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Parkerton TF, McFarlin K. Environmental hazard and preliminary risk assessment of herding agents used in next generation oil spill response. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 208:116885. [PMID: 39299189 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 08/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Herding agents offer a significant advance in oil spill response by overcoming past barriers limiting effectiveness of in-situ burning. This paper reviews the use, environmental fate and effects of two commercial herders, Siltech OP-40 and ThickSlick 6535. A conceptual model is proposed to describe herder fate followed by a screening exposure analysis. Hazard concentrations intended to protect aquatic life are derived using empirical toxicity data, interspecies correlation estimation and group target site models. Using exposure and hazard evaluations, a preliminary risk assessment is performed demonstrating acceptable risk to aquatic life. Hazards posed to wildlife are also reviewed. Potential harm to wildlife can be avoided or minimized by adopting best management application practices. This synthesis is intended to provide a valuable resource describing the rationale for herder use, evaluating environmental risk trade-offs and informing future oil spill response planning and decision-making. Priorities for further research are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelly McFarlin
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ 08801, USA
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2
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Dong Z, Wang WX. Modeling the differential functional responses and selectivity of a marine copepod to nano/microplastics in mixture. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 480:135805. [PMID: 39265392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Nano- and microplastics (NMPs) pollution is widespread in the oceans, posing potential risks to marine species. This study examined the accumulation capacity and selectivity potentials of NMPs by a marine copepod Parvocalanus crassirostris under different food mixtures by modeling the combined biokinetic and functional response. We investigated two sizes of NMPs (200 nm and 5 µm) across a concentration gradient (0 - 5000 µg/L) and varying diatom abundances (0, 104, 105 cells/mL). Fluorescence imaging and quantification revealed that P. crassirostris actively ingested NMPs at low concentration. Accumulation increased with NMPs concentration but eventually saturated due to gut capacity limits, following a Holling type II functional response (i.e., hyperbolic curve). Our novel functional response model estimated the key parameters and demonstrated that the maximum accumulation reached 5.3 % of dry weight with averaged half-saturation constants of 229 µg/L. The size of NMPs did not significantly affect the total accumulation or satiety levels. The presence of diatoms influenced the feeding selectivity and decreased the microplastic accumulation by 73 % at 105 cells/mL, while facilitating nanoplastic accumulation by 81 % at 104 cells/mL. This study enhanced our understanding of NMPs bioavailability and environmental fate in marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipei Dong
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China.
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3
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Hansen BH, Tarrant AM, Lenz PH, Roncalli V, Almeda R, Broch OJ, Altin D, Tollefsen KE. Effects of petrogenic pollutants on North Atlantic and Arctic Calanus copepods: From molecular mechanisms to population impacts. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 267:106825. [PMID: 38176169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Oil and gas industries in the Northern Atlantic Ocean have gradually moved closer to the Arctic areas, a process expected to be further facilitated by sea ice withdrawal caused by global warming. Copepods of the genus Calanus hold a key position in these cold-water food webs, providing an important energetic link between primary production and higher trophic levels. Due to their ecological importance, there is a concern about how accidental oil spills and produced water discharges may impact cold-water copepods. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the toxicity of petroleum on North Atlantic and Arctic Calanus copepods. We also review how recent development of high-quality transcriptomes from RNA-sequencing of copepods have identified genes regulating key biological processes, like molting, diapause and reproduction in Calanus copepods, to suggest linkages between exposure, molecular mechanisms and effects on higher levels of biological organization. We found that the available ecotoxicity threshold data for these copepods provide valuable information about their sensitivity to acute petrogenic exposures; however, there is still insufficient knowledge regarding underlying mechanisms of toxicity and the potential for long-term implications of relevance for copepod ecology and phenology. Copepod transcriptomics has expanded our understanding of how key biological processes are regulated in cold-water copepods. These advances can improve our understanding of how pollutants affect biological processes, and thus provide the basis for new knowledge frameworks spanning the effect continuum from molecular initiating events to adverse effects of regulatory relevance. Such efforts, guided by concepts such as adverse outcome pathways (AOPs), enable standardized and transparent characterization and evaluation of knowledge and identifies research gaps and priorities. This review suggests enhancing mechanistic understanding of exposure-effect relationships to better understand and link biomarker responses to adverse effects to improve risk assessments assessing ecological effects of pollutant mixtures, like crude oil, in Arctic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann M Tarrant
