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Heywood J, Abele G, Langenbach B, Litvin S, Smallets S, Paustenbach D. Composition of e-cigarette aerosols: A review and risk assessment of selected compounds. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39147402 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The potential harms and benefits of e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), have received significant attention from public health and regulatory communities. Such products may provide a reduced risk means of nicotine delivery for combustible cigarette smokers while being inappropriately appealing to nicotine naive youth. Numerous authors have examined the chemical complexity of aerosols from various open- and closed-system ENDS. This body of literature is reviewed here, with the risks of ENDS aerosol exposure among users evaluated with a margin of exposure (MoE) approach for two non-carcinogens (methylglyoxal, butyraldehyde) and a cancer risk analysis for the carcinogen N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). We identified 96 relevant papers, including 17, 13, and 5 reporting data for methylglyoxal, butyraldehyde, and NNN, respectively. Using low-end (minimum aerosol concentration, low ENDS use) and high-end (maximum aerosol concentration, high ENDS use) assumptions, estimated doses for methylglyoxal (1.78 × 10-3-135 μg/kg-bw/day) and butyraldehyde (1.9 × 10-4-66.54 μg/kg-bw/day) corresponded to MoEs of 227-17,200,000 and 271-280,000,000, respectively, using identified points of departure (PoDs). Doses of 9.90 × 10-6-1.99 × 10-4 μg/kg-bw/day NNN corresponded to 1.4-28 surplus cancers per 100,000 ENDS users, relative to a NNN-attributable surplus of 7440 per 100,000 cigarette smokers. It was concluded that methylglyoxal and butyraldehyde in ENDS aerosols, while not innocuous, did not present a significant risk of irritant effects among ENDS users. The carcinogenic risks of NNN in ENDS aerosols were reduced, but not eliminated, relative to concentrations reported in combustible cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Heywood
- Paustenbach and Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Insight Exposure & Risk Sciences Group, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Liu J, Qin M, Shi Y, Jiang R, Wang Z, Zhang L, Zhao Y, Gao H, Li M, Huang C. Volatile carbonyl metabolites analysis of nanoparticle exposed lung cells in an organ-on-a-chip system. Talanta 2024; 274:126066. [PMID: 38599125 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The evaluation of nanoparticles (NPs) cytotoxicity is crucial for advancing nanotechnology and assessing environmental pollution. However, existing methods for NPs cytotoxicity evaluation suffer from limited accuracy and inadequate information content. In the study, we developed a novel detection platform that enables the identification of cellular carbonyl metabolites at the organ level. The platform is integrated with a cell co-culture lung organ chip (LOC) and a micropillar concentrator. Notably, our work represents the successful measurement of the amounts of cellular metabolites on LOC system. The volatile carbonyl metabolites (VCMs) generated by cells exposure to various types of NPs with different concentrations were captured and detected by high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS). Compared with conventional cell viability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) analysis, our method discerns the toxicological impact of NPs at low concentrations by analyzed VCM at levels as low as ppb level. The LOC system based metabolic gas detection confirmed that low concentrations of NPs have a toxic effect on the cell model, which was not reflected in the fluorescence detection, and the effect of NP material is more significant than the size effect. Furthermore, this method can distinguish different NPs acting on cell models through cluster analysis of multiple VCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Meiyan Qin
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Yimin Shi
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Zizhen Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Lingqian Zhang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Hang Gao
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Chengjun Huang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, China
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Taylor MJ, Chitwood CP, Xie Z, Miller HA, van Berkel VH, Fu XA, Frieboes HB, Suliman SA. Disease diagnosis and severity classification in pulmonary fibrosis using carbonyl volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath. Respir Med 2024; 222:107534. [PMID: 38244700 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2024.107534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pathophysiological conditions underlying pulmonary fibrosis remain poorly understood. Exhaled breath volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have shown promise for lung disease diagnosis and classification. In particular, carbonyls are a byproduct of oxidative stress, associated with fibrosis in the lungs. To explore the potential of exhaled carbonyl VOCs to reflect underlying pathophysiological conditions in pulmonary fibrosis, this proof-of-concept study tested the hypothesis that volatile and low abundance carbonyl compounds could be linked to diagnosis and associated disease severity. METHODS Exhaled breath samples were collected from outpatients with a diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) or Connective Tissue related Interstitial Lung Disease (CTD-ILD) with stable lung function for 3 months before enrollment, as measured by pulmonary function testing (PFT) DLCO (%), FVC (%) and FEV1 (%). A novel microreactor was used to capture carbonyl compounds in the breath as direct output products. A machine learning workflow was implemented with the captured carbonyl compounds as input features for classification of diagnosis and disease severity based on PFT (DLCO and FVC normal/mild vs. moderate/severe; FEV1 normal/mild/moderate vs. moderately severe/severe). RESULTS The proposed approach classified diagnosis with AUROC=0.877 ± 0.047 in the validation subsets. The AUROC was 0.820 ± 0.064, 0.898 ± 0.040, and 0.873 ± 0.051 for disease severity based on DLCO, FEV1, and FVC measurements, respectively. Eleven key carbonyl VOCs were identified with the potential to differentiate diagnosis and to classify severity. CONCLUSIONS Exhaled breath carbonyl compounds can be linked to pulmonary function and fibrotic ILD diagnosis, moving towards improved pathophysiological understanding of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Taylor
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Corey P Chitwood
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Hunter A Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Victor H van Berkel
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Hermann B Frieboes
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Department of Pharmacology/Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; Center for Predictive Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Sally A Suliman
