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Mocniak L, Bitzer ZT, Goel R, Muscat JE, Foulds J, Elias RJ, Richie JP. Free Radicals in Little Cigar Mainstream Smoke and the Potential Influence of Flavoring Chemicals on Free Radical Production. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1121-1128. [PMID: 38953874 PMCID: PMC11423804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Implementation of the Tobacco Control Act in 2009 banned characterizing flavors in cigarettes (except menthol and tobacco), but substitution has occurred by the continued availability of alternative flavored products (i.e., flavored little cigars). Little is known about how flavorants in noncigarette tobacco products impact human health. Thus, we investigated the impact of flavorants on free radical production in the mainstream smoke of little cigars. Gas- and particulate-phase free radical yields in mainstream smoke generated from 12 commercial little cigar brands and research little cigars and cigarettes were measured via electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) smoking protocol. Flavorants were extracted from unsmoked little cigars and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Gas- and particulate-phase radical yields from little cigars ranged from 13.5 to 97.6 and 0.453-1.175 nmol/unit, respectively. Comparatively, research cigarettes yielded an average of 4.9 nmol gas-phase radicals/unit and 0.292 nmol particulate-phase radicals/unit. From the products, 66 flavorants were identified, with each brand containing 4-24 individual flavorants. The free radical content was strongly correlated with the number of flavorants present in each cigar (r = 0.74, p = 0.01), indicating that highly flavored little cigars may produce higher levels of toxic free radicals. The presence of the flavorant ethyl methylphenylglycidate (strawberry) was associated with >2-fold higher levels of GP radicals (p = 0.001). Our results show that free radical delivery from little cigars is greater than that from research cigarettes and provide empirical evidence for the harmfulness of flavored tobacco products. Additionally, it demonstrates that flavorants present in combustible tobacco products can influence the levels of free radicals produced. Therefore, future tobacco product standards should consider little cigars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Mocniak
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Zachary T Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua E Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Ryan J Elias
- Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Center for Research on Tobacco and Health, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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Yang L, Liu L, Ji L, Jiang C, Jiang Z, Li D, Yang Z, Cai W, Zhou Q, Lei J, Li P, Jia Y, Liu J, Xu H, Hu J. Analysis of differences in aroma and sensory characteristics of the mainstream smoke of six cigars. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26630. [PMID: 38434019 PMCID: PMC10906419 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cigars have unique aroma and style characteristics. In order to clarify the differences of aroma components between domestic and imported cigars and the material basis of the stylistic characteristics of different cigars, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and sensory evaluation were used to compare and analyze the aroma components in the mainstream smoke of four domestic cigars and two imported cigars. The GC-MS results showed that a total of 97 aroma components were measured in the smoke of the six cigars, and the types of aroma components were similar, but there were differences in their contents. In comparison with those of domestic cigars, imported cigars had suitable nicotine content, and higher contents of phytol, neophytadiene, 3-methylpentanoic acid, and (+)-δ-cadinene. To further explore the differences in the aroma components of the six cigars, GC-MS data combined with chemometrics were used to screen out 14 key aroma components based on P-value (P) < 0.05, Variable Importance Projection (VIP) > 1, and Aroma Activity Values (OAV) > 1. The key aroma components of each cigar were obtained, Snow Dream No. 5: cedrol; Wangguan Guocui: 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, pyridine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine; General Achileus No. 3: p-cresol, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, methyl cyclopentenolone; Montecristo No. 4: cedrol, 2-methylbutyraldehyde, guaiacol, 4-vinylguaiacol, methyl cyclopentenolone; Romeo y Julieta Wide Churchills: cedrol, 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyrazine, 2-heptanone, phenethyl alcohol; Great Wall No. 2: p-cresol, phenethyl alcohol, geranylacetone, methyl cyclopentenolone, dihydroactinidiolide. The odor descriptors of these compounds were consistent with the aroma profiles that were prominent in the senses of each cigar. This experiment initially explored the differences in aroma composition and style characteristics of cigars and provided data to support the quality improvement of domestic cigars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Cigar Technology Innovation Center in Tobacco Industry, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingbo Ji
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chenxi Jiang
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhongrong Jiang
- Cigar Technology Innovation Center in Tobacco Industry, Chengdu, China
| | - Dongliang Li
- Cigar Technology Innovation Center in Tobacco Industry, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- Cigar Technology Innovation Center in Tobacco Industry, Chengdu, China
| | - Wen Cai
- Cigar Technology Innovation Center in Tobacco Industry, Chengdu, China
| | - Quanwei Zhou
- Cigar Technology Innovation Center in Tobacco Industry, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinshan Lei
- Great Wall Cigar Factory, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Pinhe Li
- Great Wall Cigar Factory, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhong Jia
- Great Wall Cigar Factory, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Great Wall Cigar Factory, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Technical Research Center, China Tobacco Sichuan Industrial Co., Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory in Flavor & Fragrance Basic Research, Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute, China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, China
- Cigar Technology Innovation Center in Tobacco Industry, Chengdu, China
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Vargees C, Stroup AM, Niznik T, Dunn D, Wyatt R, Hoetger C, Taleb ZB, Cohn AM, Cobb CO, Fetterman JL. Patterns of use, perceptions, and cardiopulmonary health risks of cigar products: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2357. [PMID: 38017396 PMCID: PMC10685631 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17216-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A systematic review was conducted to evaluate the use patterns, health perceptions, and cardiopulmonary health effects of cigars. DATA SOURCES PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed articles published between June 2014 and February 2021. Search keywords included cigars, cigarillos, little cigars, and cardiopulmonary health outcomes. STUDY SELECTION Of 782 papers identified, we excluded non-English articles, review articles, commentaries, and those without empirical data on cigars. Three coders independently reviewed all articles and compared codes to resolve discrepancies. 93 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Cigars have evolved from premium cigars to encompass little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs). LCCs are available in an array of flavors and at a price advantage, and as a result, are used by different groups compared to premium cigars. LCCs are more frequently used by youth, young adults, and those who identify as Black/African American. LCCs are often used in combination with other tobacco products, alcohol, and cannabis. Despite limited regulation, cigars generate smoke of a similar composition as cigarettes. Among the studies identified, evidence suggests that cigar use is associated with cardiovascular and pulmonary toxicity. Higher all-cause and cancer-related mortalities are associated with cigar use, particularly with more frequent and deeper inhalation, compared to non-tobacco users. CONCLUSIONS LCCs are used more frequently by at-risk groups compared to premium cigars. Recent studies evaluating cigar cardiopulmonary health effects are limited but suggest cigars have similar health risks as conferred by cigarette smoking. With the use of LCCs and targeted marketing on the rise among high-risk groups, there is a critical need for continued research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Comreen Vargees
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 600 Albany Street, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Taylor Niznik
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Delaney Dunn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Riley Wyatt
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Cosima Hoetger
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W Franklin St, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, 100 W Franklin St, Richmond, VA, 23220, USA
- Institute for Integrative Health Care and Health Promotion (IGVF), Witten/Herdecke University, Alfred-Herrhausen-Straße 50, Witten, 58455, Germany
| | - Ziyad Ben Taleb
- Department of Kinesiology, College of Nursing and Health Innovation, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA
| | - Amy M Cohn
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA
| | - Caroline O Cobb
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 806 W Franklin St, Richmond, VA, 23284, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, 100 W Franklin St, Richmond, VA, 23220, USA
| | - Jessica L Fetterman
- Evans Department of Medicine and Whitaker Cardiovascular Institute, Boston University School of Medicine, 600 Albany Street, Boston, MA, USA.