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States
| | - Petra H Lenz
- University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, United States
| | | | - Rodrigo Almeda
- EOMAR-ECOAQUA, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Ole Jacob Broch
- SINTEF Ocean, Fisheries and New Biomarine Industry, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dag Altin
- BioTrix, 7020 Trondheim, Norway; Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Research Infrastructure SeaLab, 7010 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), 0579 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), N-1433 Ås, Norway
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4
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Frøysa HG, Nepstad R, Meier S, Donald C, Sørhus E, Bockwoldt M, Carroll J, Vikebø FB. Mind the gap - Relevant design for laboratory oil exposure of fish as informed by a numerical impact assessment model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166951. [PMID: 37696403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments provide knowledge of species-specific effects thresholds that are used to parameterize impact assessment models of oil contamination on marine ecosystems. Such experiments typically place individuals of species and life stages in tanks with different contaminant concentrations. Exposure concentrations are usually fixed, and the individuals experience a shock treatment being moved from clean water directly into contaminated water and then back to clean water. In this study, we use a coupled numerical model that simulates ocean currents and state, oil dispersal and fate, and early life stages of fish to quantify oil exposure histories, specifically addressing oil spill scenarios of high rates and long durations. By including uptake modelling we also investigate the potential of buffering transient high peaks in exposure. Our simulation results are the basis for a recommendation on the design of laboratory experiments to improve impact assessment model development and parameterization. We recommend an exposure profile with three main phases: i) a gradual increase in concentration, ii) a transient peak that is well above the subsequent level, and iii) a plateau of fixed concentration lasting ∼3 days. In addition, a fourth phase with a slow decrease may be added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard G Frøysa
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Raymond Nepstad
- SINTEF Ocean, PO Box 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carey Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mathias Bockwoldt
- Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - JoLynn Carroll
- Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; Akvaplan-Niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Frode B Vikebø
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, PO Box 7830, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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5
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Dong Z, Wang WX. Tracking Nano- and Microplastics Accumulation and Egestion in a Marine Copepod by Novel Fluorescent AIEgens: Kinetic Modeling of the Rhythm Behavior. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20761-20772. [PMID: 38029324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Nano- and microplastics (NMPs) are now prevalent in the marine environment. This study quantified the uptake and depuration kinetics of spherical polystyrene NMPs of different particle sizes (200 nm/30 μm) and functional groups (-NH2/-COOH) in a temperate calanoid copepod Calanus sinicus (C. sinicus), which exhibited rhythmic feeding patterns in natural environments. Aggregated-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probes were employed to track and quantify the kinetics of NMPs with excellent photostability and biocompatibility. The results showed that C. sinicus consumed all NMPs types, with preference of NMPs to small size and amino group. Increased diatom concentrations also inhibited the bioaccumulation of NMPs. Influenced by rhythmic behavior, the bioaccumulation of NMPs by C. sinicus was nonstationary during the 6 h uptake phase. After 1-3 h of rapid uptake, the body burden peaked and then slowly declined. During the 3 h depuration phase, C. sinicus rapidly and efficiently removed NMPs with a mean half-life of only 0.23 h. To further quantify the body burden of C. sinicus under the influence of rhythmic feeding behavior, a biokinetic model was established, and the Markov chain Monte Carlo method was used to estimate the parameter distribution. Our results highlighted that copepods exhibited unique rhythmic feeding behavior under environmentally relevant concentrations of NMPs exposure, which may influence the bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and environmental fate of NMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zipei Dong
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
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6
