1
|
Schlachta TP, Zámbó GG, Sauer MJ, Rüter I, Kühn FE. Impact of Ligand Design on an Iron NHC Epoxidation Catalyst. ChemistryOpen 2024:e202400071. [PMID: 39318071 DOI: 10.1002/open.202400071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
An open-chain iron pyridine-NHC framework is expanded utilizing a benzimidazole moiety to deepen the understanding of the impact of electronic variations on iron NHC epoxidation catalysts, especially regarding the stability. The thereby newly obtained iron(II) NHC complex is characterized and employed in olefin epoxidation. It is remarkably temperature tolerant and achieves a TOF of ca. 10 000 h-1 and TON of ca. 700 at 60 °C in the presence of the Lewis acid Sc(OTf)3, displaying equal stability, but lower activity than the unmodified iron pyridine-NHC (pre-)catalyst. In addition, a synthetic approach towards another ligand containing 2-imidazoline units is described but formylation as well as hydrolysis hamper its successful synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim P Schlachta
- Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Greta G Zámbó
- Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael J Sauer
- Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Isabelle Rüter
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fritz E Kühn
- Technical University of Munich, School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Molecular Catalysis, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu S, Stanley PM, Deger SN, Hussain MZ, Jentys A, Warnan J. Photochargeable Mn-Based Metal-Organic Framework and Decoupled Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202406385. [PMID: 39074974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202406385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Designing multifunctional materials that mimic the light-dark decoupling of natural photosynthesis is a key challenge in the field of energy conversion. Herein, we introduce MnBr-253, a precious metal-free metal-organic framework (MOF) built on Al nodes, bipyridine linkers and MnBr(CO)3(bipyridine) complexes. Upon irradiation, MnBr-253 colloids demonstrate an electron photocharging capacity of ~42 C ⋅ g-1 MOF, with state-of-the-art photocharging rate (1.28 C ⋅ s-1 ⋅ g-1 MOF) and incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of ~9.4 % at 450 nm. Spectroscopic and computational studies support effective electron accumulation at the Mn complex while high porosity and Mn loading account for the notable electron storage performance. The charged MnBr-253 powders were successfully applied for hydrogen evolution under dark conditions thus emulating the light-decoupled reactivity of photosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Wu
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Philip M Stanley
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Simon N Deger
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Mian Zahid Hussain
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Andreas Jentys
- Chair of Industrial Chemistry and Heterogenous Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Julien Warnan
- Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, and Catalysis Research Center (CRC), TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rodríguez-Rubio A, Yuste Á, Torroba T, García-Herbosa G, Cuevas-Vicario JV. Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of Gold(I) Carbene Complexes. Molecules 2024; 29:4081. [PMID: 39274929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29174081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, we have prepared and characterized some gold compounds wearing a N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand as well as alkynyl derivatives with different substituents. The study of their electrochemical behavior reveals that these complexes show an irreversible wave at potentials ranging between -2.79 and -2.91 V, referenced to the ferrocenium/ferrocene pair. DFT calculations indicate that the reduction occurs mainly on the aryl-C≡C fragment. The cyclic voltammetry experiments under CO2 atmosphere show an increase in the faradaic current of the reduction wave compared to the experiments under argon atmosphere, indicating a possible catalytic activity towards the carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rodríguez-Rubio
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Álvaro Yuste
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Tomás Torroba
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gabriel García-Herbosa
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - José V Cuevas-Vicario
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, 09001 Burgos, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Vanucci-Bacqué C, Wolff M, Delavaux-Nicot B, Abdallah AM, Mallet-Ladeira S, Serpentini CL, Bedos-Belval F, Fong KW, Ng XY, Low ML, Benoist E, Fery-Forgues S. 1,2,3-Triazol-5-ylidene- vs. 1,2,3-triazole-based tricarbonylrhenium(I) complexes: influence of a mesoionic carbene ligand on the electronic and biological properties. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11276-11294. [PMID: 38776120 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00922c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The tricarbonylrhenium complexes that incorporate a mesoionic carbene ligand represent an emerging and promising class of molecules, the solid-state optical properties of which have rarely been investigated. The aim of this comprehensive study is to compare three of these complexes with their 1,2,3-triazole-based analogues. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystallographic data revealed that the triazolylidene derivatives are more prone to π-π interactions than their 1,2,3-triazole-based counterparts. The FT-IR and electrochemical data indicated a stronger electron donor effect from the organic ligand to the rhenium atom for triazolylidene derivatives, which was confirmed by DFT calculations. All compounds were phosphorescent in solution, where the 1,2,3-triazole-based complexes showed unusually strong dependence on dissolved oxygen. All compounds