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Silva L, Colussi F, Martins JT, Vieira JM, Pastrana LM, Teixeira JA, Cerqueira MA, Michelin M. Strategies for the incorporation of organosolv lignin in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based films: A comparative study. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:135498. [PMID: 39255887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 09/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Organosolv lignin extracted from vine pruning residues was added to hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)-based films using three strategies: i) lignin incorporated into the film (lignin-based film), ii) lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) incorporated into the film (LNPs-based film), and iii) lignin coated on HPMC films' surface (lignin-coated film). The films obtained were evaluated in terms of morphology, water barrier and mechanical properties, and antioxidant capacity. Results showed that LNPs incorporation did not affect the films´ water vapour permeability (WVP). Nonetheless, the lignin-based and lignin-coated films improved the water barrier properties of HPMC-based films, achieving a 31.5 and 36 % reduction of WVP, respectively. The morphological evaluation, performed by scanning electron microscopy, revealed films' morphology changes with the lignin incorporation, which was more evident in the lignin-based films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed minor changes in the film's structure using the different lignin incorporation methods. The mechanical properties were improved, including a significant increase in the tensile strength in the lignin-based and lignin-coated films. All films showed high radical scavenging activity (RSA) after 24 h, with a gradual increase in the lignin-coated films over time. The lignin-coated films showed to be the most promising incorporation strategy to improve the HPMC-based film's properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lúcio Silva
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Francieli Colussi
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Joana T Martins
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Jorge M Vieira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo M Pastrana
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - José A Teixeira
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Cerqueira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Av. Mestre José Veiga, 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Michele Michelin
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; LABBELS - Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
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2
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Huang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Yuan F, Gao H, Li Q. Lignin-Based Composite Film and Its Application for Agricultural Mulching. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2488. [PMID: 39274121 PMCID: PMC11397830 DOI: 10.3390/polym16172488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Agricultural mulching is an important input for modern agricultural production and plays an important role in guaranteeing food security worldwide. At present, polyethylene (PE) mulching is still commonly used in agricultural production in most countries around the world, which is non-biodegradable, and years of mulching have caused serious agricultural white pollution. Lignin is one of the three major components of plant cell walls, and it is also the main renewable natural aromatic compounds in nature. Lignin-based composite film materials are green, biodegradable, and show good prospects for development in the field of agricultural mulch. This paper introduces the types, structure, and application status of lignin, summarizes the preparation of lignin-based composite film materials and its latest research progress, focuses on the types, preparation methods, and application examples of lignin-based agricultural mulching, and looks forward to the future development prospects of lignin-based agricultural mulching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zujian Huang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chenwei Zhang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fangting Yuan
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Hairong Gao
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Horticulture & Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Linan LZ, Fakhouri FM, Nogueira GF, Zoppe J, Velasco JI. Benefits of Incorporating Lignin into Starch-Based Films: A Brief Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2285. [PMID: 39204505 PMCID: PMC11359989 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Polysaccharides are an excellent renewable source for developing food-packing materials. It is expected that these packages can be an efficient barrier against oxygen; can reduce lipid peroxidation, and can retain the natural aroma of a food commodity. Starch has tremendous potential to be explored in the preparation of food packaging; however, due to their high hydrophilic nature, packaging films produced from starch possess poor protective moisture barriers and low mechanical properties. This scenario limits their applications, especially in humid conditions. In contrast, lignin's highly complex aromatic hetero-polymer network of phenylpropane units is known to play a filler role in polysaccharide films. Moreover, lignin can limit the biodegradability of polysaccharides films by a physical barrier, mainly, and by non-productive bindings. The main interactions affecting lignin non-productive bindings are hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic interactions, and hydrogen-bonding interactions, which are dependent on the total phenolic -OH and -COOH content in its chemical structure. In this review, the use of lignin as a reinforcement to improve the biodegradability of starch-based films in wet environments is presented. Moreover, the characteristics of the used lignins, the mechanisms of molecular interaction among these materials, and the sensitive physicochemical parameters for biodegradability detection are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamia Zuniga Linan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Maranhão (COEQ/UFMA), Av. dos Portugueses 1966, São Luis 65080-805, Brazil
| | - Farayde Matta Fakhouri
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), Carrer de Colom 11, 08222 Terrassa-Barcelona, Spain; (J.Z.); (J.I.V.)
| | | | - Justin Zoppe
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), Carrer de Colom 11, 08222 Terrassa-Barcelona, Spain; (J.Z.); (J.I.V.)
| | - José Ignacio Velasco
- Poly2 Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC Barcelona Tech), Carrer de Colom 11, 08222 Terrassa-Barcelona, Spain; (J.Z.); (J.I.V.)