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Hansen BH, Altin D, Nordtug T. Do oil droplets and chemical dispersants contribute to uptake of oil compounds and toxicity of crude oil dispersions in cold-water copepods? JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2023:1-18. [PMID: 37870159 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2023.2271003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Accidental crude oil spills to the marine environment cause dispersion of oil into the water column through the actions of breaking waves, a process that can be facilitated using chemical dispersants. Oil dispersions contain dispersed micron-sized oil droplets and dissolved oil components, and the toxicity of oil dispersions has been assumed to be associated primarily with the latter. However, most hydrophobic, bioaccumulative and toxic crude oil components are retained within the droplets which may interact with marine filter-feeders. We here summarize the findings of 15 years of research using a unique methodology to generate controlled concentrations and droplet size distributions of dispersed crude oil to study effects on the filter-feeding cold-water copepod Calanus finmarchicus. We focus primarily on the contribution of chemical dispersants and micron-sized oil droplets to uptake and toxicity of oil compounds. Oil dispersion exposures cause PAH uptake and oil droplet accumulation on copepod body surfaces and inside their gastrointestinal tract, and exposures to high exposure (mg/L range) reduce feeding activity, causes reproductive impairments and mortality. These effects were slightly higher in the presence of chemical dispersants, possibly due to higher filtration of chemically dispersed droplets. For C. finmarchicus, dispersions containing oil droplets caused more severe toxic effects than filtered dispersions, thus, oil droplets contribute to the observed toxicity. The methodology for generating crude oil dispersion is a valuable tool to isolate impacts of crude oil microdroplets and can facilitate future research on oil dispersion toxicity and produce data to improve oil spill models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dag Altin
- BioTrix, Trondheim, Norway
- Research Infrastructure SeaLab, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
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7
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Parkerton T, Boufadel M, Nordtug T, Mitchelmore C, Colvin K, Wetzel D, Barron MG, Bragin GE, de Jourdan B, Loughery J. Recommendations for advancing media preparation methods used to assess aquatic hazards of oils and spill response agents. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 259:106518. [PMID: 37030101 PMCID: PMC10519191 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory preparation of aqueous test media is a critical step in developing toxicity information needed for oil spill response decision-making. Multiple methods have been used to prepare physically and chemically dispersed oils which influence test outcome, interpretation, and utility for hazard assessment and modeling. This paper aims to review media preparation strategies, highlight advantages and limitations, provide recommendations for improvement, and promote the standardization of methods to better inform assessment and modeling. A benefit of media preparation methods for oil that rely on low to moderate mixing energy coupled with a variable dilution design is that the dissolved oil composition of the water accommodation fraction (WAF) stock is consistent across diluted treatments. Further, analyses that support exposure confirmation maybe reduced and reflect dissolved oil exposures that are bioavailable and amenable to toxicity modeling. Variable loading tests provide a range of dissolved oil compositions that require analytical verification at each oil loading. Regardless of test design, a preliminary study is recommended to optimize WAF mixing and settling times to achieve equilibrium between oil and test media. Variable dilution tests involving chemical dispersants (CEWAF) or high energy mixing (HEWAF) can increase dissolved oil exposures in treatment dilutions due to droplet dissolution when compared to WAFs. In contrast, HEWAF/CEWAFs generated using variable oil loadings are expected to provide dissolved oil exposures more comparable to WAFs. Preparation methods that provide droplet oil exposures should be environmentally relevant and informed by oil droplet concentrations, compositions, sizes, and exposure durations characteristic of field spill scenarios. Oil droplet generators and passive dosing techniques offer advantages for delivering controlled constant or dynamic dissolved exposures and larger volumes of test media for toxicity testing. Adoption of proposed guidance for improving media preparation methods will provide greater comparability and utility of toxicity testing in oil spill response and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Parkerton
- EnviSci Consulting, LLC, 5900 Balcones Dr, Suite 100, Austin, TX 78731, United States.
| | - Michel Boufadel
- Center for Natural Resources, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 323 MLK Blvd., Newark, NJ, United States.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, P.O. box 4762, Torgarden, Trondheim NO-7465, Norway.
| | - Carys Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, 146 Williams Street, Solomons, MD, United States.
| | - Kat Colvin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Dana Wetzel
- Environmental Laboratory of Forensics, Mote Marine Laboratory, 1600 Ken Thompson Parkway, Sarasota, FL, United States.
| | - Mace G Barron
- Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Breeze, FL 32561, United States.
| | - Gail E Bragin
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ 08801, United States.
| | - Benjamin de Jourdan
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada.
| | - Jennifer Loughery
- Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd, St. Andrews, St. Andrews, New Brunswick E5B 2L7, Canada.
