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Heywood J, Abele G, Langenbach B, Litvin S, Smallets S, Paustenbach D. Composition of e-cigarette aerosols: A review and risk assessment of selected compounds. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39147402 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
The potential harms and benefits of e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), have received significant attention from public health and regulatory communities. Such products may provide a reduced risk means of nicotine delivery for combustible cigarette smokers while being inappropriately appealing to nicotine naive youth. Numerous authors have examined the chemical complexity of aerosols from various open- and closed-system ENDS. This body of literature is reviewed here, with the risks of ENDS aerosol exposure among users evaluated with a margin of exposure (MoE) approach for two non-carcinogens (methylglyoxal, butyraldehyde) and a cancer risk analysis for the carcinogen N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN). We identified 96 relevant papers, including 17, 13, and 5 reporting data for methylglyoxal, butyraldehyde, and NNN, respectively. Using low-end (minimum aerosol concentration, low ENDS use) and high-end (maximum aerosol concentration, high ENDS use) assumptions, estimated doses for methylglyoxal (1.78 × 10-3-135 μg/kg-bw/day) and butyraldehyde (1.9 × 10-4-66.54 μg/kg-bw/day) corresponded to MoEs of 227-17,200,000 and 271-280,000,000, respectively, using identified points of departure (PoDs). Doses of 9.90 × 10-6-1.99 × 10-4 μg/kg-bw/day NNN corresponded to 1.4-28 surplus cancers per 100,000 ENDS users, relative to a NNN-attributable surplus of 7440 per 100,000 cigarette smokers. It was concluded that methylglyoxal and butyraldehyde in ENDS aerosols, while not innocuous, did not present a significant risk of irritant effects among ENDS users. The carcinogenic risks of NNN in ENDS aerosols were reduced, but not eliminated, relative to concentrations reported in combustible cigarette smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Heywood
- Paustenbach and Associates, Denver, Colorado, USA
- Insight Exposure & Risk Sciences Group, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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2
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Beard JM, Collom C, Liu JY, Obiako P, Strongin RM, Zavala J, Sayes CM. In vitro toxicity and chemical analysis of e-cigarette aerosol produced amid dry hitting. Toxicology 2024; 506:153865. [PMID: 38876198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Dry hitting, a phenomenon produced by e-cigarettes with refillable cartridges when the liquid in the coil is low, is a common occurrence among regular vapers despite being an unintended consequence of the device. This phenomenon's hazard to public health is still unknown and needs further investigation. Lung cells cultured at the air-liquid interface were exposed to vaped aerosol consisting of 3 % w/v ethyl maltol in propylene glycol for three-second puffs every 30 seconds for 80 total puffs with either dry hit or saturated conditions. Cytotoxicity was measured colorimetrically. The thermal degradation of the heating coils and wicks was visualized using scanning electron microscopy. The chemical byproducts in the aerosol were analyzed using proton nuclear magnetic resonance and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results revealed a highly significant increase in cytotoxicity from dry hit treatments. Imaging showed thermal decomposition of the cotton wick after dry hitting, which was confirmed by energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy with less oxygen in the dry hit cotton. Chemical byproducts were found via unique peaks in the dry hit condensate in the aromatic and alkene regions. Saturated condensate showed higher concentrations of detected metal species than dry-hit condensate. E-cigarette users should avoid dry hitting by refilling tanks or cartridges preemptively or by using disposable coils to avoid increased toxicity during vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Beard
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Clancy Collom
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - James Y Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Precious Obiako
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA
| | - Robert M Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | | | - Christie M Sayes
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798-7266, USA.
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3
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Reilly S, Cheng T, Feng C, Walters MJ. Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in E-Liquids and Aerosols from Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS). Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:1155-1170. [PMID: 38924487 PMCID: PMC11256903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.4c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
In 2012, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) published an established list of 93 harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) targeting four tobacco product types (cigarettes, cigarette tobacco, roll-your-own tobacco, smokeless tobacco). In 2016, the FDA finalized the deeming rule to regulate electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). However, knowledge gaps exist regarding whether certain HPHCs are present in ENDS e-liquids and aerosols. We identified and addressed these gaps by conducting literature searches and then experimentally quantifying HPHCs in the e-liquid and aerosol of 37 ENDS brands based on gaps in the literature. The literature searches identified 66 e-liquid HPHCs and 68 aerosol HPHCs that have limited to no information regarding the quantifiability of these constituents. A contracted ISO 17025 accredited laboratory performed the HPHC quantifications. The availability of validated analytical methods in the contracted laboratory determined the HPHCs included in the study scope (63/66 for e-liquids, 64/68 for aerosols). Combining the results from the quantifications and literature searches, 36 (39%) and 34 (37%) HPHCs were found quantifiable (≥limit of quantification [LOQ]) in ENDS e-liquids and aerosols, respectively, with 25 HPHCs being quantifiable in both matrices. Quantifiability results imply potential HPHC transfers between matrices, leaching from components, or formations from aerosol generation. The study results can inform the scientific basis for manufacturers and regulators regarding regulatory requirements for HPHC reporting. The HPHC quantities can also inform evaluations of the public health impact of ENDS and public communications regarding ENDS health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
M. Reilly
- Office of Science, Center
for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Tianrong Cheng
- Office of Science, Center
for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Charles Feng
- Office of Science, Center
for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
| | - Matthew J. Walters
- Office of Science, Center
for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug
Administration, Silver
Spring, Maryland 20993-0002, United States
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Cook DK, Lalonde G, Oldham MJ, Wang J, Bates A, Ullah S, Sulaiman C, Carter K, Jongsma C, Dull G, Gillman IG. A Practical Framework for Novel Electronic Nicotine Delivery System Evaluation: Chemical and Toxicological Characterization of JUUL2 Aerosol and Comparison with Reference Cigarettes. TOXICS 2024; 12:41. [PMID: 38250996 PMCID: PMC10820849 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDSs) are designed as a non-combustible alternative to cigarettes, aiming to deliver nicotine without the harmful byproducts of tobacco combustion. As the category evolves and new ENDS products emerge, it is important to continually assess the levels of toxicologically relevant chemicals in the aerosols and characterize any related toxicology. Herein, we present a proposed framework for characterizing novel ENDS products (i.e., devices and formulations) and determining the reduced risk potential utilizing analytical chemistry and in vitro toxicological studies with a qualitative risk assessment. To demonstrate this proposed framework, long-term stability studies (12 months) analyzing relevant toxicant emissions from six formulations of a next-generation product, JUUL2, were conducted and compared to reference combustible cigarette (CC) smoke under both non-intense and intense puffing regimes. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, and genotoxicity assays were conducted on aerosol and smoke condensates. In all samples, relevant toxicants under both non-intense and intense puffing regimes were substantially lower than those observed in reference CC smoke. Furthermore, neither cytotoxicity, mutagenicity, nor genotoxicity was observed in aerosol condensates generated under both intense and non-intense puffing regimes, in contrast to results observed for reference cigarettes. Following the proposed framework, the results demonstrate that the ENDS products studied in this work generate significantly lower levels of toxicants relative to reference cigarettes and were not cytotoxic, mutagenic, or genotoxic under these in vitro assay conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David K. Cook
- JUUL Labs, 1000 F Street NW, Washington, DC 20004, USA (M.J.O.); (S.U.); (C.S.)
