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Zheng K, Yu Z, Li Y, Liu C. Cd 2+ enhancing the bromination of bisphenol A in Brassica chinensis L.: Pathways and mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174013. [PMID: 38880131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Traditional heavy metal pollution, such as cadmium, impacts the transformation and risks of bisphenol pollutants (like bisphenol A, BPA), in plants, especially due to the ubiquitous presence of bromide ion. Although it has been discovered that the bromination of phenolic pollutants occurs in plants, thereby increasing the associated risks, the influence and mechanisms of bromination under complex contamination conditions involving both heavy metals and phenolic compounds remain poorly understood. This study addresses the issue by exposing Brassica chinensis L. to cadmium ion (Cd2+, 25-100 μM), with the hydroponic solution containing BPA (15 mg/L) and bromide ion (0.5 mM) in this work. It was observed that Cd2+ primarily enhanced the bromination of BPA by elevating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of peroxidase (POD) in Brassica chinensis L. The variety of bromination products within Brassica chinensis L. increased as the concentration of Cd2+ rose from 25 to 100 μM. The substitution positions of bromine were determined using Gaussian calculations and mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicity of bromination products derived from BPA was observed to increase based on Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships analysis and HepG2 cytotoxicity assays. This study provides new insights into the risks and health hazards associated with cadmium pollution, particularly its role in enhancing the bromination of bisphenol pollutants in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Zelian Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Yujiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Pollutant Prevention, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Shandong Kenli Petrochemical Group Co., Ltd., No. 1001 Shengxing Road, Kenli District, Dongying City, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Wu DX, Ye B, Wang WL, Wu QY. Increased formation of brominated disinfection by-products and toxicities during low-H 2O 2-mediated ozonation of reclaimed water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 954:176276. [PMID: 39317261 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2024] [Revised: 09/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Reusing reclaimed water requires stringent disinfection but inevitably generates disinfection by-products (DBPs). H2O2/O3 treatment is an efficient and environmentally benign disinfection method. For the first time, our bioassay results elucidate that low H2O2/O3 ratio (molar) treated water increased unignorable toxicity effect compared to that of the high H2O2/O3 ratio. To clarify this finding, individual organic brominated DBPs (Br-DBPs), bromate, and adsorbable organic bromine (AOBr) were considered due to their potential risk. Organic Br-DBPs were mainly generated from ozone-induced pathways. Individual organic Br-DBPs were not the primary concern in this scenario because they are typically only produced in observable quantities at bromide concentrations exceeding 500 μg/L, and even then, they often remain below detection limits when treated with H2O2/O3. On the contrary, both bromate and AOBr were detectable at low H2O2/O3 ratios. Furthermore, bromate is produced from HOBr and bromine radicals induced by HO•. Moreover, bromate formation was promoted because of increased HO• formation, particularly at H2O2/O3 ratios <0.24. To prevent HO•-induced pathways from being dominant, higher H2O2/O3 ratios (>0.48) were required. Toxicity assays revealed that AOBr-included organic extracts of ozonated reclaimed water induced more toxic effects. The toxicity induced by the organic fraction resulted from its decreased oxidation level, which was, in turn, driven by the increased formation of bromate. Enhanced toxicity effects were observed when cells were exposed to a bromate and organic extract mixture. It indicates that both the AOBr and bromate present in low-H2O2-O3-treated reclaimed water pose potential risks, and their coexistence further elevates these risks. Increasing the H2O2/O3 ratio markedly decreased the generation of intracellular oxidative substances and oxidative damage. In conclusion, when treated with H2O2/O3, shifting from HO•-induced pathways to ozone-induced pathways by a relatively high H2O2/O3 ratio decreased the amounts of DBPs produced and controlled the toxic effects to ensure the safety of ozonated reclaimed water.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiu Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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3
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Sun A, Wang WX. Differentiation of cellular responses to particulate and soluble constituents in sunscreen products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 474:134791. [PMID: 38833954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Despite the growing awareness of potential human and environmental risks associated with sunscreens, identifying the specific constituents responsible for their potential toxicity is challenging. In this study, we applied three different types of sunscreens with contrasting compositions and compared the effects of their particulate and soluble fractions based on 15 cellular biomarkers of HaCaT cells. Multilinear regression analysis revealed that the internalized soluble fractions played a primary role in the overall cytotoxicity of sunscreen mixtures, which was primarily attributed to their biotransformation, generating metabolites with higher toxicity. The presence of plastic microspheres in sunscreens either inhibited the internalization of soluble fractions or led to their redistribution toward lysosomes. Conversely, subcellular toxicity resulting from the sunscreen mixture was predominantly influenced by particulates. Bio-transformable particulates such as ZnO dissolved in the organelles and induced higher subcellular toxicity compared to bioinert particulates such as microplastics. Subcellular biomarkers including lysosomal count, lysosomal size, mitochondrial count and mitochondrial shape emerged as the potential predictors of sunscreen presence. Our study provides important understanding of sunscreen toxicity by elucidating the differential impacts of particulate and soluble fractions in mixture contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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4
