1
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Schmitz M, Bertrams MS, Sell AC, Glaser F, Kerzig C. Efficient Energy and Electron Transfer Photocatalysis with a Coulombic Dyad. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25799-25812. [PMID: 39227057 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis holds great promise for changing the way value-added molecules are currently prepared. However, many photocatalytic reactions suffer from quantum yields well below 10%, hampering the transition from lab-scale reactions to large-scale or even industrial applications. Molecular dyads can be designed such that the beneficial properties of inorganic and organic chromophores are combined, resulting in milder reaction conditions and improved reaction quantum yields of photocatalytic reactions. We have developed a novel approach for obtaining the advantages of molecular dyads without the time- and resource-consuming synthesis of these tailored photocatalysts. Simply by mixing a cationic ruthenium complex with an anionic pyrene derivative in water a salt bichromophore is produced owing to electrostatic interactions. The long-lived organic triplet state is obtained by static and quantitative energy transfer from the preorganized ruthenium complex. We exploited this so-called Coulombic dyad for energy transfer catalysis with similar reactivity and even higher photostability compared to a molecular dyad and reference photosensitizers in several photooxygenations. In addition, it was shown that this system can also be used to maximize the quantum yield of photoredox reactions. This is due to an intrinsically higher cage escape quantum yield after photoinduced electron transfer for purely organic compounds compared to heavy atom-containing molecules. The combination of laboratory-scale as well as mechanistic irradiation experiments with detailed spectroscopic investigations provided deep mechanistic insights into this easy-to-use photocatalyst class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arne C Sell
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Mukherjee N, Majumdar M. Diverse Functionality of Molecular Germanium: Emerging Opportunities as Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:24209-24232. [PMID: 39172926 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental research on germanium as the central element in compounds for bond activation chemistry and catalysis has achieved significant feats over the last two decades. Designing strategies for small molecule activations and the ultimate catalysts established capitalize on the orbital modalities of germanium, apparently imitating the transition-metal frontier orbitals. There is a growing body of examples in contemporary research implicating the tunability of the frontier orbitals through avant-garde approaches such as geometric constrained empowered reactivity, bimetallic orbital complementarity, cooperative reactivity, etc. The goal of this Perspective is to provide readers with an overview of the emerging opportunities in the field of germanium-based catalysis by perceiving the underlying key principles. This will help to convert the discrete set of findings into a more systematic vision for catalyst designs. Critical exposition on the germanium's frontier orbitals participations evokes the key challenges involved in innovative catalyst designs, wherein viewpoints are provided. We close by addressing the forward-looking directions for germanium-based catalytic manifold development. We hope that this Perspective will be motivational for applied research on germanium as a constituent of pragmatic catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilanjana Mukherjee
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra 411008, India
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3
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Goodwin MJ, Deetz AM, Griffin PJ, Meyer GJ. Periodic Trends in Intra-ionic Excited State Quenching by Halide. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:15772-15783. [PMID: 39120873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c01726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
The preassociation of reactants in a photoinitiated redox reaction through the use of noncovalent interactions can have a significant impact on excited state reactivity. As these noncovalent interactions render some stabilization to the associated species, they impact the kinetics and thermodynamics of photoinitiated electron transfer. Reported herein is a novel iridium(III) photocatalyst, equipped with an anion-sensitive, amide-substituted bipyridine ligand, and its reactivity with the halides (X = I-, Br-, Cl-) in acetonitrile and dichloromethane. A noteworthy periodic trend was observed, where the size and electron affinity dramatically altered the observed photoredox behavior. The binding affinity for the halides increased with decreasing ionic radius (Keq ∼103 to >106) in a polar medium but association was stoichiometric for each halide in a nonpolar medium. Evidence for the static quenching of iodide and bromide is presented while dynamic quenching was observed with all halides. These results highlight how the photophysics of halide adducts and the thermodynamics of intra-ionic photo-oxidation are impacted as a consequence of preassociation of a quencher through hydrogen bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Paul J Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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4
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Zhu Y, Li X, Wen Z, Zhao R, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Gao H, Wang S, Li F. Highly Efficient Photoelectrochemical Alkene Epoxidation on a Dye-Sensitized Photoanode. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:21903-21912. [PMID: 39046794 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c06461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In photoelectrochemical (PEC) cells, selective oxidation of organic substrates coupled with hydrogen evolution represents a promising approach for value-added chemical production and solar energy conversion. In this study, we report on PEC epoxidation of alkenes at a ruthenium dye-sensitized photoanode in a CH3CN/H2O mixed solvent with LiBr as a mediator and water as the oxygen source. The dye-sensitized photoanode was found to exhibit significant advantages in the simultaneous improvement of charge separation and suppression of charge recombination. First, LiBr as a redox mediator plays a critical role in charge separation, leading to an excellent excited electron injection efficiency of 95% and a high dye regeneration efficiency of 87%. Second, the predominant charge recombination pathway on the dye-sensitized photoanode is efficiently blocked by the reaction between alkene and the in situ generated bromine oxidant. As a result, the current system achieved a remarkable photocurrent density of over 4 mA cm-2 with a record-high incident photo-to-current efficiency (IPCE) of 51% and extraordinary selectivity of up to 99% for the epoxidation of a wide range of alkenes. Meanwhile, nearly 100% Faradaic efficiency for hydrogen evolution was obtained. The performance shown here exceeds that obtained by metal oxide-based semiconductor photoanodes under comparable conditions, demonstrating the great potential of dye-sensitized photoelectrodes for organic synthesis owing to their diversity and tunability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhibing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Ran Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Zihao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Hua Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Siyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontier Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
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5
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Grote F, Weintrub BI, Kreßler M, Cao Q, Halbig CE, Kusch P, Bolotin KI, Eigler S. Evidence for Trans-Oligoene Chain Formation in Graphene Induced by Iodine. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311987. [PMID: 38506566 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Functionalization of pristine graphene by hydrogen and fluorine is well studied, resulting in graphane and fluorographene structures. In contrast, functionalization of pristine graphene with iodine has not been reported. Here, the functionalization of graphene with iodine using photochemical activation is presented, which is thermally reversible at 400 °C. Additional dispersive dominant Raman modes that are probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy are observed. Additionally, iodinated graphene is probed by Kelvin probe force microscopy and by transport measurements showing p-doping surpassing non-covalent iodine doping by charge transfer-complex formation. The emergent Raman modes combined with strong p-doping indicate that iodine functionalization is distinct from simple iodine doping. A reaction mechanism based on these findings is proposed, identifying the large size of iodine atoms as the probable cause governing regiochemically controlled addition due to steric hinderance of reactive sites. The modification of the electronic structure is explained by the confinement of 1D trans-oligoene chains between sp3-defects. These results demonstrate the uniqueness of iodine reactivity toward graphene and the modification of the electronic structure of iodinated graphene, highlighting its dependence on the spatial arrangement of substituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Grote
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin I Weintrub
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mira Kreßler
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Qing Cao
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian E Halbig
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patryk Kusch
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill I Bolotin
- Institut für Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Siegfried Eigler
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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6
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Zheng W, Luo X, Fu H, Duan W, Zhu S, Yang X, Feng C. Trace Br - Inhibits Halogenated Byproduct Formation in Saline Wastewater Electrochemical Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12212-12224. [PMID: 38916044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