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Pinkston R, Penn AL, Noël A. Increased oxidative stress responses in murine macrophages exposed at the air-liquid interface to third- and fourth-generation electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) aerosols. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:40-57. [PMID: 37405056 PMCID: PMC10315815 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background New fourth generation electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) devices contain high levels of nicotine salt (up to 60 mg/mL), whose cellular and molecular effects on immune cells are currently unknown. Here, we used a physiologically-relevant in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure model to assess the toxicity of distinct ENDS, a 3rd-generation electronic-cigarette (e-cig) and two 4th-generation ENDS devices (JUUL and Posh Plus). Methods Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were exposed at the ALI to either air, Menthol or Crème Brûlée-flavored ENDS aerosols generated from those devices for 1-hour per day for 1 or 3 consecutive days. Cellular and molecular toxicity was evaluated 24 h post-exposure. Results 1-day of Menthol-flavored JUUL aerosol exposure significantly decreased cell viability and significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels compared to air controls. Further, JUUL Menthol elicited significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production compared to air controls. Posh Crème Brûlée-flavored aerosols displayed significant cytotoxicity - decreased cell viability and increased LDH levels -after 1- and 3-day exposures, while the Crème Brûlée-flavored aerosol produced by the 3rd-generation e-cig device only displayed significant cytotoxicity after 3 days compared to air controls. Further, both Posh and third-generation e-cig Crème Brûlée flavored-aerosols elicited significantly increased ROS plus high levels of 8-isoprostane after 1 and 3 days compared to air controls, indicating increased oxidative stress. Posh and third-generation e-cig Crème Brûlée flavored-aerosols elicited reduction in NO levels after one day, but elicited increase in NO after 3 days. Genes in common dysregulated by both devices after 1 day included α7nAChR, Cyp1a1, Ahr, Mmp12, and iNos. Conclusion Our results suggest that ENDS Menthol and Crème Brûlée-flavored aerosol exposures from both 3rd- and 4th-generation ENDS devices are cytotoxic to macrophages and cause oxidative stress. This can translate into macrophage dysfunction. Although 4th-generation disposable ENDS devices have no adjustable operational settings and are considered low-powered ENDS devices, their aerosols can induce cellular toxicity compared to air-exposed control cells. This study provides scientific evidence for regulation of nicotine salt-based disposable ENDS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeysha Pinkston
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Arthur L. Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Schichlein KD, Love CA, Conolly MP, Kurz JL, Hickman ED, Clapp PW, Jaspers I. Vaping product exposure system (VaPES): a novel in vitro aerosol deposition system. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:324-332. [PMID: 38054423 PMCID: PMC10788097 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2023.2289021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Due to recent increases in the use of vaping devices, there is a high demand for research addressing the respiratory health effects of vaping products. Given the constantly changing nature of the vaping market with new devices, flavors, metals, and other chemicals rapidly emerging, there is a need for inexpensive and highly adaptable vaping device exposure systems. Here, we describe the design and validation of a novel in vitro aerosol exposure system for toxicity testing of vaping devices. MATERIALS AND METHODS We developed an inexpensive, open-source in vitro vaping device exposure system that produces even deposition, can be adapted for different vaping devices, and allows for experiments to be performed under physiological conditions. The system was then validated with deposition testing and a representative exposure with human bronchial epithelial cells (hBECs). RESULTS The Vaping Product Exposure System (VaPES) produced sufficient and uniform deposition for dose-response studies and was precise enough to observe biological responses to vaping exposures. VaPES was adapted to work with both pod and cartridge-based vaping devices. CONCLUSION We have designed and validated a novel vaping device exposure system that will eliminate the need to use high-cost commercial exposure systems, lowering the barrier to entry of physiologically relevant vaping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Schichlein
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Charlotte A. Love
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Maxwell P. Conolly
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - John L. Kurz
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Elise D. Hickman
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Phillip W. Clapp
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7310, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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7
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Foster JA. Consideration of vaping products as an alternative to adult smoking: a narrative review. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 2023; 18:67. [PMID: 37974269 PMCID: PMC10655401 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-023-00571-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tobacco harm reduction is a public health approach to reduce the impact of cigarette smoking on individuals. Non-combustible alternatives to cigarettes, such as electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), deliver nicotine to the user in the absence of combustion. The absence of combustion in e-cigarettes reduces the level of harmful or potentially harmful chemicals in the aerosol generated. This narrative review examines the published literature that studied the chemistry of e-cigarette aerosols, the related toxicology in cell culture and animal models, as well as clinical studies that investigated short- and long-term changes in biomarkers of smoke exposure after switching to e-cigarettes. In the context of the literature reviewed, the evidence supports the harm reduction potential for adult smokers who switch to e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Foster
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioural Neurosciences, St. Joseph's Healthcare, 50 Charlton Ave. E., Hamilton, ON, L8N 4A6, Canada.
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8
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Xu T, Niu ZY, Xu J, Li XD, Luo Q, Luo A, Huang YL, Jiang XT, Wu ZH. Chemical analysis of selected harmful and potentially harmful constituents and in vitro toxicological evaluation of leading flavoured e-cigarette aerosols in the Chinese market. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1156-1163. [PMID: 35712913 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) has increased significantly over the past decade due to consumer perception that these products represent a less risky alternative to combustible cigarettes. E-liquids generally contain a simple mix of vegetable glycerin, propylene glycerol, nicotine, organic acids, and flavourings. Regulators require that harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) that might cause harm to the consumer must be monitored in the aerosol generated by e-cigarettes and in cigarette smoke (CS). To quantify HPHCs in aerosols from commercial flavoured e-cigarettes in Chinese market, this study has systematically compared levels of HPHCs, including eight carbonyls, five volatile organic compounds, four tobacco-specific nitrosamines, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and seven heavy metals, in the aerosols of four market-leading flavoured e-cigarettes and mainstream CS, alongside in vitro cytotoxicity and mutagenicity assays. The vast majority of HPHCs were either undetected or significantly lower in the e-cigarette aerosols than in commercial CS or reference CS (3R4F). Where HPHCs were detected, there were small variations among the different flavoured e-cigarettes. In the neutral red uptake and Ames assays, aqueous extracts of the e-cigarette aerosols did not induce obvious cytotoxicity or mutagenicity, whereas CS aqueous extract showed dose-related cytotoxicity and mutagenicity. Collectively, these results indicate that use of e-cigarettes might potentially lead to a significant reduction in exposure to harmful substances, with fewer cytotoxic and mutagenic effects, as compared with conventional smoking. Further studies based on human puffing conditions and longer evaluation periods will be needed to substantiate this potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Te Xu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhen-Yu Niu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Xu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin-Duo Li
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Quan Luo
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - An Luo
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi-Lan Huang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing-Tao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Ze-Hong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co,. Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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9
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Jameson JB, Wang J, Bailey PC, Oldham MJ, Smith CR, Jeong LN, Cook DK, Bates AL, Ullah S, Pennington ASC, Gillman IG. Determination of chemical constituent yields in e-cigarette aerosol using partial and whole pod collections, a comparative analysis. Front Chem 2023; 11:1223967. [PMID: 37744056 PMCID: PMC10512464 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1223967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Literature reports the chemical constituent yields of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) aerosol collected using a range of aerosol collection strategies. The number of puffs to deplete an ENDS product varies widely, but collections often consist of data from the first 50-100 puffs. However, it is not clear whether these discrete puff blocks are representative of constituent yields over the life of a pod. We aimed to assess the effect of differing aerosol collection strategies on reported yields for select chemical constituents in the aerosol of closed pod-based ENDS products. Constituents analyzed were chosen to reflect important classes of compounds from the Final Premarket Tobacco Product Application Guidance. Yields were normalized to total device mass loss (DML). Collection strategies that consisted of partial pod collection were valid for determining yields of constituents whose DML normalized yields were consistent for the duration of pod life. These included primary aerosol constituents, such as propylene glycol, glycerol, and nicotine, and whole pod yields could be determined from initial puff blocks. However, changes were observed in the yields of some metals, some carbonyl compounds, and glycidol over pod life in a chemical constituent and product dependent manner. These results suggest that collection strategies consisting of initial puff block collections require validation per chemical constituent/product and are not appropriate for chemical constituents with variable yields over pod life. Whole pod collection increased sensitivity and accuracy in determining metal, carbonyl, and glycidol yields compared to puff block-based collection methodologies for all products tested.
