1
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Clarke TB, Krushinski LE, Vannoy KJ, Colón-Quintana G, Roy K, Rana A, Renault C, Hill ML, Dick JE. Single Entity Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9015-9080. [PMID: 39018111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Making a measurement over millions of nanoparticles or exposed crystal facets seldom reports on reactivity of a single nanoparticle or facet, which may depart drastically from ensemble measurements. Within the past 30 years, science has moved toward studying the reactivity of single atoms, molecules, and nanoparticles, one at a time. This shift has been fueled by the realization that everything changes at the nanoscale, especially important industrially relevant properties like those important to electrocatalysis. Studying single nanoscale entities, however, is not trivial and has required the development of new measurement tools. This review explores a tale of the clever use of old and new measurement tools to study electrocatalysis at the single entity level. We explore in detail the complex interrelationship between measurement method, electrocatalytic material, and reaction of interest (e.g., carbon dioxide reduction, oxygen reduction, hydrazine oxidation, etc.). We end with our perspective on the future of single entity electrocatalysis with a key focus on what types of measurements present the greatest opportunity for fundamental discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Kingshuk Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashutosh Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Megan L Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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2
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Zerdoumi R, Quast T, Tetteh EB, Kim M, Li L, Dieckhöfer S, Schuhmann W. Integration of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Scanning Electrochemical Cell Microscopy in a Bifunctional Nanopipette toward Simultaneous Mapping of Activity and Selectivity in Electrocatalysis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10886-10892. [PMID: 38925554 PMCID: PMC11238158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) were integrated in a single bifunctional probe for simultaneous mapping of the oxygen reduction current and the oxidation current of the produced H2O2. The dual probe is fabricated from a double-barrel θ capillary, comprising one open barrel filled with the electrolyte and another filled with pyrolytic carbon. Pt is deposited with a gas injection system (GIS) at the end of the carbon barrel. The probe integrates the advantages of both SECM and SECCM by forming an electrochemical droplet cell that embeds the Pt working electrode of the carbon barrel directly into the electrolyte meniscus formed upon sample contact from the electrolyte barrel. The versatility of the dual probe is demonstrated by mapping the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) current and the H2O2 oxidation current of a Pt microstrip on a gold substrate. This allows simultaneous localized electrochemical measurements, highlighting the potential of the dual probe for broader applications in characterizing the electrocatalytic properties of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ridha Zerdoumi
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Batsa Tetteh
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Moonjoo Kim
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Lejing Li
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center
for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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3
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Wang Z, Liu R, Sun T, Li M, Ran N, Wang D, Wang Z. Revealing Hydrogen Spillover on 1T/2H MoS 2 Heterostructures for an Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution Reaction by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7618-7625. [PMID: 38687982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The in situ characterization of the heterostructure active sites during the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) process and the direct elucidation of the corresponding catalytic structure-activity relationships are essential for understanding the catalytic mechanism and designing catalysts with optimized activity. Hence, exploring the underlying reasons behind the exceptional catalytic performance necessitates a detailed analysis. Herein, we employed scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to in situ image the topography and local electrocatalytic activity of 1T/2H MoS2 heterostructures on mixed-phase molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) with 20 nm spatial resolution. Our measurements provide direct data about HER activity, enabling us to differentiate the superior catalytic performance of 1T/2H MoS2 heterostructures compared to other active sites on the MoS2 surface. Combining this spatially resolved electrochemical information with density functional theory calculations and numerical simulations enables us to reveal the existence of hydrogen spillover from the 1T MoS2 surface to 1T/2H MoS2 heterostructures. Furthermore, it has been verified that hydrogen spillover can significantly enhance the electrocatalytic activity of the heterostructures, in addition to its strong electronic interaction. This study not only contributes to the future investigation of electrochemical processes at nanoscale active sites on structurally complex electrocatalysts but also provides new design strategies for improving the catalytic activity of 2D electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao Application Technology Innovation Center of Photoelectric Biosensing for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment, Shandong Sino-Japanese Centre for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Rujia Liu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Tong Sun
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao Application Technology Innovation Center of Photoelectric Biosensing for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment, Shandong Sino-Japanese Centre for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Mengrui Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao Application Technology Innovation Center of Photoelectric Biosensing for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment, Shandong Sino-Japanese Centre for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Nian Ran
