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Moriya M, Noro K, Nagaosa A, Banno A, Ono J, Amagai T, Yabuki Y. Characterization of The Permeation Properties of Membrane Filters and Sorption Properties of Sorbents Used for Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:2115-2121. [PMID: 39056746 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) are promising devices for measuring the time-weighted average concentrations of hydrophilic compounds in aquatic environments. However, the mechanisms underlying compound uptake by POCIS remain unclear. We investigated the permeation kinetics of polyethersulfone and polytetrafluoroethylene membrane filters, and the sorption kinetics of Oasis HLB (Waters), Envi-Carb (Supelco), and Oasis WAX (Waters) sorbents. The log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) values of the 19 targeted compounds ranged from -0.55 to 6.0. The overall mass-transfer coefficients were negatively correlated with KOW, indicating that interactions between hydrophobic compounds and the membrane inhibit permeation. The sorption rate coefficient showed no correlation with KOW and depended on the type of sorbent used. These results imply that the uptake of highly hydrophilic compounds by POCIS is determined by both the membrane and the sorbent kinetics; however, membrane kinetics dominate the uptake of hydrophobic compounds. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:2115-2121. © 2024 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyu Moriya
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kazushi Noro
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Aika Nagaosa
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Arisa Banno
- Research, Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, Habikino, Japan
| | - Junko Ono
- Research, Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, Habikino, Japan
| | - Takashi Amagai
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Yabuki
- Research, Institute of Environment, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Osaka Prefecture, Habikino, Japan
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Ghosh S, Chhabria MT, Roy K. Chemometric modeling of pharmaceuticals for partitioning between sludge and aqueous phase during the wastewater treatment process. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33261-6. [PMID: 38607482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33261-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Computational techniques, such as quantitative structure-property relationships (QSPRs), can play a significant role in exploring the important chemical features essential for the degree of sorption or sludge/water partition coefficient (Kd) towards sewage sludge of wastewater treatment process to evaluate the environmental consequence and risk of pharmaceuticals. The current research work aims to construct a predictive QSPR model for the sorption of 148 diverse active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in sewage sludge during wastewater treatment. For the development of the model, we employed easily computable 2D descriptors as independent variables. The model has been developed following the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development's (OECD) guidelines. It has undergone internal and external validation using a variety of methodologies, as well as been tested for its applicability domain. A measure of hydrophobicity, i.e., MLOGP2, showed the most promising contribution in modeling the sorption coefficient of APIs. Among other parameters, the number of tertiary aromatic amines, the presence of electronegative atoms like N, O, and Cl, the size of a molecule, the number of aromatic hydroxyl groups, the presence of substituted aromatic nitrogen atoms and alkyl-substituted tertiary carbon atoms were also found to be influential for the regulation of solid water partition coefficient of APIs during the wastewater treatment process. The statistical validity tests performed on the developed partial least squares (PLS) model showed that it is statistically evident, robust, and predictive (R2Train = 0.750, Q2LOO = 0.683, Q2F1 = 0.655, Q2F2 (or R2Test) = 0.651). In addition, the predictivity of the constructed model was further inspected by using the "prediction reliability indicator" tool for 14 external APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulekha Ghosh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Mahesh T Chhabria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, L. M. College of Pharmacy, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad, 380009, Gujarat, India
| | - Kunal Roy
- Drug Theoretics and Cheminformatics Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, 700 032, India.
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3
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Wu Y, Bao J, Liu Y, Wang X, Qu W. A Review on Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Pregnant Women: Maternal Exposure, Placental Transfer, and Relevant Model Simulation. TOXICS 2023; 11:430. [PMID: 37235245 PMCID: PMC10224256 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11050430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are important and ubiquitous environmental contaminants worldwide. These novel contaminants can enter human bodies via various pathways, subsequently posing risks to the ecosystem and human health. The exposure of pregnant women to PFASs might pose risks to the health of mothers and the growth and development of fetuses. However, little information is available about the placental transfer of PFASs from mothers to fetuses and the related mechanisms through model simulation. In the present study, based upon a review of previously published literature, we initially summarized the exposure pathways of PFASs in pregnant women, factors affecting the efficiency of placental transfer, and mechanisms associated with placental transfer; outlined simulation analysis approaches using molecular docking and machine learning to reveal the mechanisms of placental transfer; and finally highlighted future research emphases that need to be focused on. Consequently, it was notable that the binding of PFASs to proteins during placental transfer could be simulated by molecular docking and that the placental transfer efficiency of PFASs could also be predicted by machine learning. Therefore, future research on the maternal-fetal transfer mechanisms of PFASs with the benefit of simulation analysis approaches is warranted to provide a scientific basis for the health effects of PFASs on newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jia Bao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang 110870, China
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Römerscheid M, Paschke A, Schneider S, Blaha M, Harzdorf J, Schüürmann G. Calibration of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and derivation of generic sampling rates for a broad application in monitoring of surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:161936. [PMID: 36746283 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We determined sampling rates for 34 pesticides, five pesticide transformation products, and 34 pharmaceutical compounds with the Chemcatcher (CC) passive sampler in a laboratory-based continuous-flow system at 40 cm/s and ambient temperature. Three different sampling phases were used: styrene divinylbenzene disks (SDB-XC), styrene divinylbenzene reversed phase sulfonate disks (SDB-RPS), and hydrophilic lipophilic balance disks (HLB), in all cases covered with a diffusion-limiting polyethersulfone membrane. The measured sampling rates range from 0.007 L/d to 0.193 L/d for CC with SDB-XC (CC-XC), from 0.055 L/d to 0.796 L/d for CC with SDB-RPS (CC-RPS), and from 0.018 L/d to 0.073 L/d for CC equipped with HLB (CC-HLB). Comparison with sampling rates from literature enabled to derive generic sampling rates that can be used for compounds with unknown uptake kinetics such as transformations products and new compounds of interest. Field trial results demonstrate that the presently derived generic sampling rates are suitable for estimating time-weighted average concentrations within reasonable uncertainty limits. In this way, Chemcatcher passive sampling can be applied approximately to a broad range of solutes without the need for deriving compound-specific sampling rates, which enable compliance checks against environmental quality standards and further risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Römerscheid
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Selma Schneider
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maximilian Blaha
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Harzdorf
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Kamali N, Abbas F, Lehane M, Griew M, Furey A. A Review of In Situ Methods-Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the Collection and Concentration of Marine Biotoxins and Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Waters. Molecules 2022; 27:7898. [PMID: 36431996 PMCID: PMC9698218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) are in situ methods that have been applied to pre-concentrate a range of marine toxins, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds that occur at low levels in marine and environmental waters. Recent research has identified the widespread distribution of biotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters (marine, brackish and freshwater) highlighting the need for the development of effective techniques to generate accurate quantitative water system profiles. In this manuscript, we reviewed in situ methods known as Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the collection and concentration of marine biotoxins, freshwater cyanotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters since the 1980s to present. Twelve different adsorption substrates in SPATT and 18 different sorbents in POCIS were reviewed for their ability to absorb a range of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, antibiotics and microcystins in marine water, freshwater and wastewater. This review suggests the gaps in reported studies, outlines future research possibilities and guides researchers who wish to work on water contaminates using Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Kamali
