1
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Schmitz M, Bertrams MS, Sell AC, Glaser F, Kerzig C. Efficient Energy and Electron Transfer Photocatalysis with a Coulombic Dyad. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:25799-25812. [PMID: 39227057 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c08551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis holds great promise for changing the way value-added molecules are currently prepared. However, many photocatalytic reactions suffer from quantum yields well below 10%, hampering the transition from lab-scale reactions to large-scale or even industrial applications. Molecular dyads can be designed such that the beneficial properties of inorganic and organic chromophores are combined, resulting in milder reaction conditions and improved reaction quantum yields of photocatalytic reactions. We have developed a novel approach for obtaining the advantages of molecular dyads without the time- and resource-consuming synthesis of these tailored photocatalysts. Simply by mixing a cationic ruthenium complex with an anionic pyrene derivative in water a salt bichromophore is produced owing to electrostatic interactions. The long-lived organic triplet state is obtained by static and quantitative energy transfer from the preorganized ruthenium complex. We exploited this so-called Coulombic dyad for energy transfer catalysis with similar reactivity and even higher photostability compared to a molecular dyad and reference photosensitizers in several photooxygenations. In addition, it was shown that this system can also be used to maximize the quantum yield of photoredox reactions. This is due to an intrinsically higher cage escape quantum yield after photoinduced electron transfer for purely organic compounds compared to heavy atom-containing molecules. The combination of laboratory-scale as well as mechanistic irradiation experiments with detailed spectroscopic investigations provided deep mechanistic insights into this easy-to-use photocatalyst class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitz
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Arne C Sell
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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2
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Scattergood PA, Elliott PIP. Prediction and Rationalization of Different Photochemical Behaviors of mer- and fac-Isomers of [Ru(pyridyltriazole) 3] 2. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:17287-17297. [PMID: 39235265 PMCID: PMC11409217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Facial and meridional isomerism of metal complexes is known to result in fundamental differences in photophysical properties. One may also envisage differences in their photochemical reactivity and therefore predict different outcomes of their light-triggered transformations. The fac- and mer-isomers of the complex [Ru(pytz)3]2+ (fac-1 & mer-1, pytz = 1-benzyl-4-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole) were separated and isolated. mer-1 undergoes a predicted pytz photodechelation process in acetonitrile to yield trans-[Ru(κ2-pytz)2(κ1-pytz)(NCMe)]2+ (2) whereas unfavorable interligand steric interactions are predicted to, and indeed do prevent comparable photoreactivity for fac-1. Reversible photoisomerization of fac-1 and mer-1 is also observed, however. The differences in photochemical reactivity of the two isomers can be rationalized based on structural programming of the preferential accessibility of particular 3MC excited states due to differences in their interligand steric interactions. Here we present an initial predictive thought experiment, subsequent experimental verification, and computational rationalization of the differences in photochemical reactivity of these two isomeric complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences & Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences & Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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3
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Eisele L, Hulaj B, Podsednik M, Laudani F, Ayala P, Cherevan A, Foelske A, Limbeck A, Eder D, Bica-Schröder K. Polymerized ionic liquid Co-catalysts driving photocatalytic CO 2 transformation. RSC SUSTAINABILITY 2024; 2:2524-2531. [PMID: 39211507 PMCID: PMC11353680 DOI: 10.1039/d4su00194j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic production of CO from CO2 has the potential for safe and atom-economic production of feedstock chemicals via in situ carbonylation chemistry. We developed novel ionic liquid-based polymeric materials through radical copolymerisation of 1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium chloride and photocatalytically active Re- and Ru-complexes that serve as the CO2 reduction catalyst and photosensitiser, respectively. The crosslinked polymeric framework allows for the facile immobilisation of molecular organometallic complexes for use as heterogenised catalysts; moreover, the involved imidazolium core units co-catalyze the reduction of CO2 via covalent interaction. The ratio of sensitiser and catalyst was analysed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) and set in relation to results from photocatalytic experiments. Ultimately, the heterogenous polymeric framework showed high selectivity for CO formation on photocatalytic CO2 reduction with improved stability to the corresponding homogenous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Eisele
- Institute of Applied and Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemark 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Bletë Hulaj
- Institute of Applied and Synthetic Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemark 9/163 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Maximilian Podsednik
- KAI Kompetenzzentrum Automobil- und Industrieelektronik GmbH Argentinierstraße 8 1040 Wien Austria
| | - Francesco Laudani
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, TU Wien Lehargasse 6/Objekt 10 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Pablo Ayala
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/165 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Alexey Cherevan
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/165 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Annette Foelske
- Analytical Instrumentation Center, TU Wien Lehargasse 6/Objekt 10 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Andreas Limbeck
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/164 1060 Wien Austria
| | - Dominik Eder
- Institute of Materials Chemistry, TU Wien Getreidemarkt 9/165 1060 Wien Austria
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4