- Banner University Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Formerly at: Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Katsaros G, Smith SA, Shacklette S, Trivedi J, Garr S, Parrish LW, Xie Z, Fu XA, Powell K, Pantalos G, van Berkel V. Identification of a marker of infection in the breath using a porcine pneumonia model. JTCVS OPEN 2023; 16:1063-1069. [PMID: 38204632 PMCID: PMC10775109 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjon.2023.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Objective Pneumonia, both in the community and the hospital setting, represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the cardiothoracic patient population. Diagnosis of pneumonia can be masked by other disease processes and is often diagnosed after the patient is already experiencing the disease. A noninvasive, sensitive test for pneumonia could decrease hospitalizations and length of stay for patients. We have developed a porcine model of pneumonia and evaluated the exhaled breath of infected pigs for biomarkers of infection. Methods Anesthetized 60-kg adult pigs were intubated, and a bronchoscope was used to instill a solution containing 12 × 108 cfu of methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus or a control solution without bacteria (Sham) into the distal airways. The pigs were then reintubated on postoperative days 3, 6, and 9, with bronchoscopic bronchial lavages taken at each time point. At each time point, a 500-mL breath was captured from each pig. The breath was evacuated over a silicon microchip, with the volatile carbonyl compounds from the breath captured via oximation reaction, and the results of this capture were analyzed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. Results A total of 64% of the pigs inoculated with methicillin-sensitive S. aureus demonstrated consolidation on chest radiography and increasing counts of methicillin-sensitive S. aureus in the bronchial lavages over the span of the experiment, consistent with development of pneumonia. Analysis of the exhaled breath demonstrated 1 carbonyl compound (2-pentenal) that increased 10-fold over the span of the experiment, from an average of 0.0294 nmol/L before infection to an average of 0.3836 nmol/L on postoperative day 9. The amount of 2-pentenal present was greater in the breath of infected pigs than in the noninfected pigs or the sham inoculated pigs at postoperative days 6 and 9. Using an elevated concentration of 2-pentenal as a marker of infection yielded a sensitivity of 88% and specificity of 92% at postoperative day 6, and a sensitivity and specificity of 100% at postoperative day 9. Conclusions We were able to successfully develop a clinical pneumonia in adult 60-kg pigs. The concentration of 2-pentenal correlated with the presence of pneumonia, demonstrating the potential for this compound to function as a biomarker for methicillin-sensitive S. aureus infection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianna Katsaros
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky
| | - Susan Ansley Smith
- Department of Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky
| | - Sienna Shacklette
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, Ky
| | - Jaimin Trivedi
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky
| | - Stephanie Garr
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky
| | - Leslie Wolf Parrish
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, Ky
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville Speed School of Engineering, Louisville, Ky
| | - Karen Powell
- Comparative Medicine Research Unit, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky
| | - George Pantalos
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky
| | - Victor van Berkel
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Ky
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Sutaria SR, Morris JD, Xie Z, Cooke EA, Silvers SM, Long GA, Balcom D, Marimuthu S, Parrish LW, Aliesky H, Arnold FW, Huang J, Fu XA, Nantz MH. A feasibility study on exhaled breath analysis using UV spectroscopy to detect COVID-19. J Breath Res 2023; 18:016004. [PMID: 37875100 PMCID: PMC10620812 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ad0646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
A 23-subject feasibility study is reported to assess how UV absorbance measurements on exhaled breath samples collected from silicon microreactors can be used to detect COVID-19. The silicon microreactor technology chemoselectively preconcentrates exhaled carbonyl volatile organic compounds and subsequent methanol elution provides samples for analysis. The underlying scientific rationale that viral infection will induce an increase in exhaled carbonyls appears to be supported by the results of the feasibility study. The data indicate statistically significant differences in measured UV absorbance values between healthy and symptomatic COVID-19 positive subjects in the wavelength range from 235 nm to 305 nm. Factors such as subject age were noted as potential confounding variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurin R Sutaria
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - James D Morris
- Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A Cooke
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Shavonne M Silvers
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Grace A Long
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Dawn Balcom
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Subathra Marimuthu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Leslie W Parrish
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Holly Aliesky
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Forest W Arnold
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
| | - Michael H Nantz
- Departments of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States of America
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6
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Xie Z, Morris JD, Mattingly SJ, Sutaria SR, Huang J, Nantz MH, Fu XA. Analysis of a Broad Range of Carbonyl Metabolites in Exhaled Breath by UHPLC-MS. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4344-4352. [PMID: 36815760 PMCID: PMC10521381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath (EB) has shown great potential for disease detection including lung cancer, infectious respiratory diseases, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Although many breath sample collection and analytical methods have been developed for breath analysis, analysis of metabolic VOCs in exhaled breath is still a challenge for clinical application. Many carbonyl compounds in exhaled breath are related to the metabolic processes of diseases. This work reports a method of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) for the analysis of a broad range of carbonyl metabolites in exhaled breath. Carbonyl compounds in the exhaled breath were captured by a fabricated silicon microreactor with a micropillar array coated with 2-(aminooxy)ethyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium (ATM) triflate. A total of six subgroups consisting of saturated aldehydes and ketones, hydroxy-aldehydes, and hydroxy-ketones, unsaturated 2-alkenals, and 4-hydroxy-2-alkenals were identified in the exhaled breath. The combination of a silicon microreactor for the selective capture of carbonyl compounds with UHPLC-MS analysis may provide a quantitative method for the analysis of carbonyls to identify disease markers in exhaled breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - James D. Morris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | | | - Saurin R. Sutaria