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Feras Abbas
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Lehane
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Griew
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
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Hayden KR, Preisendanz HE, Elkin KR, Saleh LB, Weikel J, Veith TL, Elliott HA, Watson JE. Comparison of POCIS and grab sampling techniques for monitoring PPCPs in vernal pools in central Pennsylvania. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150607. [PMID: 34597549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Active ingredients in pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) can persist through wastewater treatment plants and be released into the environment where they can inadvertently pose risks to non-target organisms. Emerging contaminants (ECs), including PPCPs, are commonly detected in wastewater effluent. With the increasing beneficial re-use of treated wastewater globally, there is a need to understand how spray-irrigation activities affect the occurrence and persistence of ECs in the environment to which they are introduced. Here, we explore the impacts of wastewater spray-irrigation on nearby ephemeral wetlands (e.g., vernal pools) through the use of grab and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampling (POCIS) techniques. This study sought to determine whether integrative sampling techniques are better suited than traditional grab sampling techniques in assessing the presence and concentrations of ECs in vernal pools by evaluating 34 ECs in six vernal pools in central Pennsylvania. Three pools were impacted by wastewater spray-irrigation activities and three were in a nearby forested area. Results of this study found that POCIS detected a wide range of 25 ECs (log Kow between -2.6 and 9.37) more or, in some cases, equally frequently, relative to grab samples. Additionally, grab samples were found to best capture short-lived elevated inputs of ECs (from irrigation events) while POCIS were found to best capture ECs that were present in vernal pools over a longer period of time (weeks to months). For ECs detected more frequently in grab samples, concentrations were higher compared to time weighted average aqueous concentrations estimated from POCIS. This study advances understanding of the potential impact of wastewater beneficial reuse on vernal pools and informs how best to monitor the presence of ECs in vernal pools using integrative and grab sampling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn R Hayden
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Heather E Preisendanz
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America; Institute for Sustainable Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
| | - Kyle R Elkin
- USDA-ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Laura B Saleh
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Jamie Weikel
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Tamie L Veith
- USDA-ARS Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Herschel A Elliott
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - John E Watson
- Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
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Hahn RZ, Bastiani MF, de Lima Feltraco Lizot L, da Silva Moreira IC, Meireles YF, Schneider A, do Nascimento CA, Linden R. Determination of a comprehensive set of drugs of abuse, metabolites and human biomarkers in wastewater using passive sampling followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Li J, Wilkinson JL, Boxall ABA. Use of a large dataset to develop new models for estimating the sorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients in soils and sediments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 415:125688. [PMID: 34088186 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Information on the sorption of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in soils and sediments is needed for assessing the environmental risks of these substances yet these data are unavailable for many APIs in use. Predictive models for estimating sorption could provide a solution. The performance of existing models is, however, often poor and most models do not account for the effects of soil/sediment properties which are known to significantly affect API sorption. Therefore, here, we use a high-quality dataset on the sorption behavior of 54 APIs in 13 soils and sediments to develop new models for estimating sorption coefficients for APIs in soils and sediments using three machine learning approaches (artificial neural network, random forest and support vector machine) and linear regression. A random forest-based model, with chemical and solid descriptors as the input, was the best performing model. Evaluation of this model using an independent sorption dataset from the literature showed that the model was able to predict sorption coefficients of 90% of the test set to within a factor of 10 of the experimental values. This new model could be invaluable in assessing the sorption behavior of molecules that have yet to be tested and in landscape-level risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - John L Wilkinson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Alistair B A Boxall
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NG, UK.
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9
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Grodtke M, Paschke A, Harzdorf J, Krauss M, Schüürmann G. Calibration and field application of the Atlantic HLB Disk containing Chemcatcher® passive sampler - Quantitative monitoring of herbicides, other pesticides, and transformation products in German streams. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 410:124538. [PMID: 33610392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Chemcatcher® (CC) passive sampler containing an Atlantic HLB-L Disk (AD) was calibrated in a laboratory-based flow-through tank over 21 days under stirring for 38 polar organic pesticides with log Kow ranging from -1.7 to 3.8. The resultant sampling rates Rs range from 0.025 to 0.068 L/d. In 2018, field trials were conducted in the German rivers Mulde and Havel, as well as in 7 agricultural streams in Lower Saxony and Saxony-Anhalt. For 36 detected pesticides, the overall low concentrations were 0.2 to 49.4 ng/L. The determined pesticide profiles reflect agricultural use and were dominated by triazine herbicides including transformation products, by neonicotinoid insecticides, and by the herbicide mecoprop. Additional single hot spots were provided by the herbicides metamitron, isoproturon, and MCPA (showing the overall largest value of 49.4 ng/L). Notably, the detected waterborne pesticides include banned herbicides and associated transformation products in concentration ratios suggesting also recent input. This concerns in particular atrazine and its transformation products 2-OH-atrazine, deethylatrazine and deisopropylatrazine. An extended target screening of AD-CC extracts from the river Havel revealed the additional presence of other organic micropollutants including biocides, surfactants and industrial chemicals, and demonstrated the AD-CC applicability up to log Kow of 4.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Grodtke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Harzdorf
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany
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Hahn RZ, Augusto do Nascimento C, Linden R. Evaluation of Illicit Drug Consumption by Wastewater Analysis Using Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler as a Monitoring Tool. Front Chem 2021; 9:596875. [PMID: 33859973 PMCID: PMC8042236 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.596875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Illicit drug abuse is a worldwide social and health problem, and monitoring illicit drug use is of paramount importance in the context of public policies. It is already known that relevant epidemiologic information can be obtained from the analysis of urban residual waters. This approach, named wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE), is based on the measurement of specific markers, resulting from human biotransformation of the target drugs, as indicators of the consumption of the compounds by the population served by the wastewater treatment installation under investigation. Drug consumption estimation based on WBE requires sewage sampling strategies that express the concentrations along the whole time period of time. To this end, the most common approach is the use of automatic composite samplers. However, this active sampling procedure is costly, especially for long-term studies and in limited-resources settings. An alternative, cost-effective, sampling strategy is the use of passive samplers, like the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS). POCIS sampling has already been applied to the estimation of exposure to pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and some drugs of abuse, and some studies evaluated the comparative performances of POCIS and automatic composite samplers. In this context, this manuscript aims to review the most important biomarkers of drugs of abuse consumption in wastewater, the fundamentals of POCIS sampling in WBE, the previous application of POCIS for WBE of drugs of abuse, and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of POCIS sampling, in comparison with other strategies used in WBE. POCIS sampling is an effective strategy to obtain a representative overview of biomarker concentrations in sewage over time, with a small number of analyzed samples, increased detection limits, with lower costs than active sampling. Just a few studies applied POCIS sampling for WBE of drugs of abuse, but the available data support the use of POCIS as a valuable tool for the long-term monitoring of the consumption of certain drugs within a defined population, particularly in limited-resources settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zilles Hahn
