1
|
Zhang J, Zhang Z, Hou L, Zhou W. A Novel Optical Instrument for Measuring Mass Concentration and Particle Size in Real Time. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3616. [PMID: 37050676 PMCID: PMC10099364 DOI: 10.3390/s23073616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Particle mass and particulate size are two important parameters used to characterize the aerosol. Currently, there are a few methods for measuring particle mass concentration and particle size. However, the existing methods have their own shortcomings. In this article, we describe a novel laser scattering instrument that measures mass concentration and particle size in real time over a wide concentration range. This instrument combines laser scattering and time-of-flight aerodynamics in one optical device. There are two innovations in this paper: (1) Two APD detectors are used to receive scattered light. One receives forward-scattered light and the other receives side-scattered light. The advantage is that the sensitivity of the detector is increased greatly, and the ratio of forward and side scattering is used to further obtain the size and shape information of the particles. (2) In order to measure the high concentrations of aerosol, a high-speed ADC and FPGA is combined to achieve an anti-overlap algorithm objective. It has been verified by experiments that the anti-overlapping algorithm can effectively improve the applicability of the aerodynamic particle size spectrometer under high concentration conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingxiu Zhang
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- School of Precision Instrument and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Longfei Hou
- College of Automation Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Weihu Zhou
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang M, Klimach T, Ma N, Könemann T, Pöhlker C, Wang Z, Kuhn U, Scheck N, Pöschl U, Su H, Cheng Y. Size-Resolved Single-Particle Fluorescence Spectrometer for Real-Time Analysis of Bioaerosols: Laboratory Evaluation and Atmospheric Measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13257-13264. [PMID: 31589819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Characteristic particle size, fluorescence intensity, and fluorescence spectra are important features to detect and categorize bioaerosols. A prototype size-resolved single-particle fluorescence spectrometer (S2FS) was developed to simultaneously measure aerodynamic diameters and fluorescence spectra. Emission spectra are dispersed in 512 channels from 370 to 610 nm, where a major portion of biological fluorescence emission occurs. The S2FS consists of an aerodynamic particle sizer and a fluorescence spectrometer with a 355 nm laser excitation source and an intensified charge-coupled device as the detector. Highly fluorescent particles, such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia pollen and Olea europaea pollen, can be distinguished by the S2FS on a single-particle level. For weakly fluorescent particles, fluorescence spectra can only be obtained by averaging multiple particles (between 100 and 3000) of the same kind. Preliminary ambient measurements in Mainz (Germany, central Europe) show that an emission peak at ∼440 nm was frequently observed for fluorescent fine particles (0.5-1 μm). Fluorescent fine particles accounted for 2.8% on average based on the number fraction in the fine mode. Fluorescent coarse particles (>1 μm) accounted for 8.9% on average based on the number fraction, with strongest occurrence observed during a thunderstorm and in the morning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nan Ma
- Center for Air Pollution and Climate Change Research, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research (ECI) , Jinan University , Guangzhou , Guangdong 511443 , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | - Zhibin Wang
- Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 310058 , People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Choi K, Koh YJ, Jeong YS, Chong E. Experimental Studies on the Classification of Airborne Particles Based on Their Optical Properties. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kibong Choi
- CBR Defense Technology Directorate; Agency for Defense Development (ADD); Daejeon Korea, 34060
| | - Young Jin Koh
- CBR Defense Technology Directorate; Agency for Defense Development (ADD); Daejeon Korea, 34060
| | - Young-Su Jeong
- CBR Defense Technology Directorate; Agency for Defense Development (ADD); Daejeon Korea, 34060
| | - Eugene Chong
- CBR Defense Technology Directorate; Agency for Defense Development (ADD); Daejeon Korea, 34060
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Athukorale SA, Zhou Y, Zou S, Zhang D. Determining the Liquid Light Scattering Cross Section and Depolarization Spectra Using Polarized Resonance Synchronous Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12705-12712. [PMID: 29115124 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rayleigh scattering is a universal material property because all materials have nonzero polarizability. Reliable quantification of the material light scattering cross section in the liquid phase and its depolarization spectra is, however, challenging due to a host of sample and instrument issues. Using the recently developed polarized resonance synchronous spectroscopic method, we reported the light scattering cross section and depolarization spectra measured for a total of 29 liquids including water, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, dimethylformamide, carbon disulfide, dimethyl sulfoxide, hexane and two hexane isomers (3-methylpentane and 2,3-dimethylbutane), tetrahydrofuran, cyclohexane, acetonitrile, pyridine, chloromethanes including di-, tri, tetrachloromethane, acetone, benzene and eight benzene derivatives (toluene, fluorobenzene, 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-difluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, 1,2- and 1,3-dichlorobenzene, and nitrobenzene). The solvent light scattering depolarization is wavelength-independent for the model solvents, and it varies from 0.023 ± 0.011 for CCl4 to 0.619 ± 0.022 for nitrobenzene. The light scattering cross-section spectra can be approximated with the function of σ(λ) = αλ-4 with the α value varying from 7.2 ± 0.2 × 10-45 cm6 for water to a maximum of 8.5 ± 0.6 × 10-43 cm6 for nitrobenzene. Structural isomerization has no significant effect on either the depolarization or the scattering cross sections for both hexanes and difluorobenzene isomers. This work represents the most comprehensive experimental study on liquid light scattering features. The insight from this work should be important for understanding the correlation between the material structure and optical properties. The described method can be readily implemented by researchers with access to conventional spectrofluorometers equipped with excitation and detection polarizers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumudu A Athukorale
