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Huang X, Ge Y, Yang T, Song Z, Yu S, Li Q, Wang X, Wang Y, Wang X, Su J, Xue L, Mellouki A, Chen J. Relaxation of Spring Festival Firework Regulations Leads to a Deterioration in Air Quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10185-10194. [PMID: 38804824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
The relaxation of restrictions on Chinese Spring Festival (SF) firework displays in certain regions has raised concerns due to intensive emissions exacerbating air quality deterioration. To evaluate the impacts of fireworks on air quality, a comparative investigation was conducted in a city between 2022 (restricted fireworks) and 2023 SF (unrestricted), utilizing high time-resolution field observations of particle chemical components and air quality model simulations. We observed two severe PM2.5 pollution episodes primarily triggered by firework emissions and exacerbated by static meteorology (contributing approximately 30%) during 2023 SF, contrasting with its absence in 2022. During firework displays, freshly emitted particles containing more primary inorganics (such as chloride and metals like Al, Mg, and Ba), elemental carbon, and organic compounds (including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) were predominant; subsequently, aged particles with more secondary components became prevalent and continued to worsen air quality. The primary emissions from fireworks constituted 54% of the observed high PM2.5 during the displays, contributing a peak hourly PM2.5 concentration of 188 μg/m3 and representing over 70% of the ambient PM2.5. This study underscores that caution should be exercised when igniting substantial fireworks under stable meteorological conditions, considering both the primary and potential secondary effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yanzhen Ge
- Tai'an Ecological Environment Protection and Control Center, Tai'an Ecological Environment Bureau, Tai'an 271000, China
| | - Tongsuo Yang
- Shandong Academy of Environmental Sciences Co., Ltd., Jinan 250013, China
| | - Zhe Song
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaocai Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qing Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiaofei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jixin Su
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Likun Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Environment, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Abdewahid Mellouki
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 N. Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China
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2
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Schmidt M, Irsig R, Duca D, Peltz C, Passig J, Zimmermann R. Laser-Pulse-Length Effects in Ultrafast Laser Desorption. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18776-18782. [PMID: 38086534 PMCID: PMC10753527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Shortening the laser pulse length opens up new opportunities for laser desorption (LD) of molecules, with benefits for mass spectrometry (MS) sampling and ionization. The capability to ablate any material without the need for an absorbing matrix and the decrease of thermal damage and molecular fragmentation has promoted various applications with very different parameters and postionization techniques. However, the key issues of the optimum laser pulse length and intensity to achieve efficient and gentle desorption of molecules for postionization in MS are not resolved, although these parameters determine the costs and complexity of the required laser system. Here, we address this research gap with a systematic study on the effect of the pulse length on the LD of molecules. Keeping all other optical and ionization parameters constant, we directly compared the pulses in the femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond range with respect to LD-induced fragmentation and desorption efficiency. To represent real-world applications, we investigated the LD of over-the-counter medicaments naproxen and ibuprofen directly from tablets as well as the LD of retene and ship emission aerosols from a quartz filter. With our study design, we excluded interfering effects on fragmentation and LD efficiency from, for example, collisional cooling or postionization by performing the experiments in vacuum with resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization as the postionization technique. Regarding LD-induced fragmentation, we already found benefits for the picosecond pulses. However, the efficiency of LD was found to continuously increase with decreasing pulse length, pointing to the application potential of ultrashort pulses in trace analytics. Because many interfering effects beyond the LD pulse length could be excluded in the experiment, our results may be directly transferable to the LD applied in other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schmidt
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Centre Munich, 81379 Munich, Germany
- Department
Life, Light & Matter, University of
Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Robert Irsig
- Department
Life, Light & Matter, University of
Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Photonion
GmbH, 19061 Schwerin, Germany
| | - Dumitru Duca
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Centre Munich, 81379 Munich, Germany
- Department
Life, Light & Matter, University of
Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Christian Peltz
- Institute
for Physics, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Passig
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Centre Munich, 81379 Munich, Germany
- Department
Life, Light & Matter, University of
Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint