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao Application Technology Innovation Center of Photoelectric Biosensing for Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment, Shandong Sino-Japanese Centre for Collaborative Research of Carbon Nanomaterials, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
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4
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Zhang H, Jiang H, Liu X, Wang X. A review of innovative electrochemical strategies for bioactive molecule detection and cell imaging: Current advances and challenges. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1285:341920. [PMID: 38057043 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity poses a major challenge for tumor theranostics, requiring high-resolution intercellular bioanalysis strategies. Over the past decades, the advantages of electrochemical analysis, such as high sensitivity, good spatio-temporal resolution, and ease of use, have made it the preferred method to uncover cellular differences. To inspire more creative research, herein, we highlight seminal works in electrochemical techniques for biomolecule analysis and bioimaging. Specifically, micro/nano-electrode-based electrochemical techniques enable real-time quantitative analysis of electroactive substances relevant to life processes in the micro-nanostructure of cells and tissues. Nanopore-based technique plays a vital role in biosensing by utilizing nanoscale pores to achieve high-precision detection and analysis of biomolecules with exceptional sensitivity and single-molecule resolution. Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology is utilized for real-time monitoring of the behavior and features of individual cancer cells, enabling observation of their dynamic processes due to its capability of providing high-resolution and highly sensitive bioimaging of cells. Particularly, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) which are widely used in real-time observation of cell surface biological processes and three-dimensional imaging of micro-nano structures, such as metabolic activity, ion channel activity, and cell morphology are introduced in this review. Furthermore, the expansion of the scope of cellular electrochemistry research by innovative functionalized electrodes and electrochemical imaging models and strategies to address future challenges and potential applications is also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Xuemei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
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5
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Santana Santos C, Jaato BN, Sanjuán I, Schuhmann W, Andronescu C. Operando Scanning Electrochemical Probe Microscopy during Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2023; 123:4972-5019. [PMID: 36972701 PMCID: PMC10168669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical probe microscopy (SEPM) techniques can disclose the local electrochemical reactivity of interfaces in single-entity and sub-entity studies. Operando SEPM measurements consist of using a SEPM tip to investigate the performance of electrocatalysts, while the reactivity of the interface is simultaneously modulated. This powerful combination can correlate electrochemical activity with changes in surface properties, e.g., topography and structure, as well as provide insight into reaction mechanisms. The focus of this review is to reveal the recent progress in local SEPM measurements of the catalytic activity of a surface toward the reduction and evolution of O2 and H2 and electrochemical conversion of CO2. The capabilities of SEPMs are showcased, and the possibility of coupling other techniques to SEPMs is presented. Emphasis is given to scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM), electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy (EC-STM), and scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Santana Santos
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Bright Nsolebna Jaato
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ignacio Sanjuán
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry - Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES), Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Technical Chemistry III, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen Carl-Benz-Straße 199, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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6
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Ma Y, Zhao Y, Liu R, Wang D. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Featuring Transient Current Signals in Carbon Nanopipets with Dilute or No Redox Mediator. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11124-11128. [PMID: 35920511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c02596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we report a sensitive scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) method based on the high transient current signals in carbon nanopipets (CNPs) under step potential waveforms. Taking advantage of the transient peak current, the approach curve can be conducted with very dilute (1 μM) or even no redox mediator and fitted by the scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) theory. In addition, a trace amount of electroactive species generated at the substrate can also be directly revealed from the transient current at the CNP tips. With the established feedback and generation/collection methods, we present the constant-height topography and electroactivity imaging of the substrates with only 1 μM K4Fe(CN)6. The developed new SECM method would allow the usage of CNPs to achieve both high sensitivity and spatial resolution with dilute or no redox mediator and thus find great potential applications in biological and electrocatalytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfei Ma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Zhao
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Rujia Liu
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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7