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University , Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Shengli Zou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida , Orlando, Florida 32816, United States
| | - Dongmao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University , Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Xihua University , Chengdu, 610039 China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pratt KA, Prather KA. Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols--recent developments and applications. Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:17-48. [PMID: 21449003 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part II of this two-part review, we concentrate on real-time mass spectrometry techniques, which provide high time resolution for insight into brief events and diurnal changes while eliminating the potential artifacts acquired during long-term filter sampling. In particular, real-time mass spectrometry has been shown recently to provide the ability to probe the chemical composition of ambient individual particles <30 nm in diameter to further our understanding of how particles are formed through nucleation in the atmosphere. Further, transportable real-time mass spectrometry techniques are now used frequently on ground-, ship-, and aircraft-based studies around the globe to further our understanding of the spatial distribution of atmospheric aerosols. In addition, coupling aerosol mass spectrometry techniques with other measurements in series has allowed the in situ determination of chemically resolved particle effective density, refractive index, volatility, and cloud activation properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aubriet F, Carré V. Potential of laser mass spectrometry for the analysis of environmental dust particles—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 659:34-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 11/19/2009] [Accepted: 11/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
7
|
Murphy DM. The design of single particle laser mass spectrometers. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:150-65. [PMID: 17043988 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
This review explores some of the design choices made with single particle mass spectrometers. Different instruments have used various configurations of inlets, particle sizing techniques, ionization lasers, mass spectrometers, and other components. Systematic bias against non-spherical particles probably exceeds a factor of 2 for all instruments. An ionization laser tradeoff is the relatively poor beam quality and reliability of an excimer laser versus the longer wavelengths and slower response time of an Nd-YAG laser. Single particle instruments can make special demands on the speed and dynamic range of the mass spectrometers. This review explains some of the choices made for instruments that were developed for different types of measurements in the atmosphere. Some practical design notes are also given from the author's experience with each section of the instrument.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Murphy
- Earth System Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Charvat A, Bógehold A, Abel B. Time-Resolved Micro Liquid Desorption Mass Spectrometry: Mechanism, Features, and Kinetic Applications. Aust J Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1071/ch05249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Liquid water beam desorption mass spectrometry is an intriguing technique to isolate charged molecular aggregates directly from the liquid phase and to analyze them employing sensitive mass spectrometry. The liquid phase in this approach consists of a 10 µm diameter free liquid filament in vacuum which is irradiated by a focussed infrared laser pulse resonant with the OH-stretch vibration of bulk water. Depending upon the laser wavelength, charged (e.g. protonated) macromolecules are isolated from solution through a still poorly characterized mechanism. After the gentle liquid-to-vacuum transfer the low-charge-state aggregates are analyzed using time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A recent variant of the technique uses high performance liquid chromatography valves for local liquid injections of samples in the liquid carrier beam, which enables very low sample consumption and high speed sample analysis. In this review we summarize recent work to characterize the ‘desorption’ or ion isolation mechanism in this type of experiment. A decisive and interesting feature of micro liquid beam desorption mass spectrometry is that — under certain conditions — the gas-phase mass signal for a large number of small as well as supramolecular systems displays a surprisingly linear response on the solution concentration over many orders of magnitude, even for mixtures and complex body fluids. This feature and the all-liquid state nature of the technique makes this technique a solution-type spectroscopy that enables real kinetic studies involving (bio)polymers in solution without the need for internal standards. Two applications of the technique monitoring enzyme digestion of proteins and protein aggregation of an amyloid model system are highlighted, both displaying its potential for monitoring biokinetics in solution.