The electrochemical technology provides a practical and viable solution to the global water scarcity issue, but it has an inherent challenge of generating toxic halogenated byproducts in treatment of saline wastewater. Our study reveals an unexpected discovery: the presence of a trace amount of Br- not only enhanced the electrochemical oxidation of organic compounds with electron-rich groups but also significantly reduced the formation of halogenated byproducts. For example, in the presence of 20 μM Br-, the oxidation rate of phenol increased from 0.156 to 0.563 min-1, and the concentration of total organic halogen decreased from 59.2 to 8.6 μM. Through probe experiments, direct electron transfer and HO• were ruled out as major contributors; transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) and computational kinetic models revealed that trace Br- triggers a shift in the dominant reactive species from Cl2•- to Br2•-, which plays a key role in pollutant removal. Both TAS and electron paramagnetic resonance identified signals unique to the phenoxyl and carbon-centered radicals in the Br2•--dominated system, indicating distinct reaction mechanisms compared to those involving Cl2•-. Kinetic isotope experiments and density functional theory calculations confirmed that the interaction between Br2•- and phenolic pollutants follows a hydrogen atom abstraction pathway, whereas Cl2•- predominantly engages pollutants through radical adduct formation. These insights significantly enhance our understanding of bromine radical-involved oxidation processes and have crucial implications for optimizing electrochemical treatment systems for saline wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Zheng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xin Luo
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Hengyi Fu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Weijian Duan
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shishu Zhu
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Chunhua Feng
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
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7
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Gao Y, Zhang B. Bromine-mediated membrane-free electrooxidation reactions in water. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:1595-1597. [PMID: 38599958 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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8
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Goodwin MJ, Dickenson JC, Ripak A, Deetz AM, McCarthy JS, Meyer GJ, Troian-Gautier L. Factors that Impact Photochemical Cage Escape Yields. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7379-7464. [PMID: 38743869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of visible light to mediate chemical reactions in fluid solutions has applications that range from solar fuel production to medicine and organic synthesis. These reactions are typically initiated by electron transfer between a photoexcited dye molecule (a photosensitizer) and a redox-active quencher to yield radical pairs that are intimately associated within a solvent cage. Many of these radicals undergo rapid thermodynamically favored "geminate" recombination and do not diffuse out of the solvent cage that surrounds them. Those that do escape the cage are useful reagents that may undergo subsequent reactions important to the above-mentioned applications. The cage escape process and the factors that determine the yields remain poorly understood despite decades of research motivated by their practical and fundamental importance. Herein, state-of-the-art research on light-induced electron transfer and cage escape that has appeared since the seminal 1972 review by J. P. Lorand entitled "The Cage Effect" is reviewed. This review also provides some background for those new to the field and discusses the cage escape process of both homolytic bond photodissociation and bimolecular light induced electron transfer reactions. The review concludes with some key goals and directions for future research that promise to elevate this very vibrant field to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexia Ripak
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson S McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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9
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Dickenson JC, Grills DC, Polyansky DE, Meyer GJ. Reductive Dynamic and Static Excited State Quenching of a Homoleptic Ruthenium Complex Bearing Aldehyde Groups. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:4242-4251. [PMID: 38760329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c01090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
A new homoleptic Ru polypyridyl complex bearing two aldehyde groups on each bipyridine ligand, [Ru(dab)3](PF6)2, where dab is 4,4'-dicarbaldehyde-2,2'-bipyridine, was synthesized, characterized, and utilized for iodide photo-oxidation studies. In acetonitrile (CH3CN) solution, the complex displayed an intense metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) absorbance maximum at 475 nm (ε = 22,000 M-1 cm-1) and an infrared (IR) band at 1712 cm-1 assigned to the pendent aldehyde groups. Visible light excitation in air-saturated solution resulted in room temperature photoluminescence (PL) with a maximum at 675 nm, a quantum yield, ϕPL = 0.048, and an excited state lifetime, το = 440 ns, from which radiative and nonradiative relaxation rate constants were extracted, kr = 9.1 × 104 s-1 and knr = 1.8 × 106 s-1. Pulsed visible light excitation yielded transient UV-vis and IR absorption spectra consistent with an MLCT excited state; relaxation occurred with the maintenance of two isosbestic points in the visible region, and a lifetime that agreed with that measured by time-resolved PL. Cyclic voltammetry studies in a CH3CN solution with 0.1 M TBAPF6 electrolyte revealed a quasi-reversible oxidation, E°(RuIII/II) = +1.25 V vs. Fc+/0, and three sequential one-electron reductions at -1.10, -1.25, and -1.54 V vs. Fc+/0. An excited state reduction potential of E°(Ru*2+/+) = +0.89 V vs. Fc+/0 was estimated with the Rehm-Weller expression. Titration of tetrabutylammonium iodide, TBAI, into a CD3CN solution of [Ru(dab)3](PF6)2 resulted in significant shifts in the aldehyde H atom and 3,3'-biypridyl resonances that were analyzed with a 1:1 equilibrium model, from which Keq = 460 M-1 was extracted, increasing to 5800 M-1 when the solvent was changed to acetone-d6. Iodide titrations resulted in a significant quenching of the [Ru(dab)3]*2+ lifetime and quantum yield in both CH3CN and acetone solvents. In CH3CN, the quenching was mainly dynamic and well described by the Stern-Volmer model, from which a quenching rate constant, kq, of 4.5 × 1010 M-1 s-1 and an equilibrium constant, Keq, of 8.3 × 103 M-1 were obtained. In acetone, the static quenching pathway by iodide was greatly enhanced, with a Keq of 1.2 × 104 M-1 and a higher kq of 9.2 × 1010 M-1 s-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David C Grills
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Dmitry E Polyansky
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, P.O. Box 5000, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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10
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Morris AO, Barriault L. Redox-Neutral Multicatalytic Cerium Photoredox-Enabled Cleavage of O-H Bearing Substrates. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400642. [PMID: 38436591 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The need for synthetic methodologies capable of rapidly altering molecular structure are in high demand. Most existing methods to modify scaffolds rely on net exothermicity to drive the desired transformation. We sought to develop a general strategy for the cleavage of C-C bonds β to hydroxyl groups independent of inherent substrate strain. To this end we have applied a multicatalytic cerium photoredox-based system capable of activating O-H bonds in lactols to deliver formate esters. The same system is also capable of effecting hydrodecarboxylation and hydrodecarbonylation reactions. Initial mechanistic probes demonstrate atomic chlorine (Cl⋅) is generated under the reaction conditions, but substrate activation through cerium-alkoxides or -carboxylates cannot be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avery O Morris
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Canada, K1 N 6 N5
| | - Louis Barriault
- Center for Catalysis Research and Innovation, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie-Curie, Ottawa, Canada, K1 N 6 N5
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11
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East NR, Naumann R, Förster C, Ramanan C, Diezemann G, Heinze K. Oxidative two-state photoreactivity of a manganese(IV) complex using near-infrared light. Nat Chem 2024; 16:827-834. [PMID: 38332331 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01446-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Highly reducing or oxidizing photocatalysts are a fundamental challenge in photochemistry. Only a few transition metal complexes with Earth-abundant metal ions have so far advanced to excited state oxidants. All these photocatalysts require high-energy light for excitation, and their oxidizing power has not been fully exploited due to energy dissipation before reaching the photoactive state. Here we demonstrate that the complex [Mn(dgpy)2]4+, based on Earth-abundant manganese and the tridentate 2,6-diguanidylpyridine ligand (dgpy), evolves to a luminescent doublet ligand-to-metal charge transfer (2LMCT) excited state (1,435 nm, 0.86 eV) with a lifetime of 1.6 ns after excitation with low-energy near-infrared light. This 2LMCT state oxidizes naphthalene to its radical cation. Substrates with extremely high oxidation potentials up to 2.4 V enable the [Mn(dgpy)2]4+ photoreduction via a high-energy quartet 4LMCT excited state with a lifetime of 0.78 ps, proceeding via static quenching by the solvent. This process minimizes free energy losses and harnesses the full photooxidizing power, and thus allows oxidation of nitriles and benzene using Earth-abundant elements and low-energy light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R East
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Charusheela Ramanan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gregor Diezemann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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12
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De Kreijger S, Ripak A, Elias B, Troian-Gautier L. Investigation of the Excited-State Electron Transfer and Cage Escape Yields Between Halides and a Fe(III) Photosensitizer. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10286-10292. [PMID: 38569088 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Excited-state quenching and reduction of [Fe(phtmeimb)2]+, where phtmeimb is phenyl[tris(3-methyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene)]borate, with iodide, bromide, and chloride were studied in dichloromethane, acetonitrile, and acetonitrile/water 1:1 mixture by means of steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopic techniques. Quenching rate constants were almost diffusion-limited in dichloromethane and acetonitrile and followed the expected periodic trend, i.e., I- > Br- > Cl-. Confirmation of excited-state reductive electron transfer was only unambiguously obtained when iodide was used as a quencher. The cage escape yields, i.e., the separation of the geminate radical pair formed upon bimolecular excited-state electron transfer, were determined. These yields were larger in dichloromethane (0.079) than in acetonitrile (0.017), and no photoproduct could be observed in acetonitrile/water 1:1. This study further emphasizes that solvents with low dielectric constant are more suited for productive excited-state electron transfer using Fe(III) photosensitizers with 2LMCT excited state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon De Kreijger
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexia Ripak
