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Zhang H, Wang W, Fan L, Li J, Ren Y, Li H, Gao R, Xu Y. The role of sulfur cycle in new particle formation: Cycloaddition reaction of SO 3 to H 2S. J Environ Sci (China) 2025; 148:489-501. [PMID: 39095183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The chemistry of sulfur cycle contributes significantly to the atmospheric nucleation process, which is the first step of new particle formation (NPF). In the present study, cycloaddition reaction mechanism of sulfur trioxide (SO3) to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) which is a typical air pollutant and toxic gas detrimental to the environment were comprehensively investigate through theoretical calculations and Atmospheric Cluster Dynamic Code simulations. Gas-phase stability and nucleation potential of the product thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3, TSA) were further analyzed to evaluate its atmospheric impact. Without any catalysts, the H2S + SO3 reaction is infeasible with a barrier of 24.2 kcal/mol. Atmospheric nucleation precursors formic acid (FA), sulfuric acid (SA), and water (H2O) could effectively lower the reaction barriers as catalysts, even to a barrierless reaction with the efficiency of cis-SA > trans-FA > trans-SA > H2O. Subsequently, the gas-phase stability of TSA was investigated. A hydrolysis reaction barrier of up to 61.4 kcal/mol alone with an endothermic isomerization reaction barrier of 5.1 kcal/mol under the catalytic effect of SA demonstrates the sufficient stability of TSA. Furthermore, topological and kinetic analysis were conducted to determine the nucleation potential of TSA. Atmospheric clusters formed by TSA and atmospheric nucleation precursors (SA, ammonia NH3, and dimethylamine DMA) were thermodynamically stable. Moreover, the gradually decreasing evaporation coefficients for TSA-base clusters, particularly for TSA-DMA, suggests that TSA may participate in NPF where the concentration of base molecules are relatively higher. The present new reaction mechanism may contributes to a better understanding of atmospheric sulfur cycle and NPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Junling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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2
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Fan R, Ma Y, Cao W, Jin S, Liu B, Wang W, Li H, Gong W. New insights into black carbon light absorption enhancement: A comprehensive analysis of two differential behaviors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124175. [PMID: 38761879 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
High uncertainty in optical properties of black carbon (BC) involving heterogeneous chemistry has recently attracted increasing attention in the field of atmospheric climatology. To fill the gap in BC optical knowledge so as to estimate more accurate climate effects and serve the response to global warming, it is beneficial to conduct site-level studies on BC light absorption enhancement (Eabs) characteristics. Real-time surface gas and particulate pollutant observations during the summer and winter over Wuhan were utilized for the analysis of Eabs simulated by minimum R squared (MRS), considering two distinct atmospheric conditions (2015 and 2017). In general, differences in aerosol emissions led to Eabs differential behaviors. The summer average of Eabs (1.92 ± 0.55) in 2015 was higher than the winter average (1.27 ± 0.42), while the average (1.11 ± 0.20) in 2017 summer was lower than that (1.67 ± 0.69) in winter. Eabs and RBC (representing the mass ratio of non-refractory constituents to elemental carbon) constraints suggest that Eabs increased with the increase in RBC under the ambient condition enriched by secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), with a maximum growth rate of 70.6% in 2015 summer. However, Eabs demonstrated a negative trend against RBC in 2017 winter due to the more complicated mixing state. The result arose from the opposite impact of hygroscopic SIA and absorbing OC/irregular distributed coatings on amplifying the light absorbency of BC. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis revealed a robust positive correlation (R > 0.9) between aerosol chemical compositions (including sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and secondary organic carbon), which could be significantly perturbed by only a small fraction of absorbing materials or restructuring BC through gaps filling. The above findings not only deepen the understanding of BC, but also provide useful information for the scientific decision-making in government to mitigate particulate pollution and obtain more precise BC radiative forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yingying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Hubei Luojia Laboratory, Wuhan, 430079, China.