Collapse
|
9
|
Steele PT, Srivastava A, Pitesky ME, Fergenson DP, Tobias HJ, Gard EE, Frank M. Desorption/Ionization Fluence Thresholds and Improved Mass Spectral Consistency Measured Using a Flattop Laser Profile in the Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry of Single Bacillus Endospores. Anal Chem 2005; 77:7448-54. [PMID: 16285699 DOI: 10.1021/ac051329b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bioaerosol mass spectrometry is being developed to analyze and identify biological aerosols in real time. Mass spectra of individual Bacillus endospores were measured with a bipolar aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer in which molecular desorption and ionization were produced using a single laser pulse from a Q-switched, frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser that was modified to have an approximately flattop profile. The flattened laser profile allowed the minimum fluence required to desorb and ionize significant numbers of ions from single aerosol particles to be determined. For Bacillus spores, this threshold had a mean value of approximately 1 nJ/microm(2) (0.1 J/cm(2)). Thresholds for individual spores, however, could apparently deviate by 20% or more from the mean. Threshold distributions for clumps of MS2 bacteriophage and bovine serum albumin were subsequently determined. Finally, the flattened profile was observed to increase the reproducibility of single-spore mass spectra. This is consistent with the general conclusions of our earlier paper on the fluence dependence of single-spore mass spectra and is particularly significant because it is expected to enable more robust differentiation and identification of single bioaerosol particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, California 94550, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Park K, Lee D, Rai A, Mukherjee D, Zachariah MR. Size-Resolved Kinetic Measurements of Aluminum Nanoparticle Oxidation with Single Particle Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:7290-9. [PMID: 16851834 DOI: 10.1021/jp048041v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum nanoparticles are being considered as a possible fuel in advanced energetic materials application. Of considerable interest therefore is a knowledge of just how reactive these materials are, and what the effect of size on reactivity is. In this paper we describe results of size resolved oxidation rate using a recently developed quantitative single particle mass spectrometer (SPMS). Aluminum nanoparticles used were either generated by DC Arc discharge or laser ablation, or by use of commercial aluminum nanopowders. These particles were oxidized in an aerosol flow reactor in air for specified various temperatures (25-1100 degrees C), and subsequently sampled by the SPMS. The mass spectra obtained were used to quantitatively determine the elemental composition of individual particles and their size. We found that the reactivity of aluminum nanoparticles is enhanced with decreasing primary particle size. Aluminum nanoparticles produced from the DC Arc, which produced the smallest primary particle size (approximately 19 nm), were found to be the most reactive (approximately 68% aluminum nanoparticles completely oxidized to aluminum oxide at 900 degrees C). In contrast, nanopowders with primary particle size greater than approximately 50 nm were not fully oxidized even at 1100 degrees C (approximately 4%). The absolute rates observed were found to be consistent with an oxide diffusion controlled rate-limiting step. We also determined the size-dependent diffusion-limited rate constants and Arrehenius parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor). We found that as the particle size decreases, the rate constant increases and the activation energy decreases. This work provides a quantification of the known pyrophoric nature of fine metal particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Park
- Center for NanoEnergetics Research, Departments of Chemistry and Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20852, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Steele PT, Tobias HJ, Fergenson DP, Pitesky ME, Horn JM, Czerwieniec GA, Russell SC, Lebrilla CB, Gard EE, Frank M. Laser Power Dependence of Mass Spectral Signatures from Individual Bacterial Spores in Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003; 75:5480-7. [PMID: 14710828 DOI: 10.1021/ac034419u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bioaerosol mass spectrometry is being developed to analyze and identify biological aerosols in real time. Characteristic mass spectra from individual bacterial endospores of Bacillus subtilis var. niger were obtained in a bipolar aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer using a pulsed 266-nm laser for molecular desorption and ionization. Spectra from single spores collected at an average fluence of approximately 0.1 J/cm2 frequently contain prominent peaks attributed to arginine, dipicolinic acid, and glutamic acid, but the shot-to-shot (spore-to-spore) variability in the data may make it difficult to consistently distinguish closely related Bacillus species with an automated routine. Fortunately, a study of the laser power dependence of the mass spectra reveals clear trends and a finite number of "spectral types" that span most of the variability. This, we will show, indicates that a significant fraction of the variability must be attributed to fluence variations in the profile of the laser beam.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Steele