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Zanzi J, Pastorel Z, Duhayon C, Lognon E, Coudret C, Monari A, Dixon IM, Canac Y, Smietana M, Baslé O. Counterion Effects in [Ru(bpy) 3](X) 2-Photocatalyzed Energy Transfer Reactions. JACS AU 2024; 4:3049-3057. [PMID: 39211590 PMCID: PMC11350745 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.4c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalysis that uses the energy of light to promote chemical transformations by exploiting the reactivity of excited-state molecules is at the heart of a virtuous dynamic within the chemical community. Visible-light metal-based photosensitizers are most prominent in organic synthesis, thanks to their versatile ligand structure tunability allowing to adjust photocatalytic properties toward specific applications. Nevertheless, a large majority of these photocatalysts are cationic species whose counterion effects remain underestimated and overlooked. In this report, we show that modification of the X counterions constitutive of [Ru(bpy)3](X)2 photocatalysts modulates their catalytic activities in intermolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions operating through triplet-triplet energy transfer (TTEnT). Particularly noteworthy is the dramatic impact observed in low-dielectric constant solvent over the excited-state quenching coefficient, which varies by two orders of magnitude depending on whether X is a large weakly bound (BArF 4 -) or a tightly bound (TsO-) anion. In addition, the counterion identity also greatly affects the photophysical properties of the cationic ruthenium complex, with [Ru(bpy)3](BArF 4)2 exhibiting the shortest 3MLCT excited-state lifetime, highest excited state energy, and highest photostability, enabling remarkably enhanced performance (up to >1000 TON at a low 500 ppm catalyst loading) in TTEnT photocatalysis. These findings supported by density functional theory-based calculations demonstrate that counterions have a critical role in modulating cationic transition metal-based photocatalyst potency, a parameter that should be taken into consideration also when developing energy transfer-triggered processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Zanzi
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Zachary Pastorel
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier,
CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Carine Duhayon
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Elise Lognon
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité
and CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Christophe Coudret
- Université
de Toulouse, UPS, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, FR2599, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Antonio Monari
- ITODYS, Université Paris Cité
and CNRS, Paris F-75006, France
| | - Isabelle M. Dixon
- LCPQ, Université
de Toulouse, CNRS, Université
Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse F-31062, France
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
| | - Michael Smietana
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Université de Montpellier,
CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier 34095, France
| | - Olivier Baslé
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse 31077, France
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5
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Goodwin MJ, Dickenson JC, Ripak A, Deetz AM, McCarthy JS, Meyer GJ, Troian-Gautier L. Factors that Impact Photochemical Cage Escape Yields. Chem Rev 2024; 124:7379-7464. [PMID: 38743869 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The utilization of visible light to mediate chemical reactions in fluid solutions has applications that range from solar fuel production to medicine and organic synthesis. These reactions are typically initiated by electron transfer between a photoexcited dye molecule (a photosensitizer) and a redox-active quencher to yield radical pairs that are intimately associated within a solvent cage. Many of these radicals undergo rapid thermodynamically favored "geminate" recombination and do not diffuse out of the solvent cage that surrounds them. Those that do escape the cage are useful reagents that may undergo subsequent reactions important to the above-mentioned applications. The cage escape process and the factors that determine the yields remain poorly understood despite decades of research motivated by their practical and fundamental importance. Herein, state-of-the-art research on light-induced electron transfer and cage escape that has appeared since the seminal 1972 review by J. P. Lorand entitled "The Cage Effect" is reviewed. This review also provides some background for those new to the field and discusses the cage escape process of both homolytic bond photodissociation and bimolecular light induced electron transfer reactions. The review concludes with some key goals and directions for future research that promise to elevate this very vibrant field to even greater heights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - John C Dickenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Alexia Ripak
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Alexander M Deetz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jackson S McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Wel Research Institute, Avenue Pasteur 6, 1300 Wavre, Belgium
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6
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Eastham K, Kennedy ADW, Scottwell SØ, Bramham JE, Hardman S, Golovanov AP, Scattergood PA, Crowley JD, Elliott PIP. Photochemistry of Ru(II) Triazole Complexes with 6-Membered Chelate Ligands: Detection and Reactivity of Ligand-Loss Intermediates. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:9084-9097. [PMID: 38701516 PMCID: PMC11110011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Photochemical ligand release from metal complexes may be exploited in the development of novel photoactivated chemotherapy agents for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. Highly intriguing photochemical behavior is reported for two ruthenium(II) complexes bearing conformationally flexible 1,2,3-triazole-based ligands incorporating a methylene spacer to form 6-membered chelate rings. [Ru(bpy)2(pictz)]2+ (1) and [Ru(bpy)2(btzm)]2+ (2) (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl; pictz = 1-(picolyl)-4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazole; btzm = bis(4-phenyl-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)methane) exhibit coordination by the triazole ring through the less basic N2 atom as a consequence of chelation and readily undergo photochemical release of the pictz and btzm ligands (ϕ = 0.079 and 0.091, respectively) in acetonitrile solution to form cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NCMe)2]2+ (3) in both cases. Ligand-loss intermediates of the form [Ru(bpy)2(κ1-pictz or κ1-btzm)(NCCD3)]2+ are detected by 1H NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Photolysis of 1 yields three ligand-loss intermediates with monodentate pictz ligands, two of which form through simple decoordination of either the pyridine or triazole donor with subsequent solvent coordination (4-tz(N2) and 4-py, respectively). The third intermediate, shown to be able to form photochemically directly from 1, arises through linkage isomerism in which the monodentate pictz ligand is coordinated by the triazole N3 atom (4-tz(N3)) with a comparable ligand-loss intermediate with an N3-bound κ1-btzm ligand also observed for 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Eastham
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.
| | - Aaron D. W. Kennedy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Synøve Ø. Scottwell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jack E. Bramham
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Samantha Hardman
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Alexander P. Golovanov
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Paul A. Scattergood
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.
| | - James D. Crowley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid
Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Paul I. P. Elliott
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.
