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Vuković JP, Tišma M. The role of NMR spectroscopy in lignocellulosic biomass characterisation: A mini review. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2024; 9:100219. [PMID: 39263258 PMCID: PMC11388798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2024.100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass (LB) is promising feedstock for the production of various bio-based products. However, due to its heterogenous character, complex chemical structure and recalcitrance, it is necessary to know its structural composition in order to optimize pretreatment process and further (bio)conversion into bio-based products. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a fast and reliable method that can provide advanced data on the molecular architecture and composition of lignocellulosic biomass. In this brief overview, characteristic examples of the use of high-resolution NMR spectroscopy for the investigation of various types of LB and their structural units are given and the main drawbacks and future perspectives are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina Tišma
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Food Technology Osijek, Franje Kuhača 18, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
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2
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Lehrhofer AF, Fliri L, Bacher M, Budischowsky D, Sulaeva I, Hummel M, Rosenau T, Hettegger H. A mechanistic study on the alleged cellulose cross-linking system: Maleic acid/sodium hypophosphite. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 346:122653. [PMID: 39245511 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
A combination of maleic acid and sodium hypophosphite as a durable press finishing agent has been reported as a safer but equally effective alternative to conventional formaldehyde-based cross-linking agents for applications in cellulose-based fiber and textile finishing. However, the mechanistic details of this system have not yet been fully elucidated to allow optimization of the conditions. Effective cross-linking treatment requires high curing temperatures of ≥160 °C, which enhances oxidative and thermal degradation of cellulose. In this work, the sequential steps of the cross-linking mechanism were investigated both with model compounds and cellulosic substrates. Extensive NMR studies on model compounds revealed several side reactions alongside the synthesis of the targeted cross-linkable moiety. As an alternative, to circumvent side reactions, a two-step procedure was used by synthesizing the cross-linker sodium 2-[(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)phosphinate]succinic acid in a well-defined pre-condensation reaction before application onto the cellulosic substrate. Further, the effect of the cross-linking treatment on the molecular weight distribution of cellulose was studied by gel permeation chromatography, which showed degradation due to maleic acid/sodium hypophosphite treatment. By using sodium 2-[(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)phosphinate]succinic acid and sodium hypophosphite, this degradation could be significantly limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna F Lehrhofer
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Lukas Fliri
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 0076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Markus Bacher
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - David Budischowsky
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Core Facility Analysis of Lignocellulosics (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, 0076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Porthansgatan 3, 20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Hubert Hettegger
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cellulose High-Tech Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
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3
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Bandi R, Dadigala R, Han SY, Van Hai L, Kwon GJ, Lee SH. Dicarboxylate cellulose nanofibrils-supported silver nanoparticles as a novel, green, efficient and recyclable catalyst for 4-nitrophenol and dyes reduction. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 280:136023. [PMID: 39326609 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.136023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2024] [Revised: 09/11/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
This study reports dicarboxylate cellulose nanofibrils (DCNF) as a novel reducing and supporting agent for producing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with high efficiency (63.82 % reduction) and loading (6.88 %) using UV light. Unlike previous research, AgNPs formation with DCNF doesn't involve cellulose oxidation. Instead, it appears to involve a loss of carboxyl groups from DCNF. In comparative studies, pristine CNF (PCNF) and TEMPO-oxidized CNF (TOCNF) were also examined for AgNPs production. The resulting AgNPs from DCNF exhibited a significantly smaller average size (3.9 ± 0.7 nm) compared to those from PCNF (26.9 ± 10.9 nm) and TOCNF (13.5 ± 4.5 nm). Catalytic activity evaluation by the 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) reduction reaction revealed a high rate constant of 8.47× 10-3 s-1 by AgNPs/DCNF, which surpassed AgNPs/TOCNF (1.79 × 10-3 s-1) and AgNPs/PCNF (0.63 × 10-3 s-1) by 4.7 and 13.4 times, respectively. Besides 4-NP, AgNPs/DCNF aerogels were also applied for methyl orange and Rhodamine B dyes reduction. The aerogels showed excellent reusability, maintaining over 95 % conversion even after five cycles and also effective in treating real samples and mixed dye solutions. This study opens the door for future research exploring DCNF as a support material for various metal, metal oxide, and carbon nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Bandi
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramakrishna Dadigala
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Yi Han
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Le Van Hai
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Gu-Joong Kwon
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung-Hwan Lee
- Institute of Forest Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Department of Forest Biomaterials Engineering, College of Forest and Environmental Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Budischowsky D, Sulaeva I, Støpamo FG, Lehrhofer AF, Hettegger H, Várnai A, Eijsink VGH, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Oxidized reducing ends in celluloses: Quantitative profiling relative to molar mass distribution by fluorescence labeling. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 340:122210. [PMID: 38858031 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescence labeling with N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine is highly effective for quantifying oxidized reducing end groups (REGs) in cellulosic materials. When combined with size exclusion chromatography in DMAc/LiCl, along with fluorescence / multiple-angle laser light scattering / refractive index detection, a detailed profile of C1-oxidized REGs relative to the molecular weight distribution of the cellulosic material can be obtained. In this work, the derivatization process was extensively optimized, to be carried out heterogeneously in the solvent N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Furthermore, we show that to achieve high selectivity for carboxyl groups at the C1 position, keto and aldehyde groups need to be selectively reduced (e.g., by NaBH4), and carboxyl groups other than at C1 need to be blocked (e.g., by methylation with (trimethylsilyl)diazomethane) prior to fluorescence labeling of carboxyl groups at C1 position. Finally, we demonstrate the practical value of the analytical method by measuring the content of the C1-oxidized REGs in cellulose samples after chemical (by Pinnick oxidation) or enzymatic (by treatment with C1-oxidizing LPMO enzymes) oxidation of various pulp samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Budischowsky
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Irina Sulaeva
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Core Facility Analysis of Lignocellulosics (ALICE), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Fredrik G Støpamo
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Anna F Lehrhofer
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Hubert Hettegger
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Cellulose High-Tech Materials, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, A-3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, NMBU - Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
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5