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Boudet A, Henrotte O, Limani N, El Orf F, Oswald F, Jousselme B, Cornut R. Unraveling the Link between Catalytic Activity and Agglomeration State with Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1697-1704. [PMID: 35020356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we set up a methodology to investigate the relationship between the catalytic activity and the agglomeration state of platinum group metal-free ORR catalysts. To this end, we have developed a statistical approach based on scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Two catalysts are investigated at very low loadings in order to access their intrinsic activity. Differences in terms of dispersion, stability of the inks, and adherence on the substrate are observed, highlighting the importance of measuring the exact amount and agglomeration state of the materials under study. The agglomeration state of the deposits measured by AFM explains the differences in activity measured by SECM. The performances of the catalysts are compared, and the contributions of the intrinsic activity and the agglomeration state are identified. This work paves the way toward various applications ranging from the benchmarking of new catalysts to the optimization of an ink formulation, for ORR and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Boudet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Henrotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ndrina Limani
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fatima El Orf
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Frédéric Oswald
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bruno Jousselme
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Renaud Cornut
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, NIMBE, LICSEN, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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8
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Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has emerged as a versatile tool for studies of interfaces in biology and materials science with notable utility in biophysical and electrochemical measurements. The heart of the SICM is a nanometer-scale electrolyte filled glass pipette that serves as a scanning probe. In the initial conception, manipulations of ion currents through the tip of the pipette and appropriate positioning hardware provided a route to recording micro- and nanoscopic mapping of the topography of surfaces. Subsequent advances in instrumentation, probe design, and methods significantly increased opportunities for SICM beyond recording topography. Hybridization of SICM with coincident characterization techniques such as optical microscopy and faradaic electrodes have brought SICM to the forefront as a tool for nanoscale chemical measurement for a wide range of applications. Modern approaches to SICM realize an important tool in analytical, bioanalytical, biophysical, and materials measurements, where significant opportunities remain for further exploration. In this review, we chronicle the development of SICM from the perspective of both the development of instrumentation and methods and the breadth of measurements performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kaixiang Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Natasha P Siepser
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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9
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Abstract
Mass-transport-limited catalysis and membrane transport can be characterized by concentration profiles surrounding active surfaces. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is a tool that has been used to measure concentration profiles; however, the presence and geometry of the tip can distort these profiles due to hindered diffusion, which in turn alters chemical behavior at the catalytic surface. To fully characterize the behavior of surface features such as catalytic sites, it is essential to account for and analytically remove the effect of tip presence. In this work, atomic force microscopy-based SECM (AFM-SECM) measurements over poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and gold electrode surfaces are used to measure negative and positive-feedback approach curves, respectively. By inversely fitting these approach curves with a finite element method (FEM) model, we derive kinetic and geometric tip parameters that characterize the effect of tip presence. Tip effects may be removed in the model to estimate concentration profiles and reaction properties for the case where no tip is present. A maximum 120% increase in the concentration at one tip radii above the surface is observed due to the presence of the tip, where the concentration field is compressed vertically, in proportion to surface feature size and tip separation. Conical AFM-SECM tips, with a higher ratio of tip height to the base size, introduce less concentration distortion than disk-shaped AFM-SECM tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mirabal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Scott Calabrese Barton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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10
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YAMADA H, YAMANAKA N, YASUNAGA K. Simultaneous Observation of Faradaic and Tunneling Current at a Flat Surface Using Tunneling-Current-Based Constant-Distance Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy with a Platinum Nanoelectrode. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.21-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi YAMADA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy
| | | | - Kenji YASUNAGA
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Defense Academy
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11
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A cost-efficient approach for simultaneous scanning electrochemical microscopy and scanning ion conductance microscopy. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA novel and cost-efficient probe fabrication method yielding probes for performing simultaneous scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is presented. Coupling both techniques allows distinguishing topographical and electrochemical activity information obtained by SECM. Probes were prepared by deposition of photoresist onto platinum-coated, pulled fused silica capillaries, which resulted in a pipette probe with an integrated ring ultramicroelectrode. The fabricated probes were characterized by means of cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. The applicability of probes was demonstrated by measuring and distinguishing topography and electrochemical activity of a model substrate. In addition, porous boron-doped diamond samples were investigated via simultaneously performed SECM and SICM.