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Adeniji A, El-Hage R, Brinkman MC, El-Hellani A. Nontargeted Analysis in Tobacco Research: Challenges and Opportunities. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1656-1665. [PMID: 37903095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco products are evolving at a pace that has outstripped tobacco control, leading to a high prevalence of tobacco use in the population. Researchers have been tirelessly developing suitable techniques to assess these products' emissions, toxicity, and public health impact. The nonclinical testing of tobacco products to assess the chemical profile of emissions is needed for evidence-based regulations. This testing has largely relied on targeted analytical methods that focus on constituent lists that may fall short in determining the toxicity of newly designed tobacco products. Nontargeted analysis (NTA), or the process of identifying and quantifying compounds within a complex matrix without prior knowledge of its chemical composition, is a promising technique for tobacco regulation, but it is not without challenges. The lack of standardized methods for sample generation, sample preparation, chromatographic separation, compound identification, and data analysis and reporting must be addressed so that the quality and reproducibility of the data generated by NTA can be benchmarked. This review discusses the challenges and highlights the opportunities of NTA in studying tobacco product constituents and emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayomipo Adeniji
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Rachel El-Hage
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23220, United States
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Center for Tobacco Research, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio 43214, United States
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Klupinski TP, Strozier ED, Koebel DD, Lucas EA. Detection of the Synthetic Coolant Menthone 1,2-Glycerol Ketal in an e-Liquid and in Electronic Waterpipe Aerosols Therefrom. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:1355-1360. [PMID: 37439580 PMCID: PMC10529952 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The presence and toxicological risks of synthetic coolants in electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) have not been thoroughly studied. We identified the synthetic coolant menthone 1,2-glycerol ketal (MGK) in a menthol-flavored e-liquid at a concentration of ∼170 μg/mL. We also detected MGK in aerosols resulting from heating the e-liquid with an electronic waterpipe. MGK was initially detected in the e-liquid by two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To avoid potential analytical artifacts that could result from heating samples in the injection port of the gas chromatograph, quantitation of MGK in the e-liquid was accomplished using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Following recent reports identifying other synthetic coolants in e-liquids, these results add knowledge about inhalation exposures from ENDS use and suggest the importance of future research to study the potential inhalation toxicity related to the use of MGK-containing e-liquids in ENDS devices. Furthermore, the results demonstrate the ability to quantify ketals in e-liquids using liquid chromatography methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David D Koebel
- Battelle, 505 King Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
| | - Eric A Lucas
- Battelle, 505 King Ave., Columbus, Ohio 43201, United States
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Young M, Feng C, Cecil T, Johnson TL. Carbonyl Yields in Cigars under Three Smoking Regimens Using a Linear Smoking Machine. Chem Res Toxicol 2023; 36:94-103. [PMID: 36602460 PMCID: PMC9846831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
This study used standard linear smoking machines and puffing protocols to generate data on carbonyl yields in mainstream smoke from 11 unfiltered sheet-wrapped cigars (SWC), seven leaf-wrapped cigars (LWC), and two Kentucky reference cigarettes (3R4F, 1R6F). Carbonyl yields in cigar and cigarette products were determined using three different smoking regimens: International Organization for Standardization (ISO), Canadian Intense (CI), and Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco (CORESTA) Recommended Method (CRM) No. 64 (CRM64, Routine Analytical Cigar-Smoking Machine─Specifications, Definitions and Standard Conditions). Mainstream tobacco smoke was collected using a smoking machine fitted with an impinger containing 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) and carbonyl compounds quantified using liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector. Commercial SWC and LWC generated comparable formaldehyde yields (SWC, 9.4-28 μg/cigar [ISO], 8.2-43 μg/cigar [CI], 8.6-13 μg/cigar [CRM64]; LWC, 11-13 μg/cigar [ISO], 11-22 μg/cigar [CI], 16-21 μg/cigar [CRM64]) and acrolein yields; however, LWC generated higher acetaldehyde yields compared to SWC, using CI and CRM64 regimens. Reference cigarettes using standard puffing regimens generated carbonyl yields within reported ranges and 5-10% RSDs, whereas the CRM64 regimen generated lower carbonyl yields and 12-14% RSDs. Reference cigarettes generated higher formaldehyde yields using cigarette smoking regimens (21-28 μg/cigarette under ISO, 76-96 μg/cigarette under CI) but comparable formaldehyde yields under CRM64 (12-14 μg/cigarette). In addition, this study evaluated physical parameters (e.g., tobacco weight, length, diameter, circumference, tobacco rod density) that show the correlation between tobacco weight, tobacco rod density, and acetaldehyde yields under the three smoking regimens. Carbonyl yields in the mainstream smoke of cigar products using the three smoking regimens were highly variable; however, the CI smoking regimen may provide meaningful analytical information regarding cigar smoke constituents, with lower likelihood of self-extinguishment due to the short puffing intervals.