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Simon J, Schlapp-Hackl I, Sapkota J, Ristolainen M, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Towards Tailored Dialdehyde Cellulose Derivatives: A Strategy for Tuning the Glass Transition Temperature. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202300791. [PMID: 37923704 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The derivatization of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) has received increasing attention in the development of sustainable thermoplastics. In this study, a series of dialcohol celluloses were generated by borohydride reduction, which exhibited glass transition temperature (Tg ) values ranging from 23 to 109 °C, depending on the initial degree of oxidation (DO) of the DAC intermediate. However, the DAC derivatives did not exhibit thermoplastic behavior when the DO of the modified DAC was below 26 %. The influence of introduced side chains was highlighted by comparing DAC-based thermoplastic materials obtained by either oximation or borohydride reduction. Our results provide insights into the generation of DAC-based thermoplastics and highlight a strategy for tailoring the Tg by adjusting the DO during the periodate oxidation step and selecting appropriate substituents in subsequent modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Simon
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Inge Schlapp-Hackl
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, FI-00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Janak Sapkota
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Matti Ristolainen
- NE Research Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, 53200, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
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6
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Long F, Zhang X, Li X, Sun F, Zhou T, Liu L. Ultrathin Water-Responsive Zwitterionic Hydrogel Brush Coatings for Long-Term Corrosion Protection. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1416-1427. [PMID: 38149814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Preventing metal corrosion has usually been associated with water-repellent coatings that inhibit the penetration of aggressive chloride ions. Contrary to this conventional wisdom, we engineered ultrathin superhydrophilic zwitterionic hydrogel brushes rooted in a nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) substrate that effectively hampered the adsorption of hydrated chloride ions (Cl-·H2O) on the Al alloy surface. The hydrogel brush coating enhanced corrosion resistance by 3 orders of magnitude, with corrosion current density declining from 1.518 to 1.567 × 10-3 μA cm-2. Despite suffering from long-term salt-spaying tests, zwitterionic hydrogel brush coating retained 2 orders of magnitude of corrosion resistance. Direct Raman spectroscopic evidence manifested that interfacial water comprised both highly ordered hydrogen-bonded water and disordered water containing hydrated Cl- ions. Under the hydration effect of zwitterionic hydrogel brushes, an interfacial disordered water structure dynamically transformed into a hydrogen-bonded water film. We correlated the structure and quantities of interfacial water with the corrosion current density and chloride adsorption. Hydrogen-bonded water improved by zwitterionic hydrogel brushes weakened the affinity and adsorption of hydrated Cl- ion water on the oxide film, resulting in excellent corrosion protection. Therefore, employing localized hydration tuning strategies, these findings are anticipated to generally empower ordered interfacial water to enhance metal corrosion resistance through precise interfacial engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Long
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Institute of Materials, Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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7
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Schaubeder JB, Spirk S, Fliri L, Orzan E, Biegler V, Palasingh C, Selinger J, Bakhshi A, Bauer W, Hirn U, Nypelö T. Role of intrinsic and extrinsic xylan in softwood kraft pulp fiber networks. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 323:121371. [PMID: 37940269 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Xylan is primarily found in the secondary cell wall of plants providing strength and integrity. To take advantage of the reinforcing effect of xylan in papermaking, it is crucial to understand its role in pulp fibers, as it undergoes substantial changes during pulping. However, the contributions of xylan that is added afterwards (extrinsic) and xylan present after pulping (intrinsic) remain largely unexplored. Here, we partially degraded xylan from refined bleached softwood kraft pulp (BSKP) and adsorbed xylan onto BSKP. Enzymatic degradation of 1 % xylan resulted in an open hand sheet structure, while adsorption of 3 % xylan created a denser fiber network. The mechanical properties improved with adsorbed xylan, but decreased more significantly after enzymatic treatment. We propose that the enhancement in mechanical properties by adsorbed extrinsic xylan is due to increased fiber-fiber bonds and sheet density, while the deterioration in mechanical properties of the enzyme treated pulp is caused by the opposite effect. These findings suggest that xylan is decisive for fiber network strength. However, intrinsic xylan is more critical, and the same properties cannot be achieved by readsorbing xylan onto the fibers. Therefore, pulping parameters should be selected to preserve intrinsic xylan within the fibers to maintain paper strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana B Schaubeder
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Stefan Spirk
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Fliri
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Eliott Orzan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Veronika Biegler
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Research, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chonnipa Palasingh
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Julian Selinger
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria; Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Adelheid Bakhshi
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrich Hirn
- Institute of Bioproducts and Paper Technology, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 23, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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8
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Dang X, Yu Z, Wang X, Li N. Eco-Friendly Cellulose-Based Nonionic Antimicrobial Polymers with Excellent Biocompatibility, Nonleachability, and Polymer Miscibility. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:50344-50359. [PMID: 37862609 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to prepare natural biomass-based nonionic antimicrobial polymers with excellent biocompatibility, nonleachability, antimicrobial activity, and polymer miscibility. Two new cellulose-based nonionic antimicrobial polymers (MIPA and MICA) containing many terminal indole groups were synthesized using a sustainable one-pot method. The structures and properties of the nonionic antimicrobial polymers were characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance hydrogen spectroscopy (1H NMR), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), gel chromatography (GPC), and other analytical techniques. The results showed that microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) molecules combined with indole derivatives through an esterification reaction to produce MICA and MIPA. The crystallinity of the prepared MICA and MIPA molecules decreased after MCC modification; their morphological structure changed from short fibrous to granular and showed better thermal stability and solubility. The paper diffusion method showed that both nonionic polymers had good bactericidal effects against the two common pathogenic bacteria Escherichia coli (E. coli, inhibition zone diameters >22 mm) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, inhibition zone diameters >38 mm). Moreover, MICA and MIPA showed good miscibility with biodegradable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), and the miscible cellulose-based composite films (PVA-MICA and PVA-MIPA) showed good phase compatibility, light transmission, thermal stability (maximum thermal decomposition temperature >300 °C), biocompatibility, biological cell activity (no cytotoxicity), nonleachability, antimicrobial activity, and mechanical properties (maximum fracture elongation at >390%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xugang Dang
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Clean Production and High Value Utilization of Bio-Based Textile Materials, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfu Yu
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Xuechuan Wang
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute for Biomass and Function Materials & National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Light Chemistry Engineering Education, College of Bioresources Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, P. R. China
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9
