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Sivun D, Murtezi E, Karimian T, Hurab K, Marefat M, Klimareva E, Naderer C, Buchroithner B, Klar TA, Gvindzhiliia G, Horner A, Jacak J. Multiphoton lithography with protein photoresists. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100994. [PMID: 38384793 PMCID: PMC10879783 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, 2D/3D direct laser writing has attracted increased attention due to its broad applications ranging from biomedical engineering to aerospace. 3D nanolithography of water-soluble protein-based scaffolds have been envisioned to provide a variety of tunable properties. In this paper, we present a functional protein-based photoresist with tunable mechanical properties that is suitable for multiphoton lithography (MPL). Through the use of methacrylated streptavidin or methacrylated bovine serum albumin in combination with polyethylene glycol diacrylate or methacrylated hyaluronic acid as crosslinkers and a vitamin-based photoinitiator, we were able to write two- and three-dimensional structures as small as 200 nm/600 nm lateral/axial features, respectively. We also demonstrated that Young's modulus can be tuned by the photoresist composition, and we were able to achieve values as low as 40 kPa. Furthermore, we showed that Young's modulus can be recovered after drying and rehydration (i.e. shelf time determination). The retained biological functionality of the streptavidin scaffolds was demonstrated using fluorescently labelled biotins. Using single-molecule fluorescence microscopy, we estimated the density of streptavidin in the written features (1.8 ± 0.2 × 105 streptavidins per 1.00 ± 0.05 μm³ of feature volume). Finally, we showed applicability of our 2D scaffold as a support for a fluorescence absorbance immuno-assay (FLISA), and as a delivery platform of extracellular vesicles to HeLa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Sivun
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Eljesa Murtezi
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Tina Karimian
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Kurt Hurab
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Maryam Marefat
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Elena Klimareva
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Naderer
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Boris Buchroithner
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Georgii Gvindzhiliia
- Institute of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Horner
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Department of Medical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
- AUVA Research Center, Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Montalbo RCK, Tu HL. Micropatterning of functional lipid bilayer assays for quantitative bioanalysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:031302. [PMID: 37179590 PMCID: PMC10171888 DOI: 10.1063/5.0145997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Interactions of the cell with its environment are mediated by the cell membrane and membrane-localized molecules. Supported lipid bilayers have enabled the recapitulation of the basic properties of cell membranes and have been broadly used to further our understanding of cellular behavior. Coupled with micropatterning techniques, lipid bilayer platforms have allowed for high throughput assays capable of performing quantitative analysis at a high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, an overview of the current methods of the lipid membrane patterning is presented. The fabrication and pattern characteristics are briefly described to present an idea of the quality and notable features of the methods, their utilizations for quantitative bioanalysis, as well as to highlight possible directions for the advanced micropatterning lipid membrane assays.
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3
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Andrews JT, Baker KE, Handloser JT, Bridges N, Krone AA, Kett PJN. Formation of Supported Lipid Bilayers (SLBs) from Buffers Containing Low Concentrations of Group I Chloride Salts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12819-12833. [PMID: 34699227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs) are a useful tool for studying the interactions between lipids and other biomolecules that make up a cell membrane. SLBs are typically formed by the adsorption and rupture of vesicles from solution. Although it is known that many experimental factors can affect whether SLB formation is successful, there is no comprehensive understanding of the mechanism. In this work, we have used a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to investigate the role of the salt in the buffer on the formation of phosphatidylcholine SLBs on a silicon dioxide (SiO2) surface. We varied the concentration of sodium chloride in the buffer, from 5 to 150 mM, to find the minimum concentration of NaCl that was required for the successful formation of an SLB. We then repeated the experiments with other group I chloride salts (LiCl, KCl, and CsCl) and found that at higher salt concentrations (150 mM) SLB formation was successful for all of the salts used, and the degree of deformation of the adsorbed vesicles at the critical vesicle coverage was cation-dependent. The results showed that at an intermediate salt concentration (50 mM) the critical vesicle coverage was cation-dependent and at low salt concentrations (12.5 mM) the cation used determined whether SLB formation was successful. We found that the successful formation of SLBs could occur at lower electrolyte concentrations for KCl and CsCl than it did for NaCl. To understand these results, we calculated the magnitude of the vesicle-surface interaction energy using the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) and extended-DLVO theory. We managed to explain the results obtained at higher salt concentrations by including cation-dependent surface potentials in the calculations and at lower salt concentrations by the addition of a cation-dependent hydration force. These results showed that the way that different cations in solution affect the 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC)-SiO2 surface interaction energy depends on the ionic strength of the solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tucker Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