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Non-Targeted Chemical Characterization of JUUL-Menthol-Flavored Aerosols Using Liquid and Gas Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerosol constituents generated from JUUL Menthol pods with 3.0% and 5.0% nicotine by weight (Me3 and Me5) are characterized by a non-targeted approach, which was developed to detect aerosol constituents that are not known to be present beforehand or that may be measured with targeted methods. Three replicates from three production batches (n = 9) were aerosolized using two puffing regimens (intense and non-intense). Each of the 18 samples were analyzed by gas chromatography electron ionization mass spectrometry and by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization high-resolving power mass spectrometry. All chemical constituents determined to differ from control were identified and semi-quantified. To have a complete understanding of the aerosol constituents and chemistry, each chemical constituent was categorized into one of five groups: (1) flavorants, (2) harmful and potentially harmful constituents, (3) leachables, (4) reaction products, and (5) chemical constituents that were unable to be identified or rationalized (e.g., chemical constituents that could not be categorized in groups (1–4). Under intense puffing, 74 chemical constituents were identified in Me3 aerosols and 68 under non-intense puffing, with 53 chemical constituents common between both regimens. Eighty-three chemical constituents were identified in Me5 aerosol using an intense puffing regimen and seventy-five with a non-intense puffing regimen, with sixty-two chemical constituents in common. Excluding primary constituents, reaction products accounted for the greatest number of chemical constituents (approximately 60% in all cases, ranging from about 0.05% to 0.1% by mass), and flavorants—excluding menthol—comprised the second largest number of chemical constituents (approximately 25%, ranging consistently around 0.01% by mass). The chemical constituents detected in JUUL aerosols were then compared to known constituents from cigarette smoke to determine the relative chemical complexities and commonalities/differences between the two. This revealed (1) a substantial decrease in the chemical complexity of JUUL aerosols vs. cigarette smoke and (2) that there are between 55 (Me3) and 61 (Me5) unique chemical constituents in JUUL aerosols not reported in cigarette smoke. Understanding the chemical complexity of JUUL aerosols is important because the health effects of combustible cigarette smoke are related to the combined effect of these chemical constituents through multiple mechanisms, not just the effects of any single smoke constituent.
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Cohn AM, Chen S. Age groups differences in the prevalence and popularity of individual tobacco product use in young adult and adult marijuana and tobacco co-users and tobacco-only users: Findings from Wave 4 of the population assessment of tobacco and health study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 233:109278. [PMID: 35151023 PMCID: PMC9028208 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is high among marijuana and tobacco users, compared to tobacco-only users. This study examined the relative ranking (based on prevalence) of past 30-day tobacco product use separately across young adult and older adult past 30-day marijuana and tobacco co-users and tobacco-only users. METHOD Prevalence and relative ranking of past 30-day use of eight different tobacco products and blunts were examined in young adult (ages 18-24) and adults (ages 25 +) tobacco users who did and did not report past 30-day marijuana use (unweighted n = 33,644) from Wave 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health study. Multiple logistic regressions examined increased odds of using each product in the past 30-days by marijuana and tobacco co-use. RESULTS Nearly half (47.9%) of past 30-day young adult tobacco users reported past 30-day marijuana use (e.g., co-use); 27.7% of adult tobacco users reported past 30-day co-use. Cigarettes were the most popular product used in the past 30-days across tobacco-only and co-users of both age groups. Rankings of all other tobacco products differed between the age groups. Among young adult co-users, blunts were ranked the second most popular product used in the past 30-days, followed by e-cigarettes, and then cigarillos/filtered cigars. Among adult co-users, blunts were ranked the fourth most popular product used in the past 30-days. Adult co-users reported significantly higher prevalence of past 30-day use of all combustible products compared to tobacco only users. CONCLUSIONS Co-users may be at increased risk of health consequences given high rates of combustible tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Cohn
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 1200 Children's Avenue, Suite 14000, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 655 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
| | - Sixia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Hudson College of Public Health, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 800 N.E. 13th Street, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA.
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Klupinski TP, Moyer RA, Chen PHA, Strozier ED, Buehler SS, Friedenberg DA, Koszowski B. A procedure to detect and identify specific chemicals of potential inhalation toxicity concern in aerosols. Inhal Toxicol 2022; 34:120-134. [PMID: 35344465 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2051646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Understanding the potential inhalation toxicity of poorly characterized aerosols is challenging both because aerosols may contain numerous chemicals and because it is difficult to predict which chemicals may present significant inhalation toxicity concerns at the observed levels. We have developed a novel systematic procedure to address these challenges through non-targeted chemical analysis by two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) and assessment of the results using publicly available toxicity data to prioritize the tentatively identified detected chemicals according to potential inhalation toxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The procedure involves non-targeted chemical analysis of aerosol samples utilizing GC × GC-TOFMS, which is selected because it is an effective technique for detecting chemicals in complex samples and assigning tentative identities according to the mass spectra. For data evaluation, existing toxicity data (e.g. from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency CompTox Chemicals Dashboard) are used to calculate multiple toxicity metrics that can be compared among the tentatively identified chemicals. These metrics include hazard quotient, incremental lifetime cancer risk, and metrics analogous to hazard quotient that we designated as exposure-(toxicology endpoint) ratios. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION We demonstrated the utility of our procedure by detecting, identifying, and prioritizing specific chemicals of potential inhalation toxicity concern in the mainstream smoke generated from the machine-smoking of marijuana blunts. CONCLUSION By designing a systematic approach for detecting and identifying numerous chemicals in complex aerosol samples and prioritizing the chemicals in relation to different inhalation toxicology endpoints, we have developed an effective approach to elucidate the potential inhalation toxicity of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bartosz Koszowski
- Battelle Public Health Research Laboratory, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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A Review of the Analytical Methods for the Determination of 4(5)-Methylimidazole in Food Matrices. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9110322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
4(5)-Methylimidazole (4(5)MEI) is a product of the Maillard reaction between sugars and amino acids, which occurs during the thermal processing of foods. This compound is also found in foods with caramel colorants additives. Due to its prevalence in foods and beverages and its potent carcinogenicity, 4(5)MEI has received federal and state regulatory agency attention. The aim of this review is to present the extraction procedures of 4(5)MEI from food matrices and the analytical methods for its determination. Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry are the techniques most commonly employed to detect 4(5)MEI in food matrices. However, the analysis of 4(5)MEI is challenging due to the high polarity, water solubility, and the absence of chromophores. To overcome this, specialized sample pretreatment and extraction methods have been developed, such as solid-phase extraction and derivatization procedures, increasing the cost and the preparation time of samples. Other analytical methods for the determination of 4(5)MEI, include capillary electrophoresis, paper spray mass spectrometry, micellar electrokinetic chromatography, high-performance cation exchange chromatography, fluorescence-based immunochromatographic assay, and a fluorescent probe.