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Johne S, van der Toorn M, Iskandar AR, Majeed S, Torres LO, Hoeng J, Peitsch MC. An in vitro evaluation of e-vapor products: The contributions of chemical adulteration, concentration, and device power. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 175:113708. [PMID: 36889430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Homemade e-liquids and power-adjustable vaping devices may carry higher risks than commercial formulations and fixed-power devices. This study used human macrophage-like and bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cell cultures to investigate toxicity of homemade e-liquids containing propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin (PG/VG), nicotine, vitamin E acetate (VEA), medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs), phytol, and cannabidiol (CBD). SmallAir™ organotypic epithelial cultures were exposed to aerosols generated at different power settings (10-50 W). Carbonyl levels were measured, and endpoints reflecting epithelial function (ciliary beating frequency [CBF]), integrity (transepithelial electrical resistance [TEER]), and structure (histology) were investigated. Treatment with nicotine or VEA alone or with PG/VG did not impact cell viability. CBD, phytol, and lauric acid caused cytotoxicity in both culture systems and increased lipid-laden macrophages. Exposure of SmallAir™ organotypic cultures to CBD-containing aerosols resulted in tissue injury and loss of CBF and TEER, while PG/VG alone or with nicotine or VEA did not. Aerosols generated with higher power settings had higher carbonyl concentrations. In conclusion, the presence and concentration of certain chemicals and device power may induce cytotoxicity in vitro. These results raise concerns that power-adjustable devices may generate toxic compounds and suggest that toxicity assessments should be conducted for both e-liquid formulations and their aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Johne
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Marco van der Toorn
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Anita R Iskandar
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Laura O Torres
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C Peitsch
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A, Quai Jeanrenaud 5, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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11
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Cohn AM, Elmasry H, Wild RC, Johnson AL, Abudayyeh H, Kurti A, Coleman-Cowger VH. Birth Outcomes Associated With E-Cigarette and Non-E-Cigarette Tobacco Product Use During Pregnancy: An Examination of PATH Data Waves 1-5. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:444-452. [PMID: 35474136 PMCID: PMC9910157 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine associations of prenatal e-cigarette use to pregnancy and birth outcomes. METHODS Currently pregnant women (n = 1 037) from Waves 1 through 4 of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study who had pregnancy or live birth outcome data in a subsequent wave (Waves 2-5; 2013 to 2019). Weighted bivariate and multivariable models\ examined associations between past 30-day tobacco use assessed during pregnancy (any past 30-day e-cigarette use, any past 30-day non-e-cigarette tobacco use, or no past 30-day tobacco use) with adverse pregnancy (miscarriage, abortion, ectopic or tubal pregnancy, stillbirth) and birth outcomes (preterm birth, low birth weight, birth defect, placenta previa, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia) reported in the subsequent wave. RESULTS Approximately 1% of pregnant women reported past 30-day exclusive e-cigarette use and 3.2% used e-cigarettes and one other tobacco product. Compared to no tobacco use, past 30-day e-cigarette use (exclusive or use with another tobacco product) during pregnancy was not associated with increased odds of an adverse pregnancy or birth outcome in bivariate or multivariable models. Past 30-day non-e-cigarette tobacco use was associated with increased odds of an adverse pregnancy outcome in multivariable models, but not an adverse live birth outcome. Compared to past 30-day cigarette use, past 30-day e-cigarette use during pregnancy was not associated with lowered odds of a birth or pregnancy outcome. CONCLUSIONS E-cigarette use during pregnancy is rare. Understanding the positive and negative impacts of pre-natal e-cigarette use on women's health may guide public health messaging campaigns. IMPLICATIONS Results showed that past 30-day e-cigarette use during pregnancy was low, with cigarette smoking remaining the most prevalent form of tobacco use during pregnancy. Current e-cigarette use during pregnancy used either exclusively or with another tobacco product, was not associated with increased risk of an adverse pregnancy, or birth outcome. A small sample size of e-cigarette users and limited information on quantity and frequency of e-cigarette use before and during pregnancy may limit conclusions. Healthcare providers may use this information when discussing the harms and consequences associated with e-cigarette and tobacco use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Cohn
- Health Promotion Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Robert C Wild
- Health Promotion Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Amanda L Johnson
- Health Promotion Research Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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12
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Fix BV, OConnor RJ, Goniewicz ML, Leigh NL, Cummings M, Hitchman SC, Fong GT, El Nahas G, Hammond D, McNeill A, Borland R, King B, Palumbo MN. Characterisation of vaping liquids used in vaping devices across four countries: results from an analysis of selected vaping liquids reported by users in the 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Tob Control 2023; 32:51-59. [PMID: 34021061 PMCID: PMC9326900 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study presents an analysis of vaping products (VPs) purchased in the USA, Canada, England and Australia and assesses whether differences in regulations were associated with differences in the chemical composition of the VPs. METHODS April-September 2017, a total of 234 VP refill liquids and prefilled cartridges were purchased in convenience samples of retail locations in each country. Products were chosen from brands and styles most commonly reported by current VP users in the 2016 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. All products were tested for nicotine, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs), minor tobacco alkaloids, organic acids and flavouring chemicals. RESULTS Consistent with the laws in Canada and Australia at the time of product purchase, nicotine was not detected in any of the VPs (n=10 in Canada; n=15 in Australia). US liquids (n=54) had a mean nicotine concentration of 16.2 mg/mL, (range=0.0-58.6) and English liquids (n=166) had a mean concentration of 11.9 mg/mL ((range=0.0-31.2) F(3244)=12.32, p<0.001). About 5% of English samples exceeded the UK's 20 mg/mL nicotine limit. Substantial country differences were observed in levels ofTSNAs, with the USA being higher than elsewhere. Of all products tested, 18.8% contained at least one organic acid. Liquids purchased in England contained far more identifiable flavouring chemicals than those in the other countries. CONCLUSIONS VP composition, particularly with respect to nicotine and flavouring, varies by country, likely reflecting both marketplace preferences and country-specific regulations. There are differences between nicotine levels claimed on the package and actual levels, particularly in England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Vincent Fix
- Dept. of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Richard J OConnor
- Dept. of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | | | - Noel L Leigh
- Dept. of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Michael Cummings
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georges El Nahas
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ann McNeill
- UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ron Borland
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bill King
- Vichealth Centre for Tobacco Control, cancer council victoria, Carlton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mary N Palumbo
- Dept. of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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13
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Vreeke S, Faulkner DM, Strongin RM, Rufer E. A First-Tier Framework for Assessing Toxicological Risk from Vaporized Cannabis Concentrates. TOXICS 2022; 10:771. [PMID: 36548603 PMCID: PMC9782653 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Vaporization is an increasingly prevalent means to consume cannabis, but there is little guidance for manufacturers or regulators to evaluate additive safety. This paper presents a first-tier framework for regulators and cannabis manufacturers without significant toxicological expertise to conduct risk assessments and prioritize additives in cannabis concentrates for acceptance, elimination, or further evaluation. Cannabinoids and contaminants (e.g., solvents, pesticides, etc.) are excluded from this framework because of the complexity involved in their assessment; theirs would not be a first-tier toxicological assessment. Further, several U.S. state regulators have provided guidance for major cannabinoids and contaminants. Toxicological risk assessment of cannabis concentrate additives, like other types of risk assessment, includes hazard assessment, dose-response, exposure assessment, and risk characterization steps. Scarce consumption data has made exposure assessment of cannabis concentrates difficult and variable. Previously unpublished consumption data collected from over 54,000 smart vaporization devices show that 50th and 95th percentile users consume 5 and 57 mg per day on average, respectively. Based on these and published data, we propose assuming 100 mg per day cannabis concentrate consumption for first-tier risk assessment purposes. Herein, we provide regulators, cannabis manufacturers, and consumers a preliminary methodology to evaluate the health risks of cannabis concentrate additives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert M. Strongin
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
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14