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Linden
- Laboratory of Analytical Toxicology, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil.,National Institute of Forensic Science and Technology (INCT Forense), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Chen CE, Liu YS, Dunn R, Zhao JL, Jones KC, Zhang H, Ying GG, Sweetman AJ. A year-long passive sampling of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in the East River, South China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105936. [PMID: 32659529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the aquatic environment is a global concern. In this study, we employed two different passive samplers Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) and Chemcatcher for in situ measurement of 8 phenolic EDCs in the East River of the Pearl River system over one-year. These data were assessed alongside results from traditional grab sampling. Six chemicals (4tOP, 4NP, BPA, E1, EE2 and DES) were regularly detected in the water samples, of which the three phenols (i.e. 4tOP, 4NP and BPA) were in all samples and at high concentrations (0.4-1040 ng/L for 4tOP, 2.6-58500 ng/L for NP and 11.4-123300 ng/L for BPA). Fewer target chemicals were detected in both passive samplers, with only 4tOP, 4NP and BPA found in most samplers; E1 and DES were occasionally measurable above detection limits. The higher (by about a factor of 2-3) measurements provided by DGT compared to Chemcatcher could be attributed to the effect of the diffusive boundary layer on Chemcatcher uptake or the strong adsorption of target chemicals on the Chemcatcher PES filter. The temporal trends of EDC monthly loadings indicated that they were from different sources and that WWTPs were not effective in EDC removal and/or there was still some untreated wastewater discharged into the rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Er Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ricky Dunn
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kevin C Jones
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; School of Environment, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Andrew J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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12
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Sampling Rate of Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS): Influence Factors and Calibration Methods. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10165548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
As a passive sampling device, the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) has the characteristics of simple operation, safety, and reliability for assessing the occurrence and risk of persistent and emerging trace organic pollutants. The POCIS, allowing for the determination of time-weighted average (TWA) concentration of polar organic chemicals, exhibits good application prospects in aquatic environments. Before deploying the device in water, the sampling rate (Rs), which is a key parameter for characterizing pollutant enrichment, should be determined and calibrated accurately. However, the Rs values strongly depend on experimental hydrodynamic conditions. This paper provides an overview of the current situation of the POCIS for environmental monitoring of organic pollutants in an aquatic system. The principle and theory of the POCIS are outlined. In particular, the effect factors such as the ambient conditions, pollutant properties, and device features on the Rs are analyzed in detail from aspects of impact dependence and mechanisms. The calibration methods of the Rs under laboratory and in situ conditions are summarized. This review offers supplementary information on comprehensive understanding of mechanism and application of the POCIS. Nevertheless, the Rs were impacted by a combined effect of solute–sorbent–membrane–solution, and the influence extent of each variable was still unclear. On this basis, the ongoing challenges are proposed for the future application of the POCIS in the actual environment, for instance, the need for this device to be improved in terms of quantitative methods for more accurate measurement of the Rs.
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13
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Guibal R, Lissalde S, Guibaud G. Experimental Estimation of 44 Pharmaceutical Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler Sampling Rates in an Artificial River under Various Flow Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1186-1195. [PMID: 32222997 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The present study pertains to a polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) laboratory calibration to estimate the sampling rates for 44 pharmaceuticals featuring a wide range of polarity (-0.6 < octanol/water partition coefficient [log KOW ] < 5.4). The calibration was performed at 16.0 ± 1.5 °C for 4 water flow velocities (0, 2-3, 6-7, and 20 cm/s) in both a tank (for calibration at 0 cm/s) and a laboratory-scale artificial river filled with 200 and 500 L of tap water spiked with 0.3 µg/L of each compound, respectively. Twelve new sampling rates and 26 sampling rates already available in the literature were determined, whereas the sampling rates for 6 pharmaceuticals could not be determined due to nonlinearity or poor accumulation in POCIS. An increase in the sampling rate value with flow velocity was observed, which is consistent with a decrease in the effective thickness of the water boundary layer at the POCIS membrane surface. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1186-1195. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Guibal
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, University of Limoges, Unité de Recherche Associée Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies, Ecole Nationale Supérieure d'Ingénieurs de Limoges-Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Céramique Industrielle, Limoges, France
| | - S Lissalde
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, University of Limoges, Unité de Recherche Associée Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies, Limoges, France
| | - G Guibaud
- Laboratoire Peirene EA7500, University of Limoges, Unité de Recherche Associée Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies, Limoges, France
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Wang Y, Liu H, Yang X. Development of quantitative structure-property relationship model for predicting the field sampling rate (R s) of Chemcatcher passive sampler. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:10415-10424. [PMID: 31939012 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling technology has been considered as a promising tool to measure the concentration of environmental contaminants. With this technology, sampling rate (Rs) is an important parameter. However, as experimental methods employed to obtain the Rs value of a given compound were time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. A cost-effective method for deriving Rs is urgent. In addition, considering the great dependence of Rs value on water matrix properties, the laboratory measured Rs may not be a good alternative for field Rs. Thus, obtaining the field Rs is very necessary. In this study, a multiparameter quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) model was constructed for predicting the field Rs of 91 polar to semi-polar organic compounds. The determination coefficient (R2Train), leave-one-out cross-validated coefficient (Q2LOO), bootstrap coefficient (Q2BOOT), and root mean square error (RMSETrain) of the training set were 0.772, 0.706, 0.769, and 0.230, respectively, while the external validation coefficient (Q2EXT) and RMSEEXT of the validation set were 0.641 and 0.253, respectively. According to the acceptable criteria (Q2 > 0.600, R2 > 0.700), the model had good robustness, goodness-of-fit, and predictive performances. Therefore, we could use the model to fill the data gap for substances within the applicability domain on their missing Rs value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Huihui Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Xianhai Yang