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Non-Targeted Chemical Characterization of JUUL Virginia Tobacco Flavored Aerosols Using Liquid and Gas Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical constituents of JUUL Virginia Tobacco pods with 3.0% and 5.0% nicotine by weight (VT3 and VT5) were characterized by non-targeted analyses, an approach to detect chemicals that are not otherwise measured with dedicated methods or that are not known beforehand. Aerosols were generated using intense and non-intense puffing regimens and analyzed by gas chromatography electron ionization mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization high resolving power mass spectrometry. All compounds above 0.7 µg/g for GC–MS analysis or above 0.5 µg/g for LC–HRMS analysis and differing from blank measurements were identified and semi-quantified. All identifications were evaluated and categorized into five groups: flavorants, harmful and potentially harmful constituents, extractables and/or leachables, reaction products, and compounds that could not be identified/rationalized. For VT3, 79 compounds were identified using an intense puffing regimen and 69 using a non-intense puffing regimen. There were 60 compounds common between both regimens. For VT5, 85 compounds were identified with an intense puffing regimen and 73 with a non-intense puffing regimen; 67 compounds were in common. For all nicotine concentrations, formulations and puffing regimens, reaction products accounted for the greatest number of compounds (ranging from 70% to 75%; 0.08% to 0.1% by mass), and flavorants comprised the second largest number of compounds (ranging from for 15% to 16%; 0.1 to 0.2% by mass). A global comparison of the compounds detected in JUUL aerosol to those catalogued in cigarette smoke indicated an approximate 50-fold decrease in chemical complexity. Both VT3 and VT5 aerosols contained 59 unique compounds not identified in cigarette smoke.
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Chattopadhyay S, Malayil L, Mongodin EF, Sapkota AR. A roadmap from unknowns to knowns: Advancing our understanding of the microbiomes of commercially available tobacco products. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:2633-2645. [PMID: 33704513 PMCID: PMC7948171 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is still the leading cause of preventable diseases and death in the USA and throughout the globe. Under Section 904(a)(3) of the US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, tobacco manufacturing companies need to report on quantities of harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) in all tobacco products. While the extensive HPHC list of 2012 includes 93 chemicals, which are categorized as carcinogenic, respiratory, cardiovascular, or reproductive toxicants or addictive compounds, it fails to include microorganisms (bacteria and fungi) that have been shown to contribute to adverse health outcomes among tobacco users. Nevertheless, over the last 50 years, researchers have studied microorganisms in a variety of tobacco products using both culture-based and culture-independent techniques. In this mini-review, we provide an overview of this body of research, detailing the bacterial and fungal microbiomes residing in commercial tobacco products. Overall, studies have characterized over 89 unique bacterial genera and 19 fungal genera in cigarettes, cigars, cigarillos, hookah, and smokeless tobacco. The most predominant bacterial genera are Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus. Fungal genera identified have included Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Alternaria, Cladosporium, Streptomyces, and Candida, to name a few. While some of the identified microorganisms are known human pathogens, others are potential opportunistic pathogens. Given the vast array of microorganisms that are present across diverse types of tobacco products, future research should be focused on the viability of these microorganisms, as well as their ability to transfer to the user's respiratory tract, potentially contributing to adverse health outcomes. KEY POINTS: • Commercial tobacco products harbor diverse bacterial and fungal communities. • Some of these microorganisms are known or opportunistic human pathogens. • Research on their viability and transmission to users' respiratory tracts is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Division of Lung Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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13
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Vu AT, Hassink MD, Taylor KM, McGuigan M, Blasiole A, Valentin-Blasini L, Williams K, Watson CH. Volatile Organic Compounds in Mainstream Smoke of Sixty Domestic Little Cigar Products. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:704-712. [PMID: 33512154 PMCID: PMC10042296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mainstream smoke yields of five volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were determined from 60 commercial U.S. little cigar products under ISO 3308 and Canadian Intense (CI) smoking regimens on linear smoking machines using a gas sampling bag collection. The five VOCs, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, isoprene, and toluene were analyzed using an automated GC/MS analytical method validated for measuring various VOCs in mainstream smoke. The VOCs range in amounts from micrograms to milligrams per little cigar. VOC deliveries vary considerably among the little cigar products under the ISO smoking regimen primarily due to varying filter ventilation. Under the CI smoking regimen where filter ventilation is blocked, the delivery range narrows, although individual and total VOC yields are approximately 2 fold higher than those under the ISO smoking regimen. Correlation analysis reveals strong associations between acrylonitrile and 1,3-butadiene or toluene under the ISO smoking regimen. Compared to cigarettes, little cigars delivered substantially higher VOC mainstream smoke yields under both ISO and CI smoking regimens. Moreover, little cigar smoke also contains higher VOCs than cigarette smoke when adjusted for mass of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- An T Vu