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Soulet S, Sussman RA. Critical Review of the Recent Literature on Organic Byproducts in E-Cigarette Aerosol Emissions. TOXICS 2022; 10:714. [PMID: 36548547 PMCID: PMC9787926 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We review the literature on laboratory studies quantifying the production of potentially toxic organic byproducts (carbonyls, carbon monoxide, free radicals and some nontargeted compounds) in e-cigarette (EC) aerosol emissions, focusing on the consistency between their experimental design and a realistic usage of the devices, as determined by the power ranges of an optimal regime fulfilling a thermodynamically efficient process of aerosol generation that avoids overheating and "dry puffs". The majority of the reviewed studies failed in various degrees to comply with this consistency criterion or supplied insufficient information to verify it. Consequently, most of the experimental outcomes and risk assessments are either partially or totally unreliable and/or of various degrees of questionable relevance to end users. Studies testing the devices under reasonable approximation to realistic conditions detected levels of all organic byproducts that are either negligible or orders of magnitude lower than in tobacco smoke. Our review reinforces the pressing need to update and improve current laboratory standards by an appropriate selection of testing parameters and the logistical incorporation of end users in the experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto A. Sussman
- Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City 04510, Mexico
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15
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Non-Targeted Chemical Characterization of JUUL-Menthol-Flavored Aerosols Using Liquid and Gas Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aerosol constituents generated from JUUL Menthol pods with 3.0% and 5.0% nicotine by weight (Me3 and Me5) are characterized by a non-targeted approach, which was developed to detect aerosol constituents that are not known to be present beforehand or that may be measured with targeted methods. Three replicates from three production batches (n = 9) were aerosolized using two puffing regimens (intense and non-intense). Each of the 18 samples were analyzed by gas chromatography electron ionization mass spectrometry and by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization high-resolving power mass spectrometry. All chemical constituents determined to differ from control were identified and semi-quantified. To have a complete understanding of the aerosol constituents and chemistry, each chemical constituent was categorized into one of five groups: (1) flavorants, (2) harmful and potentially harmful constituents, (3) leachables, (4) reaction products, and (5) chemical constituents that were unable to be identified or rationalized (e.g., chemical constituents that could not be categorized in groups (1–4). Under intense puffing, 74 chemical constituents were identified in Me3 aerosols and 68 under non-intense puffing, with 53 chemical constituents common between both regimens. Eighty-three chemical constituents were identified in Me5 aerosol using an intense puffing regimen and seventy-five with a non-intense puffing regimen, with sixty-two chemical constituents in common. Excluding primary constituents, reaction products accounted for the greatest number of chemical constituents (approximately 60% in all cases, ranging from about 0.05% to 0.1% by mass), and flavorants—excluding menthol—comprised the second largest number of chemical constituents (approximately 25%, ranging consistently around 0.01% by mass). The chemical constituents detected in JUUL aerosols were then compared to known constituents from cigarette smoke to determine the relative chemical complexities and commonalities/differences between the two. This revealed (1) a substantial decrease in the chemical complexity of JUUL aerosols vs. cigarette smoke and (2) that there are between 55 (Me3) and 61 (Me5) unique chemical constituents in JUUL aerosols not reported in cigarette smoke. Understanding the chemical complexity of JUUL aerosols is important because the health effects of combustible cigarette smoke are related to the combined effect of these chemical constituents through multiple mechanisms, not just the effects of any single smoke constituent.
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16
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Pinto MI, Thissen J, Hermes N, Cunningham A, Digard H, Murphy J. Chemical characterisation of the vapour emitted by an e-cigarette using a ceramic wick-based technology. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16497. [PMID: 36192548 PMCID: PMC9529894 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19761-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourth-generation 'pod' e-cigarette devices have been driven by technological advances in electronic atomization of the e-liquid. Use of microporous ceramic as a wicking material improves heating efficiency, but how it affects the chemical emissions of these devices is unclear. We assessed the emissions of a pod e-cigarette with innovative ceramic wick-based technology and two flavoured e-liquids containing nicotine lactate and nicotine benzoate (57 and 18 mg mL-1 nicotine, respectively). Among the studied harmful and potentially harmful constituents (HPHCs) listed by the US FDA and/or WHO TobReg, only 5 (acetone, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, naphthalene and nornicotine) were quantified at levels of 0.14 to 100 ng puff-1. In the combustible cigarette (Kentucky reference 1R6F), levels were from 0.131 to 168 µg puff-1. Nicotine levels ranged 0.10-0.32 mg puff-1 across the 3 study products. From the 19 proposed HPHCs specifically of concern in e-cigarettes, only 3 (glycerol, isoamyl acetate and propylene glycol) were quantified. The low/undetectable levels of HPHCs reflect not only the optimal operating conditions of the e-cigarette, including an efficient supply of e-liquid by the ceramic wick without overheating, but also the potential of the e-cigarettes to be used as an alternative to combustible cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Isabel Pinto
- B.A.T (Investments) Limited, R&D, Regents Park Rd, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK.
| | - J Thissen
- B.A.T (Investments) Limited, R&D, Regents Park Rd, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - N Hermes
- B.A.T (Investments) Limited, R&D, Regents Park Rd, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - A Cunningham
- B.A.T (Investments) Limited, R&D, Regents Park Rd, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - H Digard
- B.A.T (Investments) Limited, R&D, Regents Park Rd, Southampton, SO15 8TL, UK
| | - J Murphy
- Reynolds American, Inc., 401 N Main St, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA
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17
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Chen M, Carmella SG, Lindgren BR, Luo X, Ikuemonisan J, Niesen B, Thomson NM, Murphy SE, Hatsukami DK, Hecht SS. Increased Levels of the Acrolein Metabolite 3-Hydroxypropyl Mercapturic Acid in the Urine of e-Cigarette Users. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 36:583-588. [PMID: 35858275 PMCID: PMC9852357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Carcinogen and toxicant uptake by e-cigarette users have not been fully evaluated. In the study reported here, we recruited 30 e-cigarette users, 63 nonsmokers, and 33 cigarette smokers who gave monthly urine samples over a period of 4-6 months. Their product use status was confirmed by measurements of exhaled CO, urinary total nicotine equivalents, cyanoethyl mercapturic acid (CEMA), and total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol. Urinary biomarkers of exposure to the carcinogens acrolein (3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid, 3-HPMA), benzene (S-phenyl mercapturic acid, SPMA), acrylonitrile (CEMA), and a combination of crotonaldehyde, methyl vinyl ketone, and methacrolein (3-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl mercapturic acid, HMPMA) were quantified at each visit. Data from subject visits with CEMA > 27 pmol/mL were excluded from the statistical analysis of the results because of possible unreported exposures to volatile combustion products such as secondhand cigarette smoke or marijuana smoke exposure; this left 22 e-cigarette users with 4 or more monthly visits and all 63 nonsmokers. Geometric mean levels of 3-HPMA (1249 versus 679.3 pmol/mL urine) were significantly higher (P = 0.003) in e-cigarette users than in nonsmokers, whereas levels of SPMA, CEMA, and HMPMA did not differ between these two groups. All analytes were significantly higher in cigarette smokers than in either e-cigarette users or nonsmokers. The results of this unique multimonth longitudinal study demonstrate consistent significantly higher uptake of the carcinogen acrolein in e-cigarette users versus nonsmokers, presenting a warning signal regarding e-cigarette use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stephen S. Hecht
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE - 2-148 CCRB, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. phone: (612) 624-7604; fax: (612) 624-3869;
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18
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Cheng G, Guo J, Carmella SG, Lindgren B, Ikuemonisan J, Niesen B, Jensen J, Hatsukami DK, Balbo S, Hecht SS. Increased acrolein-DNA adducts in buccal brushings of e-cigarette users. Carcinogenesis 2022; 43:437-444. [PMID: 35239969 PMCID: PMC9167028 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA adducts are central in the mechanism of carcinogenesis by genotoxic agents. We compared levels of a DNA adduct of acrolein, a genotoxic carcinogen found in e-cigarette vapor, in oral cell DNA of e-cigarette users and non-users of any tobacco or nicotine product. e-Cigarette users and non-users visited our clinic once monthly for 6 months, and oral brushings and urine samples were collected. For this study, we analyzed oral cell DNA adducts from three monthly visits in e-cigarette users and non-users as confirmed by urinary cyanoethyl mercapturic acid and total nicotine equivalents. DNA was isolated from the oral brushings and analyzed by a validated liquid chromatography-nanoelectrospray ionization-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry method for the acrolein DNA adduct 8R/S-3-(2'-deoxyribos-1'-yl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-8-hydroxypyrimido[1,2-a]purine-10-(3H)-one (γ-OH-Acr-dGuo). The median value of this DNA adduct in the e-cigarette users was 179 fmol/µmol dGuo (range 5.0 - 793 fmol/µmol dGuo) while that for non-users was 21.0 fmol/µmol dGuo (range 5.0 - 539 fmol/µmol dGuo), P = 0.001. These results demonstrate for the first time that e-cigarette users have elevated levels of a carcinogen-DNA adduct in their oral cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Cheng
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Jiehong Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Steven G Carmella
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Bruce Lindgren
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joshua Ikuemonisan
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Brittany Niesen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joni Jensen
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | | | - Silvia Balbo
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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19