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Brusentsev Y, Yang P, King AWT, Cheng F, Cortes Ruiz MF, Eriksson JE, Kilpeläinen I, Willför S, Xu C, Wågberg L, Wang X. Photocross-Linkable and Shape-Memory Biomaterial Hydrogel Based on Methacrylated Cellulose Nanofibres. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:3835-3845. [PMID: 37527286 PMCID: PMC10428165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In the context of three-dimensional (3D) cell culture and tissue engineering, 3D printing is a powerful tool for customizing in vitro 3D cell culture models that are critical for understanding the cell-matrix and cell-cell interactions. Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) hydrogels are emerging in constructing scaffolds able to imitate tissue in a microenvironment. A direct modification of the methacryloyl (MA) group onto CNF is an appealing approach to synthesize photocross-linkable building blocks in formulating CNF-based bioinks for light-assisted 3D printing; however, it faces the challenge of the low efficiency of heterogenous surface modification. Here, a multistep approach yields CNF methacrylate (CNF-MA) with a decent degree of substitution while maintaining a highly dispersible CNF hydrogel, and CNF-MA is further formulated and copolymerized with monomeric acrylamide (AA) to form a super transparent hydrogel with tuneable mechanical strength (compression modulus, approximately 5-15 kPa). The resulting photocurable hydrogel shows good printability in direct ink writing and good cytocompatibility with HeLa and human dermal fibroblast cell lines. Moreover, the hydrogel reswells in water and expands to all directions to restore its original dimension after being air-dried, with further enhanced mechanical properties, for example, Young's modulus of a 1.1% CNF-MA/1% PAA hydrogel after reswelling in water increases to 10.3 kPa from 5.5 kPa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury Brusentsev
- Laboratory
of Natural Materials Technology, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Peiru Yang
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Cell
Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Chemistry
Department, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fang Cheng
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Shenzhen
Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Maria F. Cortes Ruiz
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Turku
Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and
Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
- Cell
Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Chemistry
Department, University of Helsinki, Yliopistonkatu 3, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Laboratory
of Natural Materials Technology, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory
of Natural Materials Technology, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Lars Wågberg
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Division of Fibre Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Wallenberg Wood Science Centre, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Laboratory
of Natural Materials Technology, Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland
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10
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Fliri L, Heise K, Koso T, Todorov AR, Del Cerro DR, Hietala S, Fiskari J, Kilpeläinen I, Hummel M, King AWT. Solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of crystalline cellulosic materials using a direct dissolution ionic liquid electrolyte. Nat Protoc 2023:10.1038/s41596-023-00832-9. [PMID: 37237027 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00832-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Owing to its high sustainable production capacity, cellulose represents a valuable feedstock for the development of more sustainable alternatives to currently used fossil fuel-based materials. Chemical analysis of cellulose remains challenging, and analytical techniques have not advanced as fast as the development of the proposed materials science applications. Crystalline cellulosic materials are insoluble in most solvents, which restricts direct analytical techniques to lower-resolution solid-state spectroscopy, destructive indirect procedures or to 'old-school' derivatization protocols. While investigating their use for biomass valorization, tetralkylphosphonium ionic liquids (ILs) exhibited advantageous properties for direct solution-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of crystalline cellulose. After screening and optimization, the IL tetra-n-butylphosphonium acetate [P4444][OAc], diluted with dimethyl sulfoxide-d6, was found to be the most promising partly deuterated solvent system for high-resolution solution-state NMR. The solvent system has been used for the measurement of both 1D and 2D experiments for a wide substrate scope, with excellent spectral quality and signal-to-noise, all with modest collection times. The procedure initially describes the scalable syntheses of an IL, in 24-72 h, of sufficient purity, yielding a stock electrolyte solution. The dissolution of cellulosic materials and preparation of NMR samples is presented, with pretreatment, concentration and dissolution time recommendations for different sample types. Also included is a set of recommended 1D and 2D NMR experiments with parameters optimized for an in-depth structural characterization of cellulosic materials. The time required for full characterization varies between a few hours and several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Fliri
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aleksandar R Todorov
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Rico Del Cerro
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Fiskari
- Fibre Science and Communication Network (FSCN), Mid Sweden University, Sundsvall, Sweden
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Alistair W T King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, Espoo, Finland.
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11
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Akl MA, El-Zeny AS, Hashem MA, El-Gharkawy ESRH, Mostafa AG. Flax fiber based semicarbazide biosorbent for removal of Cr(VI) and Alizarin Red S dye from wastewater. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8267. [PMID: 37217542 PMCID: PMC10203277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34523-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, flax fiber based semicarbazide biosorbent was prepared in two successive steps. In the first step, flax fibers were oxidized using potassium periodate (KIO4) to yield diadehyde cellulose (DAC). Dialdehyde cellulose was, then, refluxed with semicarbazide.HCl to produce the semicarbazide functionalized dialdehyde cellulose (DAC@SC). The prepared DAC@SC biosorbent was characterized using Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) and N2 adsorption isotherm, point of zero charge (pHPZC), elemental analysis (C:H:N), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The DAC@SC biosorbent was applied for the removal of the hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) ions and the alizarin red S (ARS) anionic dye (individually and in mixture). Experimental variables such as temperature, pH, and concentrations were optimized in detail. The monolayer adsorption capacities from the Langmuir isotherm model were 97.4 mg/g and 18.84 for Cr(VI) and ARS, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of DAC@SC indicated that the adsorption process fit PSO kinetic model. The obtained negative values of ΔG and ΔH indicated that the adsorption of Cr(VI) and ARS onto DAC@SC is a spontaneous and exothermic process. The DAC@SC biocomposite was successfully applied for the removal of Cr(VI) and ARS from synthetic effluents and real wastewater samples with a recovery (R, %) more than 90%. The prepared DAC@SC was regenerated using 0.1 M K2CO3 eluent. The plausible adsorption mechanism of Cr(VI) and ARS onto the surface of DAC@SC biocomposite was elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda A Akl
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Abdelrahman S El-Zeny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Hashem
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | | | - Aya G Mostafa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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12
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Todorov AR, King AWT, Kilpeläinen I. Transesterification of cellulose with unactivated esters in superbase-acid conjugate ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2023; 13:5983-5992. [PMID: 36816067 PMCID: PMC9936960 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra08186e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A sustainable homogeneous transesterification protocol utilizing the superbase ionic liquid [mTBNH][OAc] and unactivated methyl esters has been developed for the preparation of cellulose esters with controllable degree of substitution. [mTBNH][OAc] shows excellent recyclability with a high recovery of sufficient purity for repeated use. This reaction media allows for cellulose transesterification reactions not only using activated or cyclic esters, but also with unactivated methyl esters, which extends the substrate and application scope. Furthermore, the solubility properties of the prepared cellulose materials were tested and some intrinsic trends were observed at low degrees of substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar R Todorov
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Alistair W T King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd Tietotie 4e 02150 Espoo Finland
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
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13