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- UCLouvain, Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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13
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Wee-Léonard MV, Elias B, Troian-Gautier L. Photoinduced One-Electron Chloride Oxidation in Water Using a Pentacationic Ir(III) Photosensitizer. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38621164 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
A novel iridium(III) photosensitizer containing pyridinium-decorated terpyridines has been used for the photo-oxidation of chloride in water. Despite its abundance, the very positive one-electron reduction potential (E° Cl•/- = 2.1-2.4 V vs NHE) restricted its use in energy conversion schemes and artificial photosynthesis. The kinetics of the photoinduced electron transfer process were investigated through Stern-Volmer quenching experiments and nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, which provided unambiguous evidence that photoinduced chloride oxidation occurred with a quenching rate constant kq = 5.0 × 1010 M-1 s-1. Complementary spectroelectrochemistry and photolysis experiments confirmed the formation of the reduced photosensitizer and showcased the redox and photostability of the Ir(III) photosensitizer that holds great promise for the HX splitting approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Vander Wee-Léonard
- UCLouvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- UCLouvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- UCLouvain, Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1/L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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14
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Wellauer J, Ziereisen F, Sinha N, Prescimone A, Velić A, Meyer F, Wenger OS. Iron(III) Carbene Complexes with Tunable Excited State Energies for Photoredox and Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146. [PMID: 38598280 PMCID: PMC11046485 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Substituting precious elements in luminophores and photocatalysts by abundant first-row transition metals remains a significant challenge, and iron continues to be particularly attractive owing to its high natural abundance and low cost. Most iron complexes known to date face severe limitations due to undesirably efficient deactivation of luminescent and photoredox-active excited states. Two new iron(III) complexes with structurally simple chelate ligands enable straightforward tuning of ground and excited state properties, contrasting recent examples, in which chemical modification had a minor impact. Crude samples feature two luminescence bands strongly reminiscent of a recent iron(III) complex, in which this observation was attributed to dual luminescence, but in our case, there is clear-cut evidence that the higher-energy luminescence stems from an impurity and only the red photoluminescence from a doublet ligand-to-metal charge transfer (2LMCT) excited state is genuine. Photoinduced oxidative and reductive electron transfer reactions with methyl viologen and 10-methylphenothiazine occur with nearly diffusion-limited kinetics. Photocatalytic reactions not previously reported for this compound class, in particular the C-H arylation of diazonium salts and the aerobic hydroxylation of boronic acids, were achieved with low-energy red light excitation. Doublet-triplet energy transfer (DTET) from the luminescent 2LMCT state to an anthracene annihilator permits the proof of principle for triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion based on a molecular iron photosensitizer. These findings are relevant for the development of iron complexes featuring photophysical and photochemical properties competitive with noble-metal-based compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joël Wellauer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Ziereisen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Narayan Sinha
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ajdin Velić
- University
of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franc Meyer
- University
of Göttingen, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Tammannstraße 4, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Seki T, Yu CC, Chiang KY, Yu X, Sun S, Bonn M, Nagata Y. Spontaneous Appearance of Triiodide Covering the Topmost Layer of the Iodide Solution Interface Without Photo-Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3830-3837. [PMID: 38353041 PMCID: PMC10902846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Ions containing iodine atoms at the vapor-aqueous solution interfaces critically affect aerosol growth and atmospheric chemistry due to their complex chemical nature and multivalency. While the surface propensity of iodide ions has been intensely discussed in the context of the Hofmeister series, the stability of various ions containing iodine atoms at the vapor-water interface has been debated. Here, we combine surface-specific sum-frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy with ab initio molecular dynamics simulations to examine the extent to which iodide ions cover the aqueous surface. The SFG probe of the free O-D stretch mode of heavy water indicates that the free O-D group density decreases drastically at the interface when the bulk NaI concentration exceeds ∼2 M. The decrease in the free O-D group density is attributed to the spontaneous appearance of triiodide that covers the topmost interface rather than to the surface adsorption of iodide. This finding demonstrates that iodide is not surface-active, yet the highly surface-active triiodide is generated spontaneously at the water-air interface, even under dark and oxygen-free conditions. Our study provides an important first step toward clarifying iodine chemistry and pathways for aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takakazu Seki
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Chun-Chieh Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kuo-Yang Chiang
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shumei Sun
- Department of Physics, Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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16
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Wang Z, Yan CX, Liu R, Li X, Dai J, Li X, Shi D. Photo-induced versatile aliphatic C-H functionalization via electron donor-acceptor complex. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:345-353. [PMID: 38044193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to selectively introduce diverse functionality onto hydrocarbons is of substantial value in the synthesis of both small molecules and pharmaceuticals. In this endeavour, as a photocatalyst- and metal-free process, the electron donor-acceptor (EDA) strategy has not been well explored. Here we report an approach to aliphatic carbon-hydrogen bond diversification through an EDA complex constituted by HCl and SIV=O groups. As an efficient hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent, chlorine radical can be produced via a proton-coupled electron transfer process in this system. Based on this unusual path, a photo-promoted versatile aliphatic C-H functionalization is developed without photo- and metal-catalysts, including thiolation, arylation, alkynylation, and allylation. This conversion has concise and ambient reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, and substrate diversity, and provides an alternative solution for the high value-added utilization of bulk light alkanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zemin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chao-Xian Yan
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Ankang University, Ankang 725000, China
| | - Ruihua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiajia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Dayong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Laboratory of Marine Drugs and Biological Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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17
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Gao Y, Yan M, Cheng C, Zhong H, Zhao BH, Liu C, Wu Y, Zhang B. Membrane-Free Electrosynthesis of Epichlorohydrins Mediated by Bromine Radicals over Nanotips. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:714-722. [PMID: 38157544 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The industrial manufacture of epichlorohydrin (ECH) often suffers from excessive corrosive chlorine and multistep processes. Here, we report a one-pot membrane-free Br radical-mediated ECH electrosynthesis. Bromine radicals electro-oxidized from Br- ions initiate the reaction and then eliminate HBr from bromohydrin to give ECH and release Br- ions for reuse. A high energy barrier for *OH oxidation and isolated Br adsorption sites enables NiCo2O4 to suppress the competitive oxygen and bromine evolution reactions. The high-curvature nanotips with an increased electric field concentrate Br- and OH- ions to accelerate ECH electrosynthesis. This strategy delivers ECH with a Faradaic efficiency of 47% and a reaction rate of 1.4 mol h-1 gcat-1 at a high current density of 100 mA cm-2, exceeding the profitable target from the techno-economic analysis. Economically profitable electrosynthesis, methodological universality, and the extended synthesis of epoxide-drug blocks highlight their promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Mingming Yan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chuanqi Cheng
- Institute of New Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bo-Hang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cuibo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yongmeng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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Bhatia H, Guo J, Savory CN, Rush M, James DI, Dey A, Chen C, Bučar DK, Clarke TM, Scanlon DO, Palgrave RG, Schroeder BC. Exploring Bismuth Coordination Complexes as Visible-Light Absorbers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photophysical Properties. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:416-430. [PMID: 38101319 PMCID: PMC10777407 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Bismuth-based coordination complexes are advantageous over other metal complexes, as bismuth is the heaviest nontoxic element with high spin-orbit coupling and potential optoelectronics applications. Herein, four bismuth halide-based coordination complexes [Bi2Cl6(phen-thio)2] (1), [Bi2Br6(phen-thio)2] (2), [Bi2I6(phen-thio)2] (3), and [Bi2I6(phen-Me)2] (4) were synthesized, characterized, and subjected to detailed photophysical studies. The complexes were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, and NMR studies. Spectroscopic analyses of 1-4 in solutions of different polarities were performed to understand the role of the organic and inorganic components in determining the ground- and excited-state properties of the complexes. The photophysical properties of the complexes were characterized by ground-state absorption, steady-state photoluminescence, microsecond time-resolved photoluminescence, and absorption spectroscopy. Periodic density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on the solid-state structures to understand the role of the organic and inorganic parts of the complexes. The studies showed that changing the ancillary ligand from chlorine (Cl) and bromine (Br) to iodine (I) bathochromically shifts the absorption band along with enhancing the absorption coefficient. Also, changing the halides (Cl, Br to I) affects the photoluminescent quantum yields of the ligand-centered (LC) emissive state without markedly affecting the lifetimes. The combined results confirmed that ground-state properties are strongly influenced by the inorganic part, and the lower-energy excited state is LC. This study paves the way to design novel bismuth coordination complexes for optoelectronic applications by rigorously choosing the ligands and bismuth salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Bhatia