Graphic abstract
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12
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Touzalin T, Joiret S, Lucas IT, Maisonhaute E. Electrochemical tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy imaging with 8 nm lateral resolution. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.106557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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13
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Peng M, Zhao Y, Chen D, Tan Y. Free‐Standing 3D Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Peng
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhao
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Dechao Chen
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
| | - Yongwen Tan
- College of Materials Science and EngineeringHunan University Changsha Hunan 410082 P. R. China
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14
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Kang G, Yang M, Mattei MS, Schatz GC, Van Duyne RP. In Situ Nanoscale Redox Mapping Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2106-2113. [PMID: 30763517 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical atomic force microscopy tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (EC-AFM-TERS) was used for the first time to spatially resolve local heterogeneity in redox behavior on an electrode surface in situ and at the nanoscale. A structurally well-defined Au(111) nanoplate located on a polycrystalline ITO substrate was studied to examine nanoscale redox contrast across the two electrode materials. By monitoring the TERS intensity of adsorbed Nile Blue (NB) molecules on the electrode surface, TERS maps were acquired with different applied potentials. The EC-TERS maps showed a spatial contrast in TERS intensity between Au and ITO. TERS line scans near the edge of a 20 nm-thick Au nanoplate demonstrated a spatial resolution of 81 nm under an applied potential of -0.1 V vs Ag/AgCl. The intensities from the TERS maps at various applied potentials followed Nernstian behavior, and a formal potential ( E0') map was constructed by fitting the TERS intensity at each pixel to the Nernst equation. Clear nanoscale spatial contrast between the Au and ITO regions was observed in the E0' map. In addition, statistical analysis of the E0' map identified a statistically significant 4 mV difference in E0' on Au vs ITO. Electrochemical heterogeneity was also evident in the E0' distribution, as a bimodal distribution was observed in E0' on polycrystalline ITO, but not on gold. A direct comparison between an AFM friction image and the E0' map resolved the electrochemical behavior of individual ITO grains with a spatial resolution of ∼40 nm. The variation in E0' was attributed to different local surface charges on the ITO grains. Such site-specific electrochemical information with nanoscale spatial and few mV voltage resolutions is not available using ensemble spectroelectrochemical methods. We expect that in situ redox mapping at the nanoscale using EC-AFM-TERS will have a crucial impact on understanding the role of nanoscale surface features in applications such as electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongwon Kang
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Muwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Michael S Mattei
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Richard P Van Duyne
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
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15
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Wang Y, Shan X, Tao N. Emerging tools for studying single entity electrochemistry. Faraday Discuss 2018; 193:9-39. [PMID: 27722354 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00180g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry studies charge transfer and related processes at various microscopic structures (atomic steps, islands, pits and kinks on electrodes), and mesoscopic materials (nanoparticles, nanowires, viruses, vesicles and cells) made by nature and humans, involving ions and molecules. The traditional approach measures averaged electrochemical quantities of a large ensemble of these individual entities, including the microstructures, mesoscopic materials, ions and molecules. There is a need to develop tools to study single entities because a real system is usually heterogeneous, e.g., containing nanoparticles with different sizes and shapes. Even in the case of "homogeneous" molecules, they bind to different microscopic structures of an electrode, assume different conformations and fluctuate over time, leading to heterogeneous reactions. Here we highlight some emerging tools for studying single entity electrochemistry, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and provide personal views on the need for tools with new capabilities for further advancing single entity electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Wang
- Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Biodesign Institute and School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
| | - Xiaonan Shan
- Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Biodesign Institute and School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA.
