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Liu X, Cheng H, Yue B, Wen Z, Jin Y, Liu G, Liu S, Li D, Wang J, Yu W, Dong X. Novel green/red oxyfluoride phosphors with excellent optical properties for near-UV excited white light emitting diode. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 666:162-175. [PMID: 38593651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Novel eye-sensitive Ba3Nb2O2F12(H2O)2:Tb3+ green and Ba3Nb2O2F12(H2O)2:Mn4+ red oxyfluoride phosphors with extremely strong absorption in the UV region were designed and synthesized by simple co-precipitation strategy. Particularly, Tb3+ ions were doped in this matrix for the first time, which greatly improves their absorption efficiency in the near ultraviolet region (367 nm) and emits sharp green light (544 nm). In addition, the Ba3Nb2O2F12(H2O)2:Mn4+ red phosphors have strong zero phonon line (ZPL) emission at 625 nm, which is conducive to improving the sensitivity of human eye and color purity. Meanwhile, the optical properties of the red phosphor are significantly enhanced via doping K+ cations as charge compensators. Crystal field environment and nephelauxetic effect of the as-prepared phosphors before and after K+ cation doping were systematically analyzed. Moreover, these synthesized red/green phosphors have good thermal stability and moisture resistance. Remarkably, the as-prepared Ba3Nb2O2F12(H2O)2:5%Mn4+ or K0.9Ba2.1Nb2O2F12(H2O)2:5%Mn4+ red phosphors can be directly mixed with the as-synthesized Ba3Nb2O2F12(H2O)2:13%Tb3+ green phosphor coating on 365 nm near-ultraviolet LED chip to package WLED devices with excellent electroluminescence performance. These findings are conducive to opening an avenue for screening the unique structure of optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyi Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Haiming Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Bin Yue
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Zhu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Ying Jin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Guixia Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China; Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Shengda Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Jinxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Wensheng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Xiangting Dong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry and Nanotechnology at Universities of Jilin Province, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China
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Zhuang C, Zhang J, Jiang C, Chen Z. Optical temperature-sensing properties of trivalent europium with high sensitivities in a wide temperature range. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123307. [PMID: 37660503 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
To develop new luminescent materials for optical thermometer, the Eu3+-activated BaY2ZnO5 (BYZ) phosphors were designed. Upon 394 nm excitation, several groups of 5D0-2→7FJ (J = 0-4) transitions are observed, and the dominant emission is located at 625 nm. The temperature-dependent emission spectra reveal that the emission peaks are weakened with different rates, depending on the excited states of Eu3+. The transient decay kinetics, studied at various temperatures, are in agreement with the emission spectral features. The optical temperature-sensing performance is evaluated with two strategies. For the thermally-coupled (TC) levels of Eu3+, the fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) of the 536 and 593 nm emissions follows the Boltzmann distribution, and the sensor sensitivities rise with increasing temperature. For the non-TC levels of 5D0 and 5D2, the piecewise functions between the FIRs and absolute temperature are utilized, and the highest absolute and relative sensitivities in the BYZ:7%Eu3+ phosphor are obtained to be 0.674 and 2.19% K-1 at 533 K, respectively. Thus, the developed samples can show higher sensitivities at higher temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhuang
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligence, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 West Chang Jiang Road, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Jia Zhang
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligence, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 West Chang Jiang Road, Huai'an 223300, China.
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Physics Department and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Modern Measurement Technology and Intelligence, Huaiyin Normal University, 111 West Chang Jiang Road, Huai'an 223300, China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
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Jiménez JA, Hayes D, Antolini C, Reinhart BJ. XANES analysis of phosphate glasses melted with Tb 4O 7 and SnO: evaluating the impact of valence states on structural, thermal, and luminescent properties. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:32688-32698. [PMID: 38013479 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04784a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Barium phosphate glasses were prepared with 0.5 mol% Tb4O7 added alongside SnO up to 5 mol% with the purpose of evaluating the resulting terbium and tin oxidation states and their impact on glass structural, thermal, and luminescent properties. Following material synthesis by melt-quenching, the composition-structure-property investigation was pursued encompassing measurements by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES), Raman spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dilatometry, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. While XRD confirmed the amorphous nature of the glasses, results from XANES indicated that terbium occurs as terbium(III) with a predisposition for tin to exist as tin(IV) which decreased at high SnO content. The structural as well as the thermal properties appeared to be mostly impacted by the presence of tin(IV). Specifically, glass depolymerization was indicated to be induced by Sn4+ ions, and their concentration was observed to correlate with glass transition and softening temperatures. On the other hand, the tin(II) remnants were observed to exert an impact on the luminescent properties shifting light emission from the green towards the blue-green (cyan). It is indicated that Tb4O7 reacting to produce Tb2O3 supports the oxidation of tin(II) to tin(IV) which in turn dominates the physical properties. However, this was somewhat circumvented at the highest SnO content wherein tin(IV) appeared to be lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Jiménez
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Physics, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA.