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Calverton, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Matthew D Hassink
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Calverton, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kenneth M Taylor
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Calverton, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Megan McGuigan
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Ashley Blasiole
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
| | - Katrice Williams
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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Rehder Silinski MA, Uenoyama T, Coleman DP, Blake JC, Thomas BF, Marusich JA, Jackson KJ, Meredith SE, Gahl RF. Analysis of Nicotine and Non-nicotine Tobacco Constituents in Aqueous Smoke/Aerosol Extracts by UHPLC and Ultraperformance Convergence Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2988-3000. [PMID: 33226218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The non-nicotine constituents of tobacco may alter the reinforcing effects of nicotine, but the quantitative and qualitative profiles of these chemicals in tobacco products such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), cigars, and waterpipe tobacco are not well characterized. The objective of this work was to develop and validate analytical methods to utilize saline both as an extraction solvent for smoke condensates from cigarettes, little cigars, and waterpipe tobacco and aerosols from e-cigarettes and as a delivery vehicle of nicotine and non-nicotine constitents for nonclinical pharmacological studies. Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze nicotine and acetaldehyde, and a novel ultraperformance convergence chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to analyze anabasine, anatabine, cotinine, myosmine, nornicotine, harmane, and norharmane. Linearity was confirmed for each standard curve with correlation coefficients (r) ≥ 0.99, and relative errors (RE) for the standards were ≤±10% over the calibration ranges. Method validation was performed by preparing triplicate samples in saline to mimic the composition and concentration of each analyte in the smoke or aerosol condensate and were used to determine method accuracy and precision. Relative standard deviation values were ≤15% and mean RE ≤15% for each analyte at each concentration level. Selectivity of the methods was demonstrated by the absence of peaks in blank vehicle or diluent samples. Storage stability was assessed over ∼45 days. Precision (%RSD ≤ 13) and recovery (percent of day 0 ≥ 80%) indicated that the saline formulations of all four products could be considered stable for up to ∼45 days at 4-8 °C. Therefore, the use of saline both as an extraction solvent and as a delivery vehicle adds versatility and improved performance in the study of the pharmacological effects of constituents from mainstream smoke and aerosols generated from cigarettes, little cigars, waterpipes, and e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teruyo Uenoyama
- RTI International, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Donna P Coleman
- RTI International, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - James C Blake
- RTI International, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Brian F Thomas
- RTI International, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Julie A Marusich
- RTI International, P. O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Kia J Jackson
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Steven E Meredith
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
| | - Robert F Gahl
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Klupinski TP, Strozier ED, Makselan SD, Buehler SS, Peters EN, Lucas EA, Casbohm JS, Friedenberg DA, Landgraf AJ, Frank AJ, Mikheev VB, Ivanov A. Chemical characterization of marijuana blunt smoke by non-targeted chemical analysis. Inhal Toxicol 2020; 32:177-187. [PMID: 32408835 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2020.1765052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Marijuana blunts, which are tobacco cigar wrappers filled with marijuana, are commonly smoked in the US as a means of cannabis use. The use of marijuana blunts presents toxicity concerns because the smoke contains both marijuana-related and tobacco-related chemicals. Thus, it is important to understand the chemical composition of mainstream smoke (MSS) from marijuana blunts. This study demonstrates the ability to detect and identify chemical constituents exclusively associated with blunt MSS in contrast to tobacco cigar MSS (designated as 'new exposures') through non-targeted chemical analysis.Methods: Samples collected separately from blunt MSS and tobacco cigar MSS were analyzed using two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS).Results and Discussion: Two new exposures, which likely represent only a subset of all new exposures, were identified by evaluating the data from thousands of detected signals and then confirming selected compound identities in analyses using authentic chemical standards. The two confirmed new exposures, mellein and 2-phenyl-2-oxazoline, are not cannabinoids and, to the best of our knowledge, have not been previously reported in association with cannabis, tobacco, or smoke of any kind. In addition, we detected and quantified three phenols (2-, 3-, and 4-ethylphenol) in blunt MSS. Given the toxicity of phenols, quantifying the levels of other phenols could be pursued in future research on blunt MSS.Conclusion: This study shows the power and utility of GC × GC-TOFMS as a methodology for non-targeted chemical analysis to identify new chemical exposures in blunt MSS and to provide data to guide further investigations of blunt MSS.