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Junjun Guo
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher N. Savory
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Thomas
Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Martyn Rush
- Polysolar
Ltd, High Cross, Aurora Cambridge at BAS, Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United
Kingdom
| | - David Ian James
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning Common, Reading RG4 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Avishek Dey
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Charles Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dejan-Krešimir Bučar
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Tracey M. Clarke
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - David O. Scanlon
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
- Thomas
Young Centre, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Diamond House, Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11
0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Robert G. Palgrave
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Bob C. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
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19
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Waddell PM, Tian L, Scavuzzo AR, Venigalla L, Scholes GD, Carrow BP. Visible light-induced palladium-carbon bond weakening in catalytically relevant T-shaped complexes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:14217-14228. [PMID: 38098701 PMCID: PMC10717500 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02588h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Triggering one-electron redox processes during palladium catalysis holds the potential to unlock new reaction mechanisms and synthetic methods not previously accessible in the typical two-electron reaction manifolds that dominate palladium catalysis. We report that T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes coordinated by a bulky monophosphine, a class of organometallic intermediate featured in a range of contemporary catalytic reactions, undergo blue light-promoted bond weakening leading to mild and efficient homolytic cleavage of strong Pd(ii)-C(sp3) bonds under ambient conditions. The origin of light-triggered radical formation in these systems, which lack an obvious ligand-based chromophore (i.e., π-systems), was investigated using a combination of DFT calculations, photoactinometry, and transient absorption spectroscopy. The available data suggest T-shaped organopalladium(ii) complexes manifest unusual blue light-accessible Pd-to-C(sp3) transition. The quantum efficiency and excited state lifetime of this process were unexpectedly superior compared to a prototypical (α-diimine)Pd(ii) complex featuring a low-lying, ligand-centered LUMO (π*). These results suggest coordinatively-unsaturated organopalladium(ii) compounds, catalysts in myriad catalytic processes, have untapped potential for one-electron reactivity under visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Waddell
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Lei Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | | | - Lalu Venigalla
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
| | - Gregory D Scholes
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University Princeton NJ 08544 USA
| | - Brad P Carrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston Houston TX 77204 USA
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20
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Wu Z, Boyer C. Near-Infrared Light-Induced Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: Expanding Frontiers in Photopolymerization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304942. [PMID: 37750445 PMCID: PMC10667859 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced reversible deactivation radical polymerization (photo-RDRP) or photoinduced controlled/living radical polymerization has emerged as a versatile and powerful technique for preparing functional and advanced polymer materials under mild conditions by harnessing light energy. While UV and visible light (λ = 400-700 nm) are extensively employed in photo-RDRP, the utilization of near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths (λ = 700-2500 nm) beyond the visible region remains relatively unexplored. NIR light possesses unique properties, including enhanced light penetration, reduced light scattering, and low biomolecule absorption, thereby providing opportunities for applying photo-RDRP in the fields of manufacturing and medicine. This comprehensive review categorizes all known NIR light-induced RDRP (NIR-RDRP) systems into four mechanism-based types: mediation by upconversion nanoparticles, mediation by photocatalysts, photothermal conversion, and two-photon absorption. The distinct photoinitiation pathways associated with each mechanism are discussed. Furthermore, this review highlights the diverse applications of NIR-RDRP reported to date, including 3D printing, polymer brush fabrication, drug delivery, nanoparticle synthesis, and hydrogel formation. By presenting these applications, the review underscores the exceptional capabilities of NIR-RDRP and offers guidance for developing high-performance and versatile photopolymerization systems. Exploiting the unique properties of NIR light unlocks new opportunities for synthesizing functional and advanced polymer materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Wu
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Cluster for Advanced Macromolecular Design and Australian Centre for NanoMedicineSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of New South WalesSydneyNSW2052Australia
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21
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Zhang Z, Zhang W, Hou ZW, Li P, Wang L. Electrophilic Halospirocyclization of N-Benzylacrylamides to Access 4-Halomethyl-2-azaspiro[4.5]decanes. J Org Chem 2023; 88:13610-13621. [PMID: 37694951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
An electrophilic spirocyclization of N-benzylacrylamides with N-halosuccinimides (NXS) as the halogenating reagents has been developed. This reaction is carried out at room temperature under simple conditions without relying on metal reagents, photochemistry, or electrochemistry, providing a fast and efficient route to synthesize a wide variety of 4-halomethyl-2-azaspiro[4.5]decanes with satisfactory yields. The approach is further highlighted through gram-scale synthesis and diverse transformations of the spiro products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Wei Hou
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Pinhua Li
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Advanced Research Institute and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Taizhou University, Jiaojiang 318000, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei 235000, Anhui, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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22
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De Kreijger S, Elias B, Troian-Gautier L. Chloride, Bromide, and Iodide Photooxidation in Acetonitrile/Water Mixtures Using Binuclear Iridium(III) Photosensitizers. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:16196-16202. [PMID: 37734153 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Two iridium(III) binuclear photosensitizers, [Ir(dFCF3ppy)2(N-N)Ir(dFCF3ppy)2]2+, where N-N is tetrapyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c:3″,2″-h:2‴,3‴-j]phenazine (Ir-TPPHZ) and 1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene[9,10-b]-1,4,5,8,9,12-hexaazatriphenylene (Ir-TAPHAT) are reported for iodide, bromide, and chloride photooxidation in acetonitrile and acetonitrile/water mixtures using blue-light irradiation. Excited-state reduction potentials Ered* of +2.02 and +2.09 V vs NHE were determined for Ir-TPPHZ and Ir-TAPHAT, respectively. Both photosensitizers' excited states were efficiently quenched by iodide, bromide, and chloride with quenching rate constants in the (3.5-9.2) × 1010 and (0.0036-2.9) × 1010 M-1 s-1 ranges in neat acetonitrile and acetonitrile/water mixtures, respectively. Nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy provided unambiguous evidence of reductive excited-state electron transfer, with all halides in the solvent mixtures containing up to 50% water. Cage-escape yields were large (55-96%) in acetonitrile and dropped below 32% in 50:50 acetonitrile/water mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon De Kreijger
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Box L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Box L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), UCLouvain, Place Louis Pasteur 1, Box L4.01.02, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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23
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Wu J, Shu C, Li Z, Noble A, Aggarwal VK. Photoredox-Catalyzed Decarboxylative Bromination, Chlorination and Thiocyanation Using Inorganic Salts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309684. [PMID: 37522816 PMCID: PMC10952529 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Decarboxylative halogenation reactions of alkyl carboxylic acids are highly valuable reactions for the synthesis of structurally diverse alkyl halides. However, many reported protocols rely on stoichiometric strong oxidants or highly electrophilic halogenating agents. Herein, we describe visible-light photoredox-catalyzed decarboxylative halogenation reactions of N-hydroxyphthalimide-activated carboxylic acids that avoid stoichiometric oxidants and use inexpensive inorganic halide salts as the halogenating agents. Bromination with lithium bromide proceeds under simple, transition-metal-free conditions using an organic photoredox catalyst and no other additives, whereas dual photoredox-copper catalysis is required for chlorination with lithium chloride. The mild conditions display excellent functional-group tolerance, which is demonstrated through the transformation of a diverse range of structurally complex carboxylic acid containing natural products into the corresponding alkyl bromides and chlorides. In addition, we show the generality of the dual photoredox-copper-catalyzed decarboxylative functionalization with inorganic salts by extension to thiocyanation with potassium thiocyanide, which was applied to the synthesis of complex alkyl thiocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