| | - Dugan Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | - Cali Antolini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, USA
| | - Benjamin J Reinhart
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
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Li L, Li X, Wu Z, Hua Y, Zhou X, Wang Y, Cao Z, Jiang S, Xiang G, Yu JS. Designing dual-emission phosphors for temperature warning indication and dual-mode luminescence thermometry. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15798-15806. [PMID: 37812449 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01525d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Color tunable phosphors of Mn4+ and Tb3+ co-doped double-perovskite SrGdLiTeO6 (SGLT) were synthesized in this work. The crystal parameters and photoluminescence performances were investigated in detail. By taking advantage of the different thermal quenching strengths between Mn4+ and Tb3+ ions, the emission color of SGLT:0.7%Mn4+/1%Tb3+ changed from red to green, which could be used for high-temperature temperature warning indication. Moreover, according to the luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) technique, wide temperature-range optical thermometry was developed and further, the maximum relative sensitivity (SR1) value of the SGLT:0.7%Mn4+/5%Tb3+ phosphor was determined to be 1.49% K-1 at 560 K. On the other hand, the sensing properties were also analyzed based on the temperature-dependent lifetime method. The most interesting thing is that the maximum SR2 value reached 1.88% K-1 at 573 K. This work proved that the Mn4+ and Tb3+ co-doped double-perovskite SrGdLiTeO6 could be potentially used in temperature warning indication and high sensitivity luminescence thermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, P. R. China.
| | - Xinji Li
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, PR China
| | - Zhaojie Wu
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, P. R. China.
| | - Yongbin Hua
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xianju Zhou
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, P. R. China.
| | - Yongjie Wang
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, P. R. China.
| | - Zhongmin Cao
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, P. R. China.
| | - Sha Jiang
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, P. R. China.
| | - Guotao Xiang
- School of Science, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, P. R. China.
| | - Jae Su Yu
- Department of Electronics and Information Convergence Engineering, Institute for Wearable Convergence Electronics, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17104, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou L, Chen Y, Shen Y, Lin J, Fu J, Lei L, Ye R, Deng D, Xu S. Designing Optical Thermometers Using Down/Upconversion Ca 14Al 10Zn 6O 35: Ti 4+, Eu 3+/Yb 3+, Er 3+ Thermosensitive Phosphors. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10667-10677. [PMID: 35793498 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Down/upconversion Ca14Al10Zn6O35 inorganic phosphors codoped with Ti4+/Eu3+ or Yb3+/Er3+ were prepared. The crystal structure and downconversion luminescence properties of Ca14Al10Zn6O35:Ti4+, Eu3+ phosphors were studied in detail. Ti4+ and Eu3+ occupied Al3+ and Ca2+ sites in the host lattice, respectively. Under the excitation of 273 nm, the emission peak in the 300-570 nm band originated from the 2T2 → O2- transition of Ti4+. The f-f transition of Eu3+ ions generated multiple peaks in the 570-800 nm range. The emission intensity of Ti4+ and Eu3+ ions can be used as a fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR) signal. Based on the FIR technology, the maximum relative sensitivity (Sr) and the minimum temperature uncertainty (δT) reached 1.41% K-1 and 0.07 K, respectively. Meanwhile, the temperature-sensing behaviors were explored by the temperature-dependent upconversion spectra of Er3+- and Yb3+-codoped Ca14Al10Zn6O35 phosphors. Based on the fluorescence intensity ratio of thermal coupling levels (Er3+:2H11/2/4S3/2), the maximum Sr and minimum δT of upconversion phosphors reached 1.28% K-1 and 0.08 K in the temperature range of 293-473 K, respectively. Ca14Al10Zn6O35:Ti4+/Eu3+ (Yb3+/Er3+) phosphors realize temperature sensors with higher relative sensitivity, and it is a good candidate material for optical temperature measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyan Zhou
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yanling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuyu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianhua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Renguang Ye
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Degang Deng
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Shiqing Xu
- Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Optoelectronic Materials and Devices of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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Zhu B, Yang Q, Zhang W, Cui S, Yang B, Wang Q, Li S, Zhang D. A high sensitivity dual-mode optical thermometry based on charge compensation in ZnTiO 3:M (M = Eu 3+, Mn 4+) hexagonal prisms. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 274:121101. [PMID: 35286887 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Optical thermometer based on dual-mode fluorescence intensity ratiometric thermometry has been attracted more attention due to its higher sensitivity. In order to obtain optical thermal probe with high sensitivity, ZnTiO3 hexagonal prisms with hexagonal perovskite structure were fabricated by using self-assembly method, and Al3+ ions were introduced into the crystal lattices of ZnTiO3 doped with Eu3+/Mn4+ to improve the optical properties. The emission intensity assigned to Eu3+ was enhanced about twice with the charge compensation of Al3+ between Eu3+ and Ti3+. While the luminescence ratio between the thermal coupled level of Eu3+ revealed poor temperature dependence property. The emission assigned to 2Eg→4A2g (713 nm) transition of Mn4+ revealed an huge thermal quenching. Using the luminescence ratio between 5D0→7F2 (5D0→7F1) transition of Eu3+ to 2Eg→4A2g of Mn4+, the higher relative sensitivity of 2.7 %K-1was obtained. The charge compensation of Al3+ improved the coordination and reduced the relative sensitivity, Sr =1.85 %K-1. The results suggested the potential application in optical temperature probes for ZnTiO3: Mn4+,Eu3+ phosphor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjun Zhu
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; Shandong Key Lab. of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qianqian Yang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; Shandong Key Lab. of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; Shandong Key Lab. of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Shouxin Cui
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; Shandong Key Lab. of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
| | - Bing Yang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; Shandong Key Lab. of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qingru Wang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; Shandong Key Lab. of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Shuhong Li
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; Shandong Key Lab. of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Information Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China; Shandong Key Lab. of Optical Communication Science and Technology, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China.