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, L-174, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bhave PV, Allen JO, Morrical BD, Fergenson DP, Cass GR, Prather KA. A field-based approach for deterimining ATOFMS instrument sensitities to ammonium and nitrate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2002; 36:4868-4879. [PMID: 12487311 DOI: 10.1021/es015823i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ATOFMS) instruments measure the size and chemical composition of individual particles in real-time. ATOFMS chemical composition measurements are difficult to quantify, largely because the instrument sensitivities to different chemical species in mixed ambient aerosols are unknown. In this paper, we develop a field-based approach for determining ATOFMS instrument sensitivities to ammonium and nitrate in size-segregated atmospheric aerosols, using tandem ATOFMS-impactor sampling. ATOFMS measurements are compared with collocated impactor measurements taken at Riverside, CA, in September 1996, August 1997, and October 1997. This is the first comparison of ion signal intensities from a single-particle instrument with quantitative measurements of atmospheric aerosol chemical composition. The comparison reveals that ATOFMS instrument sensitvities to both NH4+ and NO3- decline with increasing particle aerodynamic diameter over a 0.32-1.8 microm calibration range. The stability of this particle size dependence is tested overthe broad range of fine particle concentrations (PM1.8) = 17.6 +/- 2.0-127.8 +/- 1.8 microg m(-3)), ambient temperatures (23-35 degrees C), and relative humidity conditions (21-69%), encountered during the field experiments. This paper describes a potentially generalizable methodology for increasing the temporal and size resolution of atmospheric aerosol chemical composition measurements, using tandem ATOFMS-impactor sampling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash V Bhave
- Department of Environment Science and Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125-7800, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Owega S, Evans GJ, Jervis RE, Tsai J, Fila M, Tan PV. Comparison between urban Toronto PM and selected materials: aerosol characterization using laser ablation/ionization mass spectrometry (LAMS). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2002; 120:125-135. [PMID: 12199459 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(02)00135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Laser ablation/ionization mass spectrometry (LAMS) of particulate matter (PM) was undertaken on-line in order to extend and contrast PM characterization. Qualitative on-line LAMS results for certified materials and Toronto source materials demonstrated the versatility and limitations of the technique. The observation of organic and inorganic components of certified materials verified the proper working condition of the in-house on-line LAMS. Organic and inorganic components of Toronto source materials were also observed with the on-line LAMS. Common components identified from both types of materials were Na, Al, Ca, Fe, and K. Other recognized components were compared with marker elements reported for some common PM emission sources. An in-house off-line LAMS was used to analyze urban Toronto PM deposited on glass substrates, while the on-line LAMS analyzed individual urban Toronto PM particles that were introduced directly into the instrument. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) were used for confirmatory purposes. Organic and inorganic components of urban Toronto PM at their typical ng/m3 concentrations were successfully observed in mass spectra using both off-line LAMS and on-line LAMS. Identified ions unique to each analyzed material were compared to identified ions of urban Toronto PM. The ability of LAMS to analyze individual respirable PM particles (viz. < 2 microns), both for inorganic trace elements and for organic components, greatly extended our capability to characterize PM and also to achieve estimates of concentration contributions of each material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Owega
- Facility for Aerosol LAMS, Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Song XH, Faber N(KM, Hopke PK, Suess DT, Prather KA, Schauer JJ, Cass GR. Source apportionment of gasoline and diesel by multivariate calibration based on single particle mass spectral data. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(01)01270-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Schoolcraft TA, Constable GS, Zhigilei LV, Garrison BJ. Molecular dynamics simulation of the laser disintegration of aerosol particles. Anal Chem 2000; 72:5143-50. [PMID: 11080856 DOI: 10.1021/ac0007635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms of disintegration of submicrometer particles irradiated by short laser pulses are studied by a molecular dynamics simulation technique. Simulations at different laser fluences are performed for particles with homogeneous composition and particles with transparent inclusions. Spatially nonuniform deposition of laser energy is found to play a major role in defining the character and the extent of disintegration. The processes that contribute to the disintegration include overheating and explosive decomposition of the illuminated side of the particle, spallation of the backside of large particles, and disruption of the transparent inclusion caused by the relaxation of the laser-induced pressure. The observed mechanisms are related to the nature of the disintegration products and implications of the simulation results for aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry are discussed. Application of multiple laser pulses is predicted to be advantageous for efficient mass spectrometry sampling of aerosols with a large size to laser penetration depth ratio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Schoolcraft