| | - Wenxiang Cao
- Eco-Environmental Monitoring Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shikuan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Boming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Weiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Hui Li
- School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Wei Gong
- School of Electronic Information, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430079, China
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3
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Kumar A, Iyer S, Barua S, Brean J, Besic E, Seal P, Dall’Osto M, Beddows DCS, Sarnela N, Jokinen T, Sipilä M, Harrison RM, Rissanen M. Direct Measurements of Covalently Bonded Sulfuric Anhydrides from Gas-Phase Reactions of SO 3 with Acids under Ambient Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:15562-15575. [PMID: 38771742 PMCID: PMC11157540 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Sulfur trioxide (SO3) is an important oxide of sulfur and a key intermediate in the formation of sulfuric acid (H2SO4, SA) in the Earth's atmosphere. This conversion to SA occurs rapidly due to the reaction of SO3 with a water dimer. However, gas-phase SO3 has been measured directly at concentrations that are comparable to that of SA under polluted mega-city conditions, indicating gaps in our current understanding of the sources and fates of SO3. Its reaction with atmospheric acids could be one such fate that can have significant implications for atmospheric chemistry. In the present investigation, laboratory experiments were conducted in a flow reactor to generate a range of previously uncharacterized condensable sulfur-containing reaction products by reacting SO3 with a set of atmospherically relevant inorganic and organic acids at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Specifically, key inorganic acids known to be responsible for most ambient new particle formation events, iodic acid (HIO3, IA) and SA, are observed to react promptly with SO3 to form iodic sulfuric anhydride (IO3SO3H, ISA) and disulfuric acid (H2S2O7, DSA). Carboxylic sulfuric anhydrides (CSAs) were observed to form by the reaction of SO3 with C2 and C3 monocarboxylic (acetic and propanoic acid) and dicarboxylic (oxalic and malonic acid)-carboxylic acids. The formed products were detected by a nitrate-ion-based chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (NO3--CI-APi-TOF; NO3--CIMS). Quantum chemical methods were used to compute the relevant SO3 reaction rate coefficients, probe the reaction mechanisms, and model the ionization chemistry inherent in the detection of the products by NO3--CIMS. Additionally, we use NO3--CIMS ambient data to report that significant concentrations of SO3 and its acid anhydride reaction products are present under polluted, marine and polar, and volcanic plume conditions. Considering that these regions are rich in the acid precursors studied here, the reported reactions need to be accounted for in the modeling of atmospheric new particle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Shawon Barua
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - James Brean
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Emin Besic
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Prasenjit Seal
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Manuel Dall’Osto
- Institute
of Marine Science, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(CSIC), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - David C. S. Beddows
- National
Centre for Atmospheric Science, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental
Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K.