- Current address: Frontiers Science Center for Transformative MoleculesSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringZhangjiang Institute for Advanced StudyShanghai Jiao Tong UniversityNo. 429, Zhangheng Road200213ShanghaiChina
| | - Chao Shu
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
- Current address: National Key Laboratory of Green PesticideCollege of ChemistryCentral China Normal University (CCNU)152 Luoyu Road430079WuhanHubeiChina
| | - Zhihang Li
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
| | - Adam Noble
- School of ChemistryUniversity of BristolCantock's CloseBS8 1TSBristolUK
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24
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Bertrams MS, Hermainski K, Mörsdorf JM, Ballmann J, Kerzig C. Triplet quenching pathway control with molecular dyads enables the identification of a highly oxidizing annihilator class. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8583-8591. [PMID: 37592982 PMCID: PMC10430750 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01725g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal complex - arene dyads typically act as more potent triplet energy donors compared to their parent metal complexes, which is frequently exploited for increasing the efficiencies of energy transfer applications. Using unexplored dicationic phosphonium-bridged ladder stilbenes (P-X2+) as quenchers, we exclusively observed photoinduced electron transfer photochemistry with commercial organic photosensitizers and photoactive metal complexes. In contrast, the corresponding pyrene dyads of the tested ruthenium complexes with the very same metal complex units efficiently sensitize the P-X2+ triplets. The long-lived and comparatively redox-inert pyrene donor triplet in the dyads thus provides an efficient access to acceptor triplet states that are otherwise very tricky to obtain. This dyad-enabled control over the quenching pathway allowed us to explore the P-X2+ photochemistry in detail using laser flash photolysis. The P-X2+ triplet undergoes annihilation producing the corresponding excited singlet, which is an extremely strong oxidant (+2.3 V vs. NHE) as demonstrated by halide quenching experiments. This behavior was observed for three P2+ derivatives allowing us to add a novel basic structure to the very limited number of annihilators for sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation in neat water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Katharina Hermainski
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
| | - Jean-Marc Mörsdorf
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Joachim Ballmann
- Anorganisch-Chemisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 276 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz Duesbergweg 10-14 55128 Mainz Germany
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25
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Deetz AM, Goodwin MJ, Kober EA, Meyer GJ. Nanosecond Intra-Ionic Chloride Photo-Oxidation. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:11414-11425. [PMID: 37428627 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c00970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Transition-metal photocatalysts capable of oxidizing chloride are rare yet serve as an attractive means to controllably generate chlorine atoms, which have continued to garner the interest of researchers for notable applications in photoredox catalysis and solar energy storage. Herein, a new series of four Ir-photocatalysts with different dicationic chloride-sequestering ligands were synthesized and characterized to probe the relationship between chloride binding affinities, ion pair solution structures, and rate constants for chloride photo-oxidation in acetonitrile at room temperature. The substituents on the quaternary amines of dicationic bipyridine ligands had negligible effects on the photocatalyst excited-state reduction potential, yet dramatically influenced the affinity for chloride binding, indicating that synthetic design can be utilized to independently tune these important properties. An inverse correlation was observed between the equilibrium constant for chloride ion pairing and the rate constant for intra-ionic chloride oxidation. Exceptions to this trend suggest structural differences in the ion-paired solution structures, which were probed by 1H NMR binding experiments. This study provides new insights into light-induced oxidation of ion-paired substrates, a burgeoning approach that offers to circumvent diffusional constraints of photocatalysts with short excited-state lifetimes. Ground-state association of chloride with these photocatalysts enables intra-ionic chloride oxidation on a rapid nanosecond timescale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Erin A Kober
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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26
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Chrisman CH, Kudisch M, Puffer KO, Stewart TK, Lamb YML, Lim CH, Escobar R, Thordarson P, Johannes JW, Miyake GM. Halide Noninnocence and Direct Photoreduction of Ni(II) Enables Coupling of Aryl Chlorides in Dual Catalytic, Carbon-Heteroatom Bond-Forming Reactions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:12293-12304. [PMID: 37204458 PMCID: PMC10786213 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recent mechanistic studies of dual photoredox/Ni-catalyzed, light-driven cross-coupling reactions have found that the photocatalyst (PC) operates through either reductive quenching or energy transfer cycles. To date, reports invoking oxidative quenching cycles are comparatively rare and direct observation of such a quenching event has not been reported. However, when PCs with highly reducing excited states are used (e.g., Ir(ppy)3), photoreduction of Ni(II) to Ni(I) is thermodynamically feasible. Recently, a unified reaction system using Ir(ppy)3 was developed for forming C-O, C-N, and C-S bonds under the same conditions, a prospect that is challenging with PCs that can photooxidize these nucleophiles. Herein, in a detailed mechanistic study of this system, we observe oxidative quenching of the PC (Ir(ppy)3 or a phenoxazine) via nanosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Speciation studies support that a mixture of Ni-bipyridine complexes forms under the reaction conditions, and the rate constant for photoreduction increases when more than one ligand is bound. Oxidative addition of an aryl iodide was observed indirectly via oxidation of the resulting iodide by Ir(IV)(ppy)3. Intriguingly, the persistence of the Ir(IV)/Ni(I) ion pair formed in the oxidative quenching step was found to be necessary to simulate the observed kinetics. Both bromide and iodide anions were found to reduce the oxidized form of the PC back to its neutral state. These mechanistic insights inspired the addition of a chloride salt additive, which was found to alter Ni speciation, leading to a 36-fold increase in the initial turnover frequency, enabling the coupling of aryl chlorides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron H Chrisman
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Max Kudisch
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Katherine O Puffer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Trevor K Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Yisrael M L Lamb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Fort Lewis College, 1000 Rim Drive, Durango, Colorado 81301, United States
| | - Chern-Hooi Lim
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
- New Iridium LLC, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Randolph Escobar
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Pall Thordarson
- School of Chemistry, The Australian Centre for Nanomedicine and the UNSW RNA Institute, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey W Johannes
- Chemistry, Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Garret M Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
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27
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Xu Z, Astridge DD, Kerner RA, Zhong X, Hu J, Hong J, Wisch JA, Zhu K, Berry JJ, Kahn A, Sellinger A, Rand BP. Origins of Photoluminescence Instabilities at Halide Perovskite/Organic Hole Transport Layer Interfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11846-11858. [PMID: 37202123 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites are promising for optoelectronic device applications; however, their poor stability under solar illumination remains a primary concern. While the intrinsic photostability of isolated neat perovskite samples has been widely discussed, it is important to explore how charge transport layers─employed in most devices─impact photostability. Herein, we study the effect of organic hole transport layers (HTLs) on light-induced halide segregation and photoluminescence (PL) quenching at perovskite/organic HTL interfaces. By employing a series of organic HTLs, we demonstrate that the HTL's highest occupied molecular orbital energy dictates behavior; furthermore, we reveal the key role of halogen loss from the perovskite and subsequent permeation into organic HTLs, where it acts as a PL quencher at the interface and introduces additional mass transport pathways to facilitate halide phase separation. In doing so, we both reveal the microscopic mechanism of non-radiative recombination at perovskite/organic HTL interfaces and detail the chemical rationale for closely matching the perovskite/organic HTL energetics to maximize solar cell efficiency and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaojian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Daniel D Astridge
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Ross A Kerner
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Xinjue Zhong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Junnan Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jisu Hong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Jesse A Wisch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Kai Zhu
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Joseph J Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Antoine Kahn
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Alan Sellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Barry P Rand
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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28
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Karre AV, Valsaraj KT, Vasagar V. Review of air-water interface adsorption and reactions between trace gaseous organic and oxidant compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162367. [PMID: 36822420 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The surface chemistry of the atmospheric aerosol through homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic reactions in the bulk water and the air-water surface is reviewed. Water plays a critical role as a substrate or an actual reactant in atmospheric reactions. The atmospheric aerosol differs in shape and surface area. Many gaseous reactive species and oxidants react at the air-water surface. Different thermodynamic methods to estimate partitioning coefficients are explored. The Gibbs free energy is reduced when reactant gaseous species react with oxidant at the air-water surface; this phenomenon is explained using examples. Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction mechanism to quantify the heterogeneous reaction rate at the air-water interface is discussed. Critical comparisons of various sampling techniques used to analyze adsorption and reaction at the water surface are presented. The heterogeneous reaction rate at the air-water surface is significantly higher than in the bulk water phase due to a cage effect, higher rate of reactions, and lower Gibbs free energy of adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalliat T Valsaraj