| | - Nongjian Tao
- Center for Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Biodesign Institute and School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA. and State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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16
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Gossage ZT, Hernández‐Burgos K, Moore JS, Rodríguez‐López J. Impact of Charge Transport Dynamics and Conditioning on Cycling Efficiency within Single Redox Active Colloids. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T. Gossage
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
| | - Kenneth Hernández‐Burgos
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez‐López
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana Illinois 61801 United States
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR)
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
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17
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Wilde P, Quast T, Aiyappa HB, Chen Y, Botz A, Tarnev T, Marquitan M, Feldhege S, Lindner A, Andronescu C, Schuhmann W. Towards Reproducible Fabrication of Nanometre‐Sized Carbon Electrodes: Optimisation of Automated Nanoelectrode Fabrication by Means of Transmission Electron Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Wilde
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Harshitha B. Aiyappa
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Yen‐Ting Chen
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Tsvetan Tarnev
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Miriam Marquitan
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Stephan Feldhege
- Mechanical Workshop of the Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Armin Lindner
- Mechanical Workshop of the Faculty of Chemistry and BiochemistryRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Corina Andronescu
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 D-44780 Bochum Germany
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18
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Zhang S, Li M, Su B, Shao Y. Fabrication and Use of Nanopipettes in Chemical Analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:265-286. [PMID: 29894227 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes progress in the fabrication, modification, characterization, and applications of nanopipettes since 2010. A brief history of nanopipettes is introduced, and the details of fabrication, modification, and characterization of nanopipettes are provided. Applications of nanopipettes in chemical analysis are the focus in several cases, including recent progress in imaging; in the study of single molecules, single nanoparticles, and single cells; in fundamental investigations of charge transfer (ion and electron) reactions at liquid/liquid interfaces; and as hyphenated techniques combined with other methods to study the mechanisms of complicated electrochemical reactions and to conduct bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shudong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Mingzhi Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Bin Su
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Yuanhua Shao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
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19
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Zhuang J, Wang Z, Li Z, Liang P, Vincent M. Smart Scanning Ion-Conductance Microscopy Imaging Technique Using Horizontal Fast Scanning Method. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:264-276. [PMID: 29877171 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To solve extended acquisition time issues inherent in the conventional hopping-scanning mode of scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM), a new transverse-fast scanning mode (TFSM) is proposed. Because the transverse motion in SICM is not the detection direction and therefore presents no collision problem, it has the ability to move at high speed. In TSFM, the SICM probe gradually descends in the vertical/detection direction and rapidly scans in the transverse/nondetection direction. Further, the highest point that decides the hopping height of each scanning line can be quickly obtained. In conventional hopping mode, however, the hopping height is artificially set without a priori knowledge and is typically very large. Consequently, TFSM greatly improves the scanning speed of the SICM imaging system by effectively reducing the hopping height of each pixel. This study verifies the feasibility of this novel scanning method via theoretical analysis and experimental study, and compares the speed and quality of the scanning images obtained in the TFSM with that of the conventional hopping mode. The experimental results indicate that the TFSM method has a faster scanning speed than other SICM scanning methods while maintaining the quality of the images. Therefore, TFSM provides the possibility to quickly obtain high-resolution three-dimensional topographical images of extremely complex samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhuang
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Zhiwu Wang
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Zeqing Li
- 2School of Mechanical Engineering,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Pengbo Liang
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
| | - Mugubo Vincent
- 1Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design Rotor-Bearing System,Xi'an Jiaotong University,Xi'an 710049,China
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20
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Sun T, Wang D, Mirkin MV. Tunneling Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Probing Electrochemical Processes at Single Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
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21
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Sun T, Wang D, Mirkin MV. Tunneling Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: Probing Electrochemical Processes at Single Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7463-7467. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
| | - Dengchao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Queens College-CUNY Flushing NY 11367 USA
- The Graduate Center of CUNY New York NY 10016 USA
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22
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Kolagatla S, Subramanian P, Schechter A. Nanoscale mapping of catalytic hotspots on Fe, N-modified HOPG by scanning electrochemical microscopy-atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6962-6970. [PMID: 29610805 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00849c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The scanning electrochemical microscopy-atomic force microscopy (SECM-AFM) technique is used to map catalytic currents post Fe and N surface modification of graphitic carbon with an ultra-high resolution of 50 nm. The oxidation current of the partial reduction product, hydrogen peroxide, was also mapped in the same location in the graphitic carbon. The current mapping and ex situ spectroscopic evidence revealed that Fe-coordinated nitrogen sites formed both in the edge and basal planes of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) constitute the primary oxygen reduction catalytic sites in acid solutions of this important yet insufficiently understood class of catalysts.
