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Zhang Y, Li L, Li J, Ma Q. Integrating aptasensor with an explosive mass-tag signal amplification strategy for ultrasensitive and multiplexed analysis using a miniature mass spectrometer. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 249:116010. [PMID: 38215638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Mass probes attached with aptamers and mass tags offer excellent specificity and sensitivity for multiplexed detection, wherein the dissociation of mass tags from the mass probes is as important as their labeling. Herein, aggregation-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen)-tagged mass probes (AIEMPs) were established to analyze estrogens, which integrated aptasensor with an explosive mass-tag signal amplification strategy via a simple ultrasound-assisted emulsification of nanoliposomes. The AIEMPs were assembled by the hybridization of aptamer-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles (Fe NPs@Apt) and nanoliposomes loaded with massive AIEgen mass tags and partially complementary DNA strands (AIE NLs@cDNA). The aptamer was preferentially and specifically bound to estrogen, resulting in the detachment of AIE NLs from AIEMPs. Subsequently, the AIEMPs were deposited with electrospray solvents for explosive release of mass tags. Using nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS), the AIEMP-based aptasensor achieved ultrasensitive analysis of estrogens with limits of detection of 0.168-0.543 pg/mL and accuracies in the range of 87.9-114.0%. Compared to direct nanoESI-MS detection, the AIEMP-based aptasensor provides a signal amplification of four orders of magnitude. Furthermore, the utilization of different AIEMPs enables multiplexed detection of three estrogens with a miniature mass spectrometer, showing promising potential for on-site detection. This work expands the diversity of mass-tagging strategy and provides a versatile mass probe-based aptasensor platform for routine MS detection of trace analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Linsen Li
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- College of Chemistry, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Consumer Product Quality Safety Inspection and Risk Assessment for State Market Regulation, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China.
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2
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Long LL, Hu WX, Wang X, Yuan R, Chai YQ. Antibody-Protein-Aptamer Electrochemical Biosensor based on Highly Efficient Proximity-Induced DNA Hybridization on Tetrahedral DNA Nanostructure for Sensitive Detection of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1. Anal Chem 2024; 96:3837-3843. [PMID: 38384162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Herein, an antibody-protein-aptamer electrochemical biosensor was designed by highly efficient proximity-induced DNA hybridization on a tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (TDN) for ultrasensitive detection of human insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Impressively, the IGF-1 antibody immobilized on the top vertex of the TDN could effectively capture the target protein with less steric effect, and the ferrocene-labeled signal probe (SP) bound on the bottom vertex of the TDN was close to the electrode surface for generating a strong initial signal. In the presence of target protein IGF-1 and an aptamer strand, an antibody-protein-aptamer sandwich could be formed on the top vertex of TDN, which would trigger proximity-induced DNA hybridization to release the SP on the bottom vertex of TDN; therefore, the signal response would decrease dramatically, enhancing the sensitivity of the biosensor. As a result, the linear range of the proposed biosensor for target IGF-1 was 1 fM to 1 nM with the limit of detection down to 0.47 fM, which was much lower than that of the traditional TDN designs on electrochemical biosensors. Surprisingly, the use of this approach offered an innovative approach for the sensitive detection of biomarkers and illness diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Long
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xi Hu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Qin Chai
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China
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3
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Chen R, Chen X, Liu H, Fang L, Chen B, Luan T. Developing a robust method integrating with selective membrane-based preconcentration and signal amplification for field virus detection. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1229:340360. [PMID: 36156222 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases caused by viruses have attracted global concern owing to their rapid spread and catastrophic consequences. Therefore, developing fast and reliable on-site virus detection methods is essential for the prevention and treatment of virus-related diseases. In this study, immunoassays on a membrane, combining virus preconcentration with nanoparticle-based signal amplification, were used to realize the rapid and accurate visual detection of viruses. The biotin-streptavidin scaffolds for target virus preconcentration were established on a membrane, and subsequently a Zika aptamer (Apt) immobilized on the membrane recognized and captured the nonstructural protein 1 of Zika virus (ZIKV-NS1). The probe for detection was synthesized by conjugating the Zika Apt with a high level of horseradish peroxidase on gold nanoparticles. The ZIKV-loaded membrane was incubated with the probes, and the viral signal was amplified as the signal of horseradish peroxidase. In the presence of 3,3,5',5'-tetramethyl benzidine and hydrogen peroxide, the green color of the probe-coated membrane indicated the level of ZIKV-NS1. Our developed method could reach a detection limit of 5 ng mL-1, and the whole procedure could be completed within 1 h. Analyses of rabbit serum and environmental water samples demonstrated that an immunoassay-based approach on the membrane could accurately determine the level of ZIKV-NS1 against the complicated matrix. Our results suggest that this virus detection method has a high potential for application in clinical and environmental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Xingni Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hongtao Liu
- Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Ling Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Instrumental Analysis & Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Baowei Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510276, China.