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4
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Deng H, Su J, Zhang W, Khan A, Sani MA, Goksen G, Kashyap P, Ezati P, Rhim JW. A review of starch/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) blend film: A potential replacement for traditional plastic-based food packaging film. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132926. [PMID: 38851610 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of environmentally friendly packaging materials using biodegradable polymers has emerged as a key challenge for scientists and consumers in response to resource depletion and environmental issues caused by plastic packaging materials. Starch and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are being recognized as excellent candidates for producing biodegradable food packaging films. Polymer blending has emerged as a practical approach to overcome the limitations of biopolymer films by developing films with unique properties and enhancing overall performance. This review briefly introduces the molecular structure and properties of starch and PVA, summarizes the common preparation methods and properties of starch/PVA blend films, and focuses on different strategies used to enhance starch/PVA blend films, including nanoparticles, plant extracts, and cross-linking agents. Additionally, this study summarizes the application of starch/PVA blend films as active and smart packaging in food preservation systems. This study demonstrates that starch and PVA blends have potential in manufacturing biodegradable food films with excellent properties due to their excellent compatibility and intermolecular interactions, and can be used as packaging films for a variety of foods to extend their shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Cold-Chain of Hainan Province, Institute of Agro-Products of Processing and Design, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571100, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Su
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wanli Zhang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China.
| | - Ajahar Khan
- BioNanocomposite Research Center and Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gulden Goksen
- Department of Food Technology, Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Mersin Tarsus Organized Industrial Zone, Tarsus University, 33100 Mersin, Turkey
| | - Piyush Kashyap
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Agriculture, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144401, Punjab, India
| | - Parya Ezati
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, ON N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Jong-Whan Rhim
- BioNanocomposite Research Center and Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Wang Y, Ju J, Diao Y, Zhao F, Yang Q. The application of starch-based edible film in food preservation: a comprehensive review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-34. [PMID: 38712440 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2349735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Using renewable resources for food packaging not only helps reduce our dependence on fossil fuels but also minimizes the environmental impact associated with traditional plastics. Starch has been a hot topic in the field of current research because of its low cost, wide source and good film forming property. However, a comprehensive review in this field is still lacking. Starch-based films offer a promising alternative for sustainable packaging in the food industry. The present paper covers various aspects such as raw material sources, modification methods, and film formation mechanisms. Understanding the physicochemical properties and potential commercial applications is crucial for bridging the gap between research and practical implementation. Finally, the application of starch-based films in the food industry is discussed in detail. Different modifications of starch can improve the mechanical and barrier properties of the films. The addition of active substances to starch-based films can endow them with more functions. Therefore, these factors should be better investigated and optimized in future studies to improve the physicochemical properties and functionality of starch-based films. In summary, this review provides comprehensive information and the latest research progress of starch-based films in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Wang
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ju
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuduan Diao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Science, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Science
| | - Fangyuan Zhao
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingli Yang
- Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Qingdao Special Food Research Institute, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Special Food Processing (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture Rural Affairs, People's Republic of China
- Shandong Technology Innovation Center of Special Food, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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6