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16
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Brinkman MC, Teferra AA, Kassem NO, Kassem NO. Effect of electric heating and ice added to the bowl on mainstream waterpipe semivolatile furan and other toxicant yields. Tob Control 2020; 29:s110-s116. [PMID: 31542776 PMCID: PMC7050391 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2019-054961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined mainstream total particulate matter, nicotine, cotinine, menthol, pyrene, carbon monoxide (CO) and semivolatile furan yields from a commercial waterpipe with two methods for heating the tobacco, quick-light charcoal (charcoal) and electric head (electric) and two water bowl preparations: with (ice) and without ice (water). METHODS Emissions from a single brand of popular waterpipe tobacco (10 g) were generated using machine smoking according to a two-stage puffing regimen developed from human puffing topography. Tobacco and charcoal consumption were calculated for each machine smoking session as mass lost, expressed as a fraction of presmoking mass. RESULTS The heating method had the greatest effect on toxicant yields. Electric heating resulted in increases in the fraction of tobacco consumed (2.4 times more, p<0.0001), mainstream nicotine (1.4 times higher, p=0.002) and semivolatile furan yields (1.4 times higher, p<0.03), and a decrease in mainstream CO and pyrene yields (8.2 and 2.1 times lower, respectively, p<0.001) as compared with charcoal. Adding ice to the bowl resulted in higher furan yields for electric heating. Menthol yields were not different across the four conditions and averaged 0.16±0.03 mg/session. 2-Furaldehyde and 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde yields were up to 230 and 3900 times higher, respectively, than those reported for cigarettes. CONCLUSION Waterpipe components used to heat the tobacco and water bowl preparation can significantly affect mainstream toxicant yields. Mainstream waterpipe tobacco smoke is a significant source of inhalation exposure to semivolatile furans with human carcinogenic and mutagenic potential. These data highlight the need for acute and chronic inhalation toxicity data for semivolatile furans and provide support for the establishment of limits governing sugar additives in waterpipe tobacco and educational campaigns linking waterpipe tobacco smoking behaviours with their associated harm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas A Teferra
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Noura O Kassem
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Nada Of Kassem
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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17
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Comparative levels of carbonyl delivery between mass-market cigars and cigarettes. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 108:104453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.104453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Smyth EM, Chattopadhyay S, Babik K, Reid M, Chopyk J, Malayil L, Kulkarni P, Hittle LE, Clark PI, Sapkota AR, Mongodin EF. The Bacterial Communities of Little Cigars and Cigarillos Are Dynamic Over Time and Varying Storage Conditions. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2371. [PMID: 31708882 PMCID: PMC6824217 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their potential importance with regard to tobacco-related health outcomes, as well as their hypothesized role in the production of tobacco-specific N-nitrosamines, bacterial constituents of tobacco products lack characterization. Specifically, to our knowledge, there has been no comprehensive characterization of the effects of storage conditions on the bacterial communities associated with little cigars and cigarillos. To address this knowledge gap, we characterized the bacterial community composition of the tobacco and wrapper components of the following four products: Swisher Sweets Original; Swisher Sweets, Sweet Cherry; Cheyenne Cigars Full Flavor 100's; and Cheyenne Menthol Box. Each product was stored under three different conditions of temperature and relative humidity to mimic different user storage conditions: room (20°C 50% RH), refrigerator (5°C 18% RH) and pocket (25°C 30% RH). On days 0, 5, 9 and 14, subsamples were collected, the wrapper and tobacco were separated, and their total DNA was extracted separately and purified. Resulting DNA was then used in PCR assays targeting the V3 V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene, followed by sequencing using Illumina HiSeq 300bp PE. Resulting sequences were processed using the Quantitative Insights Into Microbial Ecology (QIIME) software package, followed by analyses in R using the Phyloseq and Vegan packages. A single bacterial phylum, Firmicutes, dominated in the wrapper subsamples whereas the tobacco subsamples were dominated by Proteobacteria. Cheyenne Menthol Box (CMB) samples were characterized by significant differential abundances for 23 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in tobacco subsamples and 27 OTUs in the wrapper subsamples between day 0 and day 14 under all conditions. OTUs from the genera Acinetobacter and Bacillus significantly increased in the CMB tobacco subsamples, and OTUs from Bacillus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, and Enterococcus significantly increased in the CMB wrapper subsamples over time. These initial results suggest that the bacterial communities of little cigars and cigarillos are dynamic over time and varying storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoghan M. Smyth
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Kelsey Babik
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Molly Reid
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Jessica Chopyk
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Leena Malayil
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lauren E. Hittle
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pamela I. Clark
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Amy R. Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Emmanuel F. Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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Marusich JA, Wiley JL, Silinski MAR, Thomas BF, Meredith SE, Gahl RF, Jackson KJ. Comparison of cigarette, little cigar, and waterpipe tobacco smoke condensate and e-cigarette aerosol condensate in a self-administration model. Behav Brain Res 2019; 372:112061. [PMID: 31254537 PMCID: PMC6664429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological effects of tobacco products are primarily mediated by nicotine; however, research suggests that several non-nicotine tobacco constituents may alter the reinforcing effects of nicotine. This study evaluated the reinforcing effects of aqueous solutions of smoke/aerosol condensate from cigarettes, little cigars, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), and waterpipe tobacco in a self-administration procedure to determine if abuse liability of these tobacco products differed. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 64 total) were trained to self-administer intravenous nicotine (30 μg/kg/infusion) on a fixed ratio 5 schedule of reinforcement. Following nicotine dose-effect assessment (1, 7.5, 15, and 30 μg/kg/infusion), rats were given access to smoke/aerosol condensate derived from their assigned tobacco product. Rats responded for smoke/aerosol condensate containing 1, 7.5, 15, and 30 μg/kg/infusion nicotine, with the ratio of nicotine:non-nicotine constituents held constant across doses for each tobacco product. Responding for nicotine or smoke/aerosol condensate was also assessed on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. Cigarette, little cigar, and e-cigarette smoke/aerosol condensates shifted the nicotine dose-effect curve leftward, whereas waterpipe tobacco smoke condensate shifted the dose-effect curve rightward. Smoke/aerosol condensate from all tobacco products produced similar levels of responding compared to nicotine alone during the progressive ratio phase. Results suggest that non-nicotine constituents in cigarettes, little cigars, and e-cigarettes differentially enhance nicotine's reinforcing potency. In contrast, waterpipe tobacco blunted nicotine's reinforcing potency, suggesting that it may contain unique constituents that dampen nicotine's reinforcing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Marusich