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Harris AC, Muelken P, Alcheva A, Stepanov I, LeSage MG. Cigarette Smoke Extract, but Not Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Extract, Inhibits Monoamine Oxidase in vitro and Produces Greater Acute Aversive/Anhedonic Effects Than Nicotine Alone on Intracranial Self-Stimulation in Rats. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:868088. [PMID: 35712461 PMCID: PMC9196039 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.868088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional tobacco cigarettes appear to have greater abuse liability than non-combusted products such as electronic cigarettes (ECs) and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). This may be due to the higher levels of behaviorally active non-nicotine constituents [e.g., monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors such as β-carbolines] in cigarette smoke (CS) compared to non-combusted products. To evaluate this hypothesis, the current studies compared the relative abuse liability of CS and EC aerosol extracts containing nicotine and a range of non-nicotine constituents to that of nicotine alone (NRT analog) using intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) in rats. Effects of formulations on brain MAO activity in vitro and ex vivo were also studied to evaluate the potential role of MAO inhibition in the ICSS study. CS extract contained higher levels of several behaviorally active non-nicotine constituents (e.g., the β-carbolines norharmane and harmane) than EC extract. Nicotine alone reduced ICSS thresholds at a moderate nicotine dose, suggesting a reinforcement-enhancing effect that may promote abuse liability, and elevated ICSS thresholds at a high nicotine dose, suggesting an aversive/anhedonic effect that may limit abuse liability. CS extract elevated ICSS thresholds to a greater degree than nicotine alone at high nicotine doses. Effects of EC extract on ICSS did not differ from those of nicotine alone. Finally, CS extract significantly inhibited MAO-A and MAO-B activity in vitro, whereas EC extract and nicotine alone did not. None of the formulations inhibited MAO measured ex vivo. These findings indicate greater acute aversive/anhedonic effects for CS extract compared to nicotine alone, suggesting lower abuse liability. Although confirmation of our findings using other dosing regimens, preclinical addiction models, and tobacco product extracts is needed, these findings suggest that the centrally-mediated effects of MAO inhibitors and other non-nicotine constituents may not account for the greater abuse liability of cigarettes compared to non-combusted products. Nonetheless, identifying the specific constituent(s) mediating the effects of CS extracts in this study could help clarify mechanisms mediating tobacco addiction and inform FDA product standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C. Harris
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,*Correspondence: Andrew C. Harris,
| | - Peter Muelken
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Aleksandra Alcheva
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Irina Stepanov
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Mark G. LeSage
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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20
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Oar MA, Savage CH, Rufer ES, Rucker RP, Guzman JA. Thermography of cannabis extract vaporization cartridge heating coils in temperature- and voltage-controlled systems during a simulated human puff. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262265. [PMID: 35081135 PMCID: PMC8791474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaporized cannabis is believed to be safer than smoking, but when heated to excessive temperatures nearing combustion (>900 °C) harmful byproducts may form. While some cannabis extract vaporizers operate well below these high temperatures, heating coil temperatures obtained during actual use are frequently not reported and many operate at high temperatures. We report on two major objectives: 1) development of an infrared thermography method to measure heating coil temperatures in cannabis extract vaporizers during a simulated puff and 2) a comparison of temperature- to voltage- controlled cannabis extract vaporization systems during a puff. Infrared thermography was used to measure heating coil temperatures in one temperature-controlled and two voltage-controlled systems. The cartridges were modified for direct line-of-sight on the heating coils, the wick and coils were saturated with cannabis extract, and fixtures were developed to force two liters per minute air flow past the coils for the full duration of the puff allowed by the device. The voltage-controlled systems produced higher temperatures with greater variability than the temperature-controlled system. At the highest temperature setting (420 °C) the temperature-controlled system reached an average heating coil temperature of 420 ± 9.5 °C whereas the 4.0V setting on the variable voltage system reached an average temperature of 543 ± 95.9 °C and the single voltage (3.2V) system an average of 450 ± 60.8 °C. The average temperature at the lowest setting (270 °C) on the temperature-controlled system was 246 ± 5.1 °C and the variable voltage system (2.4V) was 443 ± 56.1 °C. Voltage alone was a poor indicator of coil temperature and only the temperature-controlled system consistently maintained temperatures less than 400 °C for the full puff duration. These lower temperatures could reduce the likelihood of harmful thermal degradation products and thus may reduce potential health risk to consumers when vaporizing cannabis extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Oar
- Product Integrity, PAX Labs, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cynthia H. Savage
- Product Integrity, PAX Labs, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Echoleah S. Rufer
- Biocompatibility and Toxicology, PAX Labs, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Richard P. Rucker
- Product Integrity, PAX Labs, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jesse A. Guzman
- Product Integrity, PAX Labs, Inc., San Francisco, California, United States of America
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21
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Margham J, McAdam K, Cunningham A, Porter A, Fiebelkorn S, Mariner D, Digard H, Proctor C. The Chemical Complexity of e-Cigarette Aerosols Compared With the Smoke From a Tobacco Burning Cigarette. Front Chem 2021; 9:743060. [PMID: 34660535 PMCID: PMC8514950 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.743060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: As e-cigarette popularity has increased, there is growing evidence to suggest that while they are highly likely to be considerably less harmful than cigarettes, their use is not free of risk to the user. There is therefore an ongoing need to characterise the chemical composition of e-cigarette aerosols, as a starting point in characterising risks associated with their use. This study examined the chemical complexity of aerosols generated by an e-cigarette containing one unflavored and three flavored e-liquids. A combination of targeted and untargeted chemical analysis approaches was used to examine the number of compounds comprising the aerosol. Contributions of e-liquid flavors to aerosol complexity were investigated, and the sources of other aerosol constituents sought. Emissions of 98 aerosol toxicants were quantified and compared to those in smoke from a reference tobacco cigarette generated under two different smoking regimes. Results: Combined untargeted and targeted aerosol analyses identified between 94 and 139 compounds in the flavored aerosols, compared with an estimated 72-79 in the unflavored aerosol. This is significantly less complex (by 1-2 orders of magnitude) than the reported composition of cigarette smoke. Combining both types of analysis identified 5-12 compounds over and above those found by untargeted analysis alone. Gravimetrically, 89-99% of the e-cigarette aerosol composition was composed of glycerol, propylene glycol, water and nicotine, and around 3% comprised other, more minor, constituents. Comparable data for the Ky3R4F reference tobacco cigarette pointed to 58-76% of cigarette smoke "tar" being composed of minor constituents. Levels of the targeted toxicants in the e-cigarette aerosols were significantly lower than those in cigarette smoke, with 68.5->99% reductions under ISO 3308 puffing conditions and 88.4->99% reductions under ISO 20778 (intense) conditions; reductions against the WHO TobReg 9 priority list were around 99%. Conclusion: These analyses showed that the e-cigarette aerosols contain fewer compounds and at significantly lower concentrations than cigarette smoke. The chemical diversity of an e-cigarette aerosol is strongly impacted by the choice of e-liquid ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Margham
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - K. McAdam
- McAdam Scientific Ltd., Eastleigh, United Kingdom
| | - A. Cunningham
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - A. Porter
- Independent Researcher, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - S. Fiebelkorn
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - D. Mariner
- Mariner Science Ltd., Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - H. Digard
- Group Research and Development, British American Tobacco, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - C. Proctor
- DoctorProctorScience Ltd., Ascot, United Kingdom
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22
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Balfour DJK, Benowitz NL, Colby SM, Hatsukami DK, Lando HA, Leischow SJ, Lerman C, Mermelstein RJ, Niaura R, Perkins KA, Pomerleau OF, Rigotti NA, Swan GE, Warner KE, West R. Balancing Consideration of the Risks and Benefits of E-Cigarettes. Am J Public Health 2021; 111:1661-1672. [PMID: 34410826 PMCID: PMC8589069 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2021.306416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The topic of e-cigarettes is controversial. Opponents focus on e-cigarettes' risks for young people, while supporters emphasize the potential for e-cigarettes to assist smokers in quitting smoking. Most US health organizations, media coverage, and policymakers have focused primarily on risks to youths. Because of their messaging, much of the public-including most smokers-now consider e-cigarette use as dangerous as or more dangerous than smoking. By contrast, the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine concluded that e-cigarette use is likely far less hazardous than smoking. Policies intended to reduce adolescent vaping may also reduce adult smokers' use of e-cigarettes in quit attempts. Because evidence indicates that e-cigarette use can increase the odds of quitting smoking, many scientists, including this essay's authors, encourage the health community, media, and policymakers to more carefully weigh vaping's potential to reduce adult smoking-attributable mortality. We review the health risks of e-cigarette use, the likelihood that vaping increases smoking cessation, concerns about youth vaping, and the need to balance valid concerns about risks to youths with the potential benefits of increasing adult smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J K Balfour