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Xin Q, Li H, Sun W, Li X, Lu X, Zhao J. Lignin-xylan nanospheres prepared by green and quick method from lignocellulose and used as additive in PVA films. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:129762. [PMID: 38281535 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Lignin, as an amorphous three-dimensional aromatic polymer, was able to self-assemble into lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) to realize valorization of lignin. Here, lignin-xylan extractives were extracted from grape seed (GS) and poplar by acidic THF at room temperature, and effectively produced lignin-xylan nanospheres via spin evaporation. The morphology and chemical properties of nanospheres were determined by its natural origins, consequently influencing its application. For the lignin-xylan extractive from grape seed, the lignin was composed of guaiacyl (G) and p-hydroxylphenyl (H) units and the hollowed nanospheres (GS-LNPs) with 362.72 nm diameter was produced. The extractive from poplar was composed of G-syringyl (S) typed lignin (80.30 %) and xylan (12.33 %), that can assemble into LNPs with smaller size (229.87 nm), better PDI (0.1), and light color. The hybrid particles showed the qualities of lignin and xylan, that properties led to the LNPs@PVA composite films with UV-blocking capability, strong mechanical strength and hydrophobicity, and transparency ability of visible light. P-LNPs showed better performance as the film additives, due to its lower particles size and high content of unconjugated -OH from xylan. Xylan was significant in the composite films, and lowering the xylan content resulted in the decrease of the composite film's mechanical properties and hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China; School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Huiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xuezhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xianqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72, Binhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
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7
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Bansal R, Barshilia HC, Pandey KK. Nanotechnology in wood science: Innovations and applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130025. [PMID: 38340917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Application of nanomaterials is gaining tremendous interest in the field of wood science and technology for value addition and enhancing performance of wood and wood-based composites. This review focuses on the use of nanomaterials in improving the properties of wood and wood-based materials and protecting them from weathering, biodegradation, and other deteriorating agents. UV-resistant, self-cleaning (superhydrophobic) surfaces with anti-microbial properties have been developed using the extraordinary features of nanomaterials. Scratch-resistant nano-coatings also improve durability and aesthetic appeal of wood. Moreover, nanomaterials have been used as wood preservatives for increasing the resistance against wood deteriorating agents such as fungi, termites and borers. Wood can be made more resistant to ignition and slower to burn by introducing nano-clays or nanoparticles of metal-oxides. The use of nanocellulose and lignin nanoparticles in wood-based products has attracted huge interest in developing novel materials with improved properties. Nanocellulose and lignin nanoparticles derived/synthesized from woody biomass can enhance the mechanical properties such as strength and stiffness and impart additional functionalities to wood-based products. Cellulose nano-fibres/crystals find application in wide areas of materials science like reinforcement for composites. Incorporation of nanomaterials in resin has been used to enhance specific properties of wood-based composites. This review paper highlights some of the advancements in the use of nanotechnology in wood science, and its potential impact on the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Bansal
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th Cross Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560003, India
| | - Harish C Barshilia
- CSIR-National Aerospace Laboratories, HAL Airport Road, Bangalore 560017, India
| | - Krishna K Pandey
- Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 18th Cross Malleswaram, Bengaluru 560003, India.
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8
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Kargarzadeh H, Kobylińska A, Antos-Bielska M, Krzyżowska M, Gałęski A. Exploring the potential of lignin nanoparticles in enhancing the mechanical, thermal, and bioactive properties of poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate). Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129880. [PMID: 38307427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The preparation and characterization of lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were described. LNPs were produced via the precipitation technique. Nanocomposites of LNPs with poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) were prepared by melt mixing with various concentrations up to 6 wt% of LNPs. The assessment of the effects of LNP addition on the mechanical, thermal, morphological, cytotoxicity, antioxidant, antibacterial, and antiviral properties of nanocomposites was carefully performed. The addition of LNPs to PBAT enhances the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. The antioxidant effect of LNPs on PBAT increased with increasing filler content. LNPs showed higher efficiency as antioxidant agents than lignin particles (LP). The tensile modulus increased by 20 % for the nanocomposites with 6 % LNPs in comparison with neat PBAT. The crystallization peak temperature of PBAT was 80 °C, which increased to 104.6 °C with the addition of 6 wt% of LNPs, suggesting their strong nucleation activity. Antibacterial tests demonstrated the bacteriostatic activities of LNP, LP, and nanocomposites. Both LP and LNP showed considerable antiviral activity against herpes simplex virus type 1 and human coronavirus 229e. The antiviral activity of LNP was concentration-dependent. The findings suggest that LNP is a promising bio-additive for PBAT and can enhance its properties for various applications, including food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Kargarzadeh