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7
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Belletto D, Ponte F, Mazzone G, Sicilia E. A detailed density functional theory exploration of the photodissociation mechanism of ruthenium complexes for photoactivated chemotherapy. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:8243-8253. [PMID: 38654633 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00834k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Polypyridyl Ru(II) complexes have attracted much attention due to their potential as light-activatable anticancer agents in photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). The action of ruthenium-based PACT compounds relies on the breaking of a coordination bond between the metal center and an organic ligand via a photosubstitution reaction. Here, a detailed computational investigation of the photophysical properties of a novel trisheteroleptic ruthenium complex, [Ru(dpp)(bpy)(mtmp)]2+ (dpp = 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine and mtmp = 2-methylthiomethylpyridine), has been carried out by means of DFT and its time-dependent extension. All the aspects of the mechanism by which, upon light irradiation, the mtmp protecting group is released and the corresponding aquated complex, able to bind to DNA inducing cell death, is formed have been explored in detail. All the involved singlet and triplet states have been fully described, providing the calculation of the corresponding energy barriers. The involvement of solvent molecules in photosubstitution and the role played by pyridyl-thioether chelates as caging groups have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Belletto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Fortuna Ponte
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Gloria Mazzone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
| | - Emilia Sicilia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technologies, Università della Calabria, Ponte P. Bucci, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, CS, Italy.
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8
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Hernández‐Castillo D, Nau REP, Schmid M, Tschierlei S, Rau S, González L. Mehrere Triplett-Metall-zentrierte Jahn-Teller-Isomere bestimmen die temperaturabhängigen Lumineszenzlebensdauern in [Ru(bpy) 3] 2. ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 135:e202308803. [PMID: 38529088 PMCID: PMC10962581 DOI: 10.1002/ange.202308803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
AbstractEin genaues Verständnis der Faktoren, welche die Lumineszenzlebensdauer von Übergangsmetallverbindungen bestimmen, ist für Anwendungen in der Photokatalyse und der photodynamischen Therapie von entscheidender Bedeutung. Die im Falle von [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy=2,2’‐Bipyridin) allgemein akzeptierte Theorie besagt, dass die Emissionslebensdauer durch Optimierung der Energiebarriere zwischen dem emittierenden Triplett‐Zustand des Metall‐Liganden‐Ladungstransfers (3MLCT) und dem thermisch aktivierten Triplett‐Zustand des Metall‐Zentrums (3MC), oder der Energielücke zwischen beiden Zuständen gesteuert werden kann. Hier zeigen wir, dass dies nicht allgemeingültig ist. Darüber hinaus demonstrieren wir, dass die Betrachtung eines einzelnen Relaxationspfades, der vom energetisch niedrigsten Minimum aus bestimmt wird, zu falschen Vorhersagen der temperaturabhängigen Emissionslebensdauer führt. Stattdessen erhalten wir eine ausgezeichnete Übereinstimmung mit den experimentellen temperaturabhängigen Lebensdauern, wenn ein erweitertes kinetisches Modell herangezogen wird, welches alle Pfade im Zusammenhang mit mehreren Jahn–Teller‐Isomeren und ihren effektiven Reaktionsbarrieren beinhaltet. Diese Konzepte sind für das Design weiterer lumineszierender Übergangsmetallkomplexe mit individuell angepassten Emissionslebensdauern auf der Grundlage theoretischer Vorhersagen unerlässlich.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández‐Castillo
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem)University of ViennaWähringer Straße 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Roland E. P. Nau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Marie‐Ann Schmid
- Technische Universität BraunschweigDepartment of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Technische Universität BraunschweigDepartment of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090ViennaAustria
- Vienna Research Platform Accelerating Photoreaction DiscoveryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
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9
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Hernández‐Castillo D, Nau REP, Schmid M, Tschierlei S, Rau S, González L. Multiple Triplet Metal-Centered Jahn-Teller Isomers Determine Temperature-Dependent Luminescence Lifetimes in [Ru(bpy) 3 ] 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308803. [PMID: 37433755 PMCID: PMC10962642 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the factors that determine the luminescence lifetime of transition metal compounds is key for applications in photocatalysis and photodynamic therapy. Here we show that for[ Ru ( bpy ) 3 ] 2 + ${[{\rm{Ru}}({\rm{bpy}})_{\rm{3}} ]^{{\rm{2 + }}} }$ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine), the generally accepted idea that emission lifetimes can be controlled optimizing the energy barrier from the emissive triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3 MLCT) state to the thermally-activated triplet metal-centered (3 MC) state or the energy gap between both states is a misconception. Further, we demonstrate that considering a single relaxation pathway determined from the minimum that is lowest in energy leads to wrong temperature-dependent emission lifetimes predictions. Instead, we obtain excellent agreement with experimental temperature-dependent lifetimes when an extended kinetic model that includes all the pathways related to multiple Jahn-Teller isomers and their effective reaction barriers is employed. These concepts are essential to correctly design other luminescent transition metal complexes with tailored emission lifetimes based on theoretical predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hernández‐Castillo
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090ViennaAustria
- Doctoral School in Chemistry (DoSChem)University of ViennaWähringer Straße 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Roland E. P. Nau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Marie‐Ann Schmid
- Technische Universität BraunschweigDepartment of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Stefanie Tschierlei
- Technische Universität BraunschweigDepartment of Energy Conversion, Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryRebenring 3138106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Leticia González
