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Chen Z, Wu J, Han J, Wang Y, Ni L. UCST-Type Soluble Immobilized Cellulase: A New Strategy for the Efficient Degradation and Improved Recycling Performance of Wastepaper Cellulose. Molecules 2024; 29:1039. [PMID: 38474553 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29051039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper reports an innovative study that aims to address key issues in the efficient recycling of wastepaper cellulose. The research team utilized the temperature-responsive upper critical solution temperature (UCST) polymer P(NAGA-b-DMA) in combination with the LytA label's affinity for choline analogs. This innovative approach enabled them to successfully develop a novel soluble immobilized enzyme, P(NAGA-b-DMA)-cellulase. This new enzyme has proven highly effective, significantly enhancing the degradation of wastepaper cellulose while demonstrating exceptional stability. Compared with the traditional insoluble immobilized cellulase, the enzyme showed a significant improvement in the pH, temperature stability, recycling ability, and storage stability. A kinetic parameter calculation showed that the enzymatic effectiveness of the soluble immobilized enzyme was much better than that of the traditional insoluble immobilized cellulase. After the immobilization reaction, the Michaelis constant of the immobilized enzyme was only increased by 11.5%. In the actual wastepaper degradation experiment, the immobilized enzyme was effectively used, and it was found that the degradation efficiency of wastepaper cellulose reached 80% of that observed in laboratory conditions. This novel, thermosensitive soluble immobilized cellulase can efficiently catalyze the conversion of wastepaper cellulose into glucose under suitable conditions, so as to further ferment into environmentally friendly biofuel ethanol, which provides a solution to solve the shortage of raw materials and environmental protection problems in the paper products industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Jiacong Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Juan Han
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Liang Ni
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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2
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Qian Y, Lu S, Meng J, Chen W, Li J. Thermo-Responsive Hydrogels Coupled with Photothermal Agents for Biomedical Applications. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300214. [PMID: 37526220 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Intelligent hydrogels are materials with abilities to change their chemical nature or physical structure in response to external stimuli showing promising potential in multitudinous applications. Especially, photo-thermo coupled responsive hydrogels that are prepared by encapsulating photothermal agents into thermo-responsive hydrogel matrix exhibit more attractive advantages in biomedical applications owing to their spatiotemporal control and precise therapy. This work summarizes the latest progress of the photo-thermo coupled responsive hydrogel in biomedical applications. Three major elements of the photo-thermo coupled responsive hydrogel, i.e., thermo-responsive hydrogel matrix, photothermal agents, and construction methods are introduced. Furthermore, the recent developments of these hydrogels for biomedical applications are described with some selected examples. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives for photo-thermo coupled responsive hydrogels are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Qian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Sha Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Jianqiang Meng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Wansong Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
| | - Juan Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Personalized Diagnostic and Therapeutic Technology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, China
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3
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Sahoo S, Ghosh P, Khan MEH, De P. Recent Progress in Macromolecular Design and Synthesis of Bile Acid‐Based Polymeric Architectures. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhasish Sahoo
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Nadia West Bengal Mohanpur, 741246 India
| | - Pooja Ghosh
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Nadia West Bengal Mohanpur, 741246 India
| | - Md Ezaz Hasan Khan
- School of General Education College of the North Atlantic ‐ Qatar Arab League Street Doha 24449 Qatar
| | - Priyadarsi De
- Polymer Research Centre and Centre for Advanced Functional Materials Department of Chemical Sciences Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata Nadia West Bengal Mohanpur, 741246 India
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4
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Playing construction with the monomer toy box for the synthesis of multi‐stimuli responsive copolymers by reversible deactivation radical polymerization protocols. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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5
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Beaudoin G, Lasri A, Zhao C, Liberelle B, De Crescenzo G, Zhu XX. Making Hydrophilic Polymers Thermoresponsive: The Upper Critical Solution Temperature of Copolymers of Acrylamide and Acrylic Acid. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Beaudoin
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Anne Lasri
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Chuanzhuang Zhao
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Benoît Liberelle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales, Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Gregory De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Groupe de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies Biomédicales, Bio-P2 Research Unit, École Polytechnique de Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Xiao-Xia Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montreal, Québec H3C 3J7, Canada