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Michael H. Nantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, United States
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Rai SN, Das S, Pan J, Mishra DC, Fu XA. Multigroup prediction in lung cancer patients and comparative controls using signature of volatile organic compounds in breath samples. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277431. [PMID: 36449484 PMCID: PMC9710764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of lung cancer is a crucial factor for increasing its survival rates among the detected patients. The presence of carbonyl volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath can play a vital role in early detection of lung cancer. Identifying these VOC markers in breath samples through innovative statistical and machine learning techniques is an important task in lung cancer research. Therefore, we proposed an experimental approach for generation of VOC molecular concentration data using unique silicon microreactor technology and further identification and characterization of key relevant VOCs important for lung cancer detection through statistical and machine learning algorithms. We reported several informative VOCs and tested their effectiveness in multi-group classification of patients. Our analytical results indicated that seven key VOCs, including C4H8O2, C13H22O, C11H22O, C2H4O2, C7H14O, C6H12O, and C5H8O, are sufficient to detect the lung cancer patients with higher mean classification accuracy (92%) and lower standard error (0.03) compared to other combinations. In other words, the molecular concentrations of these VOCs in exhaled breath samples were able to discriminate the patients with lung cancer (n = 156) from the healthy smoker and nonsmoker controls (n = 193) and patients with benign pulmonary nodules (n = 65). The quantification of carbonyl VOC profiles from breath samples and identification of crucial VOCs through our experimental approach paves the way forward for non-invasive lung cancer detection. Further, our experimental and analytical approach of VOC quantitative analysis in breath samples may be extended to other diseases, including COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shesh N. Rai
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- Hepatobiology and Toxicology Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- Biostatistics and Informatics Facility, Center for Integrative Environmental Research Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SNR); (SD)
| | - Samarendra Das
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- School of Interdisciplinary and Graduate Studies, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
- ICAR-Directorate of Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, PUSA, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (SNR); (SD)
| | - Jianmin Pan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Dwijesh C. Mishra
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, PUSA, New Delhi, India
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
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8
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Troudt BK, Vue JW, Bühlmann P. Comparison of the kinetics of aldehyde sensing by covalent bond formation with hydrazines and hydroxylamines. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Chen T, Liu T, Li T, Zhao H, Chen Q. Exhaled breath analysis in disease detection. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 515:61-72. [PMID: 33387463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the use of exhaled breath analysis to diagnose and monitor different diseases has attracted much interest in recent years. This review introduces conventionally used methods and some emerging technologies aimed at breath analysis and their relevance to lung disease, airway inflammation, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic disorders and kidney diseases. One section correlates breath components and specific diseases, whereas the other discusses some unique ideas, strategies, and devices to analyze exhaled breath for the diagnosis of some common diseases. This review aims to briefly introduce the potential application of exhaled breath analysis for the diagnosis and screening of various diseases, thereby providing a new avenue for the detection of non-invasive diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Tiannan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China.
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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10
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Li Q, Xiaoan F, Xu K, He H, Jiang N. A stability study of carbonyl compounds in Tedlar bags by a fabricated MEMS microreactor approach. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Xie Z, Ramakrishnam Raju MV, Adhihetty PK, Fu XA, Nantz MH. Effect of Thiol Molecular Structure on the Sensitivity of Gold Nanoparticle-Based Chemiresistors toward Carbonyl Compounds. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20247024. [PMID: 33302491 PMCID: PMC7763667 DOI: 10.3390/s20247024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Increasing both the sensitivity and selectivity of thiol-functionalized gold nanoparticle chemiresistors remains a challenging issue in the quest to develop real-time gas sensors. The effects of thiol molecular structure on such sensor properties are not well understood. This study investigates the effects of steric as well as electronic effects in a panel of substituted thiol-urea compounds on the sensing properties of thiolate monolayer-protected gold nanoparticle chemiresistors. Three series of urea-substituted thiols with different peripheral end groups were synthesized for the study and used to prepare gold nanoparticle-based chemiresistors. The responses of the prepared sensors to trace volatile analytes were significantly affected by the urea functional motifs. The largest response for sensing acetone among the three series was observed for the thiol-urea sensor featuring a tert-butyl end group. Furthermore, the ligands fitted with N, N’-dialkyl urea moieties exhibit a much larger response to carbonyl analytes than the more acidic urea series containing N-alkoxy-N’-alkyl urea and N, N’-dialkoxy urea groups with the same peripheral end groups. The results show that the peripheral molecular structure of thiolate-coated gold nanoparticles plays a critical role in sensing target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA; (Z.X.); (X.-A.F.)
| | | | | | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA; (Z.X.); (X.-A.F.)