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, LA 70803, United States
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29
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Miyajima R, Ooe Y, Miura T, Ikoma T, Iwamoto H, Takizawa SY, Hasegawa E. Triarylamine-Substituted Benzimidazoliums as Electron Donor-Acceptor Dyad-Type Photocatalysts for Reductive Organic Transformations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10236-10248. [PMID: 37127911 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Triarylamine-substituted benzimidazoliums (BI+-PhNAr2), new electron donor-acceptor dyad molecules, were synthesized. Their photocatalytic properties for reductive organic transformations were explored using absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, redox potential determinations, density functional theory calculations, transient absorption spectroscopy, and reduction reactions of selected substrates. The results show that irradiation of BI+-PhNAr2 promotes photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer to form a long-lived (∼300 μs) charge shifted state (BI•-PhN•+Ar2). In the pathway for photocatalysis of reduction reactions of substrates, BI•-PhN•+Ar2 is subsequently transformed to the neutral benzimidazolyl radical (BI•-PhNAr2) by single-electron transfer from the donor 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenylbenzimidazoline (BIH-Ph) serving as a cooperative agent. Among the benzimidazoliums explored, the bromo-substituted analogue BI+-PhN(C6H4Br-p)2 in conjunction with BIH-Ph demonstrates the most consistent catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyajima
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yuuki Ooe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Miura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Ikoma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Hajime Iwamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shin-Ya Takizawa
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Eietsu Hasegawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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30
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Radicchi E, Quaglia G, Latterini L, De Angelis F. Solvent dependent iodide oxidation in metal-halide perovskite precursor solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4132-4140. [PMID: 36655359 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04266e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Solar cell absorbing layers made of metal-halide perovskites (MHPs) are usually deposited from solution phase precursors, which is one of the reasons why these materials received huge research attention in the last few years. A detailed knowledge of the solution chemistry is critical to understand the formation of MHP thin films and thus to control their optoelectronic properties and the reproducibility issues that usually affect their synthesis. In this regard, the concentration of triiodide, I3-, is one factor known to have an influence on regulating important aspects such as the particle size in the solution and the defect concentration in the film. In this study, we highlight an underestimated source of I3-, namely the iodide salt solutions ubiquitously employed in MHP synthetic routes, which not only lead to the formation of I3- but also detracts available I- for the MHP synthesis, thus establishing under-stoichiometric conditions. Particularly, we show how the oxidation of I- to I3- changes in time with both the iodide salt counter-cation (K+, CH3NH3+) and the used solvent, meaning that variable quantities of I3- are found depending on the synthesis conditions, with enhanced oxidation found in the γ-butyrolactone (GBL) solvent. Though these differences are generally small, we shed light on a hidden and ever-present reaction which is likely to be related to the overall processing quality of MHP thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Radicchi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Nano4Light-Lab, via Elce di Sotto, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Nano4Light-Lab, via Elce di Sotto, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Jiang C, Cañada LM, Nguyen NB, Halamicek MDS, Nguyen SH, Teets TS. Substituent-Dependent Azide Addition to Isocyanides Generates Strongly Luminescent Iridium Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1227-1235. [PMID: 36603163 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ligand-centered functionalization reactions offer diverse strategies to prepare luminescent organometallic compounds. These compounds can have unique structures that are not accessible via traditional coordination chemistry and can possess enhanced or unusual photophysical properties. Here we show that bis-cyclometalated iridium bis-isocyanide complexes (1) react with azide (N3-) to form novel luminescent structures. The fate of the reaction with azide is determined primarily by the substituent on the aryl isocyanide. Those with electron-withdrawing substituents (CF3 or NO2) react with 1 equiv of azide followed by N2 extrusion, forming aryl cyanamido products (2). With electron-donating groups on the aryl isocyanide the reactivity is more diverse, and three outcomes are possible. In two cases, the isocyanide and azide undergo a [3 + 2] cycloaddition to form a C-bound tetrazolato structure (3). In three other cases, 2 equiv of azide are involved in the formation of a previously unobserved structure, where a tetrazolato and aryl cyanamido couple and rearrange to form a chelating ligand comprised of an N-bound tetrazolato and an acyclic diaminocarbene (4). Finally, a bimetallic aryl cyanamido complex (5) is isolated in one case. All compounds are luminescent, some with exceptional photoluminescence quantum yields as high as 0.81 in solution for sky-blue emission, and 0.87 for yellow emission and 0.65 for orange-red emission in polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggang Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Louise M Cañada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Ngoc Bao Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Michael D S Halamicek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Sami H Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
| | - Thomas S Teets
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Blvd. Room 112, Houston, Texas 77204-5003, United States
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32
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An Q, Xing YY, Pu R, Jia M, Chen Y, Hu A, Zhang SQ, Yu N, Du J, Zhang Y, Chen J, Liu W, Hong X, Zuo Z. Identification of Alkoxy Radicals as Hydrogen Atom Transfer Agents in Ce-Catalyzed C-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:359-376. [PMID: 36538367 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The intermediacy of alkoxy radicals in cerium-catalyzed C-H functionalization via H-atom abstraction has been unambiguously confirmed. Catalytically relevant Ce(IV)-alkoxide complexes have been synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction. Operando electron paramagnetic resonance and transient absorption spectroscopy experiments on isolated pentachloro Ce(IV) alkoxides identified alkoxy radicals as the sole heteroatom-centered radical species generated via ligand-to-metal charge transfer (LMCT) excitation. Alkoxy-radical-mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) has been verified via kinetic analysis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations, and reactions under strictly chloride-free conditions. These experimental findings unambiguously establish the critical role of alkoxy radicals in Ce-LMCT catalysis and definitively preclude the involvement of chlorine radical. This study has also reinforced the necessity of a high relative ratio of alcohol vs Ce for the selective alkoxy-radical-mediated HAT, as seemingly trivial changes in the relative ratio of alcohol vs Ce can lead to drastically different mechanistic pathways. Importantly, the previously proposed chlorine radical-alcohol complex, postulated to explain alkoxy-radical-enabled selectivities in this system, has been examined under scrutiny and ruled out by regioselectivity studies, transient absorption experiments, and high-level calculations. Moreover, the peculiar selectivity of alkoxy radical generation in the LMCT homolysis of Ce(IV) heteroleptic complexes has been analyzed and back-electron transfer (BET) may have regulated the efficiency and selectivity for the formation of ligand-centered radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing An
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yang-Yang Xing
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ruihua Pu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Menghui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuegang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Anhua Hu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Shuo-Qing Zhang
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Na Yu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jianbo Du
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jinquan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xin Hong
- Center of Chemistry for Frontier Technologies, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310007, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Zhongguancun North First Street NO. 2, Beijing 100190, China.,Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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33
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Yamaguchi E. [Development of Molecular Transformation Reactions Using Visible Light and Main Group Elements]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2023; 143:693-699. [PMID: 37661434 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.23-00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their ability to induce excitation of specific molecular orbitals or initiate chemical reactions, photochemical reactions have the potential to be more effective at selectively activating target molecules than thermal reactions. The thermal reactions transfer thermal energy to activate molecules, which often leads to the activation of multiple molecular species, including undesired ones, resulting in non-selectivity. This nonselectivity may result in undesirable side reactions or decrease reaction efficiency. Additionally, photochemical reactions can induce selective activation by absorbing specific wavelengths of light. However, visible light-driven photocatalytic reactions typically require expensive transition metal catalysts or organic dyes, leaving plenty of room for improvement. To address the aforementioned issues, the photochemical properties of the main group elements, such as halogens, were optimized and methodologies for visible light-induced reactions were developed. Activation of molecular halogen, halogen-carbon bonds, and halogen bonding interactions were independently investigated and various methodologies were reported. These developed reactions are excellent methodologies that use inexpensive raw materials and are thus predicted to contribute significantly toward sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Yamaguchi