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Jenny L Wiley
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Melanie A R Silinski
- Analytical Sciences, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Brian F Thomas
- Analytical Chemistry and Pharmaceutics, RTI International, 3040 Cornwallis Rd, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Steven E Meredith
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Robert F Gahl
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Kia J Jackson
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Tobacco Products, 10903 New Hampshire Ave., Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
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20
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Goel R, Trushin N, Reilly SM, Bitzer Z, Muscat J, Foulds J, Richie JP. A Survey of Nicotine Yields in Small Cigar Smoke: Influence of Cigar Design and Smoking Regimens. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 20:1250-1257. [PMID: 29059441 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Although the popularity of small cigar brands that resemble cigarettes, including both little cigars (LC) and filtered cigars (FC), has been on the rise, little is known about the delivery of nicotine from these products. Our objective was to determine the nicotine yields of small cigars in comparison to cigarettes. Methods Nicotine yields from LC, FC, and 3R4F and 1R6F research cigarettes were determined from mainstream smoke generated on a smoking machine under the International Organization of Standardization (ISO) and Canadian Intense (CI) methods. Market characteristics (price and package label) and physical features (filter ventilation, product weight and filter weight, product length, and diameter) were also determined for eight brands of small cigars. Results Nicotine yields in small cigars averaged 1.24 and 3.49 mg/unit on ISO and CI regimens, respectively, compared with 0.73 and 2.35 mg/unit, respectively, for the research cigarettes. Nicotine yields per puff were similar between small cigars and cigarettes. We also found that FC did not differ from LC in nicotine yields. FC and LC differ from each other in many physical design features (unit weight, filter weight, and filter length), but are similar in others (unit length, diameter, and filter ventilation). Conclusions Nicotine delivery from small cigars is similar to or greater than that from cigarettes. Thus, for future research and regulatory purposes, standard definitions need to be developed for small cigars, and FC and LC should be evaluated as separate entities. Implications Small cigars are similar to cigarettes in their design and use. Although nicotine yields per puff were similar between products, small cigars delivered substantially higher amounts of nicotine per unit than cigarettes. These findings support the growing body of evidence to justify regulating all small cigars, including LC and FC in a similar fashion as cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Samantha M Reilly
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Zachary Bitzer
- Department of Food Science, Pennsylvania State University, College of Agricultural Sciences, University Park, PA
| | - Joshua Muscat
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Jonathan Foulds
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - John P Richie
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science (TCORS), Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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St Helen G, Jacob Iii P, Nardone N, Benowitz NL. IQOS: examination of Philip Morris International's claim of reduced exposure. Tob Control 2018; 27:s30-s36. [PMID: 30158205 PMCID: PMC6252487 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND New electronic heated tobacco products are being introduced in the global market and are gaining popularity. In 2016, Philip Morris International, Inc. (PMI) submitted a modified risk tobacco product (MRTP) application to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to market IQOS in the USA with claims of reduced exposure and reduced risk. METHODS We examined PMI's MRTP application, specifically sections on aerosol chemistry and human exposure assessment, to assess the validity of PMI's claims of reduced exposure and risk. FINDINGS PMI reported levels for only 40 of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) on FDA's HPHC list in IQOS mainstream aerosol. All substances in PMI's list of 58 constituents (PMI-58) were lower in IQOS emissions compared with mainstream smoke of 3R4F reference cigarettes. However, levels of 56 other constituents, which are not included in the PMI-58 list or FDA's list of HPHCs, were higher in IQOS emissions; 22 were >200% higher and seven were >1000% higher than in 3R4F reference cigarette smoke. PMI's studies also show significantly lower systemic exposure to some HPHCs from use of IQOS compared with smoking combustible cigarettes. CONCLUSION PMI's data appear to support PMI's claim that IQOS reduces exposure to HPHCs. However, PMI's data also show significantly higher levels of several substances that are not recognised as HPHCs by the FDA in IQOS emissions compared with combustible cigarette smoke. The impact of these substances on the overall toxicity or harm of IQOS is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon St Helen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Peyton Jacob Iii
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Natalie Nardone
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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22
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Pickworth WB, Rosenberry ZR, Yi D, Pitts EN, Lord-Adem W, Koszowski B. Cigarillo and Little Cigar Mainstream Smoke Constituents from Replicated Human Smoking. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:251-258. [PMID: 29582659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.7b00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Little cigar and cigarillo smoking is increasing in popularity in the U.S., but little is known about the topography and mainstream smoke (MSS) constituents of these types of cigar products. This report describes the quantity of selected MSS toxicants generated from puff-by-puff replication of human laboratory smoking. Participants were dual users of cigarettes and either little cigars ( n = 21) or cigarillos ( n = 23). In the laboratory smoking session, participants of the little cigar group smoked a filtered unflavored Winchester Little Cigar; those in the cigarillo group smoked an unfiltered, unflavored Black & Mild cigarillo. MSS components included both volatiles and semivolatile compounds. The MSS of five representative U.S. domestic cigarettes was generated using smoking topography profiles of the participants smoking their own brand of cigarettes. Machine smoking accurately replicated individual puff profiles as indicated by a high correlation between lab and machine smoked: time to smoke, number of puffs, and total puff volume. There was wide variability in smoking patterns across subjects of both little cigars and cigarillos. For example, total puff volume ranged from 84 to 732 mL after the little cigar and from 270 to 2089 mL after the cigarillo. Qualitatively, cigar smoke from little cigars and cigarillos were similar and resembles cigarette smoke. All analytes (VOC and SVOCs) were greater in cigarillo smoke compared to that of little cigars and cigarettes. However, when the toxicants were adjusted for grams of tobacco burned, little cigar smoke contained more nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, acetonitrile, and acrylonitrile compared with cigarillo smoke. When the constituents were adjusted for nicotine content, cigarillo MSS contained more of all toxicants compared with little cigar. Cigarillos and little cigars, like cigarettes, deliver nicotine and other toxicants known to be harmful to health; their regulation by the FDA is appropriate for their public health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace B Pickworth
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, 6115 Falls Road Suite 200 , Baltimore , Maryland 21209 , United States
| | - Zachary R Rosenberry
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, 6115 Falls Road Suite 200 , Baltimore , Maryland 21209 , United States
| | - Daniel Yi
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , 20 North Pine Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Emily N Pitts