| | - Kirstyn E Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
| | - Jacob T Handloser
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
| | - Natalie Bridges
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
| | - Alexis A Krone
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
| | - Peter J N Kett
- Department of Chemistry, Hendrix College, 1600 Washington Avenue, Conway, Arkansas 72032, United States
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4
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Buchroithner B, Mayr S, Hauser F, Priglinger E, Stangl H, Santa-Maria AR, Deli MA, Der A, Klar TA, Axmann M, Sivun D, Mairhofer M, Jacak J. Dual Channel Microfluidics for Mimicking the Blood-Brain Barrier. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2984-2993. [PMID: 33480670 PMCID: PMC7905877 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution imaging is essential for analysis of the steps and way stations of cargo transport in in vitro models of the endothelium. In this study, we demonstrate a microfluidic system consisting of two channels horizontally separated by a cell-growth-promoting membrane. Its design allows for high-resolution (down to single-molecule level) imaging using a high numerical aperture objective with a short working distance. To reduce optical aberrations and enable single-molecule-sensitive imaging, an observation window was constructed in the membrane via laser cutting with subsequent structuring using 3D multiphoton lithography for improved cell growth. The upper channel was loaded with endothelial cells under flow conditions, which showed polarization and junction formation. A coculture of human vascular endothelial cells with pericytes was developed that mimics the blood-brain barrier. Finally, this dual channel microfluidics system enabled 3D localization microscopy of the cytoskeleton and 3D single-molecule-sensitive tracing of lipoprotein particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Buchroithner
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Mayr
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Fabian Hauser
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Eleni Priglinger
- Ludwig
Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200 Vienna, Austria
| | - Herbert Stangl
- Institute
of Medical Chemistry, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Raquel Santa-Maria
- Institute
of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Maria A. Deli
- Institute
of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Andras Der
- Institute
of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvári krt. 62, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Thomas A. Klar
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Johannes Kepler University
Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Markus Axmann
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Dmitry Sivun
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Mario Mairhofer
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- Department
of Medical Engineering, University of Applied
Sciences Upper Austria, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020 Linz, Austria
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5
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Buchegger B, Tanzer A, Posch S, Gabriel C, Klar TA, Jacak J. STED lithography in microfluidics for 3D thrombocyte aggregation testing. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:23. [PMID: 33461577 PMCID: PMC7814651 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00762-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional photopolymerization techniques such as multiphoton polymerization lithography (MPL) and stimulated emission depletion (STED) lithography are powerful tools for fabricating structures in the sub-µm range. Combining these techniques with microfluidics enables us to broaden the range of their applications. In this study, we show a microfluidic device enhanced with MPL structures carrying STED-lithographically written nanoanchors that promote binding of the von Willebrand factor (vWF). The density of vWF is adjusted by varying the number of the nanoanchors on the 3D structures. This allows us to study the impact of the density of vWF on the activation of thrombocytes. The activation of the thrombocytes seems to decrease with the density of vWF on the 3D scaffolds inside the microfluidic channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Buchegger
- Institute of Applied Physics and Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria.,University of Applied Sciences, Upper Austria School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Alexander Tanzer
- Institute of Applied Physics and Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Sandra Posch
- Institute of Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Gruberstraße 40, 4020, Linz, Austria
| | - Christian Gabriel
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, 1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas A Klar
- Institute of Applied Physics and Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenberger Straße 69, 4040, Linz, Austria
| | - Jaroslaw Jacak
- University of Applied Sciences, Upper Austria School of Medical Engineering and Applied Social Sciences, Garnisonstraße 21, 4020, Linz, Austria.