| | - Michael H. Nantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Cheng J, Liu Y, Mao H, Zhao W, Ye Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Li M, Huang C. Wafer-level fabrication of 3D nanoparticles assembled nanopillars and click chemistry modification for sensitive SERS detection of trace carbonyl compounds. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:265301. [PMID: 32208371 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab82d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we develop a new method for fabricating wafer-level gold nanoparticles covered silicon nanopillars (SNPs) combined with surface chemical modification to detect trace level carbonyl compounds based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. The SNPs are fabricated with an etching process using nano masks synthesized in oxygen-plasma bombardment of photoresist, and further deposited with gold nanoparticles on the surface, thus forming a 3D 'particles on pillars' nanostructure for sensitive SERS detection. The enhancement factor (EF) of the devices for R6G detection can achieve 1.56 × 106 times compared with a flat Si substrate. We also developed an oximation click chemistry reaction procedure by chemically modifying the nanostructures with aminooxy dodecane thiol (ADT) self-assemble modification. The chip is further integrated with a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic chamber, which allows fast and convenient detection of trace carbonyl compounds in liquid samples. The SERS detection capability was demonstrated by the dropwise addition of fluorescent carbonyl compounds before and after elution. Furthermore, the device was proved with high surface consistency(<70%) for repeated measurement, which has the potential for ppb(parts per billion) level concentration of carbonyl compounds detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China. School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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13
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Sibakoti TR, Stinger CR, Adhihetty PK, Zamborini FP, Nantz MH. Tunable Aminooxy-Functionalized Monolayer-Protected Gold Clusters for Non-Polar or Aqueous Oximation Reactions. PARTICLE & PARTICLE SYSTEMS CHARACTERIZATION : MEASUREMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF PARTICLE PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR IN POWDERS AND OTHER DISPERSE SYSTEMS 2019; 36:1900093. [PMID: 33299268 PMCID: PMC7723347 DOI: 10.1002/ppsc.201900093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aminooxy (-ONH2) groups are well known for their chemoselective reactions with carbonyl compounds, specifically aldehydes and ketones. The versatility of aminooxy chemistry has proven to be an attractive feature that continues to stimulate new applications. This work describes application of aminooxy 'click chemistry' on the surface of gold nanoparticles. We present here a trifunctional amine-containing aminooxy alkane thiol ligand for use in the functionalization of gold monolayer protected clusters (Au MPCs). Diethanolamine is readily transformed into an organic-soluble aminooxy thiol (AOT) ligand using a short synthetic path. The synthesized AOT ligand was coated on ≤ 2 nm diameter hexanethiolate (C6S)-capped Au MPCs using a ligand exchange protocol to afford organic-soluble AOT/C6S (1:1 ratio) Au mixed monolayer protected clusters (MMPCs). This work describes the synthesis of Au(C6S)(AOT) MMPCs and representative oximation reactions with various types of aldehyde-containing molecules, highlighting the ease and versatility of the chemistry and how amine protonation can be used to switch solubility characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha R Sibakoti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Colton R Stinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | | | - Francis P Zamborini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
| | - Michael H Nantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40208, USA
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14
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Characterization of DNPH-coated microreactor chip for analysis of trace carbonyls with application for breath analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1106-1107:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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15
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Cheng J, Shao J, Ye Y, Zhao Y, Huang C, Wang L, Li M. Microfluidic Preconcentration Chip with Self-Assembled Chemical Modified Surface for Trace Carbonyl Compounds Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E4402. [PMID: 30551558 PMCID: PMC6308564 DOI: 10.3390/s18124402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbonyl compounds in water sources are typical characteristic pollutants, which are important indicators in the health risk assessment of water quality. Commonly used analytical chemistry methods face issues such as complex operations, low sensitivity, and long analysis times. Here, we report a silicon microfluidic device based on click chemical surface modification that was engineered to achieve rapid, convenient and efficient capture of trace level carbonyl compounds in liquid solvent. The micro pillar arrays of the chip and microfluidic channels were designed under the basis of finite element (FEM) analysis and fabricated by the microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technique. The surface of the micropillars was sputtered with precious metal silver and functionalized with the organic substance amino-oxy dodecane thiol (ADT) by self-assembly for capturing trace carbonyl compounds. The detection of ppb level fluorescent carbonyl compounds demonstrates that the strategy proposed in this work shows great potential for rapid water quality testing and for other samples with trace carbonyl compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- R&D Center of HealthCare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China.
| | - Jianwei Shao
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing 100029, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yifei Ye
- R&D Center of HealthCare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China.
| | - Yang Zhao
- R&D Center of HealthCare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Chengjun Huang
- R&D Center of HealthCare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China.
| | - Li Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing 100029, China.
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Mingxiao Li
- R&D Center of HealthCare Electronics, Institute of Microelectronics of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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16
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Li M, Li Q, Nantz MH, Fu XA. Analysis of Carbonyl Compounds in Ambient Air by a Microreactor Approach. ACS OMEGA 2018. [PMID: 29978147 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00503/suppl_file/ao8b00503_si_001.pdf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are toxic organic components of air pollution that cause lung cancer and cardiovascular disease with chronic exposure. The commonly used method for determining the levels of carbonyl compounds based on the derivatizing agent 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is of limited use for ketones and unsaturated aldehydes because of issues such as low capture efficiencies, unstable derivatives, and long sample collection times. This work details the analysis of carbonyls in ambient air by a microreactor approach. The microreactor is fabricated on a silicon wafer and has thousands of micropillars in a microfluidic channel for uniformly distributing the air flow through the channel. The surfaces of the micropillars are coated with a quaternary ammonium aminooxy reagent, 2-(aminooxy)ethyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium iodide (ATM), for chemoselective capture of carbonyl compounds by means of oximation reactions. ATM-carbonyl adducts are eluted from the microreactor and directly analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. More than 20 carbonyls were detected in ambient air samples. Acetone, 2-butanone, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyls in ambient air of the studied urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 216 Eastern Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, United States
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 216 Eastern Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, United States
| | - Michael H Nantz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 216 Eastern Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, United States
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 216 Eastern Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, United States
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17
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Li M, Li Q, Nantz MH, Fu XA. Analysis of Carbonyl Compounds in Ambient Air by a Microreactor Approach. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:6764-6769. [PMID: 29978147 PMCID: PMC6026843 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aldehydes including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein are toxic organic components of air pollution that cause lung cancer and cardiovascular disease with chronic exposure. The commonly used method for determining the levels of carbonyl compounds based on the derivatizing agent 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine is of limited use for ketones and unsaturated aldehydes because of issues such as low capture efficiencies, unstable derivatives, and long sample collection times. This work details the analysis of carbonyls in ambient air by a microreactor approach. The microreactor is fabricated on a silicon wafer and has thousands of micropillars in a microfluidic channel for uniformly distributing the air flow through the channel. The surfaces of the micropillars are coated with a quaternary ammonium aminooxy reagent, 2-(aminooxy)ethyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium iodide (ATM), for chemoselective capture of carbonyl compounds by means of oximation reactions. ATM-carbonyl adducts are eluted from the microreactor and directly analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. More than 20 carbonyls were detected in ambient air samples. Acetone, 2-butanone, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyls in ambient air of the studied urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Li
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 216 Eastern Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, United
States
| | - Qi Li
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 216 Eastern Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, United
States
| | - Michael H. Nantz
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 216 Eastern Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, United
States
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, 216 Eastern Parkway, Louisville, Kentucky 40208, United
States
- E-mail: .