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8
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Sørensen L, Schaufelberger S, Igartua A, Størseth TR, Øverjordet IB. Non-target and suspect screening reveal complex pattern of contamination in Arctic marine zooplankton. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 864:161056. [PMID: 36565880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although increasing, there is still limited knowledge of the presence of 'contaminants of emerging concern' in Arctic marine biota, particularly in lower trophic species. In the present study, we have applied a novel pipeline to investigate the presence of contaminants in a variety of benthic and pelagic low-trophic organisms: amphipods, copepods, arrow worms and krill. Samples collected in Kongsfjorden in Svalbard in 2018 were subject to extraction and two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HRMS). Tentatively identified compounds included plastic additives, antioxidants, antimicrobials, flame retardants, precursors, production solvents and chemicals, insecticides, and pharmaceuticals. Both legacy contaminants (PAHs, PCBs, PBDEs, hexachlorobenzene) as well as novel and emerging contaminants (triclosan, bisphenol A, and ibuprofen) were quantified in several species using target analysis by GC-MS/MS. The significance of these discoveries is discussed considering the potential for detrimental effects caused by these chemicals, as well as suggested local and distant sources of the components to the Arctic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonja Schaufelberger
- University of Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Germany; University of Gothenburg, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Sweden
| | - Amaia Igartua
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
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9
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Hansen BH, Nordtug T, Øverjordet IB, Sørensen L, Kvæstad B, Davies EJ, Meier S, Gomes T, Brooks S, Farkas J. Monitoring ocean water quality by deployment of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eggs: In situ bioaccumulation and toxicity in embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114074. [PMID: 36137423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos can bioaccumulate and are particularly sensitive to a wide range of contaminants, which makes them suitable sentinels for environmental biomonitoring. However, fish embryos are very rarely utilized in environmental monitoring surveys, possibly due to their fragility and seasonality. In the present work, we assessed the applicability of caged lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eggs for in situ biomonitoring of exposure and effects of organic contaminants focusing on polyaromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. Fertilized eggs (1 dpf) were transplanted for 17-19 days at different locations that differed in terms of contaminant load, depths and weather conditions, namely at three stations close to the city of Trondheim (two harbour areas and a one in the Fjord) and three stations at a coastal aquaculture facility. High survival upon retrieval after deployment showed that lumpfish eggs are relatively robust and survive encaging in different environments. Bioaccumulation of organic contaminants (PAHs and phenolic compounds) was measured and potential effects on hatching, development, survival and larvae morphometry were determined. Chemical analyses showed that especially PAHs were effectively accumulated in eggs in contaminated sites, with concentrations of ƩPAHs being 15 - 25 times higher in harbour areas compared to those at the aquaculture facility. A higher incidence of embryonic deformations was observed in the most polluted deployment location, but larvae morphometry revealed no evidence of toxicity related to pollutant body burden. In conclusion, the in-situ exposure method was proven to work well, making it attractive for implementations in environmental monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ida Beathe Øverjordet
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Kvæstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emlyn John Davies
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tânia Gomes
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Brooks
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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10
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Hansen BH, Nordtug T, Øverjordet IB, Altin D, Farkas J, Daling PS, Sørheim KR, Faksness LG. Application of chemical herders do not increase acute crude oil toxicity to cold-water marine species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153779. [PMID: 35150678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical herders may be used to sequester and thicken surface oil slicks to increase the time window for performing in situ burning of spilled oil on the sea surface. For herder use to be an environmentally safe oil spill response option, information regarding their potential ecotoxicity both alone and in combination with oil is needed. This study aimed at assessing if using herders can cause toxicity to cold-water marine organisms. Our objective was to test the two chemical herders Siltech OP-40 (OP-40) and ThickSlick-6535 (TS-6535) with and without oil for toxicity using sensitive life stages of cold-water marine copepod (Calanus finmarchicus) and fish (Gadus morhua). For herders alone, OP-40 was consistently more toxic than TS-6535. To test herders in combination with oil, low-energy water accommodated fractions (LE-WAFs, without vortex) with Alaskan North Slope crude oils were prepared with and without herders. Dissolution of oil components from surface oil was somewhat delayed following herder application, due to herder-induced reduction in contact area between water and oil. The LE-WAFs were also used for toxicity testing, and we observed no significant differences in toxicity thresholds between treatments to LE-WAFs generated with oil alone and oil treated with herders. The operational herder-to-oil ratio is very low (1:500), and the herders tested in the present work displayed acute toxicity at concentrations well above what would be expected following in situ application. Application of chemical herders to oil slicks is not expected to add significant effects to that of the oil for cold-water marine species exposed to herder-treated oil slicks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Per S Daling
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