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neal L Benowitz
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Harry A Lando
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Scott J Leischow
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Caryn Lerman
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robin J Mermelstein
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raymond Niaura
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kenneth A Perkins
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ovide F Pomerleau
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nancy A Rigotti
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gary E Swan
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kenneth E Warner
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Robert West
- David J. K. Balfour is professor emeritus with the Division of Systems Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK. Neal L. Benowitz is with the Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco. Suzanne M. Colby is with the Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI. Dorothy K. Hatsukami is with the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Harry A. Lando is with the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota. Scott J. Leischow is with the College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix. Caryn Lerman is with the Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles. Robin J. Mermelstein is with the Department of Psychology, University of Illinois‒Chicago. Raymond Niaura is with the Department of Epidemiology, School of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY. Kenneth A. Perkins is with the Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA. Ovide F. Pomerleau is professor emeritus with the Department of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Nancy A. Rigotti is with the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Gary E. Swan is with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Kenneth E. Warner is with the Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, University of Michigan. Robert West is with the Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
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Non-Targeted Chemical Characterization of JUUL Virginia Tobacco Flavored Aerosols Using Liquid and Gas Chromatography. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8090130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemical constituents of JUUL Virginia Tobacco pods with 3.0% and 5.0% nicotine by weight (VT3 and VT5) were characterized by non-targeted analyses, an approach to detect chemicals that are not otherwise measured with dedicated methods or that are not known beforehand. Aerosols were generated using intense and non-intense puffing regimens and analyzed by gas chromatography electron ionization mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography electrospray ionization high resolving power mass spectrometry. All compounds above 0.7 µg/g for GC–MS analysis or above 0.5 µg/g for LC–HRMS analysis and differing from blank measurements were identified and semi-quantified. All identifications were evaluated and categorized into five groups: flavorants, harmful and potentially harmful constituents, extractables and/or leachables, reaction products, and compounds that could not be identified/rationalized. For VT3, 79 compounds were identified using an intense puffing regimen and 69 using a non-intense puffing regimen. There were 60 compounds common between both regimens. For VT5, 85 compounds were identified with an intense puffing regimen and 73 with a non-intense puffing regimen; 67 compounds were in common. For all nicotine concentrations, formulations and puffing regimens, reaction products accounted for the greatest number of compounds (ranging from 70% to 75%; 0.08% to 0.1% by mass), and flavorants comprised the second largest number of compounds (ranging from for 15% to 16%; 0.1 to 0.2% by mass). A global comparison of the compounds detected in JUUL aerosol to those catalogued in cigarette smoke indicated an approximate 50-fold decrease in chemical complexity. Both VT3 and VT5 aerosols contained 59 unique compounds not identified in cigarette smoke.
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Sun YW, Chen KM, Atkins H, Aliaga C, Gordon T, Guttenplan JB, El-Bayoumy K. Effects of E-Cigarette Aerosols with Varying Levels of Nicotine on Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Mice. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1161-1168. [PMID: 33761748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To provide insights into the cause of e-cigarette (e-cig) associated lung injury, we examined the effects of propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (G), two common solvent carriers used to deliver nicotine/flavor, on markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in female B6C3F1 mice which had been used successfully in tobacco smoke (TS)-induced lung carcinogenesis. Mice exposed to air and TS were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Using LC-MS/MS, we showed that PG/G alone, in the absence of nicotine, significantly increased the levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG or its tautomer 8-oxodG), a biomarker of DNA oxidative damage, in lung and plasma of mice; moreover, addition of nicotine (12 and 24 mg/mL) in e-cig liquid appears to suppress the levels of 8-oxodG. Exposure to e-cig aerosols or TS induced nonsignificant increases of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), a biomarker of inflammation; nonetheless, the levels of fibronectin (FN), a biomarker of tissue injury, were significantly increased by e-cig aerosols or TS. Although preliminary, our data showed that exposure to e-cig aerosols induced a higher score of lung injury than did control air or TS exposure. Our results indicate that the B6C3F1 mouse model may be suitable for an in-depth examination of the impact of e-cig on lung injury associated with oxidative stress and inflammation and this study adds to the growing evidence that the use of e-cig can lead to lung damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - Joseph B Guttenplan
- Department of Basic Science, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York 10010, United States
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Keith R, Bhatnagar A. Cardiorespiratory and Immunologic Effects of Electronic Cigarettes. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2021; 8:336-346. [PMID: 33717828 PMCID: PMC7935224 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00359-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Although e-cigarettes have become popular, especially among youth, the health effects associated with e-cigarette use remain unclear. This review discusses current evidence relating to the cardiovascular, pulmonary, and immunological effects of e-cigarettes. RECENT FINDINGS The use of e-cigarettes by healthy adults has been shown to increase blood pressure, heart rate, and arterial stiffness, as well as resistance to air flow in lungs. Inhalation of e-cigarette aerosol has been shown to elicit immune responses and increase the production of immunomodulatory cytokines in young tobacco-naïve individuals. In animal models, long-term exposure to e-cigarettes leads to marked changes in lung architecture, dysregulation of immune genes, and low-grade inflammation. Exposure to e-cigarette aerosols in mice has been shown to induce DNA damage, inhibit DNA repair, and promote carcinogenesis. Chronic exposure to e-cigarettes has also been reported to result in the accumulation of lipid-laden macrophages in the lung and dysregulation of lipid metabolism and transport in mice. Although, the genotoxic and inflammatory effects of e-cigarettes are milder than those of combustible cigarettes, some of the cardiorespiratory effects of the two insults are comparable. The toxicity of e-cigarettes has been variably linked to nicotine, as well as other e-cigarette constituents, operating conditions, and use patterns. SUMMARY The use of e-cigarettes in humans is associated with significant adverse cardiorespiratory and immunological changes. Data from animal models and in vitro studies support the notion that long-term use of e-cigarettes may pose significant health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Keith
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center & The Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- American Heart Association Tobacco Regulation and Addiction Center & The Christina Lee Brown Envirome Institute, Division of Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, 302E Muhammad Ali Blvd, Louisville, KY 40202 USA
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Dusautoir R, Zarcone G, Verriele M, Garçon G, Fronval I, Beauval N, Allorge D, Riffault V, Locoge N, Lo-Guidice JM, Anthérieu S. Comparison of the chemical composition of aerosols from heated tobacco products, electronic cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123417. [PMID: 32763707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) and more recently the heated tobacco products (HTP) provide alternatives for smokers as they are generally perceived to be less harmful than conventional cigarettes. However, it is crucial to compare the health risks of these different emergent devices, in order to determine which product should be preferred to substitute cigarette. The present study aimed to compare the composition of emissions from HTP, e-cigs and conventional cigarettes, regarding selected harmful or potentially harmful compounds, and their toxic impacts on the human bronchial epithelial BEAS-2B cells. The HTP emitted less polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and carbonyls than the conventional cigarette. However, amounts of these compounds in HTP aerosols were still higher than in e-cig vapours. Concordantly, HTP aerosol showed reduced cytotoxicity compared to cigarette smoke but higher than e-cig vapours. HTP and e-cig had the potential to increase oxidative stress and inflammatory response, in a manner similar to that of cigarette smoke, but after more intensive exposures. In addition, increasing e-cig power impacted levels of certain toxic compounds and related oxidative stress. This study provides important data necessary for risk assessment by demonstrating that HTP might be less harmful than tobacco cigarette but considerably more harmful than e-cig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Dusautoir
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Gianni Zarcone
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Marie Verriele
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Guillaume Garçon
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | | | - Nicolas Beauval
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Delphine Allorge
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | | | - Nadine Locoge
- IMT Lille Douai, Univ. Lille, SAGE, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Jean-Marc Lo-Guidice
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Sébastien Anthérieu
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, ULR 4483, IMPECS - IMPact de l'Environnement Chimique sur la Santé humaine, F-59000, Lille, France.