- Key Laboratory of New Membrane Materials, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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Gallé T, Frelat M, Huck V, Bayerle M, Pittois D, Braun C. Quantitative use of passive sampling data to derive a complete seasonal sequence of flood event loads: a case study for maize herbicides in Luxembourg. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:294-304. [PMID: 31939971 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00487d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides are the class of compounds with the most dynamic behaviour in their surface water occurrence: their episodic release to surface waters is closely related to the date of application and the following weather conditions and poses substantial challenges to monitoring in order to yield accurate mass transfer figures. Moreover, pesticide use, dose and time of application are largely unknown catchment wide and pose an essential problem as to the realism and reliability of pesticide fate modelling as well as accurate farmer counselling. Spatially and temporally highly resolved monitoring establishing pesticide sources was logistically unthinkable until the advent of passive samplers which combine ease of deployment and continuous sampling. However, because research on passive sampler performance has been mainly driven by analytical precision issues, doubts were high as to whether passive samplers could yield accurate time weighted averages in the field, all the more so that the number of field validations is to this day very limited. Here we present a study that used a combination of spatially distributed passive- and autosamplers to capture the runoff dynamics of pesticides used for maize crops in a 82 km2 catchment in Luxembourg. We demonstrate that passive samplers are capable of accurately monitoring episodic emissions of pesticides through a longitudinal profile in a catchment, thus allowing the identification of pesticide source areas. Thanks to the time-proportional nature of the passive sampling it was furthermore possible to calculate event mean concentrations and loads which were behaving temporally according to the physico-chemical properties of the compounds and to the timing and extent of mobilising discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gallé
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Marion Frelat
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Viola Huck
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Michael Bayerle
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Denis Pittois
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
| | - Christian Braun
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), ERIN Dept., 5, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Salim F, Górecki T. Theory and modelling approaches to passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1618-1641. [PMID: 31528928 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00215d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Designs and applications of passive samplers for various environmental compartments have been broadened significantly since their introduction. Understanding the theory behind passive sampling is essential for proper development of sampling methods and for accurate interpretation of the results. Theoretical underpinnings of passive sampling have been explored using different approaches. The aim of this review is to describe passive sampling theory and modelling approaches presented in the literature in a manner that allows researchers to obtain comprehensive understanding of them and to recognize the assumptions behind each approach together with their applicability to a given passive sampling technique. A common approach originates from Whitman's two-film theory and produces an exponential model that describes the entire passive sampling process. This approach, however, is based on several assumptions including linear exchange kinetics between the sampled medium and the passive sampler. Two-phase air passive samplers with a well-defined barrier are commonly modeled based on the zero-sink assumption, which assumes efficient trapping of analytes in the receiving phase. This assumption may become invalid under various scenarios; consequently, other approaches to modelling have been introduced including simulation of the sampling process by approximate temporal-steady states in hypothetical segments in the adsorption phase. Another approach uses dynamic models to determine accumulation of analytes in passive samplers. Dynamic models are capable of describing mass accumulation in the passive sampler, its transient response, and its response to fluctuations in environmental concentrations. Finally, empirically calibrated models, attempting to simplify the process of passive sampling rate determination, are also presented. In general, dynamic models are used to establish a profound understanding of the sampling process and analyse the applicability of the simpler models and their assumptions, while the simplified models are desirable and practical for most users. Nonetheless, due to the advancement in the computational tools, application of the dynamic models could be made simple and user-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Salim
- University of Waterloo, Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
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17
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Gallé T, Pittois D, Bayerle M, Braun C. An immission perspective of emerging micropollutant pressure in Luxembourgish surface waters: A simple evaluation scheme for wastewater impact assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:992-999. [PMID: 31352191 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While wastewater treatment plants have been identified as the most prominent source of emerging micropollutants in surface waters, prediction of their ambient concentrations remains a challenge. This is due to the variability of loads entering individual treatment plants and of the elimination capacity by the latter as well as potential attenuation in the river network. Although geospatially detailed models exist, they suffer from the same data input uncertainties. Here, we investigated the concentration profiles of 20 emerging pollutants in different river stretches in Luxembourg with variable sanitary pressures. Using carbamazepine as a recalcitrant wastewater indicator, the correlation of the compounds to the latter revealed source and fate variability as well as specific emitters. Relating carbamazepine to sanitary pressure, expressed as the sum of population equivalents in a catchment divided by its surface [PE ha-1] allowed predicting the impact of emerging pollutants on the entire river network. The limited variability of the pollutant profiles allowed for prioritization of impacted stretches depending on the different sanitary pressures at risk quotient exceedance. The main drivers of impact were triclosan, diclofenac, clarithromycine and diuron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Gallé
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, ERIN Dept., Luxembourg.
| | - Denis Pittois
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, ERIN Dept., Luxembourg
| | - Michael Bayerle
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, ERIN Dept., Luxembourg
| | - Christian Braun
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, ERIN Dept., Luxembourg
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18
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Samanipour S, Kaserzon S, Vijayasarathy S, Jiang H, Choi P, Reid MJ, Mueller JF, Thomas KV. Machine learning combined with non-targeted LC-HRMS analysis for a risk warning system of chemical hazards in drinking water: A proof of concept. Talanta 2019; 195:426-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Endo S, Matsuura Y, Vermeirssen ELM. Mechanistic Model Describing the Uptake of Chemicals by Aquatic Integrative Samplers: Comparison to Data and Implications for Improved Sampler Configurations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1482-1489. [PMID: 30608657 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b06225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic integrative passive samplers are used to determine aqueous concentrations of polar organic pollutants, yet their uptake mechanisms are poorly understood. We introduce a one-dimensional model to simulate uptake by a passive sampler, Chemcatcher. The model considers the uptake as molecular diffusion through a series consisting of the aqueous boundary layer (ABL), the membrane filter (MF), and the sorbent disk with concurrent sorption by matrix of the MF and the disk. Uptake profiles of ∼20 polar chemicals measured over a week and a month were accurately modeled. Characteristic behaviors such as lag phases, linear and curved uptake, and equilibrating behavior were explained well by the model. As the model is mechanistically based, it was able to show the combined influences of the MF/water ( KMF/w) and disk/water ( Kdisk/w) partition coefficients, diffusion coefficients, and the ABL thickness on the sampling rates. On the basis of the model results, we offer three concrete recommendations for achieving the linear uptake needed for measuring time-weighted average concentrations: (i) use a MF that does not significantly sorb chemicals (e.g., log KMF/w < 3) to avoid lag phases, (ii) use a sorbent with strong sorption properties (e.g., log Kdisk/w > 6) for effective trapping of chemicals on the disk top layer, and (iii) make the ABL and/or the MF thicker so that the diffusion toward the disk slows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka City University , Sugimoto 3-3-138 , Sumiyoshi 558-8585 , Osaka , Japan
| | - Yunosuke Matsuura
- Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka City University , Sugimoto 3-3-138 , Sumiyoshi 558-8585 , Osaka , Japan
| | - Etiënne L M Vermeirssen
- Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology Eawag-EPFL , Überlandstrasse 133 , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