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Chen Y, Yuan CJ, Xu BJ, Cao JY, Lee MY, Liu M, Wu Q, Du Y. Suppressing Organic Bromine but Promoting Bromate: Is the Ultraviolet/Ozone Process a Double-Edged Sword for the Toxicity of Wastewater to Mammalian Cells? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:11649-11660. [PMID: 38872439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Brominated byproducts and toxicity generation are critical issues for ozone application to wastewater containing bromide. This study demonstrated that ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O3, 100 mJ/cm2, 1 mg-O3/mg-DOC) reduced the cytotoxicity of wastewater from 14.2 mg of pentol/L produced by ozonation to 4.3 mg of pentol/L (1 mg/L bromide, pH 7.0). The genotoxicity was also reduced from 1.65 to 0.17 μg-4-NQO/L by UV/O3. Compared with that of O3 alone, adsorbable organic bromine was reduced from 25.8 to 5.3 μg/L by UV/O3, but bromate increased from 32.9 to 71.4 μg/L. The UV/O3 process enhanced the removal of pre-existing precursors (highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds and poly aromatic hydrocarbons), while new precursors were generated, yet the combined effect of UV/O3 on precursors did not result in a significant change in toxicity. Instead, UV radiation inhibited HOBr concentration through both rapid O3 decomposition to reduce HOBr production and decomposition of the formed HOBr, thus suppressing the AOBr formation. However, the hydroxyl radical-dominated pathway in UV/O3 led to a significant increase of bromate. Considering both organic bromine and bromate, the UV/O3 process effectively controlled both cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of wastewater to mammalian cells, even though an emphasis should be also placed on managing elevated bromate. Futhermore, other end points are needed to evaluate the toxicity outcomes of the UV/O3 process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Chang-Jie Yuan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Bao-Jun Xu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jie-Yu Cao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- Division of Chemical Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seogu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qianyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
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5
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Yan S, Ye Q, Wu J, Yao W, Chen B, Zhu X. Enhancing biofouling resistance in microfiltration membranes through capsaicin-derivative functionalization. J Mater Chem B 2024; 12:4208-4216. [PMID: 38595308 DOI: 10.1039/d4tb00033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The primary focal point in the fabrication of microfiltration membranes revolves around mitigating issues of low permeability stemming from the initial design as well as countering biofouling tendencies. This work aimed to address these issues by synthesizing an antibacterial capsaicin derivative (CD), which was then grafted to the poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-chlorotrifluoroethylene)-g-polymethacrylic acid (P(VDF-CTFE)-g-PMAA) matrix polymer, resulting in an antibacterial polymer (PD). Notably, both CD and PD demonstrated low cytotoxicities. Utilizing PD, a microfiltration membrane (MA) was successfully prepared through non-solvent-induced phase inversion. The pore sizes of the MA membrane were mainly concentrated at around 436 nm, while the pure water flux of MA reached an impressive value of 62 ± 0.17 Lm-2 h-1 at 0.01 MPa. MA exhibited remarkable efficacy in eradicating both Gram-negative (E. coli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis) from its surface. Compared with M1 prepared from P(VDF-CTFE), MA exhibited a lower flux decay rate (41.00% vs. 76.03%) and a higher flux recovery rate (84.95% vs. 46.54%) after three cycles. Overall, this research represents a significant step towards the development of a microfiltration membrane with inherent stable anti-biofouling capability to enhance filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saitao Yan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Qisheng Ye
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Wangli Yao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314100, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
- Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta, Zhejiang University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314100, China
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Du Y, Liu T, Yang LL, Song ZM, Dai X, Wang WL, Lai B, Wu QY. Ferrate(VI) assists in reducing cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells and organic bromine formation in ozonated wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121353. [PMID: 38401473 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Ozonation of wastewater containing bromide (Br-) forms highly toxic organic bromine. The effectiveness of ozonation in mitigating wastewater toxicity is minimal. Simultaneous application of ozone (O3) (5 mg/L) and ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) (10 mg-Fe/L) reduced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity towards mammalian cells by 39.8% and 71.1% (pH 7.0), respectively, when the wastewater has low levels of Br-. This enhanced reduction in toxicity can be attributed to increased production of reactive iron species Fe(IV)/Fe(V) and reactive oxygen species (•OH) that possess higher oxidizing ability. When wastewater contains 2 mg/L Br-, ozonation increased cytotoxicity and genotoxicity by 168%-180% and 150%-155%, respectively, primarily due to the formation of organic bromine. However, O3/Fe(VI) significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed both total organic bromine (TOBr), BrO3-, as well as their associated toxicity. Electron donating capacity (EDC) measurement and precursor inference using Orbitrap ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry found that Fe(IV)/Fe(V) and •OH enhanced EDC removal from precursors present in wastewater, inhibiting electrophilic substitution and electrophilic addition reactions that lead to organic bromine formation. Additionally, HOBr quenched by self-decomposition-produced H2O2 from Fe(VI) also inhibits TOBr formation along with its associated toxicity. The adsorption of Fe(III) flocs resulting from Fe(VI) decomposition contributes only minimally to reducing toxicity. Compared to ozonation alone, integration of Fe(VI) with O3 offers improved safety for treating wastewater with varying concentrations of Br-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Lu-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhi-Min Song
- Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive Houghton, MI 49931, United States
| | - Xin Dai
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bo Lai
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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7