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Simon J, Fliri L, Sapkota J, Ristolainen M, Miller SA, Hummel M, Rosenau T, Potthast A. Reductive Amination of Dialdehyde Cellulose: Access to Renewable Thermoplastics. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:166-177. [PMID: 36542819 PMCID: PMC9832504 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The reductive amination of dialdehyde cellulose (DAC) with 2-picoline borane was investigated for its applicability in the generation of bioderived thermoplastics. Five primary amines, both aliphatic and aromatic, were introduced to the cellulose backbone. The influences of the side chains on the course of the reaction were examined by various analytical techniques with microcrystalline cellulose as a model compound. The obtained insights were transferred to a 39%-oxidized softwood kraft pulp to study the thermal properties of thereby generated high-molecular-weight thermoplastics. The number-average molecular weights (Mn) of the diamine celluloses, ranging from 60 to 82 kD, were investigated by gel permeation chromatography. The diamine celluloses exhibited glass transition temperatures (Tg) from 71 to 112 °C and were stable at high temperatures. Diamine cellulose generated from aniline and DAC showed the highest conversion, the highest Tg (112 °C), and a narrow molecular weight distribution (D̵ of 1.30).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Simon
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse
24, Tulln3430, Austria
| | - Lukas Fliri
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto0076, Finland
| | - Janak Sapkota
- NE Research
Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, Lappeenranta53200, Finland
| | - Matti Ristolainen
- NE Research
Center, UPM Pulp Research and Innovations, Lappeenranta53200, Finland
| | - Stephen A. Miller
- The
George and Josephine Butler Laboratory for Polymer Research, Department
of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida32611-7200, United States
| | - Michael Hummel
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Aalto0076, Finland
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse
24, Tulln3430, Austria,
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse
24, Tulln3430, Austria,
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14
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Hu S, Li Y, Yue F, Chen Y, Qi H. Bio-inspired synthesis of amino acids modified sulfated cellulose nanofibrils into multivalent viral inhibitors via the Mannich reaction. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 299:120202. [PMID: 36876813 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.120202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Virus cross-infection via surfaces poses a serious threat to public health. Inspired by natural sulfated polysaccharides and antiviral peptides, we prepared multivalent virus blocking nanomaterials by introducing amino acids to sulfated cellulose nanofibrils (SCNFs) via the Mannich reaction. The antiviral activity of the resulting amino acid-modified sulfated nanocellulose was significantly improved. Specifically, 1 h treatment with arginine modified SCNFs at a concentration of 0.1 g/mL led to a complete inactivation of the phage-X174 (reduction by more than three orders of magnitude). Atomic force microscope showed that amino acid-modified sulfated nanofibrils can bind phage-X174 to form linear clusters, thus preventing the virus from infecting the host. When we coated wrapping paper and the inside of a face-mask with our amino acid-modified SCNFs, phage-X174 was completely deactivated on the coated surfaces, demonstrating the potential of our approach for use in the packaging and personal protective equipment industries. This work provides an environmentally friendly and cost-efficient approach to fabricating multivalent nanomaterials for antiviral applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Yuehu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Fengxia Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China
| | - Yian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
| | - Haisong Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, PR China.
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15
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Heise K, Koso T, King AWT, Nypelö T, Penttilä P, Tardy BL, Beaumont M. Spatioselective surface chemistry for the production of functional and chemically anisotropic nanocellulose colloids. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2022; 10:23413-23432. [PMID: 36438677 PMCID: PMC9664451 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta05277f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing the benefits of nanomaterials from biomass requires unique considerations associated with their native chemical and physical structure. Both cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals are extracted from cellulose fibers via a top-down approach and have significantly advanced materials chemistry and set new benchmarks in the last decade. One major challenge has been to prepare defined and selectively modified nanocelluloses, which would, e.g., allow optimal particle interactions and thereby further improve the properties of processed materials. At the molecular and crystallite level, the surface of nanocelluloses offers an alternating chemical structure and functional groups of different reactivity, enabling straightforward avenues towards chemically anisotropic and molecularly patterned nanoparticles via spatioselective chemical modification. In this review, we will explain the influence and role of the multiscale hierarchy of cellulose fibers in chemical modifications, and critically discuss recent advances in selective surface chemistry of nanocelluloses. Finally, we will demonstrate the potential of those chemically anisotropic nanocelluloses in materials science and discuss challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Alistair W T King
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Biomaterial Processing and Products 02044 Espoo Finland
| | - Tiina Nypelö
- Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Wallenberg Wood Science Center, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Paavo Penttilä
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Khalifa University, Department of Chemical Engineering Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Center for Membrane and Advanced Water Technology, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
- Research and Innovation Center on CO2 and Hydrogen, Khalifa University Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24 A-3430 Tulln Austria
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16
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Koso T, Beaumont M, Tardy BL, Rico Del Cerro D, Eyley S, Thielemans W, Rojas OJ, Kilpeläinen I, King AWT. Highly regioselective surface acetylation of cellulose and shaped cellulose constructs in the gas-phase. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2022; 24:5604-5613. [PMID: 35924208 PMCID: PMC9290444 DOI: 10.1039/d2gc01141g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase acylation is an attractive and sustainable method for modifying the surface properties of cellulosics. However, little is known concerning the regioselectivity of the chemistry, i.e., which cellulose hydroxyls are preferentially acylated and if acylation can be restricted to the surface, preserving crystallinities/morphologies. Consequently, we reexplore simple gas-phase acetylation of modern-day cellulosic building blocks - cellulose nanocrystals, pulps, dry-jet wet spun (regenerated cellulose) fibres and a nanocellulose-based aerogel. Using advanced analytics, we show that the gas-phase acetylation is highly regioselective for the C6-OH, a finding also supported by DFT-based transition-state modelling on a crystalloid surface. This contrasts with acid- and base-catalysed liquid-phase acetylation methods, highlighting that gas-phase chemistry is much more controllable, yet with similar kinetics, to the uncatalyzed liquid-phase reactions. Furthermore, this method preserves both the native (or regenerated) crystalline structure of the cellulose and the supramolecular morphology of even delicate cellulosic constructs (nanocellulose aerogel exhibiting chiral cholesteric liquid crystalline phases). Due to the soft nature of this chemistry and an ability to finely control the kinetics, yielding highly regioselective low degree of substitution products, we are convinced this method will facilitate the rapid adoption of precisely tailored and biodegradable cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Koso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki AI Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Marco Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Tulln Austria
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Espoo Finland
| | - Blaise L Tardy
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Espoo Finland
| | - Daniel Rico Del Cerro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki AI Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Samuel Eyley
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk Etienne Sabbelaan 53 8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Wim Thielemans
- Sustainable Materials Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, KU Leuven Campus Kortrijk Etienne Sabbelaan 53 8500 Kortrijk Belgium
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University Espoo Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia Vancouver BC Canada
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki AI Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Alistair W T King
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki AI Virtasen aukio 1 00560 Helsinki Finland