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11
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Soloperto S, Altin D, Hallmann A, Skottene E, Hansen BH, Jenssen BM, Ciesielski TM. Oil-mediated oxidative-stress responses in a keystone zooplanktonic species, Calanus finmarchicus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151365. [PMID: 34742810 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The copepod Calanus finmarchicus is an ecologically important species in the North Atlantic, Norwegian and Barents seas. Accidental or continuous petroleum pollution from oil and gas production in these seas may pose a significant threat to this low trophic level keystone species. Responses related to oxidative stress, protein damage and lipid peroxidation were investigated in C. finmarchicus exposed to a water-accommodated fraction (WAF) of a naphthenic North Atlantic crude oil. The exposure concentration corresponded to 50% of the 96 h LC50, and samples were obtained at 0, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after exposure initiation. Gene expressions (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione synthetase, heat shock protein 70 and 90, ubiquitin and cytochrome P-450 330A1), enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase) and concentrations of total glutathione and malondialdehyde were analyzed. Gene expression analyses showed no differences between controls and the exposed animals, however significantly higher glutathione S-transferase activity and malondialdehyde concentrations were found in the exposed group, suggests lipid peroxidation as main toxic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Soloperto
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Anna Hallmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Elise Skottene
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn H Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørn M Jenssen
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tomasz M Ciesielski
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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12
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Vieweg I, Bender ML, Semenchuk PR, Hop H, Nahrgang J. Effects of chronic crude oil exposure on the fitness of polar cod (Boreogadus saida) through changes in growth, energy reserves and survival. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 174:105545. [PMID: 34999412 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate models predict extended periods with sea-ice free Arctic waters during the next decade, which will allow more shipping activity and easier access to petroleum resources. Increased industrial activities raise concerns about the biological effects of accidental petroleum release on key species of the Arctic marine ecosystem, such as the polar cod (Boreogadus saida). This study examines effects on physiological traits related to the fitness of adult polar cod, such as growth, survival, and lipid parameters. Fish were exposed to environmentally-relevant crude oil doses through their diet over an 8-month period, concurrent with reproductive development. In liver tissue, lipid class composition differed between treatments while in gonad tissue, lipid class composition varied between sexes, but not treatments. Crude oil did not affect growth and survival, which indicated that polar cod were relatively robust to dietary crude oil exposure at doses tested (0.11-1.14 μg crude oil/g fish/day) in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireen Vieweg
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Morgan Lizabeth Bender
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Philipp Robert Semenchuk
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway; Division of Conservation Biology, Vegetation Ecology and Landscape Ecology, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, Rennweg 14, 1030, Vienna, Australia
| | - Haakon Hop
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, N-9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Jasmine Nahrgang
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
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13
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Faksness LG, Altin D, Dolva H, Nordtug T. Chemical and toxicological characterisation of residues from offshore in-situ burning of spilled fuel oils. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:163-170. [PMID: 35145880 PMCID: PMC8818936 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Burn residues collected after large scale experimental in situ burns performed in the North Sea were characterised with emphasis on chemistry and acute toxicity. Low-energy water accommodated fractions (WAFs) of three marine fuels (Ultra Low Sulphur Fuel Oil (ULSFO), bunker oil (IFO180), and marine gas oil (MGO) and their field-generated residues from in situ burning (ISB). were prepared to evaluate the potential impact of ISB residue to the environment. The toxicity effects on primary consumers were assessed by testing on early life stage (nauplii) of the marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus. Toxicity studies showed that ISB decreased the acute toxicity of the WAFs compared to the initial oils. WAF of MGO had highest toxicity, and ISB residue of MGO seems to be more toxic than WAFs of fresh ULSFO and IFO180. Additive toxicity expressed as toxic unit (TU) based on the chemical composition also indicated that the toxicity of WAFs from ISB residues were lower than for the initial oils. The 2-3 ring PAHs seem to contribute most to the TU. Overall, the three offshore burns reduced the total mass of PAHs in the water accommodated fractions by >90 % compared to the released unburned oils and caused a reduction of the acute toxicity to copepod nauplii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liv-Guri Faksness
- SINTEF Ocean AS, P.O. box 4762, Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Hilde Dolva
- Norwegian Coastal Administration, NO-3187 Horten, Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, P.O. box 4762, Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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14