Mass Spectrometry Centre, Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Comprehensive
Molecular Analytics (CMA) Cooperation Group, Helmholtz Centre Munich, 81379 Munich, Germany
- Department
Life, Light & Matter, University of
Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Zhang Y, Pei C, Zhang J, Cheng C, Lian X, Chen M, Huang B, Fu Z, Zhou Z, Li M. Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 124:806-822. [PMID: 36182185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The real-time detection of the mixing states of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs in ambient particles is of great significance for analyzing the source, aging process, and health effects of PAHs and nitro-PAHs; yet there is still few effective technology to achieve this type of detection. In this study, 11 types of PAH and nitro-PAH standard samples were analyzed using a high performance-single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in lab studies. The identification principles 'parent ions' and 'mass-to-charge (m/z) = 77' of each compound were obtained in this study. It was found that different laser energies did not affect the identification of the parent ions. The comparative experiments of ambient atmospheric particles, cooking and biomass burning emitted particles with and without the addition of PAHs were conducted and ruled out the interferences from primary and secondary organics on the identification of PAHs. Besides, the reliability of the characteristic ions extraction method was evaluated through the comparative study of similarity algorithm and deep learning algorithm. In addition, the real PAH-containing particles from vehicle exhaust emissions and ambient particles were also analyzed. This study improves the ability of single particle mass spectrometry technology to detect PAHs and nitro-PAHs, and HP-SPAMS was superior to SPAMS for detecting single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs. This study provides support for subsequent ambient observations to identify the characteristic spectrum of single particles containing PAHs and nitro-PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chenglei Pei
- Guangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510030, China
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xiufeng Lian
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mubai Chen
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Kösling P, Rüger CP, Schade J, Ehlert S, Etzien U, Kozhinov AN, Tsybin YO, Rigler M, Adam T, Walte A, Buchholz B, Zimmermann R. Real-Time Investigation of Primary Ship Engine Emissions by Vacuum Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16855-16863. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kösling
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty for Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | - Christopher P. Rüger
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Julian Schade
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty for Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | - Uwe Etzien
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Adam
- Faculty for Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85577 Neubiberg, Germany
| | | | - Bert Buchholz
- Chair of Piston Machines and Internal Combustion Engines, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre (JMSC)/Chair of Analytical Chemistry, University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter (LLM), University of Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Joint Mass Spectrometry Centre, Cooperation Group “Comprehensive Molecular Analytics”, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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5
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Azov VA, Mueller L, Makarov AA. LASER IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY AT 55: QUO VADIS? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:100-151. [PMID: 33169900 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Laser ionization mass spectrometry (LIMS) was one of the first practical methods developed for in situ analysis of the surfaces of solid samples. This review will encompass several aspects related to this analytical method. First, we will discuss the process of laser ionization, the influence of the laser type on its performance, and imaging capabilities of this method. In the second chapter, we will follow the historic development of LIMS instrumentation. After a brief overview of the first-generation instruments developed in 1960-1990 years, we will discuss in detail more recent designs, which appeared during the last 2-3 decades. In the last part of our review, we will cover the recent applications of LIMS for surface analysis. These applications include various types of analyses of solid inorganic, organic, and heterogeneous samples, often in combination with depth profiling and imaging capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Azov
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | | | - Alexander A Makarov
- Thermo Fisher Scientific GmbH, Bremen, Germany
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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6