| | - Tiangang Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China; Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Shi L, Habib A, Bi L, Hong H, Begum R, Wen L. Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry: Application and Prospective. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 54:1584-1633. [PMID: 36206159 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2124840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a formidable analytical tool for the analysis of non-polar to polar compounds individually and/or from mixtures, providing information on the molecular weights and chemical structures of the analytes. During the last more than one-decade, ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) has developed quickly, producing a wide range of platforms and proving scientific improvements in a variety of domains, from biological imaging to quick quality control. These methods have made it possible to detect target analytes in real time without sample preparation in an open environment, and they can be connected to any MS system with an atmospheric pressure interface. They also have the ability to analyze explosives, illicit drugs, disease diagnostics, drugs in biological samples, adulterants in food and agricultural products, reaction progress, and environmental monitoring. The development of novel ambient ionization techniques, such as probe electrospray ionization, paper spray ionization, and fiber spray ionization, employed even at picolitre to femtolitre solution levels to provide femtogram to attogram levels of the target analytes. The special characteristic of this ambient ion source, which has been extensively used, is the noninvasive property of PESI of examination of biological real samples. The results in the current review supports the idea that AIMS has emerged as a pioneer in MS-based approaches and that methods will continue to be developed along with improvements to existing ones in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shi
- Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ahsan Habib
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Lei Bi
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huanhuan Hong
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rockshana Begum
- Department of Chemistry, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Luhong Wen
- China Innovation Instrument Co., Ltd, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
- The Research Institute of Advanced Technologies, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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5
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Liu M, Miao D, Qin S, Liu H, Bai Y. Mass tags-based mass spectrometric immunoassay and its bioanalysis applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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Xu S, Liu H, Bai Y. Highly sensitive and multiplexed mass spectrometric immunoassay techniques and clinical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:5121-5138. [PMID: 35165779 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunoassay is one of the most important clinical techniques for disease/pathological diagnosis. Mass spectrometry (MS) has been a popular and powerful readout technique for immunoassays, generating the mass spectrometric immunoassays (MSIAs) with unbeatable channels for multiplexed detection. The sensitivity of MSIAs has been greatly improved with the development of mass labels from element labels to small-molecular labels. MSIAs are also expended from the representative element MS-based methods to the laser-based organic MS and latest ambient MS, improving in both technology and methodology. Various MSIAs present high potential for clinical applications, including the biomarker screening, the immunohistochemistry, and the advanced single-cell analysis. Here, we give an overall review of the development of MSIAs in recent years, highlighting the latest improvement of mass labels and MS techniques for clinical immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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7
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Xiang X, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yuan R, Wei S. A photoelectrochemical biosensor based on methylene blue sensitized Bi 5O 7I for sensitive detection of PSA. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12480-12483. [PMID: 34747951 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05164d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Herein, bismuth oxyiodide (Bi5O7I) was used as a signal probe to construct an effective sensitization structure with methylene blue (MB), combined with protein conversion strategy, and a photoelectrochemical (PEC) biosensor was constructed for sensitive detection of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The designed biosensor had a high sensitivity and a low detection limit (LOD) of 0.047 fg mL-1, which opened up a simple way for the detection of PSA and showed a good application prospect in clinical and medical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelian Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Yanlin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Ruo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
| | - Shaping Wei
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, P. R. China.