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Xiang JL, Wang JJ, Wu ZJ, Xu BJ, Du HS, Chen Y, Liu M, Lee MY, Wang WL, Du Y. Efficient wastewater disinfection using a novel microwave discharge electrodeless ultraviolet system with ozone at an ultra-low dose. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 464:133011. [PMID: 37988868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Microwave discharge electrodeless lamp (MDEL) is a novel ultraviolet (UV) light source. Synergistic disinfection using UV light emitted by MDEL (MWUV) coupled with ozone (O3) at an ultra-low dose was investigated. Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were deactivated more effectively by MWUV/O3 than by either MWUV or O3 alone. MWUV/O3 treatment using an O3 concentration of 0.4 mg/L gave an E. coli inactivation rate of 5.52 log. The photoreactivation degree and rate of E. coli were lower after inactivation by MWUV/O3 treatment than after MWUV treatment alone. The maximum photoreactivation rates after the MWUV/O3 and MWUV treatments were 2.90% and 16.08%, respectively. MWUV/O3 disinfection also inhibited dark resurrection of E. coli and gave a maximum dark resurrection rate of 0.0036%. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy indicated that more hydroxyl radicals were generated during MWUV/O3 treatment. Scanning electron microscopy and laser confocal scanning microscopy observations indicated that O3 played a key role in breaking down the cell structure. MWUV/O3 treatment gave a good disinfection effect on fecal coliform bacteria in actual domestic wastewater. The results indicated that inactivation of bacteria can be more effectively achieved by MWUV treatment with O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue-Lin Xiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhi-Jing Wu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Bao-Jun Xu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hai-Sheng Du
- Sichuan Macyouwei Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- Division of Chemical Research, National Institute of Environmental Research, Seogu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
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8
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Wu DX, Lu Y, Ye B, Liang JK, Wang WL, Du Y, Wu QY. Phototransformation of Brominated Disinfection Byproducts and Toxicity Elimination in Sunlit-Ozonated Reclaimed Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1700-1708. [PMID: 38154042 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is universally used during water treatment but can form hazardous brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs). While sunlight exposure is advised to reduce the risk of Br-DBPs, their phototransformation pathways remain insufficiently understood. Here, sunlight irradiation was found to reduce adsorbable organic bromine by 63%. Applying high-resolution mass spectrometry, the study investigated transformations of dissolved organic matter in sunlit-ozonated reclaimed water, revealing the number and abundance of assigned formulas decreased after irradiation. The Br-DBPs with O/C < 0.6 and MW > 400 Da were decreased or removed after irradiation, with the majority being CHOBr compounds. The peak intensity reduction ratio of CHOBr compounds correlated positively with double bound equivalent minus oxygen ratios but negatively with O/C, suggesting that photo-susceptible CHOBr compounds were highly unsaturated. Mass difference analysis revealed that the photodegradation pathways were mainly oxidation aligned with debromination. Three typical CHOBr molecular structures were resolved, and their photoproducts were proposed. Toxicity estimates indicated decreased toxicity in these photoproducts compared to their parent compounds, in line with experimentally determined values. Our proposed phototransformation pathways for Br-DBPs enhance our comprehension of their degradation and irradiation-induced toxicity reduction in reclaimed water, further illuminating their transformation under sunlight in widespread environmental scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiu Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yao Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, P. R. China
- The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518057, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 6158540, Japan
| | - Jun-Kun Liang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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9
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He L, Wang WL, Wu DX, Wang SY, Xiao X, Zhang HQ, Lee MY, Wu QY. Vacuum ultraviolet irradiation for reduction of the toxicity of wastewater towards mammalian cells: Removal mechanism, changes in organic compounds, and toxicity alternatives. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 182:108314. [PMID: 37979535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet (VUV, 185 + 254 nm) irradiation performs well for oxidation of model pollutants. However, oxidation of pollutants does not necessarily lead to a reduction in toxicity. Currently, a comprehensive understanding of the effect of VUV irradiation on the toxicity of real wastewater is still lacking. In this study, the influence of VUV irradiation on the toxicity of secondary effluents to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells was investigated. The induction units of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in cells continuously decreased with prolonged irradiation time. After 36 min of irradiation, the cytotoxicity and the genotoxicity of the secondary effluents were reduced by 57%-63% and 56%-61%, respectively. The UV (254 nm), •OH, and other substances generated during the VUV irradiation directly drive toxicity changes of wastewater. The contribution of •OH generated during VUV irradiation to the reductions in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the secondary effluents reached 72%-78% and 77%-84%, respectively. Hydroxyl radicals generated during VUV irradiation played an important role in the detoxification. The relative signal intensity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) > 500 Da was partially removed, whereas that of DOC < 500 Da was small changed. Since the content of DOC > 500 Da in the samples was much lower than that of DOC < 500 Da, the removal of total DOC was only 15.8%-20.0% after 36 min of irradiation. The UV254 values and the fluorescence intensity values for different molecular weights (MWs) were all reduced effectively by VUV irradiation. Electron-rich organic compounds of all MWs were all sensitive to VUV irradiation. There were mono-linear relationships between changes in chemical indexes and changes in cytotoxicity or genotoxicity. The total fluorescence intensity (Ex: 220-420 nm, Em: 280-560 nm) was identified as the best indicator of the reduction in toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - De-Xiu Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Shao-Yu Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - He-Qing Zhang
- Cscec Scimee Science & Technical Company Limited, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- National Institute of Environment Research, Ministry of Environment, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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10
