1
|
Li B, Lou L, Jin P. Locating the hydrogen atoms in endohedral clusterfullerenes by density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:2451-2461. [PMID: 36601732 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05050a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There is a unique type of endohedral clusterfullerene containing a hydrogen atom inside the carbon cage (hydrogen-containing clusterfullerenes, HCFs). Unfortunately, the precise positions of the H atoms cannot be determined by powerful single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and thus, the reported internal cluster structures of HCFs are ambiguous. In this study, HCFs were investigated using density functional theory calculations. Various internal cluster structures were obtained for Sc4CNH@Ih(7)-C80 and then carefully inspected to summarize all the favorable H locations in the HCFs. Encouragingly, following these structural characteristics, a new Sc4C2H@Ih(7)-C80 isomer with a μ3-H coordination to three Sc atoms was found to be 12.6 kcal mol-1 more stable than a previously reported isomer. It also holds a much larger SOMO-LUMO gap energy (3.57 vs. 2.36 eV). Its increased stability was further understood by the formation of multicenter bonds (three-center one-electron, three-center two-electron, and even four-center two-electron bonds) and electron density topology analyses. The changed H position may lead to rather different electronic structures, bonding states, and relative stability, indicating its critical role in HCFs. The simulated infrared and Raman spectra based on the new structure also agree fairly well with the experimental observations. Our work not only successfully locates the unpredictable H atom inside HCFs but also demonstrates a practical strategy to quickly determine the internal cluster configurations for more complex clusterfullerenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Lei Lou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li M, Zhao R, Dang J, Zhao X. Theoretical study on the stabilities, electronic structures, and reaction and formation mechanisms of fullerenes and endohedral metallofullerenes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
3
|
Li K, Liu W, Zhang H, Cheng L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Chen N, Zhu C, Chai Z, Wang S. Progress in solid state and coordination chemistry of actinides in China. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2022-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In the past decade, the area of solid state chemistry of actinides has witnessed a rapid development in China, based on the significantly increased proportion of the number of actinide containing crystal structures reported by Chinese researchers from only 2% in 2010 to 36% in 2021. In this review article, we comprehensively overview the synthesis, structure, and characterizations of representative actinide solid compounds including oxo-compounds, organometallic compounds, and endohedral metallofullerenes reported by Chinese researchers. In addition, Chinese researchers pioneered several potential applications of actinide solid compounds in terms of adsorption, separation, photoelectric materials, and photo-catalysis, which are also briefly discussed. It is our hope that this contribution not only calls for further development of this area in China, but also arouses new research directions and interests in actinide chemistry and material sciences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , Suzhou , 215123 , China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University , Yantai , 264005 , China
| | - Hailong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , Suzhou , 215123 , China
| | - Liwei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , Suzhou , 215123 , China
| | - Yugang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , Suzhou , 215123 , China
| | - Yaxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , Suzhou , 215123 , China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
| | - Congqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials , School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University , Nanjing , 210023 , China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , Suzhou , 215123 , China
| | - Shuao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University , Suzhou , 215123 , China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sa B, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Si Y, Li H, Zhu C, Wen C, Wu B, Yu T. Computational mining of endohedral C 70 electrides: tri-metal alkali and alkaline-earth encapsulation. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:16836-16844. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt02919g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Based on the atoms in molecules analysis, electron localization functions, and nonlinear optical property analysis, M3@C70 (M = Li, Be, Mg, Ca) fullerenes are identified as electrides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baisheng Sa
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Zhanlin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Yitao Si
- International Research Center for Renewable Energy, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
| | - Hengyi Li
- Fujian Applied Technology Engineering Center of Power Battery Materials, Fujian College of Water Conservancy and Electric Power, Yongan, Fujian 366000, P. R. China
| | - Changfeng Zhu
- Xiamen Funano New Materials Technology Co., Ltd, Xiamen 361006, P. R. China
| | - Cuilian Wen