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8
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Alves MVS, Maciel LIL, Ramalho RRF, Lima LAS, Vaz BG, Morais CLM, Passos JOS, Pegado R, Lima KMG. Multivariate classification techniques and mass spectrometry as a tool in the screening of patients with fibromyalgia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22625. [PMID: 34799667 PMCID: PMC8604931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibromyalgia is a rheumatological disorder that causes chronic pain and other symptomatic conditions such as depression and anxiety. Despite its relevance, the disease still presents a complex diagnosis where the doctor needs to have a correct clinical interpretation of the symptoms. In this context, it is valid to study tools that assist in the screening of this disease, using chemical work techniques such as mass spectroscopy. In this study, an analytical method is proposed to detect individuals with fibromyalgia (n = 20, 10 control samples and 10 samples with fibromyalgia) from blood plasma samples analyzed by mass spectrometry with paper spray ionization and subsequent multivariate classification of the spectral data (unsupervised and supervised), in addition to the treatment of selected variables with possible associations with metabolomics. Exploratory analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) and supervised analysis with successive projections algorithm with linear discriminant analysis (SPA-LDA) showed satisfactory results with 100% accuracy for sample prediction in both groups. This demonstrates that this combination of techniques can be used as a simple, reliable and fast tool in the development of clinical diagnosis of Fibromyalgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo V S Alves
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Lanaia I L Maciel
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia St., Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Ruver R F Ramalho
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia St., Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Leomir A S Lima
- Estácio de Sá Goiás, North Regional, Goiânia, GO, 74063-010, Brazil
| | - Boniek G Vaz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Samambaia St., Goiânia, GO, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Camilo L M Morais
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - João O S Passos
- Postgraduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Science of Trairí, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Trairí St., Santa Cruz, RN, 59200-000, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Pegado
- Postgraduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Science of Trairí, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Trairí St., Santa Cruz, RN, 59200-000, Brazil
| | - Kássio M G Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, 59072-970, Brazil.
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Rankin‐Turner S, Heaney LM. Applications of ambient ionization mass spectrometry in 2020: An annual review. ANALYTICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 2:193-212. [PMID: 38716454 PMCID: PMC10989608 DOI: 10.1002/ansa.202000135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Recent developments in mass spectrometry (MS) analyses have seen a concerted effort to reduce the complexity of analytical workflows through the simplification (or removal) of sample preparation and the shortening of run-to-run analysis times. Ambient ionization mass spectrometry (AIMS) is an exemplar MS-based technology that has swiftly developed into a popular and powerful tool in analytical science. This increase in interest and demonstrable applications is down to its capacity to enable the rapid analysis of a diverse range of samples, typically in their native state or following a minimalistic sample preparation approach. The field of AIMS is constantly improving and expanding, with developments of powerful and novel techniques, improvements to existing instrumentation, and exciting new applications added with each year that passes. This annual review provides an overview of applications of AIMS techniques over the past year (2020), with a particular focus on the application of AIMS in a number of key fields of research including biomedical sciences, forensics and security, food sciences, the environment, and chemical synthesis. Novel ambient ionization techniques are introduced, including picolitre pressure-probe electrospray ionization and fiber spray ionization, in addition to modifications and improvements to existing techniques such as hand-held devices for ease of use, and USB-powered ion sources for on-site analysis. In all, the information provided in this review supports the view that AIMS has become a leading approach in MS-based analyses and that improvements to existing methods, alongside the development of novel approaches, will continue across the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Rankin‐Turner
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Liam M. Heaney
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughLeicestershireUK
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Chen L, Ghiasvand A, Rodriguez ES, Innis PC, Paull B. Applications of nanomaterials in ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Xu S, Liu M, Feng J, Yan G, Bai Y, Liu H. One-step hexaplex immunoassays by on-line paper substrate-based electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for combined cancer biomarker screening. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4916-4924. [PMID: 34163739 PMCID: PMC8179536 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) is attractive as a multiplexed immunoassay readout benefiting from its high sensitivity, speed and mass resolution. Here, a simple paper-based hexaplex immunoassay with an on-line MS readout was proposed, using functionalized paper as the immune substrates, along with rhodamine-based mass tags assembled on gold nanoparticles prepared as the mass probes (MPs). Simultaneous immune capture and labeling were conducted in one step on paper substrates in 96-well plates with a high throughput within 30 minutes, and the on-line efficient dissociation of the mass tags highly facilitated the hexaplex readout of the immune signals by a newly established on-line paper substrate-based electrospray ionization-MS setup. Six MPs were synthesized for the simultaneous quantification of six important cancer protein markers (cancer antigen 15-3, cancer antigen 19-9, carcinoma embryonic antigen, cancer antigen 125, human epididymis protein 4, and alpha fetoprotein) using only 10 μL serum, presenting satisfactory sensitivity, accuracy and specificity. This platform was further tested in screening for the six biomarkers in serum samples of patients with breast, liver and gastric cancers, showing its high potential for sensitive and specific early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China +86 10 6275 8198
- Institute of Analytical Food Safety, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 P. R. China
| | - Mingxia Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China +86 10 6275 8198
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Guangtao Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Center, The First Medical Center of the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital Beijing 100853 P. R. China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China +86 10 6275 8198
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China +86 10 6275 8198
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