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Miller TH, Gallidabino MD, MacRae JI, Owen SF, Bury NR, Barron LP. Prediction of bioconcentration factors in fish and invertebrates using machine learning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 648:80-89. [PMID: 30114591 PMCID: PMC6234108 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of machine learning has recently gained interest from ecotoxicological fields for its ability to model and predict chemical and/or biological processes, such as the prediction of bioconcentration. However, comparison of different models and the prediction of bioconcentration in invertebrates has not been previously evaluated. A comparison of 24 linear and machine learning models is presented herein for the prediction of bioconcentration in fish and important factors that influenced accumulation identified. R2 and root mean square error (RMSE) for the test data (n = 110 cases) ranged from 0.23-0.73 and 0.34-1.20, respectively. Model performance was critically assessed with neural networks and tree-based learners showing the best performance. An optimised 4-layer multi-layer perceptron (14 descriptors) was selected for further testing. The model was applied for cross-species prediction of bioconcentration in a freshwater invertebrate, Gammarus pulex. The model for G. pulex showed good performance with R2 of 0.99 and 0.93 for the verification and test data, respectively. Important molecular descriptors determined to influence bioconcentration were molecular mass (MW), octanol-water distribution coefficient (logD), topological polar surface area (TPSA) and number of nitrogen atoms (nN) among others. Modelling of hazard criteria such as PBT, showed potential to replace the need for animal testing. However, the use of machine learning models in the regulatory context has been minimal to date and is critically discussed herein. The movement away from experimental estimations of accumulation to in silico modelling would enable rapid prioritisation of contaminants that may pose a risk to environmental health and the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Miller
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Matteo D Gallidabino
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - James I MacRae
- Metabolomics Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Stewart F Owen
- AstraZeneca, Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, UK
| | - Nicolas R Bury
- Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK; Faculty of Science, Health and Technology, University of Suffolk, James Hehir Building, University Avenue, Ipswich, Suffolk IP3 0FS, UK
| | - Leon P Barron
- Department of Analytical, Environmental & Forensic Sciences, School of Population Health & Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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21
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Castle GD, Mills GA, Gravell A, Leggatt A, Stubbs J, Davis R, Fones GR. Comparison of different monitoring methods for the measurement of metaldehyde in surface waters. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:75. [PMID: 30648204 PMCID: PMC6333724 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metaldehyde is recognised as an emerging contaminant. It is a powerful molluscicide and is the active compound in many types of slug pellets used for the protection of crops. The application of pellets to land generally takes place between August and December when slugs thrive. Due to its high use and physico-chemical properties, metaldehyde can be present in the aquatic environment at concentrations above the EU Drinking Water Directive limit of 100 ng L-1 for a single pesticide. Such high concentrations are problematic when these waters are used in the production of drinking water. Being able to effectively monitor this pollutant of concern is important. We compared four different monitoring techniques (spot and automated bottle sampling, on-line gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and passive sampling) to estimate the concentration of metaldehyde. Trials were undertaken in the Mimmshall Brook catchment (Hertfordshire, UK) and in a feed in a drinking water treatment plant for differing periods between 17th October and 31st December 2017. This period coincided with the agricultural application of metaldehyde. Overall, there was a good agreement between the concentrations measured by the four techniques, each providing complementary information. The highest resolution data was obtained using the on-line GC/MS. During the study, there was a large exceedance (500 ng L-1) of metaldehyde that entered the treatment plant; but this was not related to rainfall in the area. Each monitoring method had its own advantages and disadvantages for monitoring investigations, particularly in terms of cost and turn-a-round time of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn D Castle
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wales, NRW Analytical Services, Swansea University, Faraday Building, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Alister Leggatt
- Affinity Water Ltd., Tamblin Way, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, AL10 9EZ, UK
| | - Jeff Stubbs
- Anatune Ltd, Unit 4, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, UK
| | - Richard Davis
- Anatune Ltd, Unit 4, Wellbrook Court, Girton Road, Cambridge, CB3 0NA, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
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Jeong Y, Schäffer A, Smith K. A comparison of equilibrium and kinetic passive sampling for the monitoring of aquatic organic contaminants in German rivers. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 145:248-258. [PMID: 30142522 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performances of an equilibrium and a kinetic passive sampler for monitoring a range of organic contaminants (Log KOW from -0.03 to 6.26) were evaluated in the effluent of a wastewater treatment plant, the receiving river Saar as well as the river Mosel in Germany. The polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) and a new mixed polymer sampler (MPS) were selected as kinetic and equilibrium passive samplers, respectively. Concentrations were described in terms of a time-weighted average concentration (CTWA) from the POCIS measurements and as an equilibrium concentration from the MPS (CEquil-MPS) and POCIS membrane (CEquil-PES) analyses. Twenty-seven compounds could be detected, including eight priority substances of the EU Water Framework Directive. Both sampler types detected a similar range of compounds in the low ng/L to μg/L range, with a high proportion of pharmaceuticals being detected at all sampling sites. To account for uncertainty in the POCIS sampling rates, a range in CTWA was estimated by applying low and high sampling rates. For the compounds that were detected in the POCIS this range was within a factor of 3.5. Interestingly, the MPS extracts showed lower ionisation artefacts than the POCIS extracts during the LC-MS/MS analysis. Finally, total water concentrations (CTotal) were estimated from the dissolved concentrations, literature organic carbon partition coefficients (KOC) and the total organic carbon levels measured in the rivers. For the compounds in this study, negligible differences between CTotal and the passive sampler-derived dissolved concentrations were found with a maximum difference of 15% for diclofenac. Overall, this study demonstrated that the parallel application of kinetic and equilibrium passive samplers can improve the description of water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kilian Smith
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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Townsend I, Jones L, Broom M, Gravell A, Schumacher M, Fones GR, Greenwood R, Mills GA. Calibration and application of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler for monitoring acidic herbicides in the River Exe, UK catchment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25130-25142. [PMID: 29943243 PMCID: PMC6133114 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2556-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Acidic herbicides are used to control broad-leaved weeds. They are stable, water-soluble, and with low binding to soil are found frequently in surface waters, often at concentrations above the EU Drinking Water Directive limit of 0.10 μg L-1. This presents a problem when such waters are abstracted for potable supplies. Understanding their sources, transport and fate in river catchments is important. We developed a new Chemcatcher® passive sampler, comprising a 3M Empore™ anion-exchange disk overlaid with a polyethersulphone membrane, for monitoring acidic herbicides (2,4-D, dicamba, dichlorprop, fluroxypyr, MCPA, MCPB, mecoprop, tricolpyr). Sampler uptake rates (Rs = 0.044-0.113 L day-1) were measured in the laboratory. Two field trials using the Chemcatcher® were undertaken in the River Exe catchment, UK. Time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of the herbicides obtained using the Chemcatcher® were compared with concentrations measured in spot samples of water. The two techniques gave complimentary monitoring data, with the samplers being able to measure stochastic inputs of MCPA and mecoprop occurring in field trial 1. Chemcatcher® detected a large input of MCPA not found by spot sampling during field trial 2. Devices also detected other pesticides and pharmaceuticals with acidic properties. Information obtained using the Chemcatcher® can be used to develop improved risk assessments and catchment management plans and to assess the effectiveness of any mitigation and remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Townsend
- South West Water Ltd, Peninsula House, Rydon Lane, Exeter, Devon, EX2 7HR, UK
| | - Lewis Jones
- South West Water Ltd, Peninsula House, Rydon Lane, Exeter, Devon, EX2 7HR, UK
| | - Martin Broom
- South West Water Ltd, Peninsula House, Rydon Lane, Exeter, Devon, EX2 7HR, UK
| | - Anthony Gravell
- Natural Resources Wales, NRW Analytical Services at Swansea University, Faraday Building, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Melanie Schumacher
- Natural Resources Wales, NRW Analytical Services at Swansea University, Faraday Building, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Gary R Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Burnaby Road, Portsmouth, PO1 3QL, UK.