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Wei J, Wang S, Tang W, Xu Z, Ma D, Zheng M, Li J. Redox-directed identification of toxic transformation products during ozonation of aromatics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 901:165929. [PMID: 37532054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity assessment of transformation products (TPs) formed in oxidative water treatment is crucial but challenging because of their low concentration, structural diversity, and mixture complexity. Here, this study developed a novel redox-directed approach for identification of toxic TPs without the individual toxicity and concentration information. This approach based on sodium borohydride reduction comprised an integrated process of toxicological evaluation, fluorescence excitation-emission matrix characterization, high-resolution mass spectrometry detection, followed by ecological toxicity assessment of identified TPs. The redox-directed identification of primary causative toxicants was experimentally tested for the increased nonspecific toxicity observations in the ozonated effluents of model aromatics. Reduction reaction caused a remarkable decrease in toxicity and increase in fluorescence intensity, obtaining a good linear relation between them. More than ten monomeric or dimeric p-benzoquinone (p-BQ) TPs were identified in the ozonated effluents. The occurrence of the p-BQ TPs was further verified through parallel sodium sulfite reduction and actual wastewater ozonation experiments. In vitro bioassays of luminescent bacteria, as well as in silico genotoxicity and cytotoxicity predictions, indicate that the toxicity of p-BQ TPs is significantly higher than that of their precursors and other TPs. These together demonstrated that the identified p-BQ TPs are primary toxicity contributors. The redox-directed approach facilitated the revelation of primary toxicity contribution, illustrating emerging p-BQs are a concern for aquatic ecosystem safety in the oxidative treatment of aromatics-contaminated wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjian Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuting Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weixu Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhourui Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dehua Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Min Zheng
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jiansheng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu Province, China
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11
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Zhang L, Zhang Y, Zhu M, Chen L, Wu B. A critical review on quantitative evaluation of aqueous toxicity in water quality assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 342:140159. [PMID: 37716564 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Conventional chemical techniques have inherent limitations in detecting unknown chemical substances in water. As a result, effect-based methods have emerged as a viable alternative to overcome these limitations. These methods provide more accurate and intuitive evaluations of the toxic effects of water. While numerous studies have been conducted, only a few have been applied to national water quality monitoring. Therefore, it is crucial to develop toxicity evaluation methods and establish thresholds based on quantifying toxicity. This article provides an overview of the development and application of bioanalytical tools, including in vitro and in vivo bioassays. The available methods for quantifying toxicity are then summarized. These methods include aquatic life criteria for assessing the toxicity of a single compound, comprehensive wastewater toxicity testing for all contaminants in a water sample (toxicity units, whole effluent toxicity, the potential ecotoxic effects probe, the potential toxicology method, and the lowest ineffective dilution), methods based on mechanisms and relative toxicity ratios for substances with the same mode of action (the toxicity equivalency factors, toxic equivalents, bioanalytical equivalents), and effect-based trigger values for micropollutants. The article also highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Finally, it proposes potential areas for applying toxicity quantification methods and offers insights into future research directions. This review emphasizes the significance of enhancing the evaluation methods for assessing aqueous toxicity in water quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Bing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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12
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Cai HY, Wu QY, Ouyang WY, Hu HY, Wang WL. Efficient removal of electroneutral carbonyls by combined vacuum-UV oxidation and anion-exchange resin adsorption: mechanism, model simulation, and optimization. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120435. [PMID: 37536248 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Electroneutral carbonyls (ENCs) with low molecular weights (e.g., aldehydes and ketones) are recalcitrant to single water treatment process to achieve ultralow concentration. Residual ENCs are present in reverse osmosis permeate and pose risks to human health during potable use or industrial application in manufacturing processes. Herein, a combined vacuum-UV (VUV) oxidation and anion-exchange resin (AER) adsorption method was developed to treat the ENCs and reduce total organic carbon (TOC) to an ultralow concentration (< 5 μg/L) with high efficiency and at low cost. VUV-AER was 2.1-2.4 times more efficient than VUV alone for the removal of TOC. VUV oxidized the ENCs to electronegative carboxylic acids, which were adsorbed by the AER through electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding. When the VUV fluence was lower than 643 mJ cm-2, the AER could not achieve ultralow TOC removal of ENCs. The treat capacity of 1500-2900 valid bed volume (BVs) was achieved after increasing the VUV fluence to 1929 mJ cm-2. The AER could more efficiently adsorb carboxylic acids that contained more carboxylic groups or shorter carbon chain. Acetate was identified as the primary breakthrough product at relatively low VUV fluence, and oxalate was the main byproduct at relatively high VUV fluence. A mathematical model to predict TOC breakthrough was developed considering the VUV-oxidation kinetics and the AER breakthrough curve. The model was used to optimize the method to maximize TOC removal and minimize energy consumption. These results imply that VUV-AER is technically feasible and economically applicable to eliminate recalcitrant ENCs to ultralow concentration for the production of water requires high quality (e.g., potable water or electronic-grade ultrapure water).