- Notre Dame of Maryland University School of Pharmacy , 4701 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21210 , United States
| | - Wilhelmina Lord-Adem
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy , 20 North Pine Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21201 , United States
| | - Bartosz Koszowski
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, 6115 Falls Road Suite 200 , Baltimore , Maryland 21209 , United States
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23
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Cecil TL, Brewer TM, Young M, Holman MR. Acrolein Yields in Mainstream Smoke From Commercial Cigarette and Little Cigar Tobacco Products. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 19:865-870. [PMID: 28339569 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Many carbonyls are produced from the combustion of tobacco products and many of these carbonyls are harmful or potentially harmful constituents of mainstream cigarette smoke. One carbonyl of particular interest is acrolein, which is formed from the incomplete combustion of organic matter and the most significant contributor to non-cancer respiratory effects from cigarette smoke. Sheet-wrapped cigars, also known as "little cigars," are a type of tobacco products that have not been extensively investigated in literature. Methods This study uses standard cigarette testing protocols to determine the acrolein yields from sheet-wrapped cigars. Sheet-wrapped cigar and cigarette products were tested by derivatizing the mainstream smoke with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) solution and then quantifying the derivatives using conventional analytical systems. Results The results demonstrate that sheet-wrapped cigars can be tested for acrolein yields in mainstream smoke using the same methods used for the evaluation of cigarettes. The variability in the sheet-wrapped cigars and cigarettes under the International Organization for Standardization smoking regimen is statistically similar at the 95% confidence interval; however, increased variability is observed for sheet-wrapped cigar products under the Health Canada Intense (CI) smoking regimen. Conclusion The amount of acrolein released by smoking sheet-wrapped cigars can be measured using standard smoking regimen currently used for cigarettes. The sheet-wrapped cigars were determined to yield similar quantity of acrolein from commercial cigarette products using two standard smoking regimens. Implications This article reports on the measured quantity of acrolein from 15 commercial sheet-wrapped cigars using a validated standard smoking test method that derivatizes acrolein in the mainstream smoke with DNPH solution, and uses Liquid Chromatography/Ultra-Violet Detection (LC/UV) for separation and detection. These acrolein yields were similar to the levels found in the smoke from 35 commercial cigarette products measured in the same manner. Although sheet-wrapped cigar data were slightly more variable than those found for the cigarette data, this article reports that the production of acrolein is similar to cigarettes. The results demonstrate that sheet-wrapped cigars can be tested for acrolein yields in mainstream smoke using the same methods used for the evaluation of cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd L Cecil
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Tim M Brewer
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Mimy Young
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Matthew R Holman
- Office of Science, Center for Tobacco Products, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
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24
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Rosenberry ZR, Pickworth WB, Koszowski B. Large Cigars: Smoking Topography and Toxicant Exposure. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:183-191. [PMID: 27798089 PMCID: PMC5896453 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Cigar smoking in the United States continues despite decreases in cigarette smoking and increased tobacco control efforts. We compared large cigar and cigarette smoking for use patterns, smoking topography, and toxicant exposure. Methods Dual users (n = 17, 94% men, 77% African American) smoked ad libitum either their usual cigarette brand or a study large cigar (Phillies Blunt) in two laboratory sessions. Plasma nicotine and exhaled carbon monoxide were collected before and after smoking. Smoking topography measures of puff volume, puff duration, puff velocity, and interpuff interval were also collected. Results Both cigarettes and large cigars significantly increased plasma nicotine and carbon monoxide and significantly decreased the urge to smoke. Cigarettes delivered more nicotine per gram of tobacco smoked and per 1000 mL of puff volume. Number of puffs, time to smoke, puff volume, and puff velocity were significantly larger and interpuff interval was significantly shorter in large cigar smoking. The temporal pattern of puffing more intensely at the beginning of smoking was similar for both large cigars and cigarettes. Conclusions People who regularly use both large cigars and cigarettes adapt their smoking pattern such that they are exposed to similar levels of nicotine from each product. The immediate increase in plasma nicotine and carbon monoxide suggest significant inhalation of large cigar smoke. These data call to question the assumption that cigar smoking is less toxic than cigarette smoking. By smoking large cigars, dual users expose themselves to toxic components that have been linked with the addiction risk, morbidity, and mortality of cigarette smoking. Implications This study found that dual users of large cigars and cigarettes inhale significant quantities of carbon monoxide, nicotine, and presumably other components of mainstream smoke. Large cigar smoke exposure may lead to or sustain nicotine addiction as wells as subject large cigar consumers to similar risks associated with cigarette smoking such as lung cancer and cardiovascular disease.
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25
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Hamad SH, Johnson NM, Tefft ME, Brinkman MC, Gordon SM, Clark PI, Buehler SS. Little Cigars vs 3R4F Cigarette: Physical Properties and HPHC Yields. TOB REGUL SCI 2017; 3:459-478. [PMID: 29911130 PMCID: PMC5998811 DOI: 10.18001/trs.3.4.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to characterize physical properties and semivolatile harmful and potentially harmful constituent yields in the mainstream smoke (MSS) of 4 popular little cigars compared to the 3R4F reference cigarette. METHODS We used the ISO and Canadian Intense Regimen protocols to generate MSS for Cheyenne (Full Flavor and Menthol) and Swisher Sweets (Original and Sweet Cherry) little cigars; and the 3R4F. We examined physical properties such as length, tobacco filler mass, pressure drop, and ventilation for each product. Nicotine, benzo[a]pyrene, and tobacco-specific nitrosamine (TSNA) yields were determined in the MSS. RESULTS Little cigars were longer (~15mm), contained more tobacco filler (100-200 mg), and had a higher pressure drop (~1.3X) compared to the 3R4F. Ventilation holes were found only on the filter paper of the 3R4F. Nicotine transmitted to the MSS was similar for all products under the intense smoking protocol. The highest yields of TSNAs and benzo(a)pyrene were measured for the little cigars. CONCLUSIONS Little cigars may deliver similar levels of nicotine but higher levels of carcinogens to the MSS compared to cigarettes. Thus, previous reports on the toxicity of tobacco smoke based on cigarettes might not apply to little cigar products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samera H Hamad
- Postdoctoral Researcher, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Nathan M Johnson
- Technician, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Margaret E Tefft
- Researcher, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Marielle C Brinkman
- Senior Research Scientist, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Sydney M Gordon
- Research Leader, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - Pamela I Clark
- Research Professor, Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD
| | - Stephanie S Buehler
- Principle Research Scientist, Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
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