| | - Richard Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 2DY, UK
| | - Graham A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire, PO1 2DT, UK
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Jeong Y, Schäffer A, Smith K. Comparison of the sampling rates and partitioning behaviour of polar and non-polar contaminants in the polar organic chemical integrative sampler and a monophasic mixed polymer sampler for application as an equilibrium passive sampler. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:905-915. [PMID: 29426215 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Oasis HLB® beads were embedded in a silicone matrix to make a single phase passive sampler with a higher affinity for polar and ionisable compounds than silicone alone. The applicability of this mixed polymer sampler (MPS) was investigated for 34 aquatic contaminants (log KOW -0.03 to 6.26) in batch experiments. The influence of flow was investigated by comparing uptake under static and stirred conditions. The sampler characteristics of the MPS was assessed in terms of sampling rates (RS) and sampler-water partition coefficients (KSW), and these were compared to those of the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS) as a reference kinetic passive sampler. The MPS was characterized as an equilibrium sampler for both polar and non-polar compounds, with faster uptake rates and a shorter time to reach equilibrium than the POCIS. Water flow rate impacted sampling rates by up to a factor of 12 when comparing static and stirred conditions. In addition, the relative accumulation of compounds in the polyethersulfone (PES) membranes versus the inner Oasis HLB sorbent was compared for the POCIS, and ranged from <1% to 83% depending on the analyte properties. This is indicative of a potentially significant lag-phase for less polar compounds within POCIS. The findings of this study can be used to quantitatively describe the partitioning and kinetic behaviour of MPS and POCIS for a range of aquatic organic contaminants for application in field sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonah Jeong
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52076 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kilian Smith
- Environmental Safety Group, KIST Europe, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Campus E7.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
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25
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Belles A, Franke C, Alary C, Aminot Y, Readman JW. Understanding and predicting the diffusivity of organic compounds in polydimethylsiloxane material for passive sampler applications using a simple quantitative structure-property relationship model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:1291-1300. [PMID: 29359815 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The diffusivity of 145 compounds in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) material was determined in the laboratory using a film stacking technique. The results were pooled with available literature data, providing a final data set of 198 compounds with diffusivity (DPDMS ) spanning over approximately 5 log units. The principal variables controlling the diffusivity of penetrants were investigated by comparing DPDMS within and between different homologous series. The dipole moment, molecular size, and flexibility of penetrants appear to be the most prevalent factors controlling a compound's diffusivity. A nonlinear quantitative structure-property relationship is proposed using as predicting variables the molecular volume, the number of rotatable bonds, the topological polar surface area, and the number of O and N atoms. The final relationship has a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.81 and a mean absolute error of 0.26 m2 s-1 (log unit), approaching the average error for the experimentally determined values (0.12 m2 s-1 ). The model, based on a heuristic approach, is ready for use by analytical chemists with no specific background in theoretical chemistry (notably for passive sampler development). Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1291-1300. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belles
- École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris (MINES ParisTech), Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre de Géosciences, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Christine Franke
- École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris (MINES ParisTech), Paris Sciences et Lettres, Centre de Géosciences, Fontainebleau, France
| | - Claire Alary
- Laboratoire de Génie Civil et Géo-Environnement, École Nationale Supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, Université de Lille, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Yann Aminot
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - James W Readman
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, Plymouth University, Plymouth, United Kingdom
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26
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Endo S, Matsuura Y. Characterizing Sorption and Permeation Properties of Membrane Filters Used for Aquatic Integrative Passive Samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:2118-2125. [PMID: 29366322 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic integrative passive sampling is a promising approach to measure the time-weighted average concentration, yet our understanding for the sampling mechanisms of polar organic contaminants should be further advanced to fully exploit the potential of the method for real-world applications. This study aimed to characterize the sorption and permeation properties of poly(ether sulfone) (PES) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) membrane filters (MFs) used for passive samplers. Batch sorption experiments with 14 probe chemicals showed that the sorption by PES was generally strong, with the respective sorption coefficients greater than the octanol-water partition coefficients by 2-3 log units. In contrast, the PTFE filter exhibited no significant sorption for all tested chemicals, representing a promising candidate MF that avoids lag-times and slow responses to fluctuating concentrations. Permeation experiments in a glass cell system and successive modeling demonstrated that, if no sorption to the MF occurs, the MF permeation of a chemical can be fully described with a first-order model that considers the transfer through the aqueous boundary layers and the diffusion in water-filled MF pores. Significant sorption to the MF coincided with substantial delay of permeation, which was successfully modeled with the local sorption equilibrium assumption. These findings have implications for improved sampler configurations and successful models for the chemical uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Endo
- Urban Research Plaza and ‡Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yunosuke Matsuura
- Urban Research Plaza and ‡Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sugimoto 3-3-138, Sumiyoshi-ku, 558-8585 Osaka, Japan
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27
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Morin NAO, Mazzella N, Arp HPH, Randon J, Camilleri J, Wiest L, Coquery M, Miège C. Kinetic accumulation processes and models for 43 micropollutants in "pharmaceutical" POCIS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:197-207. [PMID: 28968581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The "pharmaceutical" polar organic integrative sampler (POCIS) is a passive sampler composed of an outer polyethersulfone (PES) membrane and an inner receiving Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) phase. Target micropollutants can accumulate in the POCIS HLB phase following different uptake patterns. Two of the most common ones are a first-order kinetic uptake (Chemical Reaction Kinetic 1, CRK1 model), and a first-order kinetic uptake with an inflexion point (CRK2 model). From a previous study, we identified 30 and 13 micropollutants following CRK1 and CRK2 accumulation model in the POCIS HLB phase, respectively. We hypothesized that uptake in the outer PES membrane of POCIS may influence the uptake pathway. Thus, novel measurements of uptake in PES membrane were performed for these micropollutants to characterise kinetic accumulation in the membrane with and without the HLB phase. We determined, for the first time, the membrane-water distribution coefficient for 31 micropolluants. Moreover, the lag times for molecules to breakthrough the POCIS membrane increased with increasing hydrophobicity, defined by the octanol-water dissociation constant Dow. However, Dow alone was insufficient to predict whether uptake followed a CRK1 or CRK2 model in the POCIS HLB phase. Thus, we performed a factorial discriminant analysis considering several molecular physico-chemical properties, and the model of accumulation for the studied micropollutants can be predicted with >90% confidence. The most influent properties to predict the accumulation model were the log Dow and the polar surface area of the molecule (>70% confidence with just these two properties). Molecules exhibiting a CRK1 uptake model for the POCIS HLB phase tended to have log Dow>2.5 and polar surface area <50Ǻ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas A O Morin
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 20244, F-69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Mazzella
- Irstea, UR EABX, Centre de Bordeaux, 50 avenue de Verdun, F-33612 Cestas Cedex, France