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Cai
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wan-Yue Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Room 524, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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13
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Zhang YX, Xiang JL, Wang JJ, Du HS, Wang TT, Huo ZY, Wang WL, Liu M, Du Y. Ultraviolet-based synergistic processes for wastewater disinfection: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 453:131393. [PMID: 37062094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation is widely used for wastewater disinfection but suffers from low inactivation rates and can cause photoreactivation of microorganisms. Synergistic disinfection with UV and oxidants is promising for enhancing the inactivation performance. This review summarizes the inactivation effects on representative microorganisms by UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), UV/ozone (O3), UV/persulfate (PS), UV/chlorine, and UV/chlorine dioxide (ClO2). UV synergistic processes perform better than UV or an oxidant alone. UV mainly attacks the DNA or RNA in microorganisms; the oxidants H2O2 and O3 mainly attack the cell walls, cell membranes, and other external structures; and HOCl and ClO2 enter cells and oxidize proteins and enzymes. Free radicals can have strong oxidation effects on cell walls, cell membranes, proteins, enzymes, and even DNA. At similar UV doses, the inactivation rates of Escherichia coli with UV alone, UV/H2O2, UV/O3, UV/PS (peroxydisulfate or peroxymonosulfate), and UV/chlorinated oxidant (chlorine, ClO2, and NH2Cl) range from 2.03 to 3.84 log, 2.62-4.30 log, 4.02-6.08 log, 2.93-5.07 log, and 3.78-6.55 log, respectively. The E. coli inactivation rates are in the order of UV/O3 ≈ UV/Cl2 > UV/PS > UV/H2O2. This order is closely related to the redox potentials of the oxidants and quantum yields of the radicals. UV synergistic disinfection processes inhibit photoreactivation of E. coli in the order of UV/O3 > UV/PS > UV/H2O2. The activation mechanisms and formation pathways of free radicals with different UV-based synergistic processes are presented. In addition to generating HO·, O3 can reduce the turbidity and chroma of wastewater to increase UV penetration, which improves the disinfection performance of UV/O3. This knowledge will be useful for further development of the UV-based synergistic disinfection processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xuan Zhang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jue-Lin Xiang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Hai-Sheng Du
- Sichuan Macyouwei Environmental Protection Technology Co., Ltd, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huo
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
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14
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Wu XN, Yuan CJ, Huo ZY, Wang TT, Chen Y, Liu M, Wang WL, Du Y, Wu QY. Reduction of byproduct formation and cytotoxicity to mammalian cells during post-chlorination by the combined pretreatment of ferrate(VI) and biochar. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131935. [PMID: 37385095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferrate [Fe(VI)] can efficiently degrade various pollutants in wastewater. Biochar application can reduce resource use and waste emission. This study investigated the performance of Fe(VI)/biochar pretreatment to reduce disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and cytotoxicity to mammalian cells of wastewater during post-chlorination. Fe(VI)/biochar was more effective at inhibiting the cytotoxicity formation than Fe(VI) alone, reducing the cytotoxicity from 12.7 to 7.6 mg-phenol/L. The concentrations of total organic chlorine and total organic bromine decreased from 277 to 130 μg/L and from 51 to 39 μg/L, compared to the samples without pretreatment. Orbitrap ultra-high resolution mass spectrometry revealed that the number of molecules of DBPs decreased substantially from 517 to 229 by Fe(VI)/biochar, with the greatest reduction for phenols and highly unsaturated aliphatic compounds. In combination with the substantial reduction of 1Cl-DBPs and 2Cl-DBPs, 1Br-DBPs and 2Br-DBPs were also reduced. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis suggested that fulvic acid-like substances and aromatic amino acid was obviously reduce likely due to the enhanced oxidation of Fe(IV)/Fe(V) produced by Fe(VI)/biochar and adsorption of biochar. Furthermore, the DBPs generated by electrophilic addition and electrophilic substitution of precursors were reduced. This study shows that Fe(VI)/biochar pretreatment can effectively reduce cytotoxicity formation during post-chlorination by transforming DBPs and their precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Wu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Chang-Jie Yuan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Huo
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Min Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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15
