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Yun DJ, Lee S, Kim SH, Jung C, Kim YS, Chung JG, Heo S, Kwon YN, Lee E, Kim JS, Ko DS, Kim SY. Bevel Structure Based XPS Analysis as a Non-Destructive Chemical Probe for Complex Interfacial Structures of Organic Semiconductors. SMALL METHODS 2021; 5:e2001264. [PMID: 34928087 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The bevel structure of organic multilayers produced by finely controlled Ar gas cluster ion beam sputtering preserves both the molecular distribution and chemical states. Nevertheless, there is still an important question of whether this method can be applicable to organic multilayer structures composed of complex or ambiguous interfaces used in real organic optoelectronic devices. Herein, various bevel structures are fabricated from different types of organic semiconductors using a solution-based deposition technique: complicatedly intermixed electron-donor and electron-acceptor bulk heterojunction structure, thin film structure with an internal donor-acceptor concentration gradient, and multi-layered structure with more than three layers. For these organic material combinations listed above, the bevel structure is fabricated with finely tuned Ar gas cluster ion beam sputtering. The location-dependent X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results obtained for each bevel structure exactly correspond to the XPS depth profiles. This result demonstrates that the bevel structure analysis is a powerful method to distinguish subtle differences in chemical component distributions and chemical states of organic semiconductors even with complex or ambiguous interfaces. Ultimately, due to its reliability as verified by this study, the proposed bevel structure analysis is expected to greatly expand other analytical techniques with a limited spatial or depth resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jin Yun
- Autonomous Material Development Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghyup Lee
- Electronic Convergence Materials Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, Jinju, 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Heon Kim
- Department of Physics, Myongji University, Yongin, 17058, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhoon Jung
- Autonomous Material Development Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Su Kim
- Autonomous Material Development Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwan Chung
- Autonomous Material Development Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Heo
- Autonomous Material Development Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Nam Kwon
- Autonomous Material Development Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunha Lee
- Autonomous Material Development Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW72AZ, UK
| | - Dong-Su Ko
- Autonomous Material Development Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Yun Kim
- Inorganic Material Lab, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
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Recent Advances in Single Cell Analysis Methods Based on Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(20)60038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Nicolas-Silvente AI, Velasco-Ortega E, Ortiz-Garcia I, Monsalve-Guil L, Gil J, Jimenez-Guerra A. Influence of the Titanium Implant Surface Treatment on the Surface Roughness and Chemical Composition. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020314. [PMID: 31936686 PMCID: PMC7014346 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The implant surface features affect the osseointegration process. Different surface treatment methods have been applied to improve the surface topography and properties. Trace of different elements may appear on the implant surface, which can modify surface properties and may affect the body’s response. The aim was to evaluate the roughness based on the surface treatment received and the amount and type of trace elements found. Ninety implants (nine different surface treatment) were evaluated. Roughness parameters were measured using white-light-interferometry (WLI). The arithmetical mean for Ra, Rq, Rt, and Rz of each implant system was calculated, and Fisher’s exact test was applied, obtaining Ra values between 0.79 and 2.89 µm. Surface chemical composition was evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) at two times: as received by the manufacturer (AR) and after sputter-cleaning (SC). Traces of several elements were found in all groups, decreasing in favor of the Ti concentration after the sputter-cleaning. Within the limitations of this study, we can conclude that the surface treatment influences the roughness and the average percentage of the trace elements on the implant surface. The cleaning process at the implant surface should be improved by the manufacturer before assembling the implant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Nicolas-Silvente
- Associate Professor of Restorative Dentistry, Professor of Master in Mucogingival, Periodontal and Implant Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of Murcia, 30008 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Eugenio Velasco-Ortega
- Professor of Comprehensive Dentistry for Adults, Director of Master in Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Ivan Ortiz-Garcia
- Associate Professor of Comprehensive Dentistry for Adults, Professor of Master in Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (I.O.-G.); (L.M.-G.); (A.J.-G.)
| | - Loreto Monsalve-Guil
- Associate Professor of Comprehensive Dentistry for Adults, Professor of Master in Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (I.O.-G.); (L.M.-G.); (A.J.-G.)
| | - Javier Gil
- Chairman of Bioengineering Institute of Technology, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya, 08017 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Alvaro Jimenez-Guerra
- Associate Professor of Comprehensive Dentistry for Adults, Professor of Master in Implant Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain; (I.O.-G.); (L.M.-G.); (A.J.-G.)