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Takezawa H, Itadani K, Obata R, Sugiyama T, Uchimura T. Quantitative Evaluation of the Creaming of Emulsions via Resonance-Enhanced Multiphoton Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1453-1457. [PMID: 34629360 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21p102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The creaming behavior of an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion was quantitatively evaluated via resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Styrene O/W emulsions were prepared with initial styrene concentrations of 1 and 4 g/L, and the height at the center of the sample was monitored. A peak area of the molecular ion of styrene was set as the signal intensity, for which a time profile was constructed from a series of mass spectra. As a result, the averaged time profiles showed that the signal intensities increased once and then decreased with the onset of creaming. In addition, in order to fit an experimentally obtained time profile, a modified fit function was proposed. Based on the fit results, the ratios of the increases and decreases in signal intensities were different between the two emulsions-higher in the case of an O/W emulsion with a higher initial oil concentration. On the other hand, the duration of the enhancement of the signal intensity with the onset of creaming was independent of the initial oil concentration. The present method offers the possibility to quantitatively evaluate the creaming behavior of an emulsion without pretreatment, and, therefore, would be useful for confirming the stability and quality assurance of emulsions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Takezawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui
| | - Kengo Itadani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui
| | - Ryosuke Obata
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui
| | - Tomonobu Sugiyama
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui
| | - Tomohiro Uchimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui
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7
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Violi A, Cormier S, Gullett B, Jansson S, Lomnicki S, Luyet C, Mayer A, Zimmermann R. Combustion by-products and their health effects: Summary of the 16th international congress. FUEL (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 283:118562. [PMID: 33446939 PMCID: PMC7802799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The 16th International Congress on Combustion By-Products and their Health Effects (PIC2019) was held in Ann Arbor, Michigan, from July 10 to 12, 2019. For the last 28 years, this conference has served as an interdisciplinary platform for the discussion of the formation, environmental fate, health effects, policy, and remediation of combustion by-products. The technical areas for PIC2019 included mobile and stationary sources in urban environments, open fires, indoor air pollution, and halogenated pollutants. The congress was sponsored by the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), the U.S. EPA, the School of Public Health at the University of Michigan, the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of Michigan, the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Michigan, the Aerospace Engineering Department at the University of Michigan, and the Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering Department at the University of Michigan. Special features of the conference included a career path and round table discussion on translating research and engaging communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Mayer
- Technik Termische Maschinen (TTM), Niederrohrdorf, Switzerland
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Li C, He Q, Fang Z, Brown SS, Laskin A, Cohen SR, Rudich Y. Laboratory Insights into the Diel Cycle of Optical and Chemical Transformations of Biomass Burning Brown Carbon Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11827-11837. [PMID: 32870663 PMCID: PMC7547865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Transformations of biomass burning brown carbon aerosols (BB-BrC) over their diurnal lifecycle are currently not well studied. In this study, the aging of BB tar proxy aerosols processed by NO3• under dark conditions followed by the photochemical OH• reaction and photolysis were investigated in tandem flow reactors. The results show that O3 oxidation in the dark diminishes light absorption of wood tar aerosols, resulting in higher particle single-scattering albedo (SSA). NO3• reactions augment the mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the aerosols by a factor of 2-3 by forming secondary chromophores, such as nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) and organonitrates. Subsequent OH• oxidation and direct photolysis both decompose the organic nitrates (ONs, representing bulk functionalities of NACs and organonitrates) in the NO3•-aged wood tar aerosols, thus decreasing particle absorption. Moreover, NACs degrade faster than organonitrates by photochemical aging. The NO3•-aged wood tar aerosols are more susceptible to photolysis than to OH• reactions. The photolysis lifetimes for the ONs and for the absorbance of the NO3•-aged aerosols are on the order of hours under typical solar irradiation, while the absorption and ON lifetimes toward OH• oxidation are substantially longer. Overall, nighttime aging via NO3• reactions increases the light absorption of wood tar aerosols and shortens their absorption lifetime under daytime conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Li
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Quanfu He
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Zheng Fang
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Steven S. Brown
- NOAA
Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Alexander Laskin
- Department
of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Sidney R. Cohen
- Department
of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute
of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann
Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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9
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Uchimura T. Laser Mass Spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:285-286. [PMID: 32161224 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.highlights2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Uchimura
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui, 910-8507, Japan
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