| | - Nina Sarnela
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Tuija Jokinen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Climate &
Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The
Cyprus Institute, P.O. Box 27456, Nicosia 1645, Cyprus
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, Faculty
of Science, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Roy M. Harrison
- School
of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United
Kingdom
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol
Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering and Natural
Sciences, Tampere University, 33720 Tampere, Finland
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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4
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Mattila JM, Krug JD, Roberson WR, Burnette RP, McDonald S, Virtaranta L, Offenberg JH, Linak WP. Characterizing Volatile Emissions and Combustion Byproducts from Aqueous Film-Forming Foams Using Online Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:3942-3952. [PMID: 38350647 PMCID: PMC10985785 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) are used in firefighting applications and often contain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), which can detrimentally impact environmental and biological health. Incineration is a potential disposal method for AFFFs, which may produce secondary PFAS and other air pollutants. We used online chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) to measure volatile PFAS emissions from incinerating AFFF concentrate solutions. We quantified perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) during the incineration of legacy and contemporary AFFFs. These included trifluoroacetic acid, which reached mg m-3 quantities in the incinerator exhaust. These PFCAs likely arose as products of incomplete combustion of AFFF fluorosurfactants with lower peak furnace temperatures yielding higher PFCA concentrations. We also detected other short-chain PFAS, and other novel chemical products in AFFF combustion emissions. The volatile headspace above AFFF solutions contained larger (C ≥ 8), less oxidized PFAS detected by CIMS. We identified neutral PFAS resembling fluorotelomer surfactants (e.g., fluorotelomer sulfonamide alkylbetaines and fluorotelomer thioether amido sulfonates) and fluorotelomer alcohols in contemporary AFFF headspaces. Directly comparing the distinct chemical spaces of AFFF volatile headspace and combustion byproducts as measured by CIMS provides insight toward the chemistry of PFAS during thermal treatment of AFFFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Mattila
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Krug
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - William R. Roberson
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | - Stella McDonald
- Jacobs Technology Inc., Cary, North Carolina 27518, United States
| | - Larry Virtaranta
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - John H. Offenberg
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - William P. Linak
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
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5
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Gupta S, Shankar S, Kuniyal JC, Srivastava P, Lata R, Chaudhary S, Thakur I, Bawari A, Thakur S, Dutta M, Ghosh A, Naja M, Chatterjee A, Gadi R, Choudhary N, Rai A, Sharma SK. Identification of sources of coarse mode aerosol particles (PM 10) using ATR-FTIR and SEM-EDX spectroscopy over the Himalayan Region of India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:15788-15808. [PMID: 38305978 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-31973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
This study attempts to examine the morphological, elemental and physical characteristics of PM10 over the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) using FTIR and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) analysis. The study aimed at source identification of PM10 by exploring the inorganic ions, organic functional groups, morphology and elemental characteristics. The pollution load of PM10 was estimated as 63 ± 22 μg m-3; 53 ± 16 μg m-3; 67 ± 26 μg m-3 and 55 ± 11 μg m-3 over Mohal-Kullu, Almora, Nainital and Darjeeling, respectively. ATR-FTIR spectrum analysis revealed the existence of inorganic ions (SiO44-, TiO2, SO42-, SO3-, NO3-, NO2-, CO32-, HCO3-, NH4+) and organic functional groups (C-C, C-H, C=C, C≡C, C=O, N-H, C≡N, C=N, O-H, cyclic rings, aromatic compounds and some heterogeneous groups) in PM10 which may arise from geogenic, biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The morphological and elemental characterization was performed by SEM-EDX, inferring for geogenic origin (Al, Na, K, Ca, Mg and Fe) due to the presence of different morphologies (irregular, spherical, cluster, sheet-like solid deposition and columnar). In contrast, particles having biogenic and anthropogenic origins (K, S and Ba) have primarily spherical with few irregular particles at all the study sites. Also, the statistical analysis ANOVA depicts that among all the detected elements, Na, Al, Si, S and K are site-specific in nature as their mean of aw% significantly varied for all the sites. The trajectory analysis revealed that the Uttarakhand, Jammu and Kashmir, the Thar Desert, Himachal Pradesh, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Nepal, Sikkim, the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and the Bay of Bengal (BoB) contribute to the increased loading of atmospheric pollutants in various locations within the IHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Gupta