- Institute of Theoretical ChemistryFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Str. 171090ViennaAustria
- Vienna Research Platform Accelerating Photoreaction DiscoveryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 171090ViennaAustria
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10
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Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes form a vast family of molecules characterized by their finely tuned photochemical and photophysical properties. Their ability to undergo excited-state deactivation via photosubstitution reactions makes them quite unique in inorganic photochemistry. As a consequence, they have been used, in general, for building dynamic molecular systems responsive to light but, more particularly, in the field of oncology, as prodrugs for a new cancer treatment modality called photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT). Indeed, the ability of a coordination bond to be selectively broken under visible light irradiation offers fascinating perspectives in oncology: it is possible to make poorly toxic agents in the dark that become activated toward cancer cell killing by simple visible light irradiation of the compound inside a tumor. In this Perspective, we review the most important concepts behind the PACT idea, the relationship between ruthenium compounds used for PACT and those used for a related phototherapeutic approach called photodynamic therapy (PDT), and we discuss important questions about real-life applications of PACT in the clinic. We conclude this Perspective with important challenges in the field and an outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Kitzmann WR, Bertrams MS, Boden P, Fischer AC, Klauer R, Sutter J, Naumann R, Förster C, Niedner-Schatteburg G, Bings NH, Hunger J, Kerzig C, Heinze K. Stable Molybdenum(0) Carbonyl Complex for Upconversion and Photoredox Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37478053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Photoactive complexes with earth-abundant metals have attracted increasing interest in the recent years fueled by the promise of sustainable photochemistry. However, sophisticated ligands with complicated syntheses are oftentimes required to enable photoactivity with nonprecious metals. Here, we combine a cheap metal with simple ligands to easily access a photoactive complex. Specifically, we synthesize the molybdenum(0) carbonyl complex Mo(CO)3(tpe) featuring the tripodal ligand 1,1,1-tris(pyrid-2-yl)ethane (tpe) in two steps with a high overall yield. The complex shows intense deep-red phosphorescence with excited state lifetimes of several hundred nanoseconds. Time-resolved infrared spectroscopy and laser flash photolysis reveal a triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) state as the lowest excited state. Temperature-dependent luminescence complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest thermal deactivation of the 3MLCT state via higher lying metal-centered states in analogy to the well-known photophysics of [Ru(bpy)3]2+. Importantly, we found that the title compound is very photostable due to the lack of labilized Mo-CO bonds (as caused by trans-coordinated CO) in the facial configuration of the ligands. Finally, we show the versatility of the molybdenum(0) complex in two applications: (1) green-to-blue photon upconversion via a triplet-triplet annihilation mechanism and (2) photoredox catalysis for a green-light-driven dehalogenation reaction. Overall, our results establish tripodal carbonyl complexes as a promising design strategy to access stable photoactive complexes of nonprecious metals avoiding tedious multistep syntheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winald R Kitzmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Maria-Sophie Bertrams
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pit Boden
- Department of Chemistry and State Research Center OPTIMAS, RPTU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany
| | - Alexander C Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - René Klauer
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Sutter
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Förster
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gereon Niedner-Schatteburg
- Department of Chemistry and State Research Center OPTIMAS, RPTU Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany
| | - Nicolas H Bings
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Hunger
- Max-Planck-Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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12
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Hakkennes MLA, Meijer MS, Menzel JP, Goetz AC, Van Duijn R, Siegler MA, Buda F, Bonnet S. Ligand Rigidity Steers the Selectivity and Efficiency of the Photosubstitution Reaction of Strained Ruthenium Polypyridyl Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37294954 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
While photosubstitution reactions in metal complexes are usually thought of as dissociative processes poorly dependent on the environment, they are, in fact, very sensitive to solvent effects. Therefore, it is crucial to explicitly consider solvent molecules in theoretical models of these reactions. Here, we experimentally and computationally investigated the selectivity of the photosubstitution of diimine chelates in a series of sterically strained ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes in water and acetonitrile. The complexes differ essentially by the rigidity of the chelates, which strongly influenced the observed selectivity of the photosubstitution. As the ratio between the different photoproducts was also influenced by the solvent, we developed a full density functional theory modeling of the reaction mechanism that included explicit solvent molecules. Three reaction pathways leading to photodissociation were identified on the triplet hypersurface, each characterized by either one or two energy barriers. Photodissociation in water was promoted by a proton transfer in the triplet state, which was facilitated by the dissociated pyridine ring acting as a pendent base. We show that the temperature variation of the photosubstitution quantum yield is an excellent tool to compare theory with experiments. An unusual phenomenon was observed for one of the compounds in acetonitrile, for which an increase in temperature led to a surprising decrease in the photosubstitution reaction rate. We interpret this experimental observation based on complete mapping of the triplet hypersurface of this complex, revealing thermal deactivation to the singlet ground state through intersystem crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs L A Hakkennes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Michael S Meijer