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27
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Hirth S, Waindok H, Wohlleben W. Which fraction of stone wool fibre surface remains uncoated by binder? A detailed analysis by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39545-39552. [PMID: 35492464 PMCID: PMC9044424 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06251d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ToF-SIMS mapping reveals that man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF) are fully covered with binder explaining variations in biodurability testing with simulated lung fluid described earlier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Hirth
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Hubert Waindok
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Wendel Wohlleben
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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Cunningham A, McAdam K, Thissen J, Digard H. The Evolving E-cigarette: Comparative Chemical Analyses of E-cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2020; 2:586674. [PMID: 35296117 PMCID: PMC8915913 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2020.586674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: E-cigarette designs, materials, and ingredients are continually evolving, with cotton wicks and diverse coil materials emerging as the popular components of atomisers. Another recent development is the use of nicotine salts in e-liquids to replicate the form of nicotine found in cigarette smoke, which may help cigarette smokers to transition to e-cigarettes. However, scientific understanding of the impact of such innovations on e-cigarette aerosol chemistry is limited. Methods: To address these knowledge gaps, we have conducted a comparative study analyzing relevant toxicant emissions from five e-cigarettes varying in wick, atomiser coil, and benzoic acid content and two tobacco cigarettes, quantifying 97 aerosol constituents and 84 smoke compounds, respectively. Our focus was the potential for benzoic acid in e-liquids and cotton wicks to form aerosol toxicants through thermal degradation reactions, and the potential for nickel–iron alloy coils to catalyze degradation of aerosol formers. In addition, we analyzed e-cigarette emissions for 19 flavor compounds, thermal decomposition products, and e-liquid contaminants that the FDA has recently proposed adding to the established list of Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents (HPHCs) in tobacco products. Results: Analyses for benzene and phenol showed no evidence of the thermal decomposition of benzoic acid in the e-cigarettes tested. Measurements of cotton decomposition products, such as carbonyls, hydrocarbons, aromatics, and PAHs, further indicated that cotton wicks can be used without thermal degradation in suitable e-cigarette designs. No evidence was found for enhanced thermal decomposition of propylene glycol or glycerol by the nickel–iron coil. Sixteen of the 19 FDA-proposed compounds were not detected in the e-cigarettes. Comparing toxicant emissions from e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes showed that levels of the nine WHO TobReg priority cigarette smoke toxicants were more than 99% lower in the aerosols from each of five e-cigarettes as compared with the commercial and reference cigarettes. Conclusions: Despite continuing evolution in design, components and ingredients, e-cigarettes continue to offer significantly lower toxicant exposure alternatives to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cunningham
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin McAdam
- McAdam Scientific Ltd., Eastleigh, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Kevin McAdam
| | - Jesse Thissen
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Digard
- British American Tobacco (Investments) Limited, Research and Development, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Benowitz NL, St Helen G, Nardone N, Addo N, Zhang JJ, Harvanko AM, Calfee CS, Jacob P. Twenty-Four-Hour Cardiovascular Effects of Electronic Cigarettes Compared With Cigarette Smoking in Dual Users. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017317. [PMID: 33208019 PMCID: PMC7763797 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Cardiovascular safety is an important consideration regarding the benefits versus risks of electronic cigarette use (EC) for public health. The single‐use cardiovascular effects of EC have been well studied but may not reflect effects of ad libitum use throughout the day. We aimed to compare the circadian hemodynamic effects as well as 24‐hour biomarkers of oxidative stress, and platelet aggregation and inflammation, with ad libitum cigarette smoking (CS) versus EC versus no tobacco product use. Methods and Results Thirty‐six healthy dual CS and EC users participated in a crossover study in a confined research setting. Circadian heart rate, blood pressure and plasma nicotine levels, 24‐hour urinary catecholamines, 8‐isoprostane and 11‐dehydro‐thromboxane B2, and plasma interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐8 were compared in CS, EC, and no nicotine conditions. Over 24 hours, and during daytime, heart rate and blood pressure were higher in CS and EC compared with no tobacco product conditions (P<0.01). Heart rate on average was higher with CS versus EC. Urinary catecholamines, 8‐isoprostane, and 11‐dehydro‐thromboxane B2 were not significantly different, but plasma IL‐6 and IL‐8 were higher with both CS and EC compared with no tobacco product (P<0.01). Conclusions CS and EC had similar 24‐hour patterns of hemodynamic effects compared with no tobacco product, with a higher average heart rate with CS versus EC, and similar effects on biomarkers of inflammation. EC may pose some cardiovascular risk, particularly to smokers with underlying cardiovascular disease, but may also provide a harm reduction opportunity for smokers willing to switch entirely to EC. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique Identifier: NCT02470754.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal L Benowitz
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education University of California San Francisco CA.,Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science University of California San Francisco CA
| | - Gideon St Helen
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education University of California San Francisco CA.,Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science University of California San Francisco CA
| | - Natalie Nardone
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA
| | - Newton Addo
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA
| | - Junfeng Jim Zhang
- Global Health Institute & Nicholas School of the Environment Duke University Durham NC.,Duke Cancer Institute Duke University Durham NC
| | - Arit M Harvanko
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education University of California San Francisco CA.,Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science University of California San Francisco CA
| | - Carolyn S Calfee
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Allergy and Sleep Medicine Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA.,Department of Anaesthesia University of California San Francisco CA
| | - Peyton Jacob
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Program Division of Cardiology Department of Medicine University of California San Francisco CA.,Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education University of California San Francisco CA.,Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science University of California San Francisco CA.,Department of Psychiatry University of California San Francisco CA
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30
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The use of human induced pluripotent stem cells to screen for developmental toxicity potential indicates reduced potential for non-combusted products, when compared to cigarettes. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:161-173. [PMID: 34345845 PMCID: PMC8320631 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective in vitro strategies are required to predict early developmental toxicity. devTOXqP is a metabolomics biomarker assay using iPSCs. Sample smoke/aerosol captured in bPBS, was tested up to 10% concentration. Cigarettes & HTP bPBS extracts were predicted as potentially developmentally toxic. HYB & EVP aerosols were not predicted as having developmentally toxic potential in devTOXqP.