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kobylińska
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Antos-Bielska
- Department of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krzyżowska
- Department of Nanobiology and Biomaterials, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Gałęski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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9
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Wang K, Liu K, Dai L, Si C. Bioinspired multiscale cellulose/lignin-silver composite films with robust mechanical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties for ultraviolet shielding. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:129046. [PMID: 38154714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.129046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Constructing a high-performance ultraviolet shielding film is an effective way for addressing the growing problem of ultraviolet radiation. However, it is still a great challenge to achieve a combination of multifunctional, excellent mechanical properties and low cost. Here, inspired by the multiscale structure of biomaterials and features of lignin, a multifunctional composite film (CNF/CMF/Lig-Ag) is constructed via a facile vacuum-filtration method by introducing micron-sized cellulose fibers (CMF) and lignin-silver nanoparticles (Lig-Ag NPs) into the cellulose nanofibers (CNF) film network. In this composite film, the microfibers interweave with nanofibers to form a multiscale three-dimensional network, which ensures satisfactory mechanical properties of the composite film. Meanwhile, the Lig-Ag NPs are employed as a multifunctional filler to enhance the composite film's antioxidant, antibacterial and ultraviolet shielding abilities. As a result, the prepared CNF/CMF/Lig-Ag composite film demonstrates excellent mechanical properties (with tensile strength of 133.8 MPa and fracture strain of 7.4 %), good biocompatibility, high thermal stability, potent antioxidant and antibacterial properties. More importantly, such composite film achieves a high ultraviolet shielding rate of 98.2 % for ultraviolet radiation A (UVA) and 99.4 % for ultraviolet radiation B (UVB), respectively. Therefore, the prepared CNF/CMF/Lig-Ag composite film shows great potential in application of ultraviolet protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuien Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Department of Military Sick and Wounded Administration, No 983 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Kefeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Lin Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chuanling Si
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, College of Light Industry and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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10
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Diaz-Baca JA, Fatehi P. Production and characterization of starch-lignin based materials: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 70:108281. [PMID: 37956796 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In their pristine state, starch and lignin are abundant and inexpensive natural polymers frequently considered green alternatives to oil-based and synthetic polymers. Despite their availability and owing to their physicochemical properties; starch and lignin are not often utilized in their pristine forms for high-performance applications. Generally, chemical and physical modifications transform them into starch- and lignin-based materials with broadened properties and functionality. In the last decade, the combination of starch and lignin for producing reinforced materials has gained significant attention. The reinforcing of starch matrices with lignin has received primary focus because of the enhanced water sensitivity, UV protection, and mechanical and thermal resistance that lignin introduces to starch-based materials. This review paper aims to assess starch-lignin materials' production and characterization technologies, highlighting their physicochemical properties, outcomes, challenges, and opportunities. First, this paper describes the current status, sources, and chemical modifications of lignin and starch. Next, the discussion is oriented toward starch-lignin materials and their production approaches, such as blends, composites, plasticized/crosslinked films, and coupled polymers. Special attention is given to the characterization methods of starch-lignin materials, focusing on their advantages, disadvantages, and expected outcomes. Finally, the challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in developing starch-lignin materials, such as adhesives, coatings, films, and controlled delivery systems, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Diaz-Baca
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Green Processes Research Centre and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B5E1, Canada.