Phone: 502-852-6349 (X.-A.F.)
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18
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Wang Y, Hua L, Li Q, Jiang J, Hou K, Wu C, Li H. Direct Detection of Small n-Alkanes at Sub-ppbv Level by Photoelectron-Induced O2+ Cation Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry at kPa Pressure. Anal Chem 2018; 90:5398-5404. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Hua
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Li
- College of Instrumentation and Electrical Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130061, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jichun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Keyong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenxin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Chin ST, Romano A, Doran SLF, Hanna GB. Cross-platform mass spectrometry annotation in breathomics of oesophageal-gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5139. [PMID: 29572531 PMCID: PMC5865157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease breathomics is gaining importance nowadays due to its usefulness as non-invasive early cancer detection. Mass spectrometry (MS) technique is often used for analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with cancer in the exhaled breath but a long-standing challenge is the uncertainty in mass peak annotation for potential volatile biomarkers. This work describes a cross-platform MS strategy employing selected-ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS), high resolution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) retrofitted with electron ionisation (EI) and GC-MS retrofitted with positive chemical ionisation (PCI) as orthogonal analytical approaches in order to provide facile identification of the oxygenated VOCs from breath of cancer patients. In addition, water infusion was applied as novel efficient PCI reagent in breathomics analysis, depicting unique diagnostic ions M+ or [M-17]+ for VOC identification. Identity confirmation of breath VOCs was deduced using the proposed multi-platform workflow, which reveals variation in breath oxygenated VOC composition of oesophageal-gastric (OG) cancer patients with dominantly ketones, followed by aldehydes, alcohols, acids and phenols in decreasing order of relative abundance. Accurate VOC identification provided by cross-platform approach would be valuable for the refinement of diagnostic VOC models and the understanding of molecular drivers of VOC production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Tong Chin
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Romano
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie L F Doran
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom
| | - George B Hanna
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Division of Surgery, Imperial College London, London, W2 1NY, United Kingdom.
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20
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human breath can contain thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile compounds that are related to metabolism and other biochemical processes. The presence of cancer cells can affect the identity and abundances of chemicals in breath when compared to those in healthy control subjects, which can be used to indicate the likelihood of a patient having cancer. Recently, the chemical analysis of exhaled breath from patients has been shown to be promising for diagnosing many different types of cancers, including lung, breast, colon, head, neck, and prostate, along with pre-cancerous conditions (dysplasia). AREAS COVERED Here, we reviewed the sampling, analytical and data analysis methods reported in the recent patent literature related to cancer breath testing (2014-2017). In addition, the different types of cancer biomarkers that were disclosed are discussed. EXPERT OPINION The major advantages of breath testing compared to conventional X-ray and imaging based methods includes simplicity of use, non-invasiveness, and the potential to detect cancer at a relatively early stage. Such methods are also suitable to perform population screening because of their non-invasiveness. However, the establishment of standard sampling, detection and quantification methods for breath testing is required before the methods can be employed for clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Mohibul Kabir
- a School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales, NSW , Sydney , Australia
| | - William A Donald
- a School of Chemistry , University of New South Wales, NSW , Sydney , Australia
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21
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Conklin DJ, Ogunwale MA, Chen Y, Theis WS, Nantz MH, Fu XA, Chen LC, Riggs DW, Lorkiewicz P, Bhatnagar A, Srivastava S. Electronic cigarette-generated aldehydes: The contribution of e-liquid components to their formation and the use of urinary aldehyde metabolites as biomarkers of exposure. AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR AEROSOL RESEARCH 2018; 52:1219-1232. [PMID: 31456604 PMCID: PMC6711607 DOI: 10.1080/02786826.2018.1500013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) have emerged as a popular electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) in the last decade. Despite the absence of combustion products and toxins such as carbon monoxide (CO) and tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNA), carbonyls including short-chain, toxic aldehydes have been detected in e-cigarette-derived aerosols up to levels found in tobacco smoke. Given the health concerns regarding exposures to toxic aldehydes, understanding both aldehyde generation in e-cigarette and e-cigarette exposure is critical. Thus, we measured aldehydes generated in aerosols derived from propylene glycol (PG):vegetable glycerin (VG) mixtures and from commercial e-liquids with flavorants using a state-of-the-art carbonyl trap and mass spectrometry. To track e-cigarette exposure in mice, we measured urinary metabolites of 4 aldehydes using ULPC-MS/MS or GC-MS. Aldehyde levels, regardless of abundance (saturated: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde >> unsaturated: acrolein, crotonaldehyde), were dependent on the PG:VG ratio and the presence of flavorants. The metabolites of 3 aldehydes - formate, acetate and 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA; acrolein metabolite) -- were increased in urine after e-cigarette aerosol and mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) exposures, but the crotonaldehyde metabolite (3-hydroxy-1-methylpropylmercapturic acid, HPMMA) was increased only after MCS exposure. Interestingly, exposure to menthol-flavored e-cigarette aerosol increased the levels of urinary 3-HPMA and sum of nicotine exposure (nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine) relative to exposure to a Classic Tobacco-flavored e-cigarette aerosol. Comparing these findings with aerosols of other ENDS and by measuring aldehyde-derived metabolites in human urine following exposure to e-cigarette aerosols will further our understanding of the relationship between ENDS use, aldehyde exposure and health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Conklin
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Mumiye A. Ogunwale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Yizheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Whitney S. Theis
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Michael H. Nantz
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Lung-Chi Chen
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, Tuxedo, New York 10987
| | - Daniel W. Riggs
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Pawel Lorkiewicz
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
| | - Sanjay Srivastava
- American Heart Association – Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
- Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292
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22