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-Materials Advanced Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, P. R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fluorine & Nitrogen Chemicals, Xi'an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yang L, Li B, Gu X, Niu K, Jin P. Discovery of Non-Isolated-Pentagon-Rule Fullerenes from Computational Characterization of U 2O@C 72. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:6492-6502. [PMID: 33881859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reported actinide-based endohedral clusterfullerenes (ECFs) are rather scarce thus far. Though several members have been detected in mass spectra, their exact structures and properties mostly remain unclear. Herein, density functional theory calculations revealed that the U2O@C72 observed in recent experiments should be U2O@D2(10611)-C72, U2O@C1(10610)-C72, or U2O@Cs(10616)-C72. Featuring two pairs of fused pentagons, their outer cages all break the well-known isolated pentagon rule. U2O@D2(10611)-C72 is the first clusterfullerene based on the D2(10611)-C72 cage, which only encapsulated dimetals (Sc2, La2, Ce2, Pr2) before. It is also the first time to reveal that C1(10610)-C72 and Cs(10616)-C72 can serve as the parent cage of an endohedral fullerene. Interestingly, the three isomers could interconvert with each other via Stone-Wales transformation with one internal U atom dynamically changing its orientation according to the position of pentagon adjacencies. A common electronic structure of (U4+)2(O)2-@C726- can be formally assigned to the three ECFs but with obvious covalent character for both U-O and U-C bonds. Their spatially extended U-5f orbitals substantially enhance the metal-cage interactions. Their various spectra were also simulated to assist future experiments. Moreover, our work shows that the careful choice of exchange-correlation functionals is rather critical for the structural characterization of ECFs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Xiaojiao Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Kai Niu
- School of Sciences, Tianjin University of Technology and Education, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu X, Li B, Yang W, Yao YR, Yang L, Zhuang J, Li X, Jin P, Chen N. Synthesis and characterization of carbene derivatives of Th@ C 3v(8)-C 82 and U@ C 2v(9)-C 82: exceptional chemical properties induced by strong actinide-carbon cage interaction. Chem Sci 2020; 12:2488-2497. [PMID: 34164015 PMCID: PMC8179337 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06111e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemical functionalization of endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs) is essential for the application of these novel carbon materials. Actinide EMFs, a new EMF family member, have presented unique molecular and electronic structures but their chemical properties remain unexplored. Here, for the first time, we report the chemical functionalization of actinide EMFs, in which the photochemical reaction of Th@C3v(8)-C82 and U@C2v(9)-C82 with 2-adamantane-2,3′-[3H]-diazirine (AdN2, 1) was systematically investigated. The combined HPLC and MALDI-TOF analyses show that carbene addition by photochemical reaction afforded three isomers of Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad and four isomers of U@C2v(9)-C82Ad (Ad = adamantylidene), presenting notably higher reactivity than their lanthanide analogs. Among these novel EMF derivatives, Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(I, II, III) and U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(I, II, III) were successfully isolated and were characterized by UV-vis-NIR spectroscopy. In particular, the molecular structures of first actinide fullerene derivatives, Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(I) and U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(I), were unambiguously determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography, both of which show a [6,6]-open cage structure. In addition, isomerization of Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(II), Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(III), U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(II) and U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(III) was observed at room temperature. Computational studies suggest that the attached carbon atoms on the cages of both Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad(I) and U@C2v(9)-C82Ad(I) have the largest negative charges, thus facilitating the electrophilic attack. Furthermore, it reveals that, compared to their lanthanide analogs, Th@C3v(8)-C82 and U@C2v(9)-C82 have much closer metal–cage distance, increased metal-to-cage charge transfer, and strong metal–cage interactions stemming from the significant contribution of extended Th-5f and U-5f orbitals to the occupied molecular orbitals, all of which give rise to their unusual high reactivity. This study provides first insights into the exceptional chemical properties of actinide endohedral fullerenes, which pave ways for the future functionalization and application of these novel EMF compounds. Photochemical reaction of Th@C3v(8)-C82 and U@C2v(9)-C82 with 2-adamantane-2,3′-[3H]-diazirine (AdN2, 1) afforded three isomers of Th@C3v(8)-C82Ad and four isomers of U@C2v(9)-C82Ad (Ad = adamantylidene), respectively.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinye Liu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Bo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yang-Rong Yao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at El Paso 500 West University Avenue El Paso Texas 79968 USA
| | - Le Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Jiaxin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| | - Peng Jin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology Tianjin 300130 P. R. China
| | - Ning Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|