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11
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Vasile C, Baican M. Lignins as Promising Renewable Biopolymers and Bioactive Compounds for High-Performance Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3177. [PMID: 37571069 PMCID: PMC10420922 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recycling of biomass into high-value-added materials requires important developments in research and technology to create a sustainable circular economy. Lignin, as a component of biomass, is a multipurpose aromatic polymer with a significant potential to be used as a renewable bioresource in many fields in which it acts both as promising biopolymer and bioactive compound. This comprehensive review gives brief insights into the recent research and technological trends on the potential of lignin development and utilization. It is divided into ten main sections, starting with an outlook on its diversity; main properties and possibilities to be used as a raw material for fuels, aromatic chemicals, plastics, or thermoset substitutes; and new developments in the use of lignin as a bioactive compound and in nanoparticles, hydrogels, 3D-printing-based lignin biomaterials, new sustainable biomaterials, and energy production and storage. In each section are presented recent developments in the preparation of lignin-based biomaterials, especially the green approaches to obtaining nanoparticles, hydrogels, and multifunctional materials as blends and bio(nano)composites; most suitable lignin type for each category of the envisaged products; main properties of the obtained lignin-based materials, etc. Different application categories of lignin within various sectors, which could provide completely sustainable energy conversion, such as in agriculture and environment protection, food packaging, biomedicine, and cosmetics, are also described. The medical and therapeutic potential of lignin-derived materials is evidenced in applications such as antimicrobial, antiviral, and antitumor agents; carriers for drug delivery systems with controlled/targeting drug release; tissue engineering and wound healing; and coatings, natural sunscreen, and surfactants. Lignin is mainly used for fuel, and, recently, studies highlighted more sustainable bioenergy production technologies, such as the supercapacitor electrode, photocatalysts, and photovoltaics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Vasile
- Romanian Academy, “P. Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, RO700487 Iaşi, Romania
| | - Mihaela Baican
- “Grigore T. Popa” Medicine and Pharmacy University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Sciences I Department, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Physics, 16 University Street, RO700115 Iaşi, Romania;
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12
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Zhou Y, Han Y, Xu J, Han W, Gu F, Sun K, Huang X, Cai Z. Strong, flexible and UV-shielding composite polyvinyl alcohol films with wood cellulose skeleton and lignin nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123105. [PMID: 36603717 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-performance composite films using biomass materials have become a sought-after direction. Herein, a green method to fabricate strong, flexible and UV-shielding biological composite film from wood cellulose skeleton (WCS), lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was described. In the work, WCS and LNPs were prepared by chemical treatment of wood veneer and Enzymatic lignin, respectively. Then, WCS was infiltrated with the LNPs/PVA mixtures and dried to obtain composite films. WCS enhanced the mechanical properties of the composite films, the tensile stress reached to 85.8 MPa and the tensile strain reached to 6.39 %. The composite films with LNPs blocked over 98 % of UV-light, the water absorption decreased by 30 %, and the thermal stabilities were also improved. These findings would provide some references for exploring high quality biological composite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Yanming Han
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100089, China.
| | - Jianan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Wang Han
- College of Material Science and Art Design, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot City 010018, China
| | - Feng Gu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Kaiyong Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Xujuan Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Zhaosheng Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China.
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13
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Diaz-Baca JA, Salaghi A, Fatehi P. Generation of Sulfonated Lignin-Starch Polymer and Its Use As a Flocculant. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1400-1416. [PMID: 36802502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the polymerization of tall oil lignin (TOL), starch, and 2-methyl-2-propene-1-sulfonic acid sodium salt (MPSA), a sulfonate-containing monomer, in a three-component system to generate flocculants for colloidal systems. By utilizing the advanced 1H, COSY, HSQC, HSQC-TOCSY, and HMBC NMR techniques, it was confirmed that the phenolic substructures of TOL and the anhydroglucose unit of starch were covalently polymerized by the monomer to generate the three-block copolymer. The molecular weight, radius of gyration, and shape factor of the copolymers were fundamentally correlated to the structure of lignin and starch, as well as the polymerization outcomes. The deposition behavior of the copolymer, studied by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) analysis, revealed that the copolymer with a larger molecular weight (ALS-5) deposited more and generated more compact adlayer than the copolymer with a smaller molecular weight on a solid surface. Owing to its higher charge density, molecular weight, and extended coil-like structure, ALS-5 produced larger flocs with faster sedimentation in the colloidal systems, regardless of the extent of agitation and gravitational force. The results of this work provide a new approach to preparing a lignin-starch polymer, i.e., a sustainable biomacromolecule with excellent flocculation performance in colloidal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Diaz-Baca