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Paul Menzel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Charlotte Goetz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Roy Van Duijn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Maxime A Siegler
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Francesco Buda
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, Leiden 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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13
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Eastham K, Scattergood PA, Chu D, Boota RZ, Soupart A, Alary F, Dixon IM, Rice CR, Hardman SJO, Elliott PIP. Not All 3MC States Are the Same: The Role of 3MC cis States in the Photochemical N ∧N Ligand Release from [Ru(bpy) 2(N ∧N)] 2+ Complexes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19907-19924. [PMID: 36450138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) complexes feature prominently in the development of agents for photoactivated chemotherapy; however, the excited-state mechanisms by which photochemical ligand release operates remain unclear. We report here a systematic experimental and computational study of a series of complexes [Ru(bpy)2(N∧N)]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl; N∧N = bpy (1), 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (2), 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridyl (3), 1-benzyl-4-(pyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (4), 1-benzyl-4-(6-methylpyrid-2-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (5), 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl (6)), in which we probe the contribution to the promotion of photochemical N∧N ligand release of the introduction of sterically encumbering methyl substituents and the electronic effect of replacement of pyridine by 1,2,3-triazole donors in the N∧N ligand. Complexes 2 to 6 all release the ligand N∧N on irradiation in acetonitrile solution to yield cis-[Ru(bpy)2(NCMe)2]2+, with resultant photorelease quantum yields that at first seem counter-intuitive and span a broad range. The data show that incorporation of a single sterically encumbering methyl substituent on the N∧N ligand (2 and 5) leads to a significantly enhanced rate of triplet metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (3MLCT) state deactivation but with little promotion of photoreactivity, whereas replacement of pyridine by triazole donors (4 and 6) leads to a similar rate of 3MLCT deactivation but with much greater photochemical reactivity. The data reported here, discussed in conjunction with previously reported data on related complexes, suggest that monomethylation in 2 and 5 sterically inhibits the formation of a 3MCcis state but promotes the population of 3MCtrans states which rapidly deactivate 3MLCT states and are prone to mediating ground-state recovery. On the other hand, increased photochemical reactivity in 4 and 6 seems to stem from the accessibility of 3MCcis states. The data provide important insights into the excited-state mechanism of photochemical ligand release by Ru(II) tris-bidentate complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Eastham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.,Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Danny Chu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.,Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Adrien Soupart
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3─Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3─Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Isabelle M Dixon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, UMR 5626 CNRS/Université Toulouse 3─Paul Sabatier, Université de Toulouse, 118 route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062, France
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K.,Centre for Functional Materials, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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14
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Ossinger S, Prescimone A, Häussinger D, Wenger OS. Manganese(I) Complex with Monodentate Arylisocyanide Ligands Shows Photodissociation Instead of Luminescence. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10533-10547. [PMID: 35768069 PMCID: PMC9377510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently reported manganese(I) complexes with chelating arylisocyanide ligands exhibit luminescent metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) excited states, similar to ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes with the same d6 valence electron configuration used for many different applications in photophysics and photochemistry. However, chelating arylisocyanide ligands require substantial synthetic effort, and therefore it seemed attractive to explore the possibility of using more readily accessible monodentate arylisocyanides instead. Here, we synthesized the new Mn(I) complex [Mn(CNdippPhOMe2)6]PF6 with the known ligand CNdippPhOMe2 = 4-(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-2,6-diisopropylphenylisocyanide. This complex was investigated by NMR spectroscopy, single-crystal structure analysis, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR-ESI-MS) measurements, IR spectroscopy supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, cyclic voltammetry, and time-resolved as well as steady-state UV-vis absorption spectroscopy. The key finding is that the new Mn(I) complex is nonluminescent and instead undergoes arylisocyanide ligand loss during continuous visible laser irradiation into ligand-centered and charge-transfer absorption bands, presumably owed to the population of dissociative d-d excited states. Thus, it seems that chelating bi- or tridentate binding motifs are essential for obtaining emissive MLCT excited states in manganese(I) arylisocyanides. Our work contributes to understanding the basic properties of photoactive first-row transition metal complexes and could help advance the search for alternatives to precious metal-based luminophores, photocatalysts, and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Ossinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Häussinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Sender M, Huber FL, Moersch MCG, Kowalczyk D, Hniopek J, Klingler S, Schmitt M, Kaufhold S, Siewerth K, Popp J, Mizaikoff B, Ziegenbalg D, Rau S. Boosting Efficiency in Light-Driven Water Splitting by Dynamic Irradiation through Synchronizing Reaction and Transport Processes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200708. [PMID: 35415957 PMCID: PMC9322455 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work elaborates the effect of dynamic irradiation on light-driven molecular water oxidation to counteract deactivation. It highlights the importance of overall reaction engineering to overcome limiting factors in artificial photosynthesis reactions. Systematic investigation of a homogeneous three-component ruthenium-based water oxidation system revealed significant potential to enhance the overall catalytic efficiency by synchronizing the timescales of photoreaction and mass transport in a capillary flow reactor. The overall activity could be improved by a factor of more than 10 with respect to the turnover number and a factor of 31 referring to the external energy efficiency by controlling the local availability of photons. Detailed insights into the mechanism of light driven water oxidation could be obtained using complementary methods of investigation like Raman, IR, and UV/Vis/emission spectroscopy, unraveling the importance of avoiding high concentrations of excited photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Sender