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Wang SK, Chang HY, Chu YH, Kao WL, Wu CY, Lee YW, You YW, Chu KJ, Hung SH, Shyue JJ. Effect of energy per atom (E/n) on the Ar gas cluster ion beam (Ar-GCIB) and O 2+ cosputter process. Analyst 2019; 144:3323-3333. [PMID: 30968864 DOI: 10.1039/c8an02452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) is a promising technique for preserving molecular structures during ion sputtering and successfully profiling biological and soft materials. However, although GCIB yields lower damage accumulation compared with C60+ and monoatomic ion beams, the inevitable alteration of the chemical structure can introduce artifacts into the resulting depth profile. To enhance the ionization yield and further mask damage, a low-energy O2+ (200-500 V) cosputter can be applied. While the energy per atom (E/n) of GCIB is known to be an important factor influencing the sputter process, the manner through which E/n affects the GCIB-O2+ cosputter process remains unclear. In this study, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was used as a model material to investigate the sputter process of 10-20 kV Ar1000-4000+ (E/n = 2.5-20 eV per atom) with and without O2+ cosputter at different energies and currents. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) with Bi32+ as the primary ion was used to examine surfaces sputtered at different fluences. The sputter craters were also measured by alpha-step and atomic force microscopy in quantitative imaging mode. The SIMS results showed that the steady-state cannot be obtained with E/n values of less than 5 eV per atom due to damage accumulation using single GCIB sputtering. With a moderate E/n value of 5-15 eV per atom, the steady-state can be obtained, but the ∼50% decay in intensity indicated that damage cannot be masked completely despite the higher sputter yield. Furthermore, the surface Young's modulus decreased with increasing E/n, suggesting that depolymerization occurred. At an E/n value of 20 eV per atom, a failed profile was obtained with rapidly decreased sputter rate and secondary ion intensity due to the ion-induced crosslink. With O2+ cosputtering and a moderate E/n value, the oxidized species generated by O2+ enhanced the ionization yield, which led to a higher ion intensity at steady-state in general. Because higher kinetic energy or current density of O2+ led to a larger interaction volume and more structural damage that suppressed molecular ion intensity, the enhancement from O2+ was most apparent with low-energy-high-current (200 V, 80 μA cm-2) or high-energy-low-current (500 V, 5 μA cm-2) O2+ cosputtering with 0.5 μA cm-2 GCIBs. In these cases, little or no intensity drop was observed at the steady-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Kung Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
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Tiddia M, Mihara I, Seah MP, Trindade GF, Kollmer F, Roberts CJ, Hague R, Mula G, Gilmore IS, Havelund R. Chemical Imaging of Buried Interfaces in Organic-Inorganic Devices Using Focused Ion Beam-Time-of-Flight-Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4500-4506. [PMID: 30604956 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b15091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrid materials enable the design and fabrication of new materials with enhanced properties. The interface between the organic and inorganic materials is often critical to the device's performance; therefore, chemical characterization is of significant interest. Because the interfaces are often buried, milling by focused ion beams (FIBs) to expose the interface is becoming increasingly popular. Chemical imaging can subsequently be obtained using secondary-ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). However, the FIB milling process damages the organic material. In this study, we make an organic-inorganic test structure to develop a detailed understanding of the processes involved in FIB milling and SIMS imaging. We provide an analysis methodology that involves a "clean-up" process using sputtering with an argon gas cluster ion source to remove the FIB-induced damage. The methodology is evaluated for two additive manufactured devices, an encapsulated strain sensor containing silver tracks embedded in a polymeric material and a copper track on a flexible polymeric substrate created using a novel nanoparticle sintering technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariavitalia Tiddia
- Università Degli Studi di Cagliari , Dipartimento di Fisica , S. P. 8 Km 0.700 , 09042 Monserrato (CA) , Italy
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | - Ichiro Mihara
- Kuraray Company Limited , 2045-1 , Sakazu, Kurashiki , Okayama 710-0801 , Japan
| | - Martin P Seah
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | - Gustavo Ferraz Trindade
- ∥ Centre for Additive Manufacturing , The University of Nottingham , Jubilee Campus , Nottingham NG8 1BB , U.K
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Felix Kollmer
- IONTOF GmbH , Heisenbergstr. 15 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Clive J Roberts
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Nottingham , University Park , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Richard Hague
- ∥ Centre for Additive Manufacturing , The University of Nottingham , Jubilee Campus , Nottingham NG8 1BB , U.K
| | - Guido Mula
- Università Degli Studi di Cagliari , Dipartimento di Fisica , S. P. 8 Km 0.700 , 09042 Monserrato (CA) , Italy
| | - Ian S Gilmore
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
| | - Rasmus Havelund
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road , Teddington TW11 0LW , U.K
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High resolution imaging and 3D analysis of Ag nanoparticles in cells with ToF-SIMS and delayed extraction. Biointerphases 2018; 13:03B410. [PMID: 29490464 DOI: 10.1116/1.5015957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Within this study, the authors use human mesenchymal stem cells incubated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as a model system to systematically investigate the advantages and drawbacks of the fast imaging delayed extraction mode for two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) analyses at the cellular level. The authors compare the delayed extraction mode with commonly employed measurement modes in terms of mass and lateral resolution, intensity, and dose density. Using the delayed extraction mode for single cell analysis, a high mass resolution up to 4000 at m/z = 184.08 combined with a lateral resolution up to 360 nm is achieved. Furthermore, the authors perform 3D analyses with Ar-clusters (10 keV) and O2+ (500 eV) as sputter species, combined with Bi3+ and delayed extraction for analysis. Cell compartments like the nucleus are visualized in 3D, whereas no realistic 3D reconstruction of intracellular AgNP is possible due to the different sputter rates of inorganic and organic cell materials. Furthermore, the authors show that the sputter yield of Ag increases with the decreasing Ar-cluster size, which might be an approach to converge the different sputter rates.
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LI HW, HUA X, LONG YT. Metal/Matrix Enhanced Time-of-flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry for Single Cell Lipids Analysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(17)61063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hua X, Li HW, Long YT. Investigation of Silver Nanoparticle Induced Lipids Changes on a Single Cell Surface by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2017; 90:1072-1076. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hua
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials,
School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Hao-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials,
School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials,
School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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