- Biorefining Research Institute and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B SE1, Canada
| | - Ayyoub Salaghi
- Biorefining Research Institute and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B SE1, Canada
| | - Pedram Fatehi
- Biorefining Research Institute and Chemical Engineering Department, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario P7B SE1, Canada
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14
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Diaz-Baca JA, Fatehi P. Temperature responsive crosslinked starch-kraft lignin macromolecule. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 313:120846. [PMID: 37182932 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a natural polymer with a relatively simple structure and limited solubility in water. Kraft lignin (KL) is a complex biopolymer obtained as a by-product from the delignification of wood and grasses. The present work reports developing a temperature-responsive high molecular weight macromolecule from crosslinking KL and starch (KLS). The NMR and XPS analyses quantified the changes in the aromatic and anhydroglucose units of KL and starch, observing a higher content of C-O-C bonds, which confirms the presence of glycerol ether cross-linkages between starch and KL in KLS. The rheological analysis of KLS dispersions revealed the formation of a thermo-responsive structured network. The temperature-dependent water solubility and rheological characteristics of KLS were related to the presence of hydrophilic starch chains, crosslinking degree, and physicochemical characteristics of KL. The incorporation of KL and ether crosslinks increased the thermal stability of KLS. Because of its multiple functional groups and large molecular weight (3.6-4.2 × 105 g/mol) that was arranged in an extended globular shape, KLS-5 formed a gel-like structure after a heating-cooling treatment. Overall, the results confirmed that incorporating lignin in starch would fabricate sustainable materials with potentially altered applications, such as temperature-responsive hydrogels and films.
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15
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Grafting natural nicotinamide on tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils to prepare flexible and transparent nanocomposite films with fascinating mechanical strength and UV shielding performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 223:1633-1640. [PMID: 36270399 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Light pollution from ultraviolet (UV) radiation is gaining growing concerns, as the emissions and burning of fossil fuels destroyed the ozone layer. Seeking a solution against skin exposure to excessive radiation is an urgent requirement. In this study, nicotinamide (NA), the main component of vitamin B3, was introduced as a new modifier into Tempo-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (TOCNFs) together with the physical cross-linking with tannin acid (TA) to improve anti-UV performance of the nanocomposite films. Incorporation of NA into the films presents distinguished UV shielding capability UVB wavelength range from 200 nm to 320 nm (NTA1-5) due to the introduced functional groups like CO and benzene rings. Moreover, mechanical properties were notably enhanced, which overcome the low strength of common nanocellulosic materials. The stress increased from 69.8 MPa to 116.3 MPa, and the toughness can reach 131.58 MJ/m3 by tuning the additional amount of NA. Meanwhile, TGA and DTG analysis demonstrated that the incorporation of amide bonds and TA into the composite films greatly improved the thermal stability. Thus, the proposed materials fabricated from natural biomolecules show great potential in serving as new kinds of UV-resistant products in the application areas of sunscreen, protective clothing, and building materials.
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16
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Nature-inspired construction of iridescent CNC/Nano-lignin films for UV resistance and ultra-fast humidity response. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 296:119920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Ling Z, Ma J, Zhang S, Shao L, Wang C, Ma J. Stretchable and fatigue resistant hydrogels constructed by natural galactomannan for flexible sensing application. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 216:193-202. [PMID: 35788003 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.06.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Exploration of sustainable and functional materials from biomolecules has received much interest, while the limited mechanical property and possible bacterial contamination were proved to be their major shortages. Here, we proposed novel double network (DN) hydrogels based on galactomannan (GM) polysaccharide as backbone. Folic acid (FA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) were introduced to form hydrogen bond linkages and covalent bond networks respectively. The three-dimensional hydrogel networks showed greatly improved mechanical strength. Impressive compressive fatigue resistance was present for 100 cycles' compression forming only 0.7 % shape deformation. The phenomenon was mainly attributed to promoted stress-bearing and energy dissipation from the DN cross-linking. The GM hydrogels also exhibited good electronic conductivity and excellent anti-bacterial capabilities with inhibition against more than 80 % of E. coli., attributing to the tunable attachments of FA. Thus, we provided multi-functional hydrogels of high potential serving as anti-fatigue/bacterial and conductive strain sensors on the fields of wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ling
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, Beijing 100102, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Junmei Ma
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lupeng Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Key Lab of Bamboo and Rattan Science & Technology, Beijing 100102, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
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