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd Tietotie 4e 02150 Espoo Finland
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17
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Holding AJ, Xia J, Hummel M, Zwiers H, Leskinen M, Rico Del Cerro D, Hietala S, Nieger M, Kemell M, Helminen JKJ, Aseyev V, Tenhu H, Kilpeläinen I, King AWT. Thermo-reversible cellulose micro phase-separation in mixtures of methyltributylphosphonium acetate and γ-valerolactone or DMSO. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100635. [PMID: 35130371 PMCID: PMC9303658 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have identified cellulose solvents, comprised of binary mixtures of molecular solvents and ionic liquids that rapidly dissolve cellulose to high concentration and show upper‐critical solution temperature (UCST)‐like thermodynamic behaviour ‐ upon cooling and micro phase‐separation to roughly spherical microparticle particle‐gel mixtures. This is a result of an entropy‐dominant process, controllable by changing temperature, with an overall exothermic regeneration step. However, the initial dissolution of cellulose in this system, from the majority cellulose I allomorph upon increasing temperature, is also exothermic. The mixtures essentially act as ‘thermo‐switchable’ gels. Upon initial dissolution and cooling, micro‐scaled spherical particles are formed, the formation onset and size of which are dependent on the presence of traces of water. Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and 13C cross‐polarisation magic‐angle spinning (CP‐MAS) NMR spectroscopy have identified that the cellulose micro phase‐separates with no remaining cellulose I allomorph and eventually forms a proportion of the cellulose II allomorph after water washing and drying. The rheological properties of these solutions demonstrate the possibility of a new type of cellulose processing, whereby morphology can be influenced by changing temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jingwen Xia
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Michael Hummel
- Aalto University School of Chemical Technology: Aalto-yliopisto Kemian tekniikan korkeakoulu, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, FINLAND
| | - Harry Zwiers
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Matti Leskinen
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | | | - Sami Hietala
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Martin Nieger
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Marianna Kemell
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | | | - Vladimir Aseyev
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | - Heikki Tenhu
- University of Helsinki: Helsingin Yliopisto, Chemistry, FINLAND
| | | | - Alistair W T King
- Helsingin Yliopisto, Department of Chemistry, A I Virtasen Aukio 1, PO Box 55, 00560, Helsinki, FINLAND
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18
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Wang Q, Xu W, Koppolu R, van Bochove B, Seppälä J, Hupa L, Willför S, Xu C, Wang X. Injectable thiol-ene hydrogel of galactoglucomannan and cellulose nanocrystals in delivery of therapeutic inorganic ions with embedded bioactive glass nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 276:118780. [PMID: 34823793 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose an injectable nanocomposite hydrogel that is photo-curable via light-induced thiol-ene addition between methacrylate modified O-acetyl-galactoglucomannan (GGMMA) and thiolated cellulose nanocrystal (CNC-SH). Compared to free-radical chain polymerization, the orthogonal step-growth of thiol-ene addition allows a less heterogeneous hydrogel network and more rapid crosslinking kinetics. CNC-SH reinforced the GGMMA hydrogel as both a nanofiller and a crosslinker to GGMMA resulting in an interpenetrating network via thiol-ene addition. Importantly, the mechanical stiffness of the GGMMA/CNC-SH hydrogel is mainly determined by the stoichiometric ratio between the thiol groups on CNC-SH and the methacrylate groups in GGMMA. Meanwhile, the bioactive glass nanoparticle (BaGNP)-laden hydrogels of GGMMA/CNC-SH showed a sustained release of therapeutic ions in simulated body fluid in vitro, which extended the bioactive function of hydrogel matrix. Furthermore, the suitability of the GGMMA/CNC-SH formulation as biomaterial resin to fabricate digitally designed hydrogel constructs via digital light processing (DLP) lithography printing was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingbo Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku FI-20500, Finland
| | - Wenyang Xu
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku FI-20500, Finland
| | - Rajesh Koppolu
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku FI-20500, Finland
| | - Bas van Bochove
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1D, Espoo FI-02150, Finland
| | - Jukka Seppälä
- Polymer Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1D, Espoo FI-02150, Finland
| | - Leena Hupa
- Laboratory of Molecular Science and Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku FI-20500, Finland
| | - Stefan Willför
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku FI-20500, Finland
| | - Chunlin Xu
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku FI-20500, Finland
| | - Xiaoju Wang
- Laboratory of Natural Materials Technology, Åbo Akademi University, Henrikinkatu 2, Turku FI-20500, Finland; Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6A, Turku FI-20520, Finland.
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19
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Kim M, Pierce K, Krecker M, Bukharina D, Adstedt K, Nepal D, Bunning T, Tsukruk VV. Monolithic Chiral Nematic Organization of Cellulose Nanocrystals under Capillary Confinement. ACS NANO 2021; 15:19418-19429. [PMID: 34874720 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate bioenabled crack-free chiral nematic films prepared via a unidirectional flow of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in the capillary confinement. To facilitate the uniform long-range nanocrystal organization during drying, we utilized tunicate-inspired hydrogen-bonding-rich 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenethylamine hydrochloride (TOPA) for physical cross-linking of nanocrystals with enhanced hydrogen bonding and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a relaxer of internal stresses in the vicinity of the capillary surface. The CNC/TOPA/PEG film is organized as a left-handed chiral structure parallel to flat walls, and the inner volume of the films displayed transitional herringbone organization across the interfacial region. The resulting thin films also exhibit high mechanical performance compared to brittle films with multiple cracks commonly observed for capillary-formed pure CNC films. The chiral nematic ordering of modified TOPA-PEG-CNC material propagates through the entire thickness of robust monolithic films and across centimeter-sized surface areas, facilitating consistent, vivid iridescence, and enhanced circular polarization. The best performance that prevents the cracks was achieved for a CNC/TOPA/PEG film with a minimal, 3% amount of TOPA. Overall, we suggest that intercalation of small highly adhesive molecules to cellulose nanocrystal-polymer matrices can facilitate uniform flow of liquid crystal phase and drying inside the capillary, resulting in improvement of the ultimate tensile strength and toughness (77% and 100% increase, respectively) with controlled uniform optical reflection and enhanced circular polarization unachievable during regular drying conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyu Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kellina Pierce
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Michelle Krecker
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Daria Bukharina
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Katarina Adstedt
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Timothy Bunning
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Vladimir V Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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20
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Grafting PEG on cellulose nanocrystals via polydopamine chemistry and the effects of PEG graft length on the mechanical performance of composite film. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 271:118405. [PMID: 34364549 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) with PEG grafts of various lengths (1 k, 2 k, 5 k, and 10 kDa) were prepared via a polydopamine (PDA) mediated method in the aqueous solution. The prepared CNC-PEGs were further used to reinforce the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) at the loading of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 wt% in order to demonstrate the effects of the PEG length on the properties of the PVA/CNC nanocomposites. PEG surface modification resulted in simultaneous improvements in stiffness and toughness. The graft lengths have noticeable impacts on the properties of composites. The shorter graft yields better enhancement in strength and stiffness, attributable to the high efficiency in the stress transfer and high interface adhesion. The longer PEG graft length yields high graft-matrix entanglement, forming a thicker rubbery coating layer that enhances the toughness of PVA/CNC composites.