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research, Gifu University
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34
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Highly selective photocatalytic oxidation of alcohols under the application of novel metal organic frameworks (MOFs) based catalytic system. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:136-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Liu J, Tang S, Xu H, Zhang R, Zhao J, Zhang P, Li P. Photocatalytic Regioselective [2 + 2 + 1] Radical Annulation of Alkenes with tert-Butyl Nitrite and gem-Dihalides. Org Lett 2022; 24:9366-9369. [PMID: 36541616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A visible-light photocatalytic regioselective [2 + 2 + 1] radical annulation reaction of alkenes, tert-butyl nitrite, and gem-dihalides has been developed. The protocol provides an efficient and practical approach to obtain isoxazolines in good yields under mild conditions. Significantly, gem-dihalides serve as C1 synthons, while cheap tert-butyl nitrite acts as an ideal "N-O" synthon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiupeng Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Tang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Huayan Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Ruoyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Puyu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P. R. China
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36
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Fosshat S, Siddhiaratchi SDM, Baumberger CL, Ortiz VR, Fronczek FR, Chambers MB. Light-Initiated C–H Activation via Net Hydrogen Atom Transfer to a Molybdenum(VI) Dioxo. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20472-20483. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Fosshat
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, United States
| | | | - Courtney L. Baumberger
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, United States
| | - Victor R. Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, United States
| | - Frank R. Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, United States
| | - Matthew B. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, United States
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37
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Wang L, Sa R, Wei Y, Ma X, Lu C, Huang H, Fron E, Liu M, Wang W, Huang S, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Wang Y, Wang J, Long J, Fu X, Yuan R. Near‐Infrared Light‐Driven Photoredox Catalysis by Transition‐Metal‐Complex Nanodots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202204561. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202204561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Rongjian Sa
- Institute of Oceanography Ocean College Minjiang University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Yingcong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Xiongfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Chenggang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Haowei Huang
- cMACS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Eduard Fron
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Ming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Shuping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Johan Hofkens
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Maarten B. J. Roeffaers
- cMACS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering KU Leuven Celestijnenlaan 200F 3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Yan‐jie Wang
- School of Environment & Civil Engineering Dongguan University of Technology Dongguan 523808 (P. R. China)
| | - Junhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 China
| | - Jinlin Long
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
| | - Rusheng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment College of Chemistry Fuzhou University Fuzhou 350108 P. R. China
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38
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Li P, Deetz AM, Hu J, Meyer GJ, Hu K. Chloride Oxidation by One- or Two-Photon Excitation of N-Phenylphenothiazine. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17604-17610. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Alexander M. Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Jiaming Hu
- Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Gerald J. Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Murray Hall 2202B, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Ke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
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39
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Jin S, Kong L, Yang K, Wang C, Xia L, Wang Y, Tan J, Wang L. Combined effects of high relative humidity and ultraviolet irradiation: Enhancing the production of gaseous NO 2 from the photolysis of NH 4NO 3. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156480. [PMID: 35675886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Free radicals and nitrogen-containing species produced by nitrate photolysis can affect various atmospheric chemical processes, and thereby the photochemical behavior of atmospheric nitrate aerosols has been attracting much attention. However, the photolysis mechanism of NH4NO3 and its products under different atmospheric conditions remain unclear. In this study, the effects of relative humidity (RH), pH, NH3, ultraviolet (UV) light intensity and halogen ions (Cl-, Br- and I-) on the photolysis of particulate NH4NO3 have been investigated through a flow tube reactor. The results show that RH can significantly enhance the production of gaseous NO2 from the photolysis of NH4NO3 when RH is higher than its deliquescence RH, but almost no NO2 is generated under dry conditions. Under high RH and UV light, the main product of NH4NO3 photolysis is NO2, rather than NO and HONO, and another main species HNO3 which mainly comes from the hydrolysis of product NO2 in the gas path was detected. Almost no NO2 and HNO3 are produced under high RH without UV light or low RH with UV light, showing the combined effect of high RH and UV irradiation on the photolysis of NH4NO3. In addition, under high RH, the lower the pH and the stronger the light intensity, the higher the NO2 production. Furthermore, surprising yields of NO and HONO are detected in the presence of halogen ions, especially in the presence of I-, indicating the important role of halogen ion in the nitrate photolysis. These results provide new insights into the photolysis of atmospheric nitrate aerosols, and may contribute to elucidating the formation and migration of atmospheric nitrate aerosols and the potential mechanisms of the occurrence and evolution of atmospheric pollution and ozone pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyan Jin
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lingdong Kong
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China; Shanghai Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), No.3663 Northern Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
| | - Kejing Yang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lianghai Xia
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Jiangwan Campus, Fudan University, No. 2205 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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40
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Tsubonouchi Y, Watanabe T, Yoshida K, Watabe S, Inaba K, Hirahara M, Hatanaka T, Funahashi Y, Chandra D, Hoshino N, Zahran ZN, Yagi M. Distinctive Aspects in Aquation, Proton-Coupled Redox, and Photoisomerization Reactions between Geometric Isomers of Mononuclear Ruthenium Complexes with a Large-π-Conjugated Tetradentate Ligand. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:13956-13967. [PMID: 36000984 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Geometric isomers of mononuclear ruthenium(II) complexes, distal-/proximal-[Ru(tpy)(dpda)Cl]+ (d-/p-RuCl, tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine, dpda = 2,7-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,8-diazaanthracene), were newly synthesized to comprehensively investigate the geometric and electronic structures and distinctive aspects in various reactions between isomers. The ultraviolet (UV)-visible absorption spectra of d-/p-RuCl isomers show intense bands for metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) at close wavelengths of 576 and 573 nm, respectively. However, time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations suggest that the MLCT transition of d-RuCl involves mainly single transitions to the π* orbital of the dpda ligand in contrast to mixing of the π* orbitals of the dpda and tpy ligands for p-RuCl. The aquation reaction (1.5 × 10-3 s-1) of p-RuCl to yield proximal-[Ru(tpy)(dpda)(OH2)]2+ (p-RuH2O) is faster than that (5.3 × 10-6 s-1) of d-RuCl in D2O/CD3OD (4:1 v/v) by three orders of magnitude, which resulted from the longer Ru-Cl bond by 0.017 Å and the distorted angle (100.2(3)°) of Cl-Ru-N (a nitrogen of dpda, being on a tpy plane) due to the steric repulsion between Cl and dpda for p-RuCl. Electrochemical measurements showed that d-RuH2O undergoes a 2-step oxidation reaction of 1H+-coupled 1e- processes of RuII-OH2/RuIII-OH and RuIII-OH/RuIV═O at pH 1-9, whereas p-RuH2O undergoes a 1-step oxidation reaction of a 2H+-coupled 2e- process of RuII-OH2/RuIV═O in the pH range of pH 1-10. The irreversible photoisomerization from d-RuH2O to p-RuH2O was observed in aqueous solution with an internal quantum yield (Φ) of 5.4 × 10-3% at 520 nm, which is lower compared with Φ = 1.1-2.1% of mononuclear Ru(II) aquo complexes with similar bidentate ligands instead of dpda by three orders of magnitude. This is possibly ascribed to the faster nonradiative decay rate from the excited 3MLCT state to the ground state for d-RuH2O due to the lower π* level of dpda ligands according to the energy-gap law: the rate decreases exponentially with the increasing energy gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tsubonouchi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Takeumi Watanabe
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Kazuha Yoshida
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Watabe
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Keisuke Inaba
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Hatanaka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Funahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Debraj Chandra
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Norihisa Hoshino
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Zaki N Zahran
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yagi
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Engineering, Niigata University, 8050 Ikarashi-2, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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41