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Shobhna Shankar
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Jagdish Chandra Kuniyal
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Priyanka Srivastava
- Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
| | - Renu Lata
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Sheetal Chaudhary
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Isha Thakur
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Archana Bawari
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Kosi-Katarmal, Almora, 263643, India
| | - Shilpa Thakur
- G. B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment, Himachal Regional Centre, Mohal-Kullu, 175126, India
| | - Monami Dutta
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Abhinandan Ghosh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Centre of Environmental Science and Engineering, IIT-Kanpur, Kanpur, 201086, India
| | - Manish Naja
- Aryabhata Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital, Uttarakhand, 263002, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Environmental Sciences Section, Bose Institute, EN Block, Sector-V, Saltlake, Kolkata, 700091, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Kashmere Gate, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Nikki Choudhary
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Akansha Rai
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K. S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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6
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Wang Y, Liang S, Le Breton M, Wang QQ, Liu Q, Ho CH, Kuang BY, Wu C, Hallquist M, Tong R, Yu JZ. Field observations of C 2 and C 3 organosulfates and insights into their formation mechanisms at a suburban site in Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166851. [PMID: 37673264 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfates (OSs) are formed from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their oxidation products in the presence of sulfate particles. While OSs represent an important component in secondary organic aerosol, the knowledge of their formation driving force, mechanisms, and environmental impact remain inadequately understood. In this study, we report ambient observations of C2-3 oxygenated VOCs derived OSs (C2-3 OSs) at a suburban location of Hong Kong during autumn 2016. The C2-3 OSs, including glycolaldehyde sulfate (GS), hydroxyacetone sulfate (HAS), glycolic acid sulfate (GAS), and lactic acid sulfate (LAS), were quantified/semi-quantified using offline liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of aerosol filter samples. The average sum concentration of C2-3 OSs was 36 ng/m3. Correlation analysis revealed that sulfate, surface area, and liquid water content were important factors influencing C2-3 OS formation. Online measurement with an iodide High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Chemical-Ionization Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-CIMS) coupled with the Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO) was also conducted to monitor C2-3 OSs, and their potential oxygenated VOC precursors in both gas- and particle-phase, and aerosol acidity tracer simultaneously. Our measurements support that glycolaldehyde/glyoxal, hydroxyacetone, glycolic acid/glyoxal, and lactic acid/methylglyoxal are likely precursors for GS, HAS, GAS, and LAS, respectively. Additionally, we found strong correlation between C2-3 OSs and H3S2O8-, a marker for aerosol acidity, providing field observational evidence for acid-catalyzed formation of small OSs. Based on both online and offline measurements, acid-catalyzed formation mechanisms in particle/aqueous phase are proposed. Specifically, the unique structure of adjacent carbonyl and hydroxyl groups in the C2-3 oxygenated VOC precursors can facilitate the formation of (1) a five-member ring intermediate via intramolecular hydrogen bond to react with sulfur trioxide through heterogenous reaction or (2) cyclic sulfate intermediate via particle-phase reaction with sulfuric acid to generate C2-3 OSs. These proposed mechanisms provide an alternative pathway for the liquid-phase production of C2-3 OSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Hunan, China; Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shumin Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Michael Le Breton
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Qiong Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chin Hung Ho
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Yu Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rongbiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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7