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Fabian L. Huber
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Maximilian C. G. Moersch
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Daniel Kowalczyk
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Julian Hniopek
- Department Spectroscopy & ImagingLeibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Sarah Klingler
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Michael Schmitt
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Simon Kaufhold
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Kevin Siewerth
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Department Spectroscopy & ImagingLeibniz Institute of Photonic TechnologyAlbert-Einstein-Str. 907745JenaGermany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry & Abbe Center of PhotonicsFriedrich Schiller University JenaHelmholtzweg 407743JenaGermany
| | - Boris Mizaikoff
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical ChemistryUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Dirk Ziegenbalg
- Institute of Chemical EngineeringUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
| | - Sven Rau
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry IUlm UniversityAlbert-Einstein-Allee 1189081UlmGermany
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16
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Edwards EH, Le JM, Salamatian AA, Peluso NL, Leone L, Lombardi A, Bren KL. A cobalt mimochrome for photochemical hydrogen evolution from neutral water. J Inorg Biochem 2022; 230:111753. [PMID: 35182844 PMCID: PMC9586700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2022.111753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A system for visible light-driven hydrogen production from water is reported. This system makes use of a synthetic mini-enzyme known as a mimochrome (CoMC6*a) consisting of a cobalt deuteroporphyrin and two attached peptides as a catalyst, [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine) as a photosensitizer, and ascorbic acid as a sacrificial electron donor. The system achieves turnover numbers (TONs) up to 10,000 with respect to catalyst and optimal activity at pH 7. Comparison with related systems shows that CoMC6*a maintains the advantages of biomolecular catalysts, while exceeding other cobalt porphyrins in terms of total TON and longevity of catalysis. Herein, we lay groundwork for future study, where the synthetic nature of CoMC6*a will provide a unique opportunity to tailor proton reduction chemistry and expand to new reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd., Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Jennifer M Le
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd., Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Alison A Salamatian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd., Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Noelle L Peluso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd., Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
| | - Linda Leone
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 45, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cintia 45, 80126 Naples, Italy.
| | - Kara L Bren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Rd., Rochester, NY 14627-0216, USA.
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17
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Sittel S, Naumann R, Heinze K. Molecular Rubies in Photoredox Catalysis. Front Chem 2022; 10:887439. [PMID: 35464204 PMCID: PMC9021569 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.887439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular ruby [Cr(tpe) 2 ] 3+ and the tris(bipyridine) chromium(III) complex [Cr(dmcbpy) 3 ] 3+ as well as the tris(bipyrazine)ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(bpz) 3 ] 2+ were employed in the visible light-induced radical cation [4+2] cycloaddition (tpe = 1,1,1-tris(pyrid-2-yl)ethane, dmcbpy = 4,4'-dimethoxycarbonyl-2,2'-bipyridine, bpz = 2,2'-bipyrazine), while [Cr(ddpd) 2 ] 3+ serves as a control system (ddpd = N,N'-dimethyl-N,N'-dipyridin-2-ylpyridine-2,6-diamine). Along with an updated mechanistic proposal for the CrIII driven catalytic cycle based on redox chemistry, Stern-Volmer analyses, UV/Vis/NIR spectroscopic and nanosecond laser flash photolysis studies, we demonstrate that the very weakly absorbing photocatalyst [Cr(tpe) 2 ] 3+ outcompetes [Cr(dmcbpy) 3 ] 3+ and even [Ru(bpz) 3 ] 2+ in particular at low catalyst loadings, which appears contradictory at first sight. The high photostability, the reversible redoxchemistry and the very long excited state lifetime account for the exceptional performance and even reusability of [Cr(tpe) 2 ] 3+ in this photoredox catalytic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Sittel
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Heinze
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Benniston AC, Zeng L. Recent Advances in Photorelease Complexes for Therapeutic Applications”. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4202-4212. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt00254j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photorelease complexes represent a class of agents for which UV-visible light triggers the expulsion of a specfic molecule that is intrinsically part of the inner coordination sphere or held in...
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19
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Hirahara M, Furutani S, Goto H, Fujimori K, Moriuchi-Kawakami T. A Visible-Light and Temperature Responsive Host-Guest System: Photoisomerization of a Ruthenium Complex and Inclusion Complex Formation with Cyclodextrins. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4477-4483. [DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04003k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the visible-light- and thermal-stimuli-responsive properties of a host–guest system based on proximal- and distal-[Ru(C10tpy)(C10pyqu)OH2]2+ (proximal and distal-1, C10tpy = 4’-decyloxy-2,2’;6’,2”-terpyridine, C10pyqu = 2-[2’-(6’-decyloxy)-pyridyl]quinoline). The...