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Dai W, Slotsbo S, van Gestel CAM, Holmstrup M. Temperature-Dependent Toxicokinetics of Phenanthrene in Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:1876-1884. [PMID: 33448851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the toxicokinetics of organic pollutants in soil invertebrates under optimal and constant temperature has been widely reported, their uptake, elimination, and bioaccumulation under suboptimal temperatures, and especially daily fluctuating temperature (FT) regimes have received only little research attention. In this study, the uptake, elimination, and bioaccumulation of phenanthrene (PHE) in Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta) under different constant temperatures, and an FT regime were investigated in a natural soil. In general, the PHE concentrations in worm tissues reached steady state within 14 days at different temperatures. The uptake (ku) and elimination (ke) rate constants and the bioaccumulation increased with increasing temperature likely because of an increased diffusivity of PHE into the worms and an increased metabolic rate. Interestingly, the bioaccumulation factor of PHE in E. albidus showed a positive relationship with temperature because the slope of the ku-temperature relationship was larger than that of the ke-temperature relationship. Further, the uptake and elimination rate constants were larger under the FT regime than at the constant average of the fluctuating temperature. These findings suggest that, climatic conditions, especially daily fluctuating temperatures, should be considered for the assessment of the toxicokinetics of organic pollutants in terrestrial organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencai Dai
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| | - Stine Slotsbo
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Holmstrup
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsøvej 25, Silkeborg 8600, Denmark
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15
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Almeda R, Rodriguez-Torres R, Rist S, Winding MHS, Stief P, Hansen BH, Nielsen TG. Microplastics do not increase bioaccumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons in Arctic zooplankton but trigger feeding suppression under co-exposure conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141264. [PMID: 32871308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Arctic sea ice has alarmingly high concentrations of microplastics (MPs). Additionally, sea ice reduction in the Arctic is opening new opportunities for the oil and maritime industries, which could increase oil pollution in the region. Yet knowledge of the effects of co-exposure to MPs and crude oil on Arctic zooplankton is lacking. We tested the influence of MPs (polyethylene, 20.7 μm) on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) bioaccumulation and oil toxicity in the key arctic copepod Calanus hyperboreus after exposure to oil with and without dispersant. Up to 30% of the copepods stopped feeding and fecal pellet production rates were reduced after co-exposure to oil (1 μL L-1) and MPs (20 MPs mL-1). The PAH body burden was ~3 times higher in feeding than in non-feeding copepods. Copepods ingested both MPs and crude oil droplets. MPs did not influence bioaccumulation of PAHs in copepods or their fecal pellets, but chemical dispersant increased bioaccumulation, especially of ≥4 ring-PAHs. Our results suggest that MPs do not act as vectors of PAHs in Arctic marine food webs after oil spills, but, at high concentrations (20 MPs mL-1), MPs can trigger behavioral stress responses (e.g., feeding suppression) to oil pollution in zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Almeda
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - R Rodriguez-Torres
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - S Rist
- DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - M H S Winding
- Greenland Climate Research Centre, Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Greenland
| | - P Stief
- University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
| | | | - T Gissel Nielsen
- Section for Oceans and Arctic, DTU Aqua, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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16
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Beyer J, Goksøyr A, Hjermann DØ, Klungsøyr J. Environmental effects of offshore produced water discharges: A review focused on the Norwegian continental shelf. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 162:105155. [PMID: 32992224 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Produced water (PW), a large byproduct of offshore oil and gas extraction, is reinjected to formations or discharged to the sea after treatment. The discharges contain dispersed crude oil, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols (APs), metals, and many other constituents of environmental relevance. Risk-based regulation, greener offshore chemicals and improved cleaning systems have reduced environmental risks of PW discharges, but PW is still the largest operational source of oil pollution to the sea from the offshore petroleum industry. Monitoring surveys find detectable exposures in caged mussel and fish several km downstream from PW outfalls, but biomarkers indicate only mild acute effects in these sentinels. On the other hand, increased concentrations of DNA adducts are found repeatedly in benthic fish populations, especially in haddock. It is uncertain whether increased adducts could be a long-term effect of sediment contamination due to ongoing PW discharges, or earlier discharges of oil-containing drilling waste. Another concern is uncertainty regarding the possible effect of PW discharges in the sub-Arctic Southern Barents Sea. So far, research suggests that sub-arctic species are largely comparable to temperate species in their sensitivity to PW exposure. Larval deformities and cardiac toxicity in fish early life stages are among the biomarkers and adverse outcome pathways that currently receive much attention in PW effect research. Herein, we summarize the accumulated ecotoxicological knowledge of offshore PW discharges and highlight some key remaining knowledge needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway
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17