- Department of Chemistry, Shippensburg University, Pennsylvania 17257, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Interpretation of mass spectra from organic compounds in aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2000; 72:3553-62. [PMID: 10952542 DOI: 10.1021/ac9910132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organic compounds containing a variety of functional groups have been analyzed using aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Both positive and negative laser desorption/ionization mass spectra have been acquired for compounds of relevance to ambient air particulate matter, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heterocyclic analogues, aromatic oxygenated compounds such as phenols and acids, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, and reduced nitrogen species such as amines. In many cases, positive ion mass spectra are similar to those found in libraries for 70-eV electron impact mass spectrometry. However, formation of even-electron molecular ions due to adduct formation also plays a major role in ion formation. Negative ion mass spectra suggest that organic compounds largely disintegrate into carbon cluster fragments (C(n)- and C(n)H-). However, information about the heteroatoms present in organic molecules, especially nitrogen and oxygen, is carried dominantly by negative ion spectra, emphasizing the importance of simultaneous analysis of positive and negative ions in atmospheric samples.
Collapse
|
17
|
Noble CA, Prather KA. Real-time single particle mass spectrometry: a historical review of a quarter century of the chemical analysis of aerosols. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2000; 19:248-274. [PMID: 10986694 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2787(200007)19:4<248::aid-mas3>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Real-time single particle mass spectrometry, or continuous aerosol mass spectrometry, was originally developed in the 1970s for the purpose of identifying the chemical composition of airborne particulate matter in real-time. Although this technique has continued to evolve throughout the following decades, the fundamental characteristic of this method remains the same, involving the continuous introduction of solid particle or liquid droplets directly into the ion source region of a mass spectrometer. Continuous sample introduction allows for the chemical analysis of single airborne particles in real-time. A number of mass analyzers have been employed in real-time single particle mass spectrometry. The original real-time single particle mass spectrometer used a magnetic sector mass analyzer. Quadrupole, double-focusing, and ion trap mass spectrometers have also been utilized. The majority of the current real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques use time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In the literature, a variety of general names have been applied to real-time single particle mass spectrometry methods. These names include direct-inlet mass spectrometry, on-line laser microprobe mass spectrometry, particle analysis by mass spectrometry, particle beam mass spectrometry, and rapid-single particle mass spectrometry. This review covers real-time single particle mass spectrometry techniques that were developed from 1973 through 1998, specifically for analyzing airborne particulate matter, including environmental aerosols, biological aerosols, and clean-room aerosols. Because the majority of the historical and current real-time single particle mass spectrometers have been employed for atmospheric aerosols, this topic is the primary focus of this review. This review does not include on-line mass spectrometry methods that are employed as a detector for other instrumental methods, such as liquid chromatography.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CA Noble
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside 92521, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Over the past decade, aerosol mass spectrometry has developed into a powerful method for characterizing individual particles in air. Recent advances in the design of inlets and mass spectrometers have extended the size range of particles that can be analyzed. In this tutorial, fundamental aspects of particle motion in sampling inlets are introduced. Basic experimental configurations for achieving a high analysis rate and the ability of laser ablation to provide chemical composition information are reviewed. An example of the use of this technology to study atmospheric phenomena is also presented. Significant opportunity exists for designing new experiments at the interface of aerosol mass spectrometry and conventional molecular mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M V Johnston