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20
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Ye S, Su C, He L, Li M, Yan Z, Wu J, Shen H, Cao X. Facile synthesis of mesoporous polymeric carbon nitride nanosheets anchored by Pt with ultralow loading for high-efficiency photocatalytic H 2 evolution. Dalton Trans 2021; 51:241-249. [PMID: 34881763 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The facile fabrication of low-cost photocatalysts with enhanced activity and high atomic utilization is becoming increasingly necessary for solar energy usage and/or conversion. In this work, a series of mesoporous carbon nitride nanosheets with an enlarged specific surface area was synthesized via an inorganic acid-assisted exfoliation method without any soft or hard templates. An ultralow loading of downsized noble metal Pt was anchored on these porous nanosheets, exhibiting enhanced photocatalytic activity. The formation of mesoporous nanosheets in carbon nitride was expected to boost the mass transfer and shorten the charge carrier transfer route during the photocatalytic reaction. The characterization of samples revealed that the enhanced conductivity and photocurrent of the carbon nitride nanosheets also contributed to the enhanced H2 evolution activity. The maximum H2 production rates of 172.92 μmol h-1 and 321 μmol h-1 were achieved over the nanosheets derived from melamine and urea under visible light irradiation, which are 10.92- and 2.22-fold that of the corresponding bulk carbon nitride, respectively. This exfoliation method was demonstrated to be an efficient and universal method for the preparation of carbon nitride nanosheets with a mesoporous structure and high atom utilization of the co-catalyst for H2 evolution from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Ye
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, PR China.
| | - Changsheng Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA
| | - Lili He
- Graduate School of St. Paul University Philippines, Philippines
| | - Mengli Li
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, PR China.
| | - Zheng Yan
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, PR China.
| | - Jun Wu
- Jiaxing Nanhu University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Hongxia Shen
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, PR China.
| | - Xuebo Cao
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, 118 Jiahang Road, Jiaxing 314001, PR China.
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21
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Boota RZ, Hardman SJO, Ashton GP, Rice CR, Scattergood PA, Elliott PIP. Photochemistry of Heteroleptic 1,4,5,8-Tetraazaphenanthrene- and Bi-1,2,3-triazolyl-Containing Ruthenium(II) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15768-15781. [PMID: 34612633 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Diimine metal complexes have significant relevance in the development of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) applications. In particular, complexes of the TAP ligand (1,4,5,8-tetraazaphenanthrene) are known to lead to photoinduced oxidation of DNA, while TAP- and triazole-based complexes are also known to undergo photochemical ligand release processes relevant to PACT. The photophysical and photochemical properties of heteroleptic complexes [Ru(TAP)n(btz)3-n]2+ (btz = 1,1'-dibenzyl-4,4'-bi-1,2,3-triazolyl, n = 1 (1), 2 (2)) have been explored. Upon irradiation in acetonitrile, 1 displays analogous photochemistry to that previously observed for [Ru(bpy)(btz)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridyl) and generates trans-[Ru(TAP)(btz)(NCMe)2]2+ (5), which has been crystallographically characterized, with the observation of the ligand-loss intermediate trans-[Ru(TAP)(κ2-btz)(κ1-btz)(NCMe)]2+ (4). Complex 2 displays more complicated photochemical behavior with not only preferential photorelease of btz to form cis-[Ru(TAP)2(NCMe)2]2+ (6) but also competitive photorelease of TAP to form 5. Free TAP is then taken up by 6 to form [Ru(TAP)3]2+ (3) with the proportion of 5 and 3 observed to progressively increase during prolonged photolysis. Data suggest a complex set of reversible photochemical ligand scrambling processes in which 2 and 3 are interconverted. Computational DFT calculations have enabled optimization of geometries of the pro-trans 3MCcis states with repelled btz or TAP ligands crucial for the formation of 5 from 1 and 2, respectively, lending weight to recent evidence that such 3MCcis states play an important mechanistic role in the rich photoreactivity of Ru(II) diimine complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayhaan Z Boota
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Samantha J O Hardman
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Gage P Ashton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Craig R Rice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul A Scattergood
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Paul I P Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, U.K
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22
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Hirahara M, Umemura Y. A Synthetic Route to a Ruthenium Complex via Successive Photosubstitution Reactions. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:13193-13199. [PMID: 34492768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photosubstitution reactions of cis-[Ru(bpy)2(MeCN)2]2+ with a pyrazole ligand (pzH) were studied under various conditions toward the development of a photochemical synthetic route to polypyridyl ruthenium complexes (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine). In the absence of a base, light irradiation of an acetonitrile solution of pyrazole and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(MeCN)2]2+ gave a mixture of the reactant and cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pzH)(MeCN)]2+. In the presence of a mild base such as N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, a second photosubstitution from cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pzH)(MeCN)]2+ to cis-[Ru(bpy)2(pz)(pzH)]+ (1b) was greatly enhanced, as confirmed by UV-vis and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The yields of 1b were increased in solvents with moderate coordinating properties, such as acetone. The successive photosubstitution reaction was observed using a stoichiometric amount of pyrazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Hirahara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Umemura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Applied Science, National Defense Academy of Japan, 1-10-20 Hashirimizu, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 239-8686, Japan
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23
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Dixon IM, Bonnet S, Alary F, Cuny J. Photoinduced Ligand Exchange Dynamics of a Polypyridyl Ruthenium Complex in Aqueous Solution. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7278-7284. [PMID: 34323082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of photoinduced ligand exchange mechanisms in polypyridyl ruthenium(II) complexes operating in aqueous solution is of crucial importance to rationalize their photoreactivity. Herein, we demonstrate that a synergetic use of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and static calculations, both conducted at the DFT level, can provide a full understanding of photosubstitution mechanisms of a monodentate ligand by a solvent water molecule in archetypal ruthenium complexes in explicit water. The simulations show that the photoinduced loss of a monodentate ligand generates an unreactive 16-electron species in a hitherto undescribed pentacoordinated triplet excited state that converts, via an easily accessible crossing point, to a reactive 16-electron singlet ground state, which combines with a solvent water molecule to yield the experimentally observed aqua complex in less than 10 ps. This work paves the way for the rational design of novel photoactive metal complexes relevant for biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle M Dixon