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Peng Z, Wang R, Xia X, Zhang J. Engineered acetaldehyde dehydrogenase for the efficient degradation of acetaldehyde. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 331:117258. [PMID: 36669314 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Acetaldehyde is highly cytotoxic and widely presents in food and the environment. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) can degrade acetaldehyde to non-toxic acetic acid, showing potential for acetaldehyde elimination. However, a lack of high-throughput methods for screening efficient variants is a significant obstacle to ALDH design. Here, we established a visualized high-throughput method to screen recombinantly expressed ALDH variants in Bacillus subtilis by fluorescent probes of dual-acceptor cyanine-based in response to NADH, the acetaldehyde degradation product. Molecular docking revealed key amino acids in the binding region of acetaldehyde to ALDH. Combined with saturation mutagenesis and visualization high-throughput methods, a variant ALDHS273N with an activity of 119.82 U·mL-1 was screened. The optimal reaction temperature and pH of ALDHS273N were 60 °C and 9.0, respectively. ALDHS273N showed stability at 30-50 °C and pH 5.0-9.0. The activity of ALDHS273N was increased to 263.52 U∙mL-1 by fermentation optimization, which was 5.58 times that of ALDHWT. The degradation rate of ALDHS273N to 100 mmol L-1 acetaldehyde was 87.34% within 2 h, which was 4.2 times that of the wild enzyme (20.81%). As far as we know, this is the ALDH with the highest activity reported so far, and it is also the first time that ALDH has been used for the efficient degradation of acetaldehyde. Overall, the reported high-throughput screening method and developed mutants represent a significant advance in green bio-elimination technologies of acetaldehyde.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China; Science Center for Future Foods, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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16
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Du Y, Wang WL, Wang ZW, Yuan CJ, Ye MQ, Wu QY. Overlooked Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity to Mammalian Cells Caused by the Oxidant Peroxymonosulfate during Wastewater Treatment Compared with the Sulfate Radical-Based Ultraviolet/Peroxymonosulfate Process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:3311-3322. [PMID: 36787277 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Byproduct formation (chlorate, bromate, organic halogen, etc.) during sulfate radical (SO4•-)-based processes like ultraviolet/peroxymonosulfate (UV/PMS) has aroused widespread concern. However, hypohalous acid (HOCl and HOBr) can form via two-electron transfer directly from PMS, thus leading to the formation of organic halogenated byproducts as well. This study found both PMS alone and UV/PMS can increase the toxicity to mammalian cells of wastewater, while the UV/H2O2 decreased the toxicity. Cytotoxicity of two wastewater samples increased from 5.6-8.3 to 15.7-29.9 mg-phenol/L, and genotoxicity increased from 2.8-3.1 to 5.8-12.8 μg 4-NQO/L after PMS treatment because of organic halogen formation. Organic halogen formation from bromide rather than chloride was found to dominate the toxicity increase. The SO4•--based process UV/PMS led to the formation of both organic halogen and inorganic bromate and chlorate. However, because of the very low concentration (<20 μg/L) and relatively low toxicity of bromate and chlorate, contributions of inorganic byproducts to toxicity increase were negligible. PMS would not form chlorate and bromate, but it generated a higher concentration of total organic halogen, thus leading to a more toxic treated wastewater than UV/PMS. UV/PMS formed less organic halogen and toxicity because of the destruction of byproducts by UV irradiation and the removal of byproduct precursors. Currently, many studies focused on the byproducts bromate and chlorate during SO4•--based oxidation processes. This work revealed that the oxidant PMS even needs more attention because it caused higher toxicity due to more organic halogen formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chang-Jie Yuan
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Ming-Qi Ye
- Everbright Water (Shenzhen) Limited, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
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17
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Wu DX, Wang WL, Du Y, He L, Wu QY. Changes in toxicity and adsorbable organic bromine concentrations in ozonated reclaimed water irradiated with sunlight. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119512. [PMID: 36580801 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfecting reclaimed water for safe reuse can produce toxic disinfection by-products such as adsorbable organic bromine (AOBr). Irradiating stored reclaimed water with sunlight is a "green" and free method for eliminating some toxic disinfection by-products, but the effects of irradiation with sunlight on ozonated reclaimed water containing bromide are not well understood. In this study, AOBr was found at concentrations of 171-180 (µg Br)/L in ozonated reclaimed water containing bromide at a concentration of 2 (mg Br)/L and dissolved organic carbon at a concentration of ∼5 (mg C)/L. Irradiation with sunlight degraded 53-74% of the AOBr in two reclaimed water samples in 8 h, and the pseudo-first-order rate constants (k) were 0.09-0.17 h-1. The concentration of tribromomethane, a typical Br-containing disinfection by-product, was decreased by >96% by irradiation for 8 h (k = 0.42-0.47 h-1). Irradiation with sunlight decreased the toxicity of ozonated reclaimed water to Chinese hamster ovary cells. Irradiation with sunlight decreased the degree of intracellular oxidative stress and oxidative damage caused by ozonated reclaimed water. Irradiation with sunlight for 8 h decreased cytotoxicity of the ozonated reclaimed water samples by 79% and 65%. The change in AOBr concentration correlated with the change in toxicity (R2=0.69, p<0.05). The relationships between sunlight wavelength and decreases in the AOBr concentration and toxicity were assessed, and it was found that UV in sunlight was predominantly responsible for decreasing the AOBr concentration and toxicity by reclaimed water. During irradiation for 8 h, UV was responsible for 65%-66% of the decrease in the AOBr concentration and 65-79% of the decrease in reclaimed water induced cytotoxicity. Irradiation with sunlight is a promising method for degrading AOBr and detoxifying ozonated reclaimed water during storage to allow the water to be reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xiu Wu