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Yoon JW, Lee JH. Toward breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis using semiconductor-based chemiresistors: recent progress and future perspectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3537-3557. [PMID: 28971204 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor gas sensors using metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, graphene-based materials, and metal chalcogenides have been reviewed from the viewpoint of the sensitive, selective, and reliable detection of exhaled biomarker gases, and perspectives/strategies to realize breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis are discussed based on the concurrent design of high-performance sensing materials and miniaturized pretreatment components. Carbon-based sensing materials that show relatively high responses to NO and NH3 at low or mildly raised temperatures can be applied to the diagnosis of asthma and renal disease. Halitosis can be diagnosed by employing sensing or additive materials such as CuO and Mo that have high chemical affinities for H2S, while catalyst-loaded metal oxide nanostructure sensors or their arrays have been used to diagnose diabetes via the selective detection of acetone or by pattern recognition of sensor signals. For the ultimate miniaturization of a breath-analysis system into a tiny chip, preconditioning that includes preconcentration, dehumidification, and flow sensing needs to be either improved through the design of gas/moisture adsorbents or removed/simplified through the design of highly sensitive sensing materials that are less impervious to interference from humidity and temperature. Moreover, an abundant sensing library needs to be provided for the diagnosis of diseases (e.g. lung cancer) that are associated with multiple biomarker gases and for finding new methods to diagnose other diseases. For this aim, p-type oxide semiconductors with high catalytic activities, as well as combinatorial approaches, can be considered for the development of sensing materials that detect less-reactive large molecules, and high-throughput screening, respectively. Selectivity for a specific biomarker gas will simplify the system further. Breath analysis on a tiny chip using semiconductor chemiresistors with ultralow power consumption that is connected to the 'Internet of Things' will pave new roads for disease diagnosis and patient monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wook Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Ogunwale M, Li M, Ramakrishnam Raju MV, Chen Y, Nantz MH, Conklin DJ, Fu XA. Aldehyde Detection in Electronic Cigarette Aerosols. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:1207-1214. [PMID: 28393137 PMCID: PMC5377270 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde, acrolein, and formaldehyde are the principal toxic aldehydes present in cigarette smoke and contribute to the risk of cardiovascular disease and noncancerous pulmonary disease. The rapid growth of the use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has raised concerns over emissions of these harmful aldehydes. This work determines emissions of these aldehydes in both free and bound (aldehyde-hemiacetal) forms and other carbonyls from the use of e-cigarettes. A novel silicon microreactor with a coating phase of 4-(2-aminooxyethyl)-morpholin-4-ium chloride (AMAH) was used to trap carbonyl compounds in the aerosols of e-cigarettes via oximation reactions. AMAH-aldehyde adducts were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to analyze hemiacetals in the aerosols. These aldehydes were detected in the aerosols of all e-cigarettes. Newer-generation e-cigarette devices generated more aldehydes than the first-generation e-cigarettes because of higher battery power output. Formaldehyde-hemiacetal was detected in the aerosols generated from some e-liquids using the newer e-cigarette devices at a battery power output of 11.7 W and above. The emission of these aldehydes from all e-cigarettes, especially higher levels of aldehydes from the newer-generation e-cigarette devices, indicates the risk of using e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumiye
A. Ogunwale
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Mandapati V. Ramakrishnam Raju
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Yizheng Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Michael H. Nantz
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Daniel J. Conklin
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering,
and American Heart Association—Tobacco
Regulation and Addiction Center, University
of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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24
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Abstract
Breath testing has enormous potential in the medical diagnostic field. The underlying complexity and perceived availability of adequate specimens, combined with a lack of knowledge of the metabolic pathways that give rise to compounds that are sources of analytes detectable in breath, has greatly slowed development. These real obstacles have recently been largely overcome in the use of breath testing to identify patients with cystic fibrosis associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection and tuberculosis. This review summarizes progress made in the characterization of microbial volatiles produced by major lower respiratory tract bacterial pathogens, and their potential use as diagnostic markers in patient breath testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Graham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; E-mail:
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25
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Topolyan AP, Strizhevskaya DA, Belyaeva MA, Brylev VA, Ustinov AV, Formanovsky AA, Korshun VA. A triphenylcyclopropenylium mass tag: synthesis and application to ultrasensitive LC/MS analysis of amines. Analyst 2016; 141:3289-95. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an02642c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Thiol adducts of triphenylcyclopropenylium undergo efficient heterolytic dissociation in electrospray (ESI) or laser desorption ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry giving rise to a prominent signal of an aromatic C3Ph3+ cation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artyom P. Topolyan
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- 117997 Moscow
- Russia
| | | | - Maria A. Belyaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- 117997 Moscow
- Russia
| | - Vladimir A. Brylev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- 117997 Moscow
- Russia
| | - Alexey V. Ustinov
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- 117997 Moscow
- Russia
- Lumiprobe Corp
- Hallandale Beach
| | | | - Vladimir A. Korshun
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry
- 117997 Moscow
- Russia
- Gause Institute of New Antibiotics
- 119021 Moscow
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26
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Tang Z, Liu Y, Duan Y. Breath analysis: technical developments and challenges in the monitoring of human exposure to volatile organic compounds. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 1002:285-99. [PMID: 26343020 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
At present, there is a growing concern about human quality of life. In particular, there is an awareness of the impact of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on the environment and human health, so the monitoring of human exposure to VOCs is an increasingly urgent need. Biomonitoring is theoretically more accurate compared with traditional ambient air monitoring, and it plays an essential role in human environmental exposure assessment. Breath analysis is a biomonitoring method with many advantages, which is applicable to assessments of human exposure to a large number of VOCs. Techniques are being developed to improve the sensitivity and precision of breath analysis based on in-direct and direct measurements which will be reviewed in this paper. This paper briefly reviews the frequently used methods in both of these categories, specifically highlighting some promising new techniques. Furthermore, this review also provides theoretical background knowledge about the use of breath analysis as a biomonitoring tool for human exposure assessment. A review of the application of breath analysis to human exposure monitoring during last two decades is also provided according to occupational/non-occupational exposure. Obstacles and potential challenges in this field are also summarized. Based on the gradual