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Yao J, Pan Y, Sheng N, Su Z, Guo Y, Wang J, Dai J. Novel Perfluoroalkyl Ether Carboxylic Acids (PFECAs) and Sulfonic Acids (PFESAs): Occurrence and Association with Serum Biochemical Parameters in Residents Living Near a Fluorochemical Plant in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13389-13398. [PMID: 33047597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although perfluoroalkyl ether carboxylic (PFECAs) and sulfonic acids (PFESAs) have been widely detected in environmental matrices, their occurrence in humans and impact on human health remains insufficiently understood. Here, we report on 13 PFECAs and PFESAs in 977 sera samples collected from residents living near a fluorochemical plant in Shandong, China. The sum concentration of these emerging PFECAs accounted for 13% of the total PFASs in the serum of the participants, with the frequent detection of several PFECAs (>95%) (PFMOAA, PFO4DA, and PFO5DoDA at median concentrations of 12.91, 0.142, and 0.987 ng/mL, respectively) and PFESAs (98.7%) (Nafion byproduct 2 at a median concentration of 0.097 ng/mL). Serum PFMOAA, PFO5DoDA, and 6:2 Cl-PFESA levels were significantly higher in males than in females. Positive relationships were observed between age and PFMOAA, 6:2 Cl-PFESA, and H-PFMO2OSA levels, whereas HFPO-TA and PFO5DoDA serum concentrations in the 0-40-year age group were lower than that in the >40-year age group. Furthermore, multivariate linear regression models and sensitivity analyses showed positive associations among PFO5DoDA levels, elevated lipid parameters (cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides), liver function markers (albumin levels and alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, and glutamyl transpeptidase activities), and uric acid levels. Thus, our results suggest potential health risks from exposure to novel PFESAs and PFECAs (especially PFO5DoDA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Pan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Zhaoben Su
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Jianshe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
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18
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Hansen BH, Sørensen L, Størseth TR, Altin D, Gonzalez SV, Skancke J, Rønsberg MU, Nordtug T. The use of PAH, metabolite and lipid profiling to assess exposure and effects of produced water discharges on pelagic copepods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136674. [PMID: 31982742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Several laboratory studies have demonstrated that exposure to oil components cause toxicity to copepods, however, this has never been shown in natural populations of copepods. In the present study, we sampled copepods in an area of the North Sea with high density of oil production platforms discharging produced water. Environmental modelling was used to predict produced water and copepod trajectories prior to copepod sampling in situ. To maximise output from a minimal number of field samples, a novel and combined methodology was developed to allow exploitation of the same extract for several purposes; contaminant body burden, lipidomics, and metabolomics analysis. PAH body burdens were low compared to laboratory experiments where correlations between PAH body burden and acute toxicity, reproduction and molecular endpoints had been established. Still, station-specific PAH profiles strongly indicated copepod exposure to PW. NMR metabolomics, focusing on water-soluble metabolites, suggested no correlation between metabolites and stations. Interestingly, lipidomics analyses suggested site-specific fingerprints and profiles displayed for acyl-glycerols and wax esters. Potential effects of produced water exposure on lipid metabolism in copepods cannot be ruled out and deserves more attention. Our study exemplifies the importance of incorporating novel and improved analytical methodologies in environmental monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | - Susana Villa Gonzalez
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Dept. of Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Skancke
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
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19
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Sørensen L, Rogers E, Altin D, Salaberria I, Booth AM. Sorption of PAHs to microplastic and their bioavailability and toxicity to marine copepods under co-exposure conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113844. [PMID: 31874435 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic chemical pollutants associated with microplastic (MP) may represent an alternative exposure route for these chemicals to marine biota. However, the bioavailability of MP-sorbed organic pollutants under conditions where co-exposure occurs from the same compounds dissolved in the water phase has rarely been studied experimentally, especially where pollutant concentrations in the two phases are well characterized. Importantly, higher concentrations of organic pollutants on ingested MP may be less bioavailable to aquatic organisms than the same chemicals present in dissolved form in the surrounding water. In the current study, the sorption kinetics of two model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; fluoranthene and phenanthrene) to MP particles in natural seawater at 10 and 20 °C were studied and the bioavailability of MP-sorbed PAHs to marine copepods investigated. Polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) microbeads with mean diameters ranging from 10 to 200 μm were used to identify the role of MP polymer type and size on sorption mechanisms. Additionally, temperature dependence of sorption was investigated. Results indicated that adsorption dominated at lower temperatures and for smaller MP (10 μm), while absorption was the prevailing process for larger MP (100 μm). Monolayer sorption dominated at lower PAH concentrations, while multilayer sorption dominated at higher concentrations. PE particles representing ingestible (10 μm) and non-ingestible (100 μm) MP for the marine copepod species Acartia tonsa and Calanus finmarchicus were used to investigate the availability and toxicity of MP-sorbed PAHs. Studies were conducted under co-exposure conditions where the PAHs were also present in the dissolved phase (Cfree), thereby representing more environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Cfree reduction through MP sorption was reflected in a corresponding reduction of lethality and bioaccumulation, with no difference observed between ingestible and non-ingestible MP. This indicates that only free dissolved PAHs are significantly bioavailable to copepods under co-exposure conditions with MP-sorbed PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean, Department of Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emilie Rogers
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Iurgi Salaberria
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andy M Booth
- SINTEF Ocean, Department of Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway.