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6
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Jia YG, Chen KF, Gao M, Liu S, Wang J, Chen X, Wang L, Chen Y, Song W, Zhang H, Ren L, Zhu XX, Tang BZ. Visualizing phase transition of upper critical solution temperature (UCST) polymers with AIE. Sci China Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-020-9893-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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7
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Sharker KK, Shigeta Y, Ozoe S, Yusa SI. Amphoteric Statistical Copolymers with Well-controlled Structure and Upper Critical Solution Temperature in Aqueous Solutions. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.200561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Komol Kanta Sharker
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shigeta
- Tosoh Finechem Co., 4988 Kaisei-cho, Shunan, Yamaguchi 746-0006, Japan
| | - Shinji Ozoe
- Tosoh Finechem Co., 4988 Kaisei-cho, Shunan, Yamaguchi 746-0006, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
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Zhu S, Wen L, Xiao Y, Lang M. Poly( ε-caprolactone) with pH and UCST responsiveness as a 5-fluorouracil carrier. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py00865f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive polymers with excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability are highly demanded as carriers for controlled drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
| | - Lianlei Wen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
| | - Yan Xiao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
| | - Meidong Lang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
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Yokota D, Kanazawa A, Aoshima S. Alternating Degradable Copolymers of an Ionic Liquid-Type Vinyl Ether and a Conjugated Aldehyde: Precise Synthesis by Living Cationic Copolymerization and Dual Rare Thermosensitive Behavior in Solution. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daichi Yokota
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kanazawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Sadahito Aoshima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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10
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Zhao C, Dolmans L, Zhu XX. Thermoresponsive Behavior of Poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylonitrile) with a UCST. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanzhuang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Faculty of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, China
| | - Louis Dolmans
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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di Gregorio MC, Travaglini L, Del Giudice A, Cautela J, Pavel NV, Galantini L. Bile Salts: Natural Surfactants and Precursors of a Broad Family of Complex Amphiphiles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:6803-6821. [PMID: 30234994 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Bile salts (BSs) are naturally occurring rigid surfactants with a steroidal skeleton and specific self-assembly and interface behaviors. Using bile salts as precursors, derivatives can be synthesized to obtain molecules with specific functionalities and amphiphilic structure. Modifications on single molecules are normally performed by substituting the least-hindered hydroxyl group on carbon C-3 of the steroidal A ring or at the end of the lateral chain. This leads to monosteroidal rigid building blocks that are often able to self-organize into 1D structures such as tubules, twisted ribbons, and fibrils with helical supramolecular packing. Tubular aggregates are of particular interest, and they are characterized by cross-section inner diameters spanning a wide range of values (3-500 nm). They can form through appealing pH- or temperature-responsive aggregation and in mixtures of bile salt derivatives to provide mixed tubules with tunable charge and size. Other derivatives can be prepared by covalently linking two or more bile salt molecules to provide complex systems such as oligomers, dendrimers, and polymeric materials. The unconventional amphiphilic molecular structure imparts specific features to BSs and derivatives that can be exploited in the formulation of capsules, drug carriers, dispersants, and templates for the synthesis of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leana Travaglini
- CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006 , Université de Strasbourg , 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Alessandra Del Giudice
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Jacopo Cautela
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Nicolae Viorel Pavel
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Luciano Galantini
- Dipartimento di Chimica , "Sapienza" Università di Roma , P. le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
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12
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Zhao C, Ma Z, Zhu X. Rational design of thermoresponsive polymers in aqueous solutions: A thermodynamics map. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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13