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Liu M, Zheng M, Yuan L, Liu J, Tao S, Wang X. Wintertime Formation of Large Sulfate Particles in China and Implications for Human Health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20010-20023. [PMID: 37909663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Outdoor air pollution causes millions of premature deaths annually worldwide. Sulfate is a major component of particulate pollution. Winter sulfate observations in China show both high concentrations and an accumulation mode with a modal size >1 μm. However, we find that this observed size distribution cannot be simulated using classical gaseous and aqueous phase formation (CSF) or proposed aerosol-processing formation (APF) mechanisms. Specifically, the CSF simulation underestimates sulfate concentrations by 76% over megacities in China and predicts particle size distributions with a modal size of ∼0.35 μm, significantly smaller than observations. Although incorporating the APF mechanism in the atmospheric chemical model notably improves sulfate concentration simulation with reasonable parameters, the simulated sulfate particle size distribution remains similar to that using the CSF mechanism. We further conduct theoretical analyses and show that particles with diameters <0.3 μm grow rapidly (2-3 s) to 1 μm through the condensation of sulfuric acid in fresh high-temperature exhaust plumes, referred to as in-source formation (ISF). An ISF sulfate source equivalent to 15% of sulfur emissions from fossil fuel combustion largely explains both observed size distributions and mass concentrations of sulfate particles. The findings imply that ISF is a major source of wintertime micron-sized sulfate in China and underscore the importance of considering the size distribution of aerosols for accurately assessing the impacts of inorganic aerosols on radiative forcing and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianru Zhang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yuhang Wang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Maodian Liu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Mingming Zheng
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Lianxin Yuan
- Hubei Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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8
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Wu D, Ma A, Liu Z, Wang Z, Xu F, Fan G, Xu H. Adsorption of sulfur-containing contaminant gases by pristine, Cr and Mo doped NbS 2monolayers based on density functional theory. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:505708. [PMID: 37725960 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acfb13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and sensor performance of hazardous gases containing sulfur (SO2, H2S and SO3) on pristine, Cr and Mo doped NbS2monolayers (Cr-NbS2and Mo-NbS2) were investigated in detail based on density functional theory. The comparative analysis of the parameters such as density of states, adsorption energy, charge transfer, recovery time and work function of the systems showed that the pristine NbS2monolayer have poor sensor performance for sulfur-containing hazardous gases due to weak adsorption capacity, insignificant charge transfer and insignificant changes in electronic properties after gas adsorption on the surface. After doping with Cr atoms, the adsorption performance of Cr-NbS2was significantly improved, and it can be used as a sensor for SO2and H2S gases and as an adsorbent for SO3gas. The adsorption performance of Mo-NbS2is also significantly improved by doping with Mo atoms, and it can be used as a sensor for H2S gas and as an adsorbent for SO2and SO3gas. Therefore, Cr-NbS2and Mo-NbS2are revealed to be sensing or elimination materials for the harmful gases containing sulfur (SO2, H2S and SO3) in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Aling Ma
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenzhen Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohong Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan, Anhui 243002, People's Republic of China
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9
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Berndt T, Hoffmann EH, Tilgner A, Stratmann F, Herrmann H. Direct sulfuric acid formation from the gas-phase oxidation of reduced-sulfur compounds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4849. [PMID: 37563153 PMCID: PMC10415363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40586-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfuric acid represents a fundamental precursor for new nanometre-sized atmospheric aerosol particles. These particles, after subsequent growth, may influence Earth´s radiative forcing directly, or indirectly through affecting the microphysical and radiative properties of clouds. Currently considered formation routes yielding sulfuric acid in the atmosphere are the gas-phase oxidation of SO2 initiated by OH radicals and by Criegee intermediates, the latter being of little relevance. Here we report the observation of immediate sulfuric acid production from the OH reaction of emitted organic reduced-sulfur compounds, which was speculated about in the literature for decades. Key intermediates are the methylsulfonyl radical, CH3SO2, and, even more interestingly, its corresponding peroxy compound, CH3SO2OO. Results of modelling for pristine marine conditions show that oxidation of reduced-sulfur compounds could be responsible for up to ∼50% of formed gas-phase sulfuric acid in these areas. Our findings provide a more complete understanding of the atmospheric reduced-sulfur oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Berndt
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Erik H Hoffmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Tilgner
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Stratmann
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department (AMP), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), 04318, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Feng Y, Wang C. Surface Confinement of Finite-Size Water Droplets for SO 3 Hydrolysis Reaction Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulations Based on a Machine Learning Force Field. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10631-10640. [PMID: 37130210 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