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6
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Patel P, Santo KP, Burgess S, Vishnyakov A, Neimark AV. Stability of Lipid Coatings on Nanoparticle-Decorated Surfaces. ACS NANO 2020; 14:17273-17284. [PMID: 33226210 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lipid membranes supported on solid surfaces and nanoparticles find multiple applications in industrial and biomedical technologies. Here, we explore in silico the mechanisms of the interactions of lipid membranes with nanostructured surfaces with deposited nanoparticles and explain the characteristic particle size dependence of the uniformity and stability of lipid coatings observed in vitro. Simulations are performed to demonstrate the specifics of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) lipid membrane adhesion to hydrophilic and hydrophobic nanoparticles ranging in size from 1.5 to 40 nm using an original coarse-grained molecular dynamics model with implicit solvent and large simulation boxes (scales up to 280 × 154 × 69 nm3). We find that one of the major factors that affects the uniformity and stability of lipid coatings is the disjoining pressure in the water hydration layer formed between the lipid membrane and hydrophilic solid surface. This effect is accounted for by introducing a special long-range lipid-solid interaction potential that mimics the effects of the disjoining pressure in thin water layers. Our simulations reveal the physical mechanisms of interactions of lipid bilayers with solid surfaces that are responsible for the experimentally observed nonmonotonic particle size dependence of the uniformity and stability of lipid coatings: particles smaller than the hydration layer thickness (<2-3 nm) or larger than ∼20 nm are partially or fully enfolded by a lipid bilayer, whereas particles of the intermediate size (5-20 nm) cause membrane perforation and pore formation. In contrast, hydrophobic nanoparticles, which repel the hydration layer, tend to be encapsulated within the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and coated by the lipid monolayer. The proposed model can be further extended and applied to a wide class of systems comprising nanoparticles and nanostructured substrates interacting with lipid and surfactant bilayers and monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parva Patel
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Kolattukudy P Santo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Sean Burgess
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Aleksey Vishnyakov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Skolkovo Institute of Technology, Moscow 143005, Russia
| | - Alexander V Neimark
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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7
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Wu Y, Ruan H, Dong Z, Zhao R, Yu J, Tang X, Kou X, Zhang X, Wu M, Luo F, Yuan J, Fang X. Fluorescent Polymer Dot-Based Multicolor Stimulated Emission Depletion Nanoscopy with a Single Laser Beam Pair for Cellular Tracking. Anal Chem 2020; 92:12088-12096. [PMID: 32867488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stimulated emission depletion (STED) nanoscopy provides subdiffraction resolution while preserving the benefits of fluorescence confocal microscopy in live-cell imaging. However, there are several challenges for multicolor STED nanoscopy, including sophisticated microscopy architectures, fast photobleaching, and cross talk of fluorescent probes. Here, we introduce two types of nanoscale fluorescent semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) with different emission wavelengths: CNPPV (poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-(1-cyanovinylene-1,4-phenylene)]) Pdots and PDFDP (poly[{9,9-dihexyl-2,7-bis(1-cyanovinylene)fluorene}-alt-co-{2,5-bis (N,N'-diphenylamino)-1,4-phenylene}]) Pdots, for dual-color STED bioimaging and cellular tracking. Besides bright fluorescence, strong photostability, and easy bioconjugation, these Pdots have large Stokes shifts, which make it possible to share both excitation and depletion beams, thus requiring only a single pair of laser beams for the dual-color STED imaging. Long-term tracking of cellular organelles by the Pdots has been achieved in living cells, and the dynamic interaction of endosomes derived from clathrin-mediated and caveolae-mediated endocytic pathways has been monitored for the first time to propose their interaction models. These results demonstrate the promise of Pdots as excellent probes for live-cell multicolor STED nanoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hefei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Zaizai Dong
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaolong Kou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Manchen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinghe Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiaohong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310022, China
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8
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Murin CD. Considerations of Antibody Geometric Constraints on NK Cell Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1635. [PMID: 32849559 PMCID: PMC7406664 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well-established that antibody isotype, glycosylation, and epitope all play roles in the process of antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). For natural killer (NK) cells, these phenotypes are linked to cellular activation through interaction with the IgG receptor FcγRIIIa, a single pass transmembrane receptor that participates in cytoplasmic signaling complexes. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that there may be underlying spatial and geometric principles that guide proper assembly of an activation complex within the NK cell immune synapse. Further, synergy of antibody phenotypic properties as well as allosteric changes upon antigen binding may also play an as-of-yet unknown role in ADCC. Understanding these facets, however, remains hampered by difficulties associated with studying immune synapse dynamics using classical approaches. In this review, I will discuss relevant NK cell biology related to ADCC, including the structural biology of Fc gamma receptors, and how the dynamics of the NK cell immune synapse are being studied using innovative microscopy techniques. I will provide examples from the literature demonstrating the effects of spatial and geometric constraints on the T cell receptor complex and how this relates to intracellular signaling and the molecular nature of lymphocyte activation complexes, including those of NK cells. Finally, I will examine how the integration of high-throughput and "omics" technologies will influence basic NK cell biology research moving forward. Overall, the goal of this review is to lay a basis for understanding the development of drugs and therapeutic antibodies aimed at augmenting appropriate NK cell ADCC activity in patients being treated for a wide range of illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles D. Murin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA, United States
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