improvements in the theoretical basis and technology reviewed in this paper, breath analysis is an enormous potential approach for the monitoring of human exposure to VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Tang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Analytical Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Breath carbonyl compounds as biomarkers of lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2015; 90:92-7. [PMID: 26233567 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lung cancer dysregulations impart oxidative stress which results in important metabolic products in the form of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath. The objective of this work is to use statistical classification models to determine specific carbonyl VOCs in exhaled breath as biomarkers for detection of lung cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Exhaled breath samples from 85 patients with untreated lung cancer, 34 patients with benign pulmonary nodules and 85 healthy controls were collected. Carbonyl compounds in exhaled breath were captured by silicon microreactors and analyzed by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS). The concentrations of carbonyl compounds were analyzed using a variety of statistical classification models to determine which compounds best differentiated between the patient sub-populations. Predictive accuracy of each of the models was assessed on a separate test data set. RESULTS Six carbonyl compounds (C(4)H(8)O, C(5)H(10)O, C(2)H(4)O(2), C(4)H(8)O(2), C(6)H(10)O(2), C(9)H(16)O(2)) had significantly elevated concentrations in lung cancer patients vs. CONTROLS A model based on counting the number of elevated compounds out of these six achieved an overall classification accuracy on the test data of 97% (95% CI 92%-100%), 95% (95% CI 88%-100%), and 89% (95% CI 79%-99%) for classifying lung cancer patients vs. non-smokers, current smokers, and patients with benign nodules, respectively. These results were comparable to benchmarking based on established statistical and machine-learning methods. The sensitivity in each case was 96% or higher, with specificity ranging from 64% for benign nodule patients to 86% for smokers and 100% for non-smokers. CONCLUSION A model based on elevated levels of the six carbonyl VOCs effectively discriminates lung cancer patients from healthy controls as well as patients with benign pulmonary nodules.
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Lane AN, Arumugam S, Lorkiewicz PK, Higashi RM, Laulhé S, Nantz MH, Moseley HNB, Fan TWM. Chemoselective detection and discrimination of carbonyl-containing compounds in metabolite mixtures by 1H-detected 15N nuclear magnetic resonance. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:337-43. [PMID: 25616249 PMCID: PMC4409496 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
NMR spectra of mixtures of metabolites extracted from cells or tissues are extremely complex, reflecting the large number of compounds that are present over a wide range of concentrations. Although multidimensional NMR can greatly improve resolution as well as improve reliability of compound assignments, lower abundance metabolites often remain hidden. We have developed a carbonyl-selective aminooxy probe that specifically reacts with free keto and aldehyde functions, but not carboxylates. By incorporating (15)N in the aminooxy functional group, (15)N-edited NMR was used to select exclusively those metabolites that contain a free carbonyl function while all other metabolites are rejected. Here, we demonstrate that the chemical shifts of the aminooxy adducts of ketones and aldehydes are very different, which can be used to discriminate between aldoses and ketoses, for example. Utilizing the 2-bond or 3-bond (15)N-(1)H couplings, the (15)N-edited NMR analysis was optimized first with authentic standards and then applied to an extract of the lung adenocarcinoma cell line A549. More than 30 carbonyl-containing compounds at NMR-detectable levels, six of which we have assigned by reference to our database. As the aminooxy probe contains a permanently charged quaternary ammonium group, the adducts are also optimized for detection by mass spectrometry. Thus, this sample preparation technique provides a better link between the two structural determination tools, thereby paving the way to faster and more reliable identification of both known and unknown metabolites directly in crude biological extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew N Lane
- Center for Regulatory and Environmental Analytical Metabolomics, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA; J.G. Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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Chu L, Deng S, Zhao R, Zhang Z, Li C, Kang X. Adsorption/desorption performance of volatile organic compounds on electrospun nanofibers. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22597c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrospun nanofibers possess the advantages of the certain selectivity, favorable adsorption/desorption efficiency, short adsorption equilibration time and preferable regeneration and can be a potential adsorbent for VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanling Chu
- School of Public Health
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Siwei Deng
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education)
- Research Centre for Learning Science
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Renshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education)
- Research Centre for Learning Science
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education)
- Research Centre for Learning Science
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education)
- Research Centre for Learning Science
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
| | - Xuejun Kang
- Key Laboratory of Child Development and Learning Science (Ministry of Education)
- Research Centre for Learning Science
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- China
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Bousamra M, Schumer E, Li M, Knipp RJ, Nantz MH, van Berkel V, Fu XA. Quantitative analysis of exhaled carbonyl compounds distinguishes benign from malignant pulmonary disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:1074-80; discussion 1080-1. [PMID: 25129599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The analysis of exhaled breath is a promising noninvasive tool for the diagnosis of lung cancer, but its clinical relevance has yet to be established. We report the analysis of exhaled volatile carbonyl compounds for the identification of specific carbonyl cancer markers to differentiate benign pulmonary disease from early-stage lung cancer and to compare its diagnostic accuracy with positron emission tomography (PET) scans. METHODS Aminooxy-coated silicon microchips were used for the selective capture of exhaled carbonyls by an oximation reaction. Breath samples were collected then directed through the silicon chips by applying a vacuum. Carbonyl adducts were analyzed by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Eighty-eight control subjects, 107 patients with lung cancer (64 stage 0, I, or II), 40 patients with benign pulmonary disease, and 7 patients with a solitary pulmonary metastasis participated. Analysis of cancer markers was performed blinded to the pathologic results. RESULTS Four carbonyls were defined as cancer markers with significantly higher concentrations in patients with lung cancer. The number of increased cancer markers distinguished benign disease from both early and stage III and IV lung cancer. For early-stage disease, defining greater than 2 increased markers as diagnostic of lung cancer resulted in 83% sensitivity and 74% specificity. PET scans for this same cohort resulted in 90% sensitivity but only 39% specificity. Markers normalized for 3 of the 4 markers after resection of the lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of specific exhaled carbonyls can differentiate early lung cancer from benign pulmonary disease. Breath analysis was more specific than PET for a lung cancer diagnosis. Judicious use of these data may expedite the care of patients with lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bousamra
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky.