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, 0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jérôme Randon
- Institute of Analytical Sciences (ISA), UMR CNRS 5280, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien Camilleri
- Institute of Analytical Sciences (ISA), UMR CNRS 5280, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Laure Wiest
- Institute of Analytical Sciences (ISA), UMR CNRS 5280, University Claude Bernard Lyon I, 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marina Coquery
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 20244, F-69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Cécile Miège
- Irstea, UR MALY, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 20244, F-69625 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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28
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Silvani L, Riccardi C, Eek E, Papini MP, Morin NAO, Cornelissen G, Oen AMP, Hale SE. Monitoring alkylphenols in water using the polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS): Determining sampling rates via the extraction of PES membranes and Oasis beads. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:1362-1371. [PMID: 28693101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) have previously been used to monitor alkylphenol (AP) contamination in water and produced water. However, only the sorbent receiving phase of the POCIS (Oasis beads) is traditionally analyzed, thus limiting the use of POCIS for monitoring a range of APs with varying hydrophobicity. Here a "pharmaceutical" POCIS was calibrated in the laboratory using a static renewal setup for APs (from 2-ethylphenol to 4-n-nonylphenol) with varying hydrophobicity (log Kow between 2.47 and 5.76). The POCIS sampler was calibrated over its 28 day integrative regime and sampling rates (Rs) were determined. Uptake was shown to be a function of AP hydrophobicity where compounds with log Kow < 4 were preferentially accumulated in Oasis beads, and compounds with log Kow > 5 were preferentially accumulated in the PES membranes. A lag phase (over a 24 h period) before uptake in to the PES membranes occurred was evident. This work demonstrates that the analysis of both POCIS phases is vital in order to correctly determine environmentally relevant concentrations owing to the fact that for APs with log Kow ≤ 4 uptake, to the PES membranes and the Oasis beads, involves different processes compared to APs with log Kow ≥ 4. The extraction of both the POCIS matrices is thus recommended in order to assess the concentration of hydrophobic APs (log Kow ≥ 4), as well as hydrophilic APs, most effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Silvani
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Sapienza Università di Roma, P.zzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carmela Riccardi
- INAIL, Research, Certification and Control Division, Via di Fontana Candida 1, 00040, Monteporzio Catone, Rome, Italy
| | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Nicolas A O Morin
- Environmental and Food Laboratory of Vendée (LEAV), Department of Chemistry, Rond-point Georges Duval CS 80802, 85021, La Roche-sur-Yon, France
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Amy M P Oen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O.Box 3930 Ullevaal, NO-0806 Oslo, Norway.
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29
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Bijlsma L, Bade R, Celma A, Mullin L, Cleland G, Stead S, Hernandez F, Sancho JV. Prediction of Collision Cross-Section Values for Small Molecules: Application to Pesticide Residue Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:6583-6589. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat
s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Richard Bade
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat
s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
- School
of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Alberto Celma
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat
s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Lauren Mullin
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Gareth Cleland
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Sara Stead
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat
s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Juan V. Sancho
- Research
Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat
s/n, E-12071 Castellón, Spain
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30
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Novic AJ, O'Brien DS, Kaserzon SL, Hawker DW, Lewis SE, Mueller JF. Monitoring Herbicide Concentrations and Loads during a Flood Event: A Comparison of Grab Sampling with Passive Sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3880-3891. [PMID: 28192998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The suitability of passive samplers (Chemcatcher) as an alternative to grab sampling in estimating time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations and total loads of herbicides was assessed. Grab sampling complemented deployments of passive samplers in a tropical waterway in Queensland, Australia, before, during and after a flood event. Good agreement was observed between the two sampling modes in estimating TWA concentrations that was independent of herbicide concentrations ranging over 2 orders of magnitude. In a flood-specific deployment, passive sampler TWA concentrations underestimated mean grab sampler (n = 258) derived concentrations of atrazine, diuron, ametryn, and metolachlor by an average factor of 1.29. No clear trends were evident in the ratios of load estimates from passive samplers relative to grab samples that ranged between 0.3 and 1.8 for these analytes because of the limitations of using TWA concentrations to derive flow-weighted loads. Stratification of deployments by flow however generally resulted in noticeable improvements in passive sampler load estimates. By considering the magnitude of the uncertainty (interquartile range and the root-mean-squared error) of load estimates a modeling exercise showed that passive samplers were a viable alternative to grab sampling since between 3 and 17 grab samples were needed before grab sampling results had less uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Joseph Novic
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Dominique S O'Brien
- Catchment to Reef Research Group, TropWATER, ATSIP, DB145, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Sarit L Kaserzon
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
| | - Darryl W Hawker
- Griffith School of Environment, Griffith University , 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Stephen E Lewis
- Catchment to Reef Research Group, TropWATER, ATSIP, DB145, James Cook University , Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland , 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, Queensland 4108, Australia
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31
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Berthod L, Whitley DC, Roberts G, Sharpe A, Greenwood R, Mills GA. Quantitative structure-property relationships for predicting sorption of pharmaceuticals to sewage sludge during waste water treatment processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:1512-1520. [PMID: 27919554 PMCID: PMC5206221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sorption of pharmaceuticals to sewage sludge during waste water treatment processes is important for understanding their environmental fate and in risk assessments. The degree of sorption is defined by the sludge/water partition coefficient (Kd). Experimental Kd values (n=297) for active pharmaceutical ingredients (n=148) in primary and activated sludge were collected from literature. The compounds were classified by their charge at pH7.4 (44 uncharged, 60 positively and 28 negatively charged, and 16 zwitterions). Univariate models relating log Kd to log Kow for each charge class showed weak correlations (maximum R2=0.51 for positively charged) with no overall correlation for the combined dataset (R2=0.04). Weaker correlations were found when relating log Kd to log Dow. Three sets of molecular descriptors (Molecular Operating Environment, VolSurf and ParaSurf) encoding a range of physico-chemical properties were used to derive multivariate models using stepwise regression, partial least squares and Bayesian artificial neural networks (ANN). The best predictive performance was obtained with ANN, with R2=0.62-0.69 for these descriptors using the complete dataset. Use of more complex Vsurf and ParaSurf descriptors showed little improvement over Molecular Operating Environment descriptors. The most influential descriptors in the ANN models, identified by automatic relevance determination, highlighted the importance of hydrophobicity, charge and molecular shape effects in these sorbate-sorbent interactions. The heterogeneous nature of the different sewage sludges used to measure Kd limited the predictability of sorption from physico-chemical properties of the pharmaceuticals alone. Standardization of test materials for the measurement of Kd would improve comparability of data from different studies, in the long-term leading to better quality environmental risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Berthod
- AstraZeneca Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK; School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DT, UK
| | - D C Whitley
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DT, UK.