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23
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Izquierdo J, Knittel P, Kranz C. Scanning electrochemical microscopy: an analytical perspective. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:307-324. [PMID: 29214533 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) has evolved from an electrochemical specialist tool to a broadly used electroanalytical surface technique, which has experienced exciting developments for nanoscale electrochemical studies in recent years. Several companies now offer commercial instruments, and SECM has been used in a broad range of applications. SECM research is frequently interdisciplinary, bridging areas ranging from electrochemistry, nanotechnology, and materials science to biomedical research. Although SECM is considered a modern electroanalytical technique, it appears that less attention is paid to so-called analytical figures of merit, which are essential also in electroanalytical chemistry. Besides instrumental developments, this review focuses on aspects such as reliability, repeatability, and reproducibility of SECM data. The review is intended to spark discussion within the community on this topic, but also to raise awareness of the challenges faced during the evaluation of quantitative SECM data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Izquierdo
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Knittel
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastraße 72, 79108, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
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24
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In situ investigation of copper corrosion in acidic chloride solution using atomic force—scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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25
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Meloni GN. 3D Printed and Microcontrolled: The One Hundred Dollars Scanning Electrochemical Microscope. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8643-8649. [PMID: 28741350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The design and fabrication of a versatile and low-cost electrochemical-scanning probe microscope (EC-SPM) is presented. The proposed equipment relies on the use of modern prototyping tools such as 3D printers and microcontroller boards and only a few "off-the-shelf" parts to deliver a simple yet powerful EC-SPM equipment capable of performing simple space-resolved electrochemical measurements. The equipment was able to perform space-resolved electrochemical measurements using a platinum ultramicroelectrode (UME) as the working electrode on a scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) configuration and was used to record approach curves, line scans, and array scans over an insulating substrate. The performance of the proposed equipment was found to be adequate for simple SECM measurements under hindered diffusion conditions. Because of its flexible design (software and hardware), more complex array scan patterns, only found on high-end EC-SPM setups such as hopping mode scan, were easily implemented on the built equipment. Despite its simplicity, the versatility and low cost of the proposed design make it an attractive alternative as a teaching platform as well as a platform for developing more elaborate EC-SPM setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N Meloni
- Instituto de Química Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Profesor Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil 05508-000
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26
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Meloni GN, Bertotti M. 3D printing scanning electron microscopy sample holders: A quick and cost effective alternative for custom holder fabrication. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182000. [PMID: 28753638 PMCID: PMC5533330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple and cost effective alternative for fabricating custom Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) sample holders using 3D printers and conductive polylactic acid filament is presented. The flexibility of the 3D printing process allowed for the fabrication of sample holders with specific features that enable the high-resolution imaging of nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes. The precise value of the inner semi cone angle of the nanopipettes taper was extracted from the acquired images and used for calculating their radius using electrochemical methods. Because of the low electrical resistivity presented by the 3D printed holder, the imaging of non-conductive nanomaterials, such as alumina powder, was found to be possible. The fabrication time for each sample holder was under 30 minutes and the average cost was less than $0.50 per piece. Despite being quick and economical to fabricate, the sample holders were found to be sufficiently resistant, allowing for multiple uses of the same holder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel N. Meloni
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo—SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Mauro Bertotti
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo—SP, Brazil
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27
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Page A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Multifunctional scanning ion conductance microscopy. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160889. [PMID: 28484332 PMCID: PMC5415692 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) is a nanopipette-based technique that has traditionally been used to image topography or to deliver species to an interface, particularly in a biological setting. This article highlights the recent blossoming of SICM into a technique with a much greater diversity of applications and capability that can be used either standalone, with advanced control (potential-time) functions, or in tandem with other methods. SICM can be used to elucidate functional information about interfaces, such as surface charge density or electrochemical activity (ion fluxes). Using a multi-barrel probe format, SICM-related techniques can be employed to deposit nanoscale three-dimensional structures and further functionality is realized when SICM is combined with scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), with simultaneous measurements from a single probe opening up considerable prospects for multifunctional imaging. SICM studies are greatly enhanced by finite-element method modelling for quantitative treatment of issues such as resolution, surface charge and (tip) geometry effects. SICM is particularly applicable to the study of living systems, notably single cells, although applications extend to materials characterization and to new methods of printing and nanofabrication. A more thorough understanding of the electrochemical principles and properties of SICM provides a foundation for significant applications of SICM in electrochemistry and interfacial science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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28
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Page A, Kang M, Armitstead A, Perry D, Unwin PR. Quantitative Visualization of Molecular Delivery and Uptake at Living Cells with Self-Referencing Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy-Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3021-3028. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Armitstead
