, Fontes E. COMSOL Multiphysics®: Finite element software for electrochemical analysis. A mini-review. Electrochem commun 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
|
14
|
Read TL, Bitziou E, Joseph MB, Macpherson JV. In Situ Control of Local pH Using a Boron Doped Diamond Ring Disk Electrode: Optimizing Heavy Metal (Mercury) Detection. Anal Chem 2013; 86:367-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403519p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania L. Read
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Bitziou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maxim B. Joseph
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Julie V. Macpherson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reactivity mapping with electrochemical gradients for monitoring reactivity at surfaces in space and time. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1667. [PMID: 23575671 PMCID: PMC3644076 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying and controlling reactions at surfaces is of great fundamental and applied interest in, among others, biology, electronics and catalysis. Because reaction kinetics is different at surfaces compared with solution, frequently, solution-characterization techniques cannot be used. Here we report solution gradients, prepared by electrochemical means, for controlling and monitoring reactivity at surfaces in space and time. As a proof of principle, electrochemically derived gradients of a reaction parameter (pH) and of a catalyst (Cu(I)) have been employed to make surface gradients on the micron scale and to study the kinetics of the (surface-confined) imine hydrolysis and the copper(I)-catalysed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, respectively. For both systems, the kinetic data were spatially visualized in a two-dimensional reactivity map. In the case of the copper(I)-catalysed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition, the reaction order (2) was deduced from it.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hill AN, Delaney KM, Sullivan TR, Mylod G, Kiesow KH, Bowyer WJ. Heterogeneous Rate Constants for Indium Mediated Allylations: Cinnamyl Chloride in Ethanol/Water Mixtures. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:8826-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404027p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexa N. Hill
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Katherine M. Delaney
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Tessa R. Sullivan
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Gabriella Mylod
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Katrina H. Kiesow
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Walter J. Bowyer
- Department
of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Numerical studies on scavenging reaction in confined etchant layer technique (CELT). J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
18
|
Peruffo M, Mbogoro MM, Edwards MA, Unwin PR. Holistic approach to dissolution kinetics: linking direction-specific microscopic fluxes, local mass transport effects and global macroscopic rates from gypsum etch pit analysis. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:1956-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp43555a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
19
|
Tang J, Zheng JJ, Yu YT, Chen L, Zhang N, Tian Z. Selective etching of ZnO films on an ITO substrate using a scanning electrochemical microscope. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
20
|
Battistel D, Daniele S, Fratter D. A scanning electrochemical microscopy procedure for micropatterning Al2O3-thin films deposited on a platinum substrate. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.06.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
21
|
Torbensen K, Malmos K, Kanoufi F, Combellas C, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Using Time-Resolved Electrochemical Patterning to Gain Fundamental Insight into Aryl-Radical Surface Modification. Chemphyschem 2012; 13:3303-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
22
|
Nunige S, Cornut R, Hazimeh H, Hauquier F, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Reactivity of Surfaces Determined by Local Electrochemical Triggering: A Bromo-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201201083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
23
|
Nunige S, Cornut R, Hazimeh H, Hauquier F, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Reactivity of Surfaces Determined by Local Electrochemical Triggering: A Bromo-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:5208-12. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201201083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
24
|
Olson IA, Bacon WA, Baez Sosa YY, Delaney KM, Forte SA, Guglielmo MA, Hill AN, Kiesow KH, Langenbacher RE, Xun Y, Young RO, Bowyer WJ. Measurement of Heterogeneous Reaction Rates: Three Strategies for Controlling Mass Transport and Their Application to Indium-Mediated Allylations. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11001-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207383b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A. Olson
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Wendi A. Bacon
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Yessica Y. Baez Sosa
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Katherine M. Delaney
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Salvador A. Forte
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Michael A. Guglielmo
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Alexa N. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Katrina H. Kiesow
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Rachel E. Langenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Yuhan Xun
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Ryan O. Young
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| | - Walter J. Bowyer
- Department of Chemistry, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, New York 14456, United States
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hazimeh H, Nunige S, Cornut R, Lefrou C, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Surface Reactivity from Electrochemical Lithography: Illustration in the Steady-State Reductive Etching of Perfluorinated Surfaces. Anal Chem 2011; 83:6106-13. [DOI: 10.1021/ac201255c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Hazimeh
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloides et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sandra Nunige
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloides et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Renaud Cornut
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5279 CNRS-Grenoble-INP-UJF, 1130 Rue de la Piscine, B.P. 75, Domaine Universitaire, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Christine Lefrou
- Laboratoire d’Electrochimie et de Physico-chimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, UMR 5279 CNRS-Grenoble-INP-UJF, 1130 Rue de la Piscine, B.P. 75, Domaine Universitaire, 38402 Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloides et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Physico-Chimie des Electrolytes, des Colloides et Sciences Analytiques, ESPCI ParisTech, CNRS UMR 7195, 10 Rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Castro PS, Lima AS, Ferreira TL, Bertotti M. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy as a Tool for the Characterization of Dental Erosion. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.4061/2011/952470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When the tooth is exposed to acidic environments, an irreversible loss of dental hard tissue occurs in a process called dental erosion. In this work, the scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used to probe the consumption of protons at the vicinity of a tooth surface with a platinum microelectrode fixed at −0.5 (V) versus Ag/AgCl/KCl(sat). SECM approach curves were recorded to assess the extent of diffusion in the solution close to the tooth substrate. SECM images clearly demonstrated that the acid erosion process is very fast at solution pH values in the range between 3 and 4.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pollyana S. Castro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alex S. Lima
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago L. Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciências Ambientais, Químicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Campus Diadema, 09972-270 Diadema, SP, Brazil
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Danieli T, Colleran J, Mandler D. Deposition of Au and Ag nanoparticles on PEDOT. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:20345-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22093d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
|