| | - Erin Schumer
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky
| | - Ralph J Knipp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky
| | - Michael H Nantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky
| | - Victor van Berkel
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Ky
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An exploration on the suitability of airborne carbonyl compounds analysis in relation to differences in instrumentation (GC-MS versus HPLC-UV) and standard phases (gas versus liquid). ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:308405. [PMID: 24719571 PMCID: PMC3956549 DOI: 10.1155/2014/308405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative performance figure of merits was investigated for the two most common analytical methods employed for carbonyl compounds (CC), for example, between high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV detector (with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) derivatization) and thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) (without derivatization). To this end, the suitability of each method is assessed by computing the relative recovery (RR) between the gas- and liquid-phase standards containing a suite of CC such as formaldehyde (FA), acetaldehyde (AA), propionaldehyde (PA), butyraldehyde (BA), isovaleraldehyde (IA), and valeraldehyde (VA) along with benzene (B) as a recovery reference for the GC method. The results confirm that a TD-GC-MS is advantageous to attain the maximum recovery for the heavier CCs (i.e., with molecular weights (MW) above BA−MW ≥ 74). On the other hand, the HPLC-UV is favorable for the lighter CCs (like FA and AA) with the least bias. Such compound-specific responses for each platform are validated by relative ordering of CCs as a function of response factor (RF), method detection limit (MDL), and recovery pattern. It is thus desirable to understand the advantages and limitations of each method to attain the CC data with the least experimental bias.
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Fu XA, Li M, Knipp RJ, Nantz MH, Bousamra M. Noninvasive detection of lung cancer using exhaled breath. Cancer Med 2014; 3:174-81. [PMID: 24402867 PMCID: PMC3930402 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Early detection of lung cancer is a key factor for increasing the survival rates of lung cancer patients. The analysis of exhaled breath is promising as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for diagnosis of lung cancer. We demonstrate the quantitative analysis of carbonyl volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and identification of lung cancer VOC markers in exhaled breath using unique silicon microreactor technology. The microreactor consists of thousands of micropillars coated with an ammonium aminooxy salt for capture of carbonyl VOCs in exhaled breath by means of oximation reactions. Captured aminooxy-VOC adducts are analyzed by nanoelectrospray Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry (MS). The concentrations of 2-butanone, 2-hydroxyacetaldehyde, 3-hydroxy-2-butanone, and 4-hydroxyhexenal (4-HHE) in the exhaled breath of lung cancer patients (n = 97) were significantly higher than in the exhaled breath of healthy smoker and nonsmoker controls (n = 88) and patients with benign pulmonary nodules (n = 32). The concentration of 2-butanone in exhaled breath of patients (n = 51) with stages II though IV non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was significantly higher than in exhaled breath of patients with stage I (n = 34). The carbonyl VOC profile in exhaled breath determined using this new silicon microreactor technology provides for the noninvasive detection of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of LouisvilleLouisville, Kentucky, 40208
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of LouisvilleLouisville, Kentucky, 40208
| | - Ralph J Knipp
- Department of Chemistry, University of LouisvilleLouisville, Kentucky, 40208
| | - Michael H Nantz
- Department of Chemistry, University of LouisvilleLouisville, Kentucky, 40208
| | - Michael Bousamra
- Department of Surgery, University of LouisvilleLouisville, Kentucky, 40208
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of LouisvilleLouisville, Kentucky, 40208
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Laulhé S, Geers TE, Shi X, Zhang X, Nantz MH. Electron Ionization-Induced Release of Coded Isotopic Reporter Ions in an m/z Zone of Minimal Interference for Quantifiable, Multiplexed GC-MS Analyses. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2013; 5:10.1039/C3AY41124A. [PMID: 24235976 PMCID: PMC3822575 DOI: 10.1039/c3ay41124a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe an isotope coding strategy that enables simultaneous GC-MS analysis of multiple samples for substrate identification and quantification. The method relies on direct measurement of isotopic ethyl carbenium ions serving as mass spectral tags in a zone of minimal interference (ZMI) at m/z 31-37. Sample aldehyde and ketone mixtures were reacted with isotopic 2-aminooxyethyl propionates to illustrate the method, which determined the relative abundance of the mixed compounds with an average 95% accuracy. ZMI reporter ion detection also enables chemoselective substrate profiling and absolute quantification, as demonstrated using a biologically derived sample.
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