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Liu He
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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18
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Ouyang WY, Wang WL, Zhang YL, Cai HY, Wu QY. VUV/UV oxidation performance for the elimination of recalcitrant aldehydes in water and its variation along the light-path. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 228:119390. [PMID: 36423547 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Vacuum ultraviolet/ultraviolet (VUV/UV) oxidation using a low-pressure mercury lamp emitting dual wavelengths (185 nm (VUV) and 254 nm (UV)) significantly varies in performance along the light-path (lP), which has not been fully characterized. Therefore, VUV/UV oxidation in solution was investigated at various lP in terms of the degradation kinetics and mineralization pathway of representative aldehydes with various alkyl-chain lengths. Oxidative degradation of parent aldehydes with shorter alkyl chains was less efficient, specifically the pseudo-zero-order rate constant (kobs) of formaldehyde was only 51% of that of propionaldehyde (kobs = 0.078 μM s-1). In contrast, the mineralization of aldehydes with longer alkyl chains was less efficient because these aldehydes underwent mineralization into more refractory carboxylic byproducts, e.g., oxalic acid. VUV was mainly absorbed by superficial water (lP < 0.55 cm), which resulted in highly heterogeneous oxidation in homogeneous water. Thus, kobs of acetaldehyde dramatically decreased from 0.13 to 0.033 μM s-1 as the total lP of solution increased from 1.0 to 3.0 cm. On the basis of mineralization pathways proposed above, an iterative kinetic model was developed to characterize the degradation of parent aldehydes and the formation of carboxylic acids along lP. This model predicted the VUV/UV oxidaton for the first time by considering the fast diffusion of pollutants by limited diffusion of transient radical species. Thus, it realized the prediction of •OH concentration at specific water solution and byproduct evolution within specific water solution in turbulent flow regime, wherein •OH was predominantly formed in superficial water-layers wherein •OH in water-layers of lP <0.16 cm and <0.81 cm contributed to 50% and 90% of the total oxidation performance, respectively. This result would help to improve the VUV-UV-reactor design in terms of optimizing the thickness of water-layer and turbulence of water-flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yue Ouyang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Yi-Lin Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Han-Ying Cai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (MARC), Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Hu Q, Wang R, Gan Y, Zhang Y, Bao H, Zhang L, Qu G, Wang T. Chlorinated disinfection by-product formation during DOM removal by discharge plasma: Insights into DOC structure alterations. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Zhang XY, Du Y, Lu Y, Wang WL, Wu QY. Characteristics of the formation and toxicity index of nine newly identified brominated disinfection byproducts during wastewater ozonation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 824:153924. [PMID: 35182650 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation plays an important role in wastewater treatment for reuse. However, the toxicity of wastewater treated with ozone considerably increases with bromide (Br-) concentration >100 μg/L. Nine newly identified brominated disinfection byproducts (Br-DBPs) that are highly toxic in ozonated Br--containing wastewater were found in our recent work, including 2-bromostyrene, 1-bromo-1-phenylethylene, 2-bromobenzaldehyde, 3-bromobenzaldehyde, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, 2-bromophenylacetonitrile, 3-bromophenylacetonitrile, 4-bromophenylacetonitrile, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol. In the present study, the formation and calculated toxicity index of the nine newly identified Br-DBPs were evaluated. The correlations between the water quality index and the formation of nine Br-DBPs were also analyzed. With the increase of ozone dosage, the concentrations of bromostyrenes, 3-bromobenzaldehyde, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, 2-bromophenylacetonitrile, and 2,4,6-tribromophenyl in the ozonated samples gradually increased. With the increase of Br- concentration, the concentrations of bromostyrene, 2-bromobenzaldehyde, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol gradually increased. With the increase of NH4+ concentration, the concentrations of bromophenylacetonitriles gradually increased. Among the nine Br-DBPs, the bromophenylacetonitriles and 2,4,6-tribromophenol contributed the most to the cytotoxicity index, 2,4,6-tribromophenol and bromostyrenes contributed the most to the genotoxicity index, and bromophenylacetonitriles and bromostyrenes contributed the most to the oxidative damage index. The dissolved organic carbon levels strongly correlated with the formation of 3-bromophenylacetonitrile and 4-bromophenylacetonitrile, and the fluorescence I-V region intensity integral was correlated with the formation of 4-bromobenzaldehyde and 2,4,6-tribromophenol. The results of the present study clarified the formation potential of the nine widely existing newly identified Br-DBPs, confirmed the high calculated toxicity indices, and are of great value for future research on Br-DBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yang Zhang
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China; Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, 117576, Singapore
| | - Ye Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, PR China
| | - Yao Lu
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- State Environment Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China.