As an important source for sulfuric acid in the atmosphere, hydrolysis of sulfur trioxide (SO3) takes place with water clusters of sizes from several molecules to several nanometers, resulting in various final products, including neutral (H2SO4)-(H2O) clusters and ionic (HSO4)--(H3O)+ clusters. The diverse products may be due to the ability of proton transfer and the formation of hydrated ions for water cluster of finite sizes, especially the sub-micrometer ones. However, the detailed molecular-level mechanism is still unclear due to the lack of available characterization and simulations tools. Here, we developed a quantum chemistry-level machine learning (ML) model to simulate the hydrolysis of SO3 with water clusters of sizes up to nanometers. The simulation results demonstrate diverse reaction paths taking place between SO3 and water clusters of different sizes. Generally, neutral (H2SO4)-(H2O) clusters are preferred by water clusters of ultra-small size, and a loop structure-mediated mechanism with SO3(H2O)n≤4 structures and a non-loop structure-mediated mechanism with structure relaxation are observed. As the water cluster size increases to (H2O)8, a (HSO4)--(H3O)+ ion-pair product emerges; and the Eigen-Zundel ion conversion-like proton transfer mechanism takes place and stabilizes the ion pairs. As the water cluster sizes further increase beyond several nanometers ((H2O)n≥32), the (SO4)2-[(H3O)+]2 ion-pair product appears. The reason could be that the surface of these water clusters is large enough to screen Coulomb repulsion between two tri-coordinated ion-pair complexes. These findings would provide new perspectives for understanding SO3 hydrolysis in the real atmosphere and sulfuric acid chemistry in atmospheric aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Feng
- School of Information Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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11
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Zhang H, Gao R, Li H, Li Y, Xu Y, Chai F. Formation mechanism of typical aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and their potential role in atmospheric nucleation process. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:54-64. [PMID: 36522013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sulfuric anhydrides, generated from the cycloaddition reaction of SO3 with carboxylic acids, have been revealed to be potential participants in the nucleation process of new particle formation (NPF). Hence the reaction mechanisms of typical aromatic acids (benzoic acid (BA), phenylacetic acid (PAA), phthalic acid (PA), isophthalic acid (mPA), and terephthalic acid (PTA)) with SO3 to generate the corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides were investigated by density functional theory calculations at the level of M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd). As a result, these reactions were found to be feasible in the gas phase with barriers of 0.34, 0.30, 0.18, 0.08 and 0.12 kcal/mol to generate corresponding aromatic sulfuric anhydrides, respectively. The thermodynamic stabilities of clusters containing aromatic sulfuric anhydrides and atmospheric nucleation precursors (sulfuric acid, ammonia and dimethylamine) were further analyzed to identify the potential role of aromatic sulfuric anhydrides in NPF. As the thermodynamic stability of a cluster depends on both the number and strength of hydrogen bonds, the greater stability of the interactions between atmospheric nucleation precursors and aromatic sulfuric anhydrides than with aromatic acids make aromatic sulfuric anhydrides potential participators in the nucleation process of NPF. Moreover, compared with BA, the addition of a -CH2- functional group in PAA has little influence on the reaction barrier with SO3 but an inhibitive effect on the thermodynamic stability of clusters. The position of the two -COOH functional groups in PA, mPA and PTA does not have a consistent impact on the reaction barrier with SO3 or the thermodynamic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Fahe Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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12
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Long B, Xia Y, Bao JL, Carmona-García J, Gómez Martín JC, Plane JMC, Saiz-Lopez A, Roca-Sanjuán D, Francisco JS. Reaction of SO 3 with HONO 2 and Implications for Sulfur Partitioning in the Atmosphere. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:9172-9177. [PMID: 35576167 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur trioxide is a critical intermediate for the sulfur cycle and the formation of sulfuric acid in the atmosphere. The traditional view is that sulfur trioxide is removed by water vapor in the troposphere. However, the concentration of water vapor decreases significantly with increasing altitude, leading to longer atmospheric lifetimes of sulfur trioxide. Here, we utilize a dual-level strategy that combines transition state theory calculated at the W2X//DF-CCSD(T)-F12b/jun'-cc-pVDZ level, with variational transition state theory with small-curvature tunneling from direct dynamics calculations at the M08-HX/MG3S level. We also report the pressure-dependent rate constants calculated using the system-specific quantum Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel (SS-QRRK) theory. The present findings show that falloff effects in the SO3 + HONO2 reaction are pronounced below 1 bar. The SO3 + HONO2 reaction can be a potential removal reaction for SO3 in the stratosphere and for HONO2 in the troposphere, because the reaction can potentially compete well with the SO3 + 2H2O reaction between 25 and 35 km, as well as the OH + HONO2 reaction. The present findings also suggest an unexpected new product from the SO3 + HONO2 reaction, which, although very short-lived, would have broad implications for understanding the partitioning of sulfur in the stratosphere and the potential for the SO3 reaction with organic acids to generate organosulfates without the need for heterogeneous chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Long