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral
Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Alicia K. Friedman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Lane A. Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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30
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Takahashi Y, Kumatani A, Shiku H, Matsue T. Scanning Probe Microscopy for Nanoscale Electrochemical Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:342-357. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi Takahashi
- Division
of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
- Precursory
Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced
Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Graduate
School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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31
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Polcari D, Dauphin-Ducharme P, Mauzeroll J. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Parameters from 1989 to 2015. Chem Rev 2016; 116:13234-13278. [PMID: 27736057 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Polcari
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Philippe Dauphin-Ducharme
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department
of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec Canada, H3A 0B8
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32
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Fan Y, Han C, Zhang B. Recent advances in the development and application of nanoelectrodes. Analyst 2016; 141:5474-87. [PMID: 27510555 DOI: 10.1039/c6an01285j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoelectrodes have key advantages compared to electrodes of conventional size and are the tool of choice for numerous applications in both fundamental electrochemistry research and bioelectrochemical analysis. This Minireview summarizes recent advances in the development, characterization, and use of nanoelectrodes in nanoscale electroanalytical chemistry. Methods of nanoelectrode preparation include laser-pulled glass-sealed metal nanoelectrodes, mass-produced nanoelectrodes, carbon nanotube based and carbon-filled nanopipettes, and tunneling nanoelectrodes. Several new topics of their recent application are covered, which include the use of nanoelectrodes for electrochemical imaging at ultrahigh spatial resolution, imaging with nanoelectrodes and nanopipettes, electrochemical analysis of single cells, single enzymes, and single nanoparticles, and the use of nanoelectrodes to understand single nanobubbles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA.
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33
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34
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Affiliation(s)
- David Perry
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Lazenby
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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35
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Nanoelectrodes: Applications in electrocatalysis, single-cell analysis and high-resolution electrochemical imaging. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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36
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Hodson H, Li X, Batchelor-McAuley C, Shao L, Compton RG. Single Nanotube Voltammetry: Current Fluctuations Are Due to Physical Motion of the Nanotube. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2016; 120:6281-6286. [PMID: 27066159 PMCID: PMC4819518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b00681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoimpacts of single palladium-coated carbon nanotubes on a gold substrate are studied to elucidate the origins of the fluctuation in the current-time response of the hydrogen oxidation reaction mediated at its surface. The chronoamperometric and cyclic voltammetric responses from a single nanotube immobilized on the gold surface were compared to analogous data on a carbon substrate to determine the possible influence of substrate material on the nanotube-electrode electrical contact. No significant distinction between the gold and carbon was found, indicating in light of the considerable differences in the substrate materials' intrinsic electronic structures that it is the nanomotion of a nanotube at the electrode surface which is likely responsible for the observed current modulation. This nanomotion creates a varying contact resistance, to which the noise in the current-time signal of the mediated reaction is attributed. In addition, stochastic ex-situ adsorption of single nanotubes onto the gold electrode followed by careful drying of the electrode surface was found to drastically reduce the current fluctuation, again implying that a contact resistance arising from physical motion of the nanotube at the electrode is responsible for the modulation of current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Hodson
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Xiuting Li
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Lidong Shao
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Materials Protection and Advanced Materials in Electric
Power, Shanghai University of Electric Power, 2103 Pingliang Road, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Department
of Chemistry, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
- E-mail:
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37
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Blanchard PY, Sun T, Yu Y, Wei Z, Matsui H, Mirkin MV. Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Study of Permeability of a Thiolated Aryl Multilayer and Imaging of Single Nanocubes Anchored to It. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2500-8. [PMID: 26925511 PMCID: PMC6442464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Electroreduction of diazonium salts is a widely used technique for grafting organic films on various surfaces. In this paper, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was used for high-resolution characterization of a thiolated aryl multilayer film obtained by electrografting of thiophenol diazonium on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG). The blocking properties of the film were evaluated, and the origins of incomplete surface passivation were elucidated by comparing current-distance curves and surface reactivity maps obtained with nanometer- and micrometer-sized tips. In this way, one can distinguish between different pathways of charge transport in the film, e.g., pinhole defects versus rate-limiting charge transfer through the film. Pd nanocubes were anchored to the film by thiol groups and imaged by SECM. The applicability of SECM to in situ visualization of the geometry of non-spherical nanoparticles has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Blanchard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Tong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Zengyan Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Hiroshi Matsui
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Hunter College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York 10021, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York 10021, United States
- Corresponding Authors:.