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Wang L, Sa R, Wei Y, Ma X, Lu C, Huang H, Fron E, Liu M, Wang W, Huang S, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, Wang YJ, Wang J, Long J, Fu X, Yuan R. Near‐Infrared Light‐Driven Photoredox Catalysis by Transition‐Metal‐Complex Nanodots. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202204561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | | | | | | | - Haowei Huang
- KU Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Bioscience Engineering BELGIUM
| | - Eduard Fron
- KU Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Bioscience Engineering BELGIUM
| | - Ming Liu
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Wei Wang
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | | | - Johan Hofkens
- KU Leuven: Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Faculty of Bioscience Engineering BELGIUM
| | | | - Yan-jie Wang
- Dongguan University of Technology School of Environment & Civil Engineering CHINA
| | - Junhui Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics State Key Laboratory of Catalysis State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials CHINA
| | - Jinlin Long
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Xianzhi Fu
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Rusheng Yuan
- Fuzhou University College of Chemistry 350002 Fuzhou CHINA
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42
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Park G, Karimi M, Liu W, Gabbaï FP. Green‐Light‐Driven Reductive Elimination of Chlorine from a Carbene‐Xanthylium Gold(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202206265. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202206265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongjin Park
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | | | - Wei‐Chun Liu
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - François P. Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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43
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Bürgin TH, Glaser F, Wenger OS. Shedding Light on the Oxidizing Properties of Spin-Flip Excited States in a Cr III Polypyridine Complex and Their Use in Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:14181-14194. [PMID: 35913126 PMCID: PMC9376921 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The photoredox activity of well-known RuII complexes
stems from metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) excited states,
in which a ligand-based electron can initiate chemical reductions
and a metal-centered hole can trigger oxidations. CrIII polypyridines show similar photoredox properties, although they
have fundamentally different electronic structures. Their photoactive
excited state is of spin-flip nature, differing from the electronic
ground state merely by a change of one electron spin, but with otherwise
identical d-orbital occupancy. We find that the driving-force dependence
for photoinduced electron transfer from 10 different donors to a spin-flip
excited state of a CrIII complex is very similar to that
for a RuII polypyridine, and thereby validate the concept
of estimating the redox potential of d3 spin-flip excited
states in analogous manner as for the MLCT states of d6 compounds. Building on this insight, we use our CrIII complex for photocatalytic reactions not previously explored with
this compound class, including the aerobic bromination of methoxyaryls,
oxygenation of 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethylene, aerobic hydroxylation
of arylboronic acids, and the vinylation of N-phenyl
pyrrolidine. This work contributes to understanding the fundamental
photochemical properties of first-row transition-metal complexes in
comparison to well-explored precious-metal-based photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H Bürgin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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44
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Gupta D, Lakraychi AE, Boruah BD, De Kreijger S, Troian‐Gautier L, Elias B, De Volder M, Vlad A. Visible‐Light Augmented Lithium Storage Capacity in a Ruthenium(II) Photosensitizer Conjugated with a Dione‐Catechol Redox Couple. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201220. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Gupta
- Institute de la Matière Condense et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Alae E. Lakraychi
- Institute de la Matière Condense et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Buddha D. Boruah
- Department of Engineering University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS United Kingdom
- Institute for Materials Discovery University College London London WC1E 7JE United Kingdom
| | - Simon De Kreijger
- Institute de la Matière Condense et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian‐Gautier
- Institute de la Matière Condense et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Institute de la Matière Condense et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
| | - Michael De Volder
- Department of Engineering University of Cambridge Cambridge CB3 0FS United Kingdom
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- Institute de la Matière Condense et des Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve Belgium
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45
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Yoshimura N, Yoshida M, Kato M, Kobayashi A. Photocatalyst-Mediator Interface Modification by Surface-Metal Cations of a Dye-Sensitized H 2 Evolution Photocatalyst. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11095-11102. [PMID: 35833492 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To develop highly active H2 evolving dye-sensitized photocatalysts (DSPs) applicable for Z-scheme water splitting, we synthesized a series of Ru(II)-dye-double-layered DSPs, X'-RuCP6-Zr-RuP6@Pt-TiO2 (X'-DSP) with different surface-bound metal cations (X' = Fe2+, Y3+, Zr4+, Hf4+, and Bi3+). In 0.5 M KI aqueous solution, the photocatalytic H2 evolution activity under blue light irradiation (λ = 460 ± 15 nm) increased in the following order: nonmetal-modified DSP, H+-DSP (turn over number for 6 h irradiation = 35.2) < Fe2+-DSP (54.9) ≈ Bi3+-DSP (55.2) < Hf4+-DSP (65.5) ≈ Zr4+-DSP (68.3) ≈ Y3+-DSP (71.5), suggesting that the redox-inactive and highly charged metal cations tend to improve the electron donation from the iodide electron mediator. On the other hand, DSPs having heavy metal cations, Hf4+-DSP (18.4) and Bi3+-DSP (16.6), exhibited better activity under green light irradiation (λ = 530 ± 15 nm) than Zr4+-DSP (15.7) and H+-DSP (7.80), implying the contribution of a heavy atom effect of the surface-bound metal cation to partially allow the spin-forbidden metal-to-ligand charge-transfer excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Yoshimura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Kwansei Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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46
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Kumar S, Kumar J, Naqvi T, Raheem S, Rizvi MA, Shah BA. Synthesis of (E)‐β‐Iodovinyl Sulfones via Photoredox Catalyzed Difunctionalization of Terminal Alkynes. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Kumar
- IIIM: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry INDIA
| | - Jaswant Kumar
- IIIM: Council of Scientific & Industrial Research Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine Natural Product & Medicinal Chemistry INDIA
| | - Tahira Naqvi
- Govt College for Women, MA Road, Srinagar Chemistry INDIA
| | | | | | - Bhahwal Ali Shah
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine CSIR Natural Product Chemistry Microbes Canal Road 180001 Jammu INDIA
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47
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Park G, Karimi M, Liu WC, Gabbai FP. Green‐Light‐Driven Reductive Elimination of Chlorine from a Carbene‐Xanthylium Gold(III) Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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48
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Huang CY, Li J, Li CJ. Photocatalytic C(sp 3) radical generation via C-H, C-C, and C-X bond cleavage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5465-5504. [PMID: 35694342 PMCID: PMC9116372 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00202g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility. This review collects some of the most recent advancements in photocatalytic R˙ generation and highlights representative examples in this field. Based on the key bond cleavages that generate R˙, these contributions are divided into C–H, C–C, and C–X bond cleavages. A general mechanistic scenario and key R˙-forming steps are presented and discussed in each section. C(sp3) radicals (R˙) are of broad research interest and synthetic utility.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Huang
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Jianbin Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
| | - Chao-Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry, FRQNT Centre for Green Chemistry and Catalysis, McGill University 801 Sherbrooke Street W. Montreal Quebec H3A 0B8 Canada
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49
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Deetz A, Meyer GJ. Resolving Halide Ion Stabilization through Kinetically Competitive Electron Transfers. JACS AU 2022; 2:985-995. [PMID: 35557754 PMCID: PMC9088780 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of ions and radicals often determines reaction kinetics and thermodynamics, but experimental determination of the stabilization magnitude remains difficult, especially when the species is short-lived. Herein, a competitive kinetic approach to quantify the stabilization of a halide ion toward oxidation imparted by specific stabilizing groups relative to a solvated halide ion is reported. This approach provides the increase in the formal reduction potential, ΔE°'(Χ•/-), where X = Br and I, that results from the noncovalent interaction with stabilizing groups. The [Ir(dF-(CF3)-ppy)2(tmam)]3+ photocatalyst features a dicationic ligand tmam [4,4'-bis[(trimethylamino)methyl]-2,2'-bipyridine]2+ that is shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy to associate a single halide ion, K eq = 7 × 104 M-1 (Br-) and K eq = 1 × 104 M-1 (I-). Light excitation of the photocatalyst in halide-containing acetonitrile solutions results in competitive quenching by the stabilized halide and the more easily oxidized diffusing halide ion. Marcus theory is used to relate the rate constants to the electron-transfer driving forces for oxidation of the stabilized and unstabilized halide, the difference of which provides the increase in reduction potentials of ΔE°'(Br•/-) = 150 ± 24 meV and ΔE°'(I•/-) = 67 ± 13 meV. The data reveal that K eq is a poor indicator of these reduction potential shifts. Furthermore, the historic and widely used assumption that Coulombic interactions alone are responsible for stabilization must be reconsidered, at least for polarizable halogens.
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Environmentally Stable Mesoporous g-C3N4 Modified Lead-Free Double Perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-03997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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