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21
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Das S, Das S, Ghangrekar MM. Efficacious bioremediation of heavy metals and radionuclides from wastewater employing aquatic macro- and microphytes. J Basic Microbiol 2022; 62:260-278. [PMID: 35014053 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic contaminants, such as heavy metals and radionuclides, have become an alarming environmental concern globally, especially for developed and developing nations. Moreover, inefficient prevalent wastewater treatment technologies combined with increased industrial activity and modernization has led to increase in the concentration of toxic metals and radioactive components in the natural water bodies. However, for the improvement of ecosystem of rivers, lakes, and other water sources different physicochemical methods such as membrane filtration, reverse osmosis, activated carbon adsorption, electrocoagulation, and other electrochemical treatment are employed, which are uneconomical and insufficient for the complete abatement of these emerging pollutants. Therefore, the application of bioremediation employing aquatic macrophytes and microphytes have gained considerable importance owing to the benefits of cost-effectiveness, eco-friendly, and higher energy efficiency. Thus, the present review aims to enlighten the readers on the potential application of algae, cyanobacteria, plant, and other aquatic micro- and macrophytes for the elimination of carcinogenic metals and radioactive isotopes from wastewater. Additionally, the use of transgenic plants, genetically modified species, algal-bacterial symbiosis for the enhancement of removal efficiency of mutagenic contaminants are also highlighted. Furthermore, species selection based on robustness, mechanism of different pathways for heavy metal and radionuclide detoxification are elucidated in this review article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Das
- PK Sinha Centre for Bioenergy & Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sovik Das
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Makarand M Ghangrekar
- PK Sinha Centre for Bioenergy & Renewables, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India.,Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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22
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Bröcker JHL, Stone W, Carstens A, Wolfaardt GM. Micropollutant transformation and toxicity: Electrochemical ozonation versus biological metabolism. TOXICOLOGY RESEARCH AND APPLICATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/23978473221122880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental water sources are constantly polluted by anthropogenic compounds, not always minimized by conventional water treatment methods to remove these compounds at the micro- and nano-range. The absolute concentrations of a suite of seven representative environmental micropollutants were compared pre- and post-treatment with both ozone and microbial biofilms, in terms of removal efficiencies and toxicity assays. Both synthetic micropollutant mixes and environmental water samples were evaluated. The study started with two representative micropollutants (carbamazepine, CBZ, and sulfamethoxazole, SMX), and broadened into a suite of pollutants, evaluating whole-sample eco-toxicological footprints. An ozone concentration of 4.24 ± 0.27 mg/L in tap water, resulted in an 87.9% and 96.5% removal of CBZ and SMX, respectively, within 1 min. Despite almost immediate removal of parent micropollutants by oxidation, endocrine disruption potential (anti-estrogenicity) of CBZ and SMX required up to 240 min of ozone treatment to show no assay effect. A broader suite of micropollutants in more complex environmental matrices showed scavenging of ozone (2.95 ± 0.17–0.25 ± 0.03 mg/L) and varying micropollutant recalcitrance to oxidation. Lower matrix pollution led to lower reduction in eco-toxicity. Microbial degradation of CBZ and SMX (56% and 70% versus 19% and 79%, respectively, in duplicate biofilms) by nutrient-limited biofilms showed less removal than ozonation, with marked variation due to the stochastic nature of biofilm sloughing. Microbial degradation of CBZ and SMX resulted in an increase of >90% in both estrogenicity and Aliivibrio inhibition. The results obtained from this study address a gap in understanding the removal efficiency of micropollutants, where the removal process often receives more attention than the comparative reduction of toxicological effects. This shift from a controlled laboratory environment to real-world scenarios also provided comparative insights into the removal of micropollutants and the eco-toxicity of the transformation by-products of each process.
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Affiliation(s)
- JHL Bröcker
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - W Stone
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - A Carstens
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - GM Wolfaardt
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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23
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Fu J, Huang CH, Dang C, Wang Q. A review on treatment of disinfection byproduct precursors by biological activated carbon process. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wu QY, Lu XS, Feng MB, Wang WL, Du Y, Yang LL, Hu HY. Reduction of cytotoxicity and DNA double-strand break effects of wastewater by ferrate(VI): Roles of oxidation and coagulation. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 205:117667. [PMID: 34547698 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ferrate(VI) (Fe(VI)) can oxidize individual pollutants, but the pollutant oxidation does not necessarily result in toxicity reduction. Besides, Fe(VI) resultant Fe(III) particles has previously been used to remove heavy metals, but its influence on organic matter and toxicity of wastewater is unknown. This study investigated influence of Fe(VI) on the cytotoxicity and DNA double-strand break (DSB) effects of secondary effluents from wastewater treatment plants to Chinese hamster ovary cells. Adding 5.0 mg/L Fe(VI) as Fe reduced the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of secondary effluents by 44%-71% and 40%-59%, respectively. The toxicity reduction could be explained by the alleviation of oxidative stress in cells when they were exposed to the Fe(VI)-treated organic matter. Oxidation and coagulation accounted for 60 and 40% of the reductions in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity, demonstrating that both oxidation and coagulation processes can play important roles in reducing toxicity. Molecular weight (MW)-distribution analysis showed that the oxidation process was favored for removing ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence intensity of organic matter, while the coagulation process removed more dissolved organic carbon (DOC), especially the DOC of fractions with MW < 500 Da. Compared with ferric chloride, the Fe(VI) resultant Fe(III) showed better coagulation performance on organic matter, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity removal, because of the different particle sizes and crystalline structures. This study highlights the benefit of using Fe(VI) in advanced treatment as Fe(VI) reduced the overall toxicity of secondary effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xue-Si Lu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming-Bao Feng
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ye Du
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China.
| | - Lu-Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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