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Flushing, New York 11367, United States
- Corresponding Authors:.
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Barton ZJ, Rodríguez-López J. Emerging scanning probe approaches to the measurement of ionic reactivity at energy storage materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2707-15. [PMID: 26898202 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Barton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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39
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O'Connell MA, Lewis JR, Wain AJ. Electrochemical imaging of hydrogen peroxide generation at individual gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 51:10314-7. [PMID: 26023911 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc01640a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Localised hydrogen peroxide generation at individual catalytic gold nanoparticles within ensemble electrodes is mapped for the first time using combined scanning electrochemical-scanning ion conductance microscopy (SECM-SICM).
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40
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Momotenko D, McKelvey K, Kang M, Meloni GN, Unwin PR. Simultaneous Interfacial Reactivity and Topography Mapping with Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 88:2838-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Kim McKelvey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel N. Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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41
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TAKAHASHI Y. Development of High-Resolution Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Nanoscale Topography and Electrochemical Simultaneous Imaging. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.84.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasufumi TAKAHASHI
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Kanazawa University
- PRESTO, JST
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42
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Clausmeyer J, Masa J, Ventosa E, Öhl D, Schuhmann W. Nanoelectrodes reveal the electrochemistry of single nickelhydroxide nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2408-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc08796a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Individual Ni(OH)2 nanoparticles deposited on carbon nanoelectrodes are investigated in non-ensemble measurements with respect to their energy storage properties and electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Universitätsstrasse 150
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Justus Masa
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Universitätsstrasse 150
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Edgar Ventosa
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Universitätsstrasse 150
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Dennis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Universitätsstrasse 150
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Universitätsstrasse 150
- Bochum
- Germany
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43
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Clausmeyer J, Botz A, Öhl D, Schuhmann W. The oxygen reduction reaction at the three-phase boundary: nanoelectrodes modified with Ag nanoclusters. Faraday Discuss 2016; 193:241-250. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00101g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Silver nanoclusters are deposited on bifunctional Θ-shaped nanoelectrodes consisting of a carbon nanoelectrode combined with a hollow nanopipette. The Θ-nanoelectrodes are used as model systems to study interfacial mass transport in gas diffusion electrodes and in particular oxygen-depolarized cathodes (ODC) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in chlor-alkali electrolysers. By local delivery of O2 gas to the electroactive Ag nanoclusters through the adjacent nanopipette, enhanced currents for the ORR at the Ag nanoparticles are recorded which are not accountable when considering the low solubility and slow diffusion of O2 in highly alkaline media. Instead, local oversaturation of O2 leads to current enhancement at the Ag nanoclusters. Due to the intrinsic high mass transport rates at the nanometric electrodes accompanied by local delivery of reactants, the method generally allows to study electrochemical reactions at single nanoparticles beyond the limitations induced by slow diffusion and low reactant concentration. Kinetic and mechanistic information, for instance derived from Tafel slopes, can be obtained from kinetic regimes not accessible to standard techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Alexander Botz
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Denis Öhl
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES)
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum
- Bochum
- Germany
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Oja
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Yunshan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Chadd M. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Peter Defnet
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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45
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Clausmeyer J, Schäfer D, Nebel M, Schuhmann W. Temperature-Induced Modulation of the Sample Position in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. ChemElectroChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201500087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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46
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Şen M, Takahashi Y, Matsumae Y, Horiguchi Y, Kumatani A, Ino K, Shiku H, Matsue T. Improving the Electrochemical Imaging Sensitivity of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy-Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy by Using Electrochemical Pt Deposition. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3484-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Şen
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Takahashi
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Advanced Institute
for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsumae
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Horiguchi
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Akichika Kumatani
- Advanced Institute
for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ino
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Graduate School
of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
- Advanced Institute
for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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