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, 550025 Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Guizhou Minzu University, 550025 Guiyang, China
| | - Junwei Lucas Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
| | - Javier Carmona-García
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, València 46071, Spain.,Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | | | - John M C Plane
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT Leeds, U.K
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Daniel Roca-Sanjuán
- Institut de Ciència Molecular, Universitat de València, València 46071, Spain
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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13
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Effect of water molecule in the structure, stability, and electronic properties of sulfur trioxide clusters: a computational analysis. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-02909-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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14
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Zhang H, Wang W, Li H, Gao R, Xu Y. A theoretical study on the formation mechanism of carboxylic sulfuric anhydride and its potential role in new particle formation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:5501-5508. [PMID: 35425569 PMCID: PMC8981505 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF) is the major source of atmospheric aerosol particles. However, the chemical species involved and the exact mechanism are still unclear. Cycloaddition reaction of SO3 to carboxylic acids bas been identified as a possible formation mechanism of carboxylic sulfuric anhydrides which may be involved in NPF. Herein, energy profiles for forming diaterpenylic acetate sulfuric anhydride (DTASA) through cycloaddition of SO3 to diaterpenylic acid acetate (DTAA) and the potential role of DTASA in NPF were studied through computational methods combined with atmospheric cluster dynamics code (ACDC). Gas phase reaction barriers for the two carboxyl groups of DTAA are 0.4 and 0.6 kcal mol-1, respectively, illustrating a feasible formation mechanism for DTASA. According to thermodynamical analysis and dynamical simulations, atmospheric clusters containing DTASA and atmospheric nucleation precursors sulfuric acid (SA), ammonia (NH3) and dimethylamine (DMA) possess both thermodynamically and dynamically higher stabilities than those of DTAA-contained clusters. Furthermore, DTASA-NH3 and DTASA-DMA are more stable than SA-NH3 and SA-DMA, enabling DTASA, even carboxylic sulfuric anhydrides, to become potential participants in the atmospheric NPF process which may hence promote a better understanding of NPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing 100081 China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Rui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
| | - Yisheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences Beijing 100012 China
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15
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Berndt T. Peroxy Radical Processes and Product Formation in the OH Radical-Initiated Oxidation of α-Pinene for Near-Atmospheric Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9151-9160. [PMID: 34636563 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c05576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
α-Pinene, C10H16, represents one of the most important biogenic emissions into the atmosphere. The formation of RO2 radicals HO-C10H16Ox, x = 2-6, and their closed-shell products from the OH + α-pinene reaction has been measured for close to atmospheric reaction conditions in the presence of NO with concentrations of (1.7-490) × 109 molecules cm-3. Main closed-shell products are substances with the composition C10H16O2 and C10H16O4, most likely carbonyls, obtained with molar yields in the range 0.42-0.45 and 0.17-0.19, respectively, for NO concentrations >5 × 1010 molecules cm-3. The corresponding total product yields amount to 0.75-0.81, indicating efficient product detection by the mass spectrometric method applied. All stated molar yields represent lower limit values affected with an uncertainty of [Formula: see text]. Kinetic and product analysis consistently revealed the suppression of the formation of highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) by a factor of 2-2.2 for the highest NO concentration used. The findings of this study provide insights into the RO2 radical processes of the OH + α-pinene reaction for atmospheric conditions and give an overview about the first-generation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Berndt
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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