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21
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Beaumont M, Tardy BL, Reyes G, Koso TV, Schaubmayr E, Jusner P, King AWT, Dagastine RR, Potthast A, Rojas OJ, Rosenau T. Assembling Native Elementary Cellulose Nanofibrils via a Reversible and Regioselective Surface Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17040-17046. [PMID: 34617737 PMCID: PMC8532154 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Selective surface modification of biobased fibers affords effective individualization and functionalization into nanomaterials, as exemplified by the TEMPO-mediated oxidation. However, such a route leads to changes of the native surface chemistry, affecting interparticle interactions and limiting the development of potential supermaterials. Here we introduce a methodology to extract elementary cellulose fibrils by treatment of biomass with N-succinylimidazole, achieving regioselective surface modification of C6-OH, which can be reverted using mild post-treatments. No polymer degradation, cross-linking, nor changes in crystallinity occur under the mild processing conditions, yielding cellulose nanofibrils bearing carboxyl moieties, which can be removed by saponification. The latter offers a significant opportunity in the reconstitution of the chemical and structural interfaces associated with the native states. Consequently, 3D structuring of native elementary cellulose nanofibrils is made possible with the same supramolecular features as the biosynthesized fibers, which is required to unlock the full potential of cellulose as a sustainable building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beaumont
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Blaise L. Tardy
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Guillermo Reyes
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Tetyana V. Koso
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elisabeth Schaubmayr
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Paul Jusner
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, AI Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raymond R. Dagastine
- Department
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
- Bioproducts
Institute, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Department
of Chemistry and Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department
of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry of Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Str. 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Johan
Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo
Akademi University, Porthansgatan
3, Åbo/Turku FI-20500, Finland
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22
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Beaumont M, Otoni CG, Mattos BD, Koso TV, Abidnejad R, Zhao B, Kondor A, King AWT, Rojas OJ. Regioselective and water-assisted surface esterification of never-dried cellulose: nanofibers with adjustable surface energy. GREEN CHEMISTRY : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL AND GREEN CHEMISTRY RESOURCE : GC 2021; 23:6966-6974. [PMID: 34671224 PMCID: PMC8452180 DOI: 10.1039/d1gc02292j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A new regioselective route is introduced for surface modification of biological colloids in the presence of water. Taking the case of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs), we demonstrate a site-specific (93% selective) reaction between the primary surface hydroxyl groups (C6-OH) of cellulose and acyl imidazoles. CNFs bearing C6-acetyl and C6-isobutyryl groups, with a degree of substitution of up to 1 mmol g-1 are obtained upon surface esterification, affording CNFs of adjustable surface energy. The morphological and structural features of the nanofibers remain largely unaffected, but the regioselective surface reactions enable tailoring of their interfacial interactions, as demonstrated in oil/water Pickering emulsions. Our method precludes the need for drying or exchange with organic solvents for surface esterification, otherwise needed in the synthesis of esterified colloids and polysaccharides. Moreover, the method is well suited for application at high-solid content, opening the possibility for implementation in reactive extrusion and compounding. The proposed acylation is introduced as a sustainable approach that benefits from the presence of water and affords a high chemical substitution selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU) Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24 A-3430 Tulln Austria
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 Espoo FI-00076 Finland
| | - Caio G Otoni
- Department of Materials Engineering (DEMa), Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) Rod. Washington Luís km 235 São Carlos SP 13565-905 Brazil
| | - Bruno D Mattos
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 Espoo FI-00076 Finland
| | - Tetyana V Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki AI Virtasen aukio 1 FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Roozbeh Abidnejad
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 Espoo FI-00076 Finland
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 Espoo FI-00076 Finland
| | - Anett Kondor
- Surface Measurement Systems Ltd. Rosemont Rd Wembley London HA0 4PE UK
| | - Alistair W T King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki AI Virtasen aukio 1 FI-00560 Helsinki Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 Espoo FI-00076 Finland
- Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, 2360 East Mall; Chemistry, 2036 Main Mall, and Wood Science, 2424 Main Mall, The University of British Columbia Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
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23
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Delepierre G, Heise K, Malinen K, Koso T, Pitkänen L, Cranston ED, Kilpeläinen I, Kostiainen MA, Kontturi E, Weder C, Zoppe JO, King AWT. Challenges in Synthesis and Analysis of Asymmetrically Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2702-2717. [PMID: 34060815 PMCID: PMC8382247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
When cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are isolated from cellulose microfibrils, the parallel arrangement of the cellulose chains in the crystalline domains is retained so that all reducing end-groups (REGs) point to one crystallite end. This permits the selective chemical modification of one end of the CNCs. In this study, two reaction pathways are compared to selectively attach atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiators to the REGs of CNCs, using reductive amination. This modification further enabled the site-specific grafting of the anionic polyelectrolyte poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS) from the CNCs. Different analytical methods, including colorimetry and solution-state NMR analysis, were combined to confirm the REG-modification with ATRP-initiators and PSS. The achieved grafting yield was low due to either a limited conversion of the CNC REGs or side reactions on the polymerization initiator during the reductive amination. The end-tethered CNCs were easy to redisperse in water after freeze-drying, and the shear birefringence of colloidal suspensions is maintained after this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Katja Heise
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Kiia Malinen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Pitkänen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Emily D. Cranston
- Department
of Wood Science, The University of British
Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6 T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department
of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076, Aalto, Espoo Finland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Justin O. Zoppe
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Universitat
Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Eduard Maristany 16, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials
Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, FI-00560 Helsinki, Finland
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24
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Beaumont M, Jusner P, Gierlinger N, King AWT, Potthast A, Rojas OJ, Rosenau T. Unique reactivity of nanoporous cellulosic materials mediated by surface-confined water. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2513. [PMID: 33947852 PMCID: PMC8097012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The remarkable efficiency of chemical reactions is the result of biological evolution, often involving confined water. Meanwhile, developments of bio-inspired systems, which exploit the potential of such water, have been so far rather complex and cumbersome. Here we show that surface-confined water, inherently present in widely abundant and renewable cellulosic fibres can be utilised as nanomedium to endow a singular chemical reactivity. Compared to surface acetylation in the dry state, confined water increases the reaction rate and efficiency by 8 times and 30%, respectively. Moreover, confined water enables control over chemical accessibility of selected hydroxyl groups through the extent of hydration, allowing regioselective reactions, a major challenge in cellulose modification. The reactions mediated by surface-confined water are sustainable and largely outperform those occurring in organic solvents in terms of efficiency and environmental compatibility. Our results demonstrate the unexploited potential of water bound to cellulosic nanostructures in surface esterifications, which can be extended to a wide range of other nanoporous polymeric structures and reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beaumont
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland.
| | - Paul Jusner
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Institute for Biophysics, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alistair W T King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antje Potthast
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University, Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Thomas Rosenau
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry for Renewable Resources, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria.
- Johan Gadolin Process Chemistry Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.