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Snyder AP, Maswadeh WM, Tripathi A, Dworzanski JP. Detection of gram-negativeErwinia herbicola outdoor aerosols with pyrolysis-gas chromatography/ion-mobility spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1520-6521(2000)4:2/3<111::aid-fact5>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Affiliation(s)
- D T Suess
- Chemistry Department, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Marcus RK, Dempster MA, Gibeau TE, Reynolds EM. Sampling and Analysis of Particulate Matter by Glow Discharge Atomic Emission and Mass Spectrometries. Anal Chem 1999; 71:3061-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9901485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kenneth Marcus
- Howard L. Hunter Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-1905
| | - Melissa A. Dempster
- Howard L. Hunter Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-1905
| | - Terri E. Gibeau
- Howard L. Hunter Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-1905
| | - Elizabeth M. Reynolds
- Howard L. Hunter Chemical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634-1905
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Collection of Micrometer and Submicrometer Size Aerosol Particles with a Packed Bead Impactor. Microchem J 1999. [DOI: 10.1006/mchj.1998.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
23
|
Cook KD, Bennett KH, Haddix ML. On-Line Mass Spectrometry: A Faster Route to Process Monitoring and Control. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ie9707984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
24
|
Song XH, Hopke PK, Fergenson DP, Prather KA. Classification of Single Particles Analyzed by ATOFMS Using an Artificial Neural Network, ART-2A. Anal Chem 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9809682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
25
|
Affiliation(s)
- A L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Noble CA, Prather KA. Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: A New Method for Performing Real-Time Characterization of Aerosol Particles. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/1047322x.1998.10389569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
27
|
Wood SH, Prather KA. Time-of-flight mass spectrometry methods for real time analysis of individual aerosol particles. Trends Analyt Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(98)00037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
28
|
Automated particle collection and analysis. Near-real time measurement of aerosol cerium (III). Anal Chim Acta 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(97)00700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
29
|
Gard E, Mayer JE, Morrical BD, Dienes T, Fergenson DP, Prather KA. Real-Time Analysis of Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles: Design and Performance of a Portable ATOFMS. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac970540n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Gard
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Joseph E. Mayer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Brad D. Morrical
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Tas Dienes
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - David P. Fergenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California 92521
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aardahl CL, Vehring R, Weber R, Schweiger G, Davis EJ, Wiedensohler A. Electrodynamic Trapping of Aerocolloidal Particles: Experimental and Theoretical Trapping Limits. J Colloid Interface Sci 1997; 192:228-37. [PMID: 9268562 DOI: 10.1006/jcis.1997.5023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerocolloidal particles have been trapped from an uncharged source aerosol using an electrodynamic balance. Graphite and soot particles were charged photoelectrically using a Xe2 (172 nm) excimer lamp, while particles of titanium dioxide, sodium nitrate, and diethylhexyl sebacate (DEHS) were charged using a unipolar corona charger prior to injection into the chamber. It was found that the Stokesian drag force produced by convection in the balance chamber can destabilize the levitated microparticle when it exceeds the electrostatic force required to center the particle. Although the electrostatic restoring force can be increased by increasing either the particle charge or the ac field strength, charging of the particles is more difficult as the particle diameter is decreased, which gives rise to a trapping limit. Monodisperse DEHS particles were used to determine the experimental trapping limit for unipolar charging. For the experimental apparatus used in this study, a diameter of about 1 μm was found to be the trapping limit for DEHS. Results are compared to the theoretical trapping limit calculated by a force balance on a particle exposed to motion of the surrounding gas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- CL Aardahl
- Ruhr Universitat Bochum, Maschinenbau, Laseranwendungstechnik und Messsysteme, Bochum, 44780, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|