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20
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Wang J, Shi G, Yao J, Sheng N, Cui R, Su Z, Guo Y, Dai J. Perfluoropolyether carboxylic acids (novel alternatives to PFOA) impair zebrafish posterior swim bladder development via thyroid hormone disruption. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 134:105317. [PMID: 31733528 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoropolyether carboxylic acids (PFECAs, CF3(OCF2)nCOO-, n = 2-5) are novel alternatives to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and are widely used in industrial production. However, although they have been detected in surface water and human blood, their toxicities on aquatic organisms remain unknown. We used zebrafish embryos to compare the developmental toxicities of various PFECAs (e.g., perfluoro (3,5,7-trioxaoctanoic) acid (PFO3OA), perfluoro (3,5,7,9-tetraoxadecanoic) acid (PFO4DA), and perfluoro (3,5,7,9,11-pentaoxadodecanoic) acid (PFO5DoDA)) with that of PFOA and to further reveal the key events related to toxicity caused by these chemicals. Results showed that, based on half maximal effective concentrations (EC50), toxicity increased in the order: PFO5DoDA > PFO4DA > PFOA > PFO3OA, with uninflated posterior swim bladders the most frequently observed malformation. Similar to PFOA, PFECA exposure significantly lowered thyroid hormone (TH) levels (e.g., T3 (3,5,3'-L-triiodothyronine) and T4 (L-thyroxine)) in the whole body of larvae at 5 d post-fertilization following disrupted TH metabolism. In addition, the transcription of UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 family a, b (ugt1ab), a gene related to TH metabolism, increased dose-dependently. Exogeneous T3 or T4 supplementation partly rescued PFECA-induced posterior swim bladder malformation. Our results further suggested that PFECAs primarily damaged the swim bladder mesothelium during early development. This study is the first to report on novel emerging PFECAs as thyroid disruptors causing swim bladder malformation. Furthermore, given that PFECA toxicity increased with backbone OCF2 moieties, they may not be safer alternatives to PFOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guohui Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jingzhi Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nan Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ruina Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhaoben Su
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiayin Dai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Skottene E, Tarrant AM, Olsen AJ, Altin D, Hansen BH, Choquet M, Olsen RE, Jenssen BM. A Crude Awakening: Effects of Crude Oil on Lipid Metabolism in Calanoid Copepods Terminating Diapause. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2019; 237:90-110. [PMID: 31714858 DOI: 10.1086/705234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Calanus finmarchicus and Calanus glacialis are keystone zooplankton species in North Atlantic and Arctic marine ecosystems because they form a link in the trophic transfer of nutritious lipids from phytoplankton to predators on higher trophic levels. These calanoid copepods spend several months of the year in deep waters in a dormant state called diapause, after which they emerge in surface waters to feed and reproduce during the spring phytoplankton bloom. Disruption of diapause timing could have dramatic consequences for marine ecosystems. In the present study, Calanus C5 copepodites were collected in a Norwegian fjord during diapause and were subsequently experimentally exposed to the water-soluble fraction of a naphthenic North Sea crude oil during diapause termination. The copepods were sampled repeatedly while progressing toward adulthood and were analyzed for utilization of lipid stores and for differential expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. Our results indicate that water-soluble fraction exposure led to a temporary pause in lipid catabolism, suggested by (i) slower utilization of lipid stores in water-soluble fraction-exposed C5 copepodites and (ii) more genes in the β-oxidation pathway being downregulated in water-soluble fraction-exposed C5 copepodites than in the control C5 copepodites. Because lipid content and/or composition may be an important trigger for termination of diapause, our results imply that the timing of diapause termination and subsequent migration to the surface may be delayed if copepods are exposed to oil pollution during diapause or diapause termination. This delay could have detrimental effects on ecosystem dynamics.
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22
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Hansen BH, Olsen AJ, Salaberria I, Altin D, Øverjordet IB, Gardinali P, Booth A, Nordtug T. Partitioning of PAHs between Crude Oil Microdroplets, Water, and Copepod Biomass in Oil-in-Seawater Dispersions of Different Crude Oils. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:14436-14444. [PMID: 30481011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The impact of oil microdroplets on the partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) between water and marine zooplankton was evaluated. The experimental approach allowed direct comparison of crude oil dispersions (containing both micro-oil droplets and water-soluble fraction; WSF) with the corresponding WSF (without oil droplets). Dispersion concentration and oil type have an impact on the PAH composition of WSFs and therefore affect dispersion bioavailability. Higher T-PAH body residues were observed in copepods treated with dispersions compared to the corresponding WSFs. PAHs with log Kow 3-4.5 displayed comparable accumulation factors between treatments; however, accumulation factors for less soluble PAHs (log Kow = 4.5-6) were higher for the WSF than for the dispersions, suggesting low bioavailability for components contained in oil droplets. The higher PAH body residue in dispersion exposures is assumed to result mainly from copepods grazing on oil droplets, which offers an alternative uptake route to passive diffusion. To a large degree this route is controlled by the filtration rates of the copepods, which may be inversely related to droplet concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders J Olsen
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Iurgi Salaberria
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology , 7491 Trondheim , Norway
| | | | | | - Piero Gardinali
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southeast Environmental Research Center , Florida International University , North Miami , Florida 33199 , United States
| | - Andy Booth
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
| | - Trond Nordtug
- Environment and New Resources , SINTEF Ocean , 7465 Trondheim , Norway
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