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25
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Perea-Buceta J, Rico Del Cerro D, Kilpeläinen I, Heikkinen S. Incorporated diffusion ordered heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy, 3D iDOSY-HMBC. Merging of diffusion delay with long polarization transfer delay of HMBC. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 323:106892. [PMID: 33387959 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
3D iDOSY-HMBC pulse sequences allow the simplification of HMBC data of mixtures via separation in the diffusion domain. The presented methods utilize incorporated DOSY approach, iDOSY, where the existing delays of the basic pulse sequence are utilized for diffusion attenuation. In the simplest form of the proposed 3D iDOSY-HMBC sequences, no extra delays or RF-pulses were required, only two diffusion gradients were added within HMBC polarization transfer delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Perea-Buceta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Daniel Rico Del Cerro
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kilpeläinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sami Heikkinen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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26
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Heise K, Delepierre G, King AWT, Kostiainen MA, Zoppe J, Weder C, Kontturi E. Chemical Modification of Reducing End-Groups in Cellulose Nanocrystals. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:66-87. [PMID: 32329947 PMCID: PMC7821002 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Native plant cellulose has an intrinsic supramolecular structure. Consequently, it can be isolated as nanocellulose species, which can be utilized as building blocks for renewable nanomaterials. The structure of cellulose also permits its end-wise modification, i.e., chemical reactions exclusively on one end of a cellulose chain or a nanocellulose particle. The premises for end-wise modification have been known for decades. Nevertheless, different approaches for the reactions have emerged only recently, because of formidable synthetic and analytical challenges associated with the issue, including the adverse reactivity of the cellulose reducing end and the low abundance of newly introduced functionalities. This Review gives a full account of the scientific underpinnings and challenges related to end-wise modification of cellulose nanocrystals. Furthermore, we present how the chemical modification of cellulose nanocrystal ends may be applied to directed assembly, resulting in numerous possibilities for the construction of new materials, such as responsive liquid crystal templates and composites with tailored interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300FI-00076 AaltoEspooFinland
| | - Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversité de FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4CH-1700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry DivisionChemistry DepartmentUniversity of HelsinkiA.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55FI-00014HelsinkiFinland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300FI-00076 AaltoEspooFinland
| | - Justin Zoppe
- Omya International AGBaslerstrasse 42CH-4665OftringenSwitzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle InstituteUniversité de FribourgChemin des Verdiers 4CH-1700FribourgSwitzerland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and BiosystemsAalto UniversityP.O. Box 16300FI-00076 AaltoEspooFinland
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27
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Heise K, Kontturi E, Allahverdiyeva Y, Tammelin T, Linder MB, Nonappa, Ikkala O. Nanocellulose: Recent Fundamental Advances and Emerging Biological and Biomimicking Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004349. [PMID: 33289188 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the effort toward sustainable advanced functional materials, nanocelluloses have attracted extensive recent attention. Nanocelluloses range from rod-like highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals to longer and more entangled cellulose nanofibers, earlier denoted also as microfibrillated celluloses and bacterial cellulose. In recent years, they have spurred research toward a wide range of applications, ranging from nanocomposites, viscosity modifiers, films, barrier layers, fibers, structural color, gels, aerogels and foams, and energy applications, until filtering membranes, to name a few. Still, nanocelluloses continue to show surprisingly high challenges to master their interactions and tailorability to allow well-controlled assemblies for functional materials. Rather than trying to review the already extensive nanocellulose literature at large, here selected aspects of the recent progress are the focus. Water interactions, which are central for processing for the functional properties, are discussed first. Then advanced hybrid gels toward (multi)stimuli responses, shape-memory materials, self-healing, adhesion and gluing, biological scaffolding, and forensic applications are discussed. Finally, composite fibers are discussed, as well as nanocellulose as a strategy for improvement of photosynthesis-based chemicals production. In summary, selected perspectives toward new directions for sustainable high-tech functional materials science based on nanocelluloses are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Yagut Allahverdiyeva
- Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland
| | - Tekla Tammelin
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, VTT, PO Box 1000, FIN-02044, Espoo, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
| | - Nonappa
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, P.O. Box 541, Tampere, FI-33101, Finland
| | - Olli Ikkala
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Engineering of Biosynthetic Hybrid Materials Research, Aalto University, FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, FI-00076, Finland
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28
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Heise K, Delepierre G, King AWT, Kostiainen MA, Zoppe J, Weder C, Kontturi E. Chemische Modifizierung der reduzierenden Enden von Cellulosenanokristallen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finnland
| | - Gwendoline Delepierre
- Adolphe Merkle Institute Université de Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Schweiz
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry Division Chemistry Department University of Helsinki A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55 FI-00014 Helsinki Finnland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finnland
| | - Justin Zoppe
- Omya International AG Baslerstrasse 42 CH-4665 Oftringen Schweiz
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute Université de Fribourg Chemin des Verdiers 4 CH-1700 Fribourg Schweiz
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems Aalto University P.O. Box 16300 FI-00076 Aalto Espoo Finnland
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29
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Reyes G, Lundahl MJ, Alejandro-Martín S, Arteaga-Pérez LE, Oviedo C, King AWT, Rojas OJ. Coaxial Spinning of All-Cellulose Systems for Enhanced Toughness: Filaments of Oxidized Nanofibrils Sheathed in Cellulose II Regenerated from a Protic Ionic Liquid. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:878-891. [PMID: 31895545 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels of TEMPO-oxidized nanocellulose were stabilized for dry-jet wet spinning using a shell of cellulose dissolved in 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-enium propionate ([DBNH][CO2Et]), a protic ionic liquid (PIL). Coagulation in an acidic water bath resulted in continuous core-shell filaments (CSFs) that were tough and flexible with an average dry (and wet) toughness of ∼11 (2) MJ·m-3 and elongation of ∼9 (14) %. The CSF morphology, chemical composition, thermal stability, crystallinity, and bacterial activity were assessed using scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, wide-angle X-ray scattering, and bacterial cell culturing, respectively. The coaxial wet spinning yields PIL-free systems carrying on the surface the cellulose II polymorph, which not only enhances the toughness of the filaments but facilities their functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reyes
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas , Universidad del Bı́o-Bı́o , Av. Collao 1202, Casilla 5-C , Concepción , Chile
| | - Meri J Lundahl
- Biobased Colloids and Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , Espoo 02150 , Finland
| | - Serguei Alejandro-Martín
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas , Universidad del Bı́o-Bı́o , Av. Collao 1202, Casilla 5-C , Concepción , Chile.,Nanomaterials and Catalysts for Sustainable Processes (NanoCatpPS) , Universidad del Bı́o-Bı́o , Av. Collao 1202, Casilla 5-C , Concepción 4051381 , Chile
| | - Luis E Arteaga-Pérez
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas , Universidad del Bı́o-Bı́o , Av. Collao 1202, Casilla 5-C , Concepción , Chile.,Nanomaterials and Catalysts for Sustainable Processes (NanoCatpPS) , Universidad del Bı́o-Bı́o , Av. Collao 1202, Casilla 5-C , Concepción 4051381 , Chile
| | - Claudia Oviedo
- Departamento de Química , Universidad del Bı́o-Bı́o , Av. Collao 1202, Casilla 5-C , Concepción 4051381 , Chile