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Sylvestre Bonnet
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Alary
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jérôme Cuny
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier, Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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24
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Schmid L, Kerzig C, Prescimone A, Wenger OS. Photostable Ruthenium(II) Isocyanoborato Luminophores and Their Use in Energy Transfer and Photoredox Catalysis. JACS AU 2021; 1:819-832. [PMID: 34467335 PMCID: PMC8395604 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) polypyridine complexes are among the most popular sensitizers in photocatalysis, but they face some severe limitations concerning accessible excited-state energies and photostability that could hamper future applications. In this study, the borylation of heteroleptic ruthenium(II) cyanide complexes with α-diimine ancillary ligands is identified as a useful concept to elevate the energies of photoactive metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) states and to obtain unusually photorobust compounds suitable for thermodynamically challenging energy transfer catalysis as well as oxidative and reductive photoredox catalysis. B(C6F5)3 groups attached to the CN - ligands stabilize the metal-based t2g-like orbitals by ∼0.8 eV, leading to high 3MLCT energies (up to 2.50 eV) that are more typical for cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes. Through variation of their α-diimine ligands, nonradiative excited-state relaxation pathways involving higher-lying metal-centered states can be controlled, and their luminescence quantum yields and MLCT lifetimes can be optimized. These combined properties make the respective isocyanoborato complexes amenable to photochemical reactions for which common ruthenium(II)-based sensitizers are unsuited, due to a lack of sufficient triplet energy or excited-state redox power. Specifically, this includes photoisomerization reactions, sensitization of nickel-catalyzed cross-couplings, pinacol couplings, and oxidative decarboxylative C-C couplings. Our work is relevant in the greater context of tailoring photoactive coordination compounds to current challenges in synthetic photochemistry and solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucius Schmid
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Kerzig
- Department
of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University
Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver S. Wenger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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25
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Edwards EH, Jelušić J, Chakraborty S, Bren KL. Photochemical hydrogen evolution from cobalt microperoxidase-11. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 217:111384. [PMID: 33588276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A photochemical system utilizing the semisynthetic biomolecular catalyst acetylated cobalt microperoxidase-11 (CoMP11-Ac) along with [Ru(bpy)3]2+ as a photosensitizer and ascorbic acid as an electron donor is shown to generate hydrogen from water in a visible light-driven reaction. The reductive quenching pathway facilitated by photoexcited [Ru(bpy)3]2+ overcomes the high overpotential observed for CoMP11-Ac in electrocatalysis, yielding turnover numbers ranging from 606 to 2390 (2 μM - 0.1 μM CoMP11-Ac). The longevity of CoMP11-Ac in the photochemical system, sustaining catalysis for over 20 h, is in contrast to its previously reported behavior in an electrochemical system where catalysis slows after 15 min. Proton reduction turnover number and rate are highest at a neutral pH, a rare feature among cobalt catalysts in similar photochemical systems, which typically function best under acidic conditions. Incorporating biomolecular components into the design of catalysts for photochemical systems may address the need for hydrogen generation from neutral-pH water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States of America.
| | - Jana Jelušić
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States of America.
| | - Saikat Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States of America.
| | - Kara L Bren
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, United States of America.
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26
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Cerfontaine S, Troian-Gautier L, Duez Q, Cornil J, Gerbaux P, Elias B. MLCT Excited-State Behavior of Trinuclear Ruthenium(II) 2,2'-Bipyridine Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:366-379. [PMID: 33351615 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Four trinuclear ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes were synthesized, and a detailed investigation of their excited-state properties was performed. The tritopic sexi-pyridine bridging ligands were obtained via para or meta substitution of a central 2,2'-bipyridine fragment. A para connection between the 2,2'-bipyridine chelating moieties of the bridging ligand led to a red-shifted MLCT absorption band in the visible part of the spectra, whereas the meta connection induced a broadening of the LC transitions in the UV region. A convergent energy transfer from the two peripheral metal centers to the central Ru(II) moiety was observed for all trinuclear complexes. These complexes were in thermal equilibrium with an upper-lying 3MLCT excited state over the investigated range of temperatures. For all complexes, deactivation via the 3MC excited state was absent at room temperature. Importantly, the connection in the para position for both central and peripheral 2,2'-bipyridines of the bridging ligand resulted in a trinuclear complex (Tpp) that absorbed more visible light, had a longer-lived excited state, and had a higher photoluminescence quantum yield than the parent [Ru(bpy)3]2+, despite its red-shifted photoluminescence. This behavior was attributed to the presence of a highly delocalized excited state for Tpp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Cerfontaine
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ludovic Troian-Gautier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 160/06, 50 avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - Quentin Duez
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium.,Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Center of Innovation and Research in Materials and Polymers (CIRMAP) - University of Mons (UMONS), Place du Parc 23, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Mons - UMONS, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Benjamin Elias
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Institut de la Matière Condensée et des Nanosciences (IMCN), Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis (MOST), Place Louis Pasteur 1, bte L4.01.02, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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