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Kachou I, Saidi K, Salhi R, Dammak M. Synthesis and optical spectroscopy of Na 3Y(VO 4) 2:Eu 3+ phosphors for thermometry and display applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:7529-7539. [PMID: 35424657 PMCID: PMC8982340 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00539e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A new Na3Y(VO4)2:Eu3+ (NYVO:Eu3+) phosphor was prepared using the sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate phase purity and particle size, respectively. The optical properties were investigated by UV-visible absorption, PL, and PLE spectroscopies. The absorption measurements show the formation of the vanadate host by the presence of its characteristic band in the visible region related to VO4 3- groups. The experimental results show that the NYVO:Eu3+ phosphors exhibit high-brightness and thermally stable emission. Under near-ultraviolet (UV) excitation, both the broadband emission from VO4 3- groups and the sharp peak emissions from Eu3+ ions are observed. The highest luminescence intensity was achieved for an optimal europium concentration of 15 mol%. The study of the chromaticity parameters of these compounds gives a thermally stable hot emission in the red domain, with a color purity of about 85%, which qualifies the NYVO:Eu3+ compound as a potential phosphor for light-emitting diode (LED) applications. Thermal sensing using NYVO:Eu3+ phosphors are based on monitoring the luminescence intensity ratio between the NYVO host emission and Eu3+ luminescence lines. Notably, the optical thermometry of NYVO:Eu3+ was characterized based on the fluorescence intensity ratio of VO4 3- and Eu3+ emissions in the 298-440 K range, with maximum absolute and relative sensitivities of 3.4% K-1 and 0.0032 K-1 respectively and a temperature uncertainty of 0.01. NYVO:Eu3+ can then be considered as a potential red phosphor for application in ultraviolet-pumped white light-emitting diodes and as a potential optical thermometer. It provides new possibilities for the design of multifunctional materials for red light-emitting diodes and for non-contact thermometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhlas Kachou
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux Luminescents, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Département de Physique, Université de Sfax BP 1171 3018 Sfax Tunisia
| | - Kamel Saidi
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux Luminescents, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Département de Physique, Université de Sfax BP 1171 3018 Sfax Tunisia
| | - Rached Salhi
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, National School of Engineers of Sfax, Sfax University 3018 Sfax Tunisia
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, Grenoble France Institute of Engineering Univ Grenoble 38000 France
| | - Mohamed Dammak
- Laboratoire de Physique Appliquée, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux Luminescents, Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Département de Physique, Université de Sfax BP 1171 3018 Sfax Tunisia
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Fang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Hu J. Achieving high thermal sensitivity from ratiometric CaGdAlO 4:Mn 4+,Tb 3+ thermometers. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:13447-13458. [PMID: 34486603 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt02185k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The pursuit of optical temperature sensing with high thermal sensitivity to discriminate small temperature changes without contact with the subject possesses a crucial technological and scientific significance. Ratiometric temperature detection based on transition metals and lanthanides emerges as a promising strategy to achieve the purpose due to the dopants' distinct thermal quenching rates. In this work, a new CaGdAlO4:Mn4+,Tb3+ luminescent thermometer was developed. The combination of the highly-thermal-sensitive red emission from Mn4+ ions with the thermally-robust green emission from Tb3+ ions renders the thermometer with a maximum relative thermal sensitivity of 2.3% K-1 at 398 K. The well-separated red and green channels in digital images enable further evaluation of thermal sensitivity. The estimated thermal sensitivity is 2.23% K-1 at 398 K from the pixel intensity ratio of red and green channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyin Fang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Yuanpeng Zhang
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1 Bethel Valley Rd, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Yuepin Zhang
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
| | - Jianxu Hu
- School of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China.
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