| | - Alistair W T King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , Helsinki 00100 , Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Biobased Colloids and Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , Espoo 02150 , Finland.,Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry and Wood Science , The University of British Columbia , 2360 East Mall , Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 , Canada
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30
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Heise K, Koso T, Pitkänen L, Potthast A, King AWT, Kostiainen MA, Kontturi E. Knoevenagel Condensation for Modifying the Reducing End Groups of Cellulose Nanocrystals. ACS Macro Lett 2019; 8:1642-1647. [PMID: 35619387 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.9b00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate an effective approach toward functionalization of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) reducing ends by means of a Knoevenagel condensation reaction with a reactive β-diketone (acetylacetone). The end-wise modification was elucidated by advanced NMR analysis, which was facilitated by dissolving the CNCs in ionic liquid electrolyte and by the concomitant assignment of a model compound derived from d-cellobiose. The diffusion-edited 1H experiment afforded a simple method to identify the assigned model resonances in the reducing end-modified CNCs. The condensations can be carried out in aqueous bicarbonate solutions, avoiding the use of hazardous solvents. Under these preliminary aqueous conditions, end-group conversion of up to 12.5% could be confirmed. These results demonstrate the potential of β-diketone chemistry and the Knoevenagel condensation for functionalizing cellulose reducing ends. Application of this liquid-state NMR method for confirming and quantifying reducing end conversion is also shown to be invaluable. Extension of this chemistry to other 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and solvation conditions should allow for the topochemical and (axially) chirotopic installation of functional moieties to CNCs, paving the way to asymmetric cellulose-based nanomaterials with unique properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Heise
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tetyana Koso
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI-000147 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Pitkänen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Antje Potthast
- Institute for Chemistry of Renewables, Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Wien, Austria
| | - Alistair W. T. King
- Materials Chemistry Division, Chemistry Department, University of Helsinki, A.I. Virtasen aukio 1, P.O. Box 55, FI-000147 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mauri A. Kostiainen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
| | - Eero Kontturi
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16300, FI-00076 Aalto, Espoo, Finland
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31
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Niu X, Liu Y, King AWT, Hietala S, Pan H, Rojas OJ. Plasticized Cellulosic Films by Partial Esterification and Welding in Low-Concentration Ionic Liquid Electrolyte. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:2105-2114. [PMID: 30983326 PMCID: PMC6550441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
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Alternatives
to petroleum-based plastics are of great significance
not only from the point of view of their scientific and practical
impact but to reduce the environmental footprint. Inspired by the
composition and structure of wood’s cell walls, we used phenolic
acids to endow cellulosic fibers with new properties. The fiber dissolution
and homogeneous modification were performed with a recyclable ionic
liquid (IL) (tetrabutylammonium acetate ([N4444][OAc]):dimethyl
sulfoxide) to attain different levels of reaction activity for three
phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid,
and syringic acid). The successful autocatalytic Fischer esterification
reaction was thoroughly investigated by Fourier transform infrared
spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, elemental analysis,
and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C CP-MAS,
diffusion-edited 1H NMR and multiplicity-edited heteronuclear
single quantum coherence). Control of the properties of cellulose
in the dispersed state, welding, and IL plasticization were achieved
during casting and recrystallization to the cellulose II crystalline
allomorph. Films of cellulose carrying grafted acids were characterized
with respect to properties relevant to packaging materials. Most notably,
despite the low degree of esterification (DS < 0.25), the films
displayed a remarkable strength (3.5 GPa), flexibility (strains up
to 35%), optical transparency (>90%), and water resistance (WCA
∼
90°). Moreover, the measured water vapor barrier was found to
be similar to that of poly(lactic acid) composite films. Overall,
the results contribute to the development of the next-generation green,
renewable, and biodegradable films for packaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Niu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , 159# Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , P. R. China.,Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , PO Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto , Espoo , Finland
| | - Yating Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , 159# Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , P. R. China
| | - Alistair W T King
- Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 , PO Box 55, FIN-00014 , Finland
| | - Sami Hietala
- Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , University of Helsinki , A.I. Virtasen aukio 1 , PO Box 55, FIN-00014 , Finland
| | - Hui Pan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering , Nanjing Forestry University , 159# Longpan Road , Nanjing 210037 , P. R. China
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , PO Box 16300, FIN-00076 Aalto , Espoo , Finland
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32
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Gómez Millán G, Hellsten S, King AW, Pokki JP, Llorca J, Sixta H. A comparative study of water-immiscible organic solvents in the production of furfural from xylose and birch hydrolysate. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Oouchi M, Ukawa J, Ishii Y, Maeda H. Structural Analysis of the Terminal Groups in Commercial Hevea Natural Rubber by 2D-NMR with DOSY Filters and Multiple-WET Methods Using Ultrahigh-Field NMR. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1394-1400. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muneki Oouchi
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center (RSC), and NMR Facility, CLST, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Jinta Ukawa
- Toyo Tire Corporation, 3-10-1 Yato, Kawanishi, Hyogo 666-0131, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Ishii
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center (RSC), and NMR Facility, CLST, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hideaki Maeda
- NMR Science and Development Division, RIKEN SPring-8 Center (RSC), and NMR Facility, CLST, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- JST-Mirai Program, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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34
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Reyes G, Borghei M, King AWT, Lahti J, Rojas OJ. Solvent Welding and Imprinting Cellulose Nanofiber Films Using Ionic Liquids. Biomacromolecules 2018; 20:502-514. [PMID: 30540441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofiber films (CNFF) were treated via a welding process using ionic liquids (ILs). Acid-base-conjugated ILs derived from 1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene [DBN] and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][OAc]) were utilized. The removal efficiency of ILs from welded CNFF was assessed using liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The mechanical and physical properties of CNFF indicated surface plasticization of CNFF, which improved transparency. Upon treatment, the average CNFF toughness increased by 27%, and the films reached a Young's modulus of ∼5.8 GPa. These first attempts for IL "welding" show promise to tune the surfaces of biobased films, expanding the scope of properties for the production of new biobased materials in a green chemistry context. The results of this work are highly relevant to the fabrication of CNFFs using ionic liquids and related solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Reyes
- Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas DIMAD , Universidad del Bío-Bío , Av. Collao 1202, Casilla 5-C , Concepción 4081112 , Chile
| | - Maryam Borghei
- Biobased Colloids and Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , FI-00076 Espoo , Finland
| | - Alistair W T King
- Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki , Finland
| | - Johanna Lahti
- Tampere University of Technology , FI-33101 Tampere , Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Biobased Colloids and Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering , Aalto University , FI-00076 Espoo , Finland
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