devTOX quickPredict (devTOXqP) is a metabolomics biomarker-based assay that utilises human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to screen for potential early stage embryonic developmental toxicity in vitro. Developmental toxicity potential is assessed based on the assay endpoint of the alteration in the ratio of key unrelated biomarkers, ornithine and cystine (o/c). This work aimed to compare the developmental toxicity potential of tobacco-containing and tobacco-free non-combustible nicotine products to cigarette smoke. Smoke and aerosol from test articles were produced using a Vitrocell VC10 smoke/aerosol exposure system and bubbled into phosphate buffered saline (bPBS). iPS cells were exposed to concentrations of up to 10% bPBS. Assay sensitivity was assessed through a spiking study with a known developmental toxicant, all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), in combination with cigarette smoke extract. The bPBS extracts of reference cigarettes (1R6F and 3R4F) and a heated tobacco product (HTP) were predicted to have the potential to induce developmental toxicity, in this screening assay. The bPBS concentration at which these extracts exceeded the developmental toxicity threshold was 0.6% (1R6F), 1.3% (3R4F), and 4.3% (HTP) added to the cell media. Effects from cigarette smoke and HTP aerosol were driven largely by cytotoxicity, with the cell viability and o/c ratio dose–response curves crossing the developmental toxicity thresholds at very similar concentrations of added bPBS. The hybrid product and all the electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosols were not predicted to be potential early developmental toxicants, under the conditions of this screening assay.
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Key Words
- ATRA, All-trans-retinoic acid
- CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- COT, United Kingdom Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment
- CV, coefficient of variation
- Cigarettes
- DART, developmental and reproductive toxicity
- DNPH, 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
- Developmental toxicity
- E-cigarettes
- ECVAM, European Center for the Validation of Alternative Methods
- EPA, United States Environmental Protection Agency
- EVP, electronic vapour product
- FDR, false discovery rate
- HPHCs, Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents
- HPLC-DAD, high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector
- HTP, heated tobacco product
- HYB, hybrid product
- Human induced pluripotent stem cells
- ISO, International Organization for Standardisation
- ISTD, internal standard
- In vitro reproduction assay
- LC-MS/MS, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
- LOQ, limit of quantification
- ND, No effect was detected within the exposure range tested
- NHS, United Kingdom National Health Service
- NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence
- Nicotine
- ODC, ornithine decarboxylase
- OECD, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
- PBS, phosphate buffered saline
- PG/VG, propylene glycol/vegetable glycerine
- POD, point of difference
- Q-TOF, Quadrupole Time-of-Flight
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TP, cell viability toxicity potential concentration
- TT21C, toxicity testing in the 21st century
- UPLC-HRMS, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled high resolution mass spectrometry
- bPBS, bubbled phosphate buffered saline
- dTP, developmental toxicity potential concentration
- dTT, developmental toxicity threshold
- devTOXqP, devTOX quickPredict
- e-cigarettes, electronic cigarettes
- iPS cells, induced pluripotent stem cells
- nAChRs, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
- o/c, ornithine/cystine ratio
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Rodrigo G, Jaccard G, Tafin Djoko D, Korneliou A, Esposito M, Belushkin M. Cancer potencies and margin of exposure used for comparative risk assessment of heated tobacco products and electronic cigarettes aerosols with cigarette smoke. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:283-298. [PMID: 33025067 PMCID: PMC7811518 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02924-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Health risk associated with the use of combustible cigarettes is well characterized and numerous epidemiological studies have been published for many years. Since more than a decade, innovative non-combusted tobacco products have emerged like heated tobacco products (HTP) or electronic cigarettes (EC). Long-term effects of these new products on health remain, however, unknown and there is a need to characterize associated potential health risks. The time dedicated to epidemiological data generation (at least 20 to 40 years for cancer endpoint), though, is not compatible with innovative development. Surrogates need, therefore, to be developed. In this work, non-cancer and cancer risks were estimated in a range of HTP and commercial combustible cigarettes based upon their harmful and potentially harmful constituent yields in aerosols and smoke, respectively. It appears that mean lifetime cancer risk values were decreased by more than one order of magnitude when comparing HTPs and commercial cigarettes, and significantly higher margin of exposure for non-cancer risk was observed for HTPs when compared to commercial cigarettes. The same approach was applied to two commercial ECs. Similar results were also found for this category of products. Despite uncertainties related to the factors used for the calculations and methodological limitations, this approach is valuable to estimate health risks associated to the use of innovative products. Moreover, it acts as predictive tool in absence of long-term epidemiological data. Furthermore, both cancer and non-cancer risks estimated for HTPs and ECs highlight the potential of reduced risk for non-combusted products when compared to cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Rodrigo
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Guy Jaccard
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Donatien Tafin Djoko
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Korneliou
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Esposito
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Belushkin
- PMI R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Rue des Usines 56, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Kuntic M, Hahad O, Daiber A, Münzel T. Could E-cigarette vaping contribute to heart disease? Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 14:1131-1139. [PMID: 32757856 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2020.1807332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION E-cigarettes have become a controversial topic. While their benefits are questioned by the scientific community, a part of the medical profession is still supporting them as an effective harm reduction tool for smoking cessation. The impact of E-cigarettes on the cardiovascular system is still elusive. AREAS COVERED We assessed results from animal, pre(clinical), and epidemiological studies to critically evaluate and synthesize evidence relevant to the cardiovascular effects of E-cigarettes. Animal studies have demonstrated that E-cigarette vapor exposure can cause endothelial and cardiac dysfunction. However, there have also been reports on the less harmful effects of E-cigarette vapor exposure in comparison to classical tobacco cigarettes. Measurements of flow-mediated dilation in acute human exposure settings have mostly demonstrated that E-cigarettes cause vascular endothelial dysfunction. Epidemiological studies have shown that E-cigarette use is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease, although switching from classical tobacco cigarettes to E-cigarettes can have beneficial cardiovascular effects. Misinterpretation of scientific data by activists on either side is another problem. EXPERT OPINION In conclusion, we need more and better (pre)clinical data comparing the health effects of E-cigarette vaping as compared with tobacco cigarette smoking, in order to counsel the legislation for better health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main , Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main , Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz , Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partnersite Rhine-Main , Mainz, Germany
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Electronic nicotine delivery system design and aerosol toxicants: A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0234189. [PMID: 32497139 PMCID: PMC7272070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0234189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; e-cigarettes), consisting of a battery, heating element and e-liquid, have evolved significantly with wide variation in design, components, operating powers, and chemical constituents. Generated aerosols have been reported to contain potentially toxic substances. We conducted a systematic review to assess what is known about the presence of toxicants in ENDS aerosols in order to inform how system design could mitigate risk. METHODS Articles reporting on or evaluating design characteristics of ENDS and aerosol constituents were included and summarized. RESULTS The search identified 2,305 articles, of which 92 were included after full-text review. Findings were grouped into 6 major categories of potentially harmful chemicals: carbonyls, volatile organic chemicals, trace elements, reactive oxygen species and free radicals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and tobacco-specific nitrosamines. In general, higher concentrations of aerosol toxicants are associated with increased power or voltage. Aerosol toxicants are also associated with e-liquid flavoring agents existing as primary ingredients or as products of thermal degradation. CONCLUSIONS Improved ENDS design can reduce toxicant levels. Additional research is needed to develop a framework for optimizing system characteristics to minimize exposure, especially with respect to heating power and e-liquids. Both manufacturers and regulatory agencies have roles in reducing toxicants and potential health risks from ENDS.
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