| | - G Roberts
- AstraZeneca Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - A Sharpe
- AstraZeneca Global Environment, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, UK
| | - R Greenwood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I Street, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DY, UK
| | - G A Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, White Swan Road, Portsmouth, Hampshire PO1 2DT, UK
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32
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Challis JK, Hanson ML, Wong CS. Development and Calibration of an Organic-Diffusive Gradients in Thin Films Aquatic Passive Sampler for a Diverse Suite of Polar Organic Contaminants. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10583-10591. [PMID: 27709893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A unique configuration of the diffusive gradients in thin films sampler for polar organics (o-DGT) without a poly(ether sulfone) membrane was developed, calibrated, and field-evaluated. Diffusion coefficients (D) through agarose diffusive gels ranged from (1.02 to 4.74) × 10-6 cm2/s for 34 pharmaceuticals and pesticides at 5, 13, and 23 °C. Analyte-specific diffusion-temperature plots produced linear (r2 > 0.85) empirical relationships whereby D could be estimated at any environmentally relevant temperature (i.e., matched to in situ water conditions). Linear uptake for all analytes was observed in a static renewal calibration experiment over 25 days except for three macrolide antibiotics, which reached saturation at 300 ng (≈15 d). Experimental sampling rates ranged from 8.8 to 16.1 mL/d and were successfully estimated with measured and modeled D within 19% and 30% average relative error, respectively. Under slow flowing (2.4 cm/s) and static conditions, the in situ diffusive boundary layer (DBL) thickness ranged from 0.023 to 0.075 cm, resulting in a maximum contribution to mass transfer of <45%. Estimated water concentrations by o-DGT at a wastewater treatment plant agreed well with grab samples and appeared to be less influenced by the boundary layer compared to that of polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) deployed simultaneously. The o-DGT sampler is a promising monitoring tool that is largely insensitive to the DBL under typical flow conditions, facilitating the application of measured/modeled diffusion-based sampling rates. This significantly reduces the need for sampler calibration, making o-DGT more widely applicable, reliable, and cost-effective compared to current polar passive samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Mark L Hanson
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Charles S Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Richardson College for the Environment, The University of Winnipeg , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 2E9, Canada
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33
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Baz-Lomba JA, Salvatore S, Gracia-Lor E, Bade R, Castiglioni S, Castrignanò E, Causanilles A, Hernandez F, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Kinyua J, McCall AK, van Nuijs A, Ort C, Plósz BG, Ramin P, Reid M, Rousis NI, Ryu Y, de Voogt P, Bramness J, Thomas K. Comparison of pharmaceutical, illicit drug, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine levels in wastewater with sale, seizure and consumption data for 8 European cities. BMC Public Health 2016; 121:221-230. [PMID: 27716139 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monitoring the scale of pharmaceuticals, illicit and licit drugs consumption is important to assess the needs of law enforcement and public health, and provides more information about the different trends within different countries. Community drug use patterns are usually described by national surveys, sales and seizure data. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been shown to be a reliable approach complementing such surveys. METHOD This study aims to compare and correlate the consumption estimates of pharmaceuticals, illicit drugs, alcohol, nicotine and caffeine from wastewater analysis and other sources of information. Wastewater samples were collected in 2015 from 8 different European cities over a one week period, representing a population of approximately 5 million people. Published pharmaceutical sale, illicit drug seizure and alcohol, tobacco and caffeine use data were used for the comparison. RESULTS High agreement was found between wastewater and other data sources for pharmaceuticals and cocaine, whereas amphetamines, alcohol and caffeine showed a moderate correlation. methamphetamine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and nicotine did not correlate with other sources of data. Most of the poor correlations were explained as part of the uncertainties related with the use estimates and were improved with other complementary sources of data. CONCLUSIONS This work confirms the promising future of WBE as a complementary approach to obtain a more accurate picture of substance use situation within different communities. Our findings suggest further improvements to reduce the uncertainties associated with both sources of information in order to make the data more comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Antonio Baz-Lomba
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, NO-0349, Norway.
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway.
| | - Stefania Salvatore
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Emma Gracia-Lor
- IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, Milan, 20156, Italy
| | - Richard Bade
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, E-12071, Spain
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, Milan, 20156, Italy
| | - Erika Castrignanò
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Faculty of Science, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Ana Causanilles
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein, 3430 BB, The Netherlands
| | - Felix Hernandez
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón, E-12071, Spain
| | | | - Juliet Kinyua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Ann-Kathrin McCall
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Alexander van Nuijs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toxicological Center, Campus Drie Eiken, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Antwerp, 2610, Belgium
| | - Christoph Ort
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, CH-8600, Switzerland
| | - Benedek G Plósz
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Pedram Ramin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej, Building 115, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Malcolm Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- IRCCS-Istituto di Recerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Via La Masa 19, Milan, 20156, Italy
| | - Yeonsuk Ryu
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
| | - Pim de Voogt
- KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Chemical Water Quality and Health, P.O. Box 1072, Nieuwegein, 3430 BB, The Netherlands
| | - Jorgen Bramness
- Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, PO box 1078, Blindern, Oslo, 0316, Norway
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, Oslo, NO-0349, Norway
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Morrison SA, Belden JB. Characterization of performance reference compound kinetics and analyte sampling rate corrections under three flow regimes using nylon organic chemical integrative samplers. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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