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Bordat A, Boissenot T, Nicolas J, Tsapis N. Thermoresponsive polymer nanocarriers for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:167-192. [PMID: 30315832 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer nanocarriers allow drug encapsulation leading to fragile molecule protection from early degradation/metabolization, increased solubility of poorly soluble drugs and improved plasmatic half-life. However, efficiently controlling the drug release from nanocarriers is still challenging. Thermoresponsive polymers exhibiting either a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) or an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) in aqueous medium may be the key to build spatially and temporally controlled drug delivery systems. In this review, we provide an overview of LCST and UCST polymers used as building blocks for thermoresponsive nanocarriers for biomedical applications. Recent nanocarriers based on thermoresponsive polymer exhibiting unprecedented features useful for biomedical applications are also discussed. While LCST nanocarriers have been studied for over two decades, UCST nanocarriers have recently emerged and already show great potential for effective thermoresponsive drug release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bordat
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Tanguy Boissenot
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julien Nicolas
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Nicolas Tsapis
- Institut Galien Paris-Sud, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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Tseng WC, Fang TY, Lin YC, Huang SJ, Huang YH. Reversible Self-Assembly Nanovesicle of UCST Response Prepared with Multi-l-arginyl-poly-l-aspartate Conjugated with Polyethylene Glycol. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:4585-4592. [PMID: 30395453 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multi-L-arginyl-poly-L-aspartate (MAPA), also known as cyanophycin, containing a backbone of polyaspartate with arginine and lysine as side chains, was prepared with recombinant Escherichia coli. The insoluble part (iMAPA) was conjugated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) at two different levels, high (iMAPA(PEG)h) and low (iMAPA(PEG)l). Both levels of conjugation exhibited UCST (upper critical solution temperature)-type responses in the pH range of 3-10 at a concentration of 2 mg/mL. The cloud-point temperature of each conjugate also showed a positive correlation with concentration in PBS, falling between 20 to 58 °C at a concentration from 0.1 to 3 mg/mL. Hysteresis was observed to follow approximate paths under the same condition during repeated heating and cooling. Notably, the reversible formation of core-shell vesicles appeared at room temperature in PBS with a size of around 25 to 60 nm, as measured by DLS and observed under TEM. The reversibility was further employed to encapsulate doxorubicin (Dox) at different weight ratios of Dox to iMAPA(PEG)h. An encapsulation efficiency could reach as high as 70% with an equivalent loading capacity of 1.5 mg Dox/mg iMAPA(PEG)h. The Dox-loaded vesicles stayed stable at 4 °C for up to 4 weeks, with a minimal leakage below 2% and a slightly dilated morphology. Temperature-triggered release of Dox from the vesicles could be achieved by a step change of 5 °C successively from 37 to 62 °C in an effort to induce an initial 10% release at 37 °C gradually to complete release at 62 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chi Tseng
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , No.43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd. , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Tsuei-Yun Fang
- Department of Food Science , National Taiwan Ocean University , No. 2, Beining Rd. , Keelung 106 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , No.43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd. , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Shing-Jong Huang
- Instrumentation Center , Taiwan University , University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hao Huang
- Department of Chemical Engineering , National Taiwan University of Science and Technology , No.43, Sec. 4, Keelung Rd. , Taipei 106 , Taiwan
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Poly(imidazoled glycidyl methacrylate-co-diethyleneglycol methyl ether methacrylate) – A new copolymer with tunable LCST and UCST behavior in water. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Zhang M, Jia YG, Liu L, Li J, Zhu XX. Soluble-Insoluble-Soluble Transitions of Thermoresponsive Cryptand-Containing Graft Copolymers. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10172-10179. [PMID: 31459145 PMCID: PMC6645115 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cryptand-containing alternative copolymers were first made from copolymerization of styrenic derivatives and maleic anhydride and then chemically modified in this work by grafting methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) onto the maleic functional groups. These graft copolymers show interesting multistep soluble-insoluble-soluble (S-I-S) transitions in acidic aqueous media at a cloud point (T cp) and a subsequent mixing temperature (T mix). Turbidity measurements and dynamic light scattering studies indicate that such complex transitions may be attributed to the entropic contribution associated with the dehydration and aggregation of the MPEG groups and then the enthalpic contribution associated with the hydrogen bonding between ethylene glycol and carboxylic acid groups. More importantly, the phase transition temperatures and insoluble temperature ranges are very sensitive to changes in subtle hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of the copolymers, such as the variation of pH, the cryptand size, and the length of the MPEG graft. The understanding of the S-I-S transition in relation to the structure of the copolymers and the external conditions may be useful in the design of smart materials and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Yong-Guang Jia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering,
National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Lingyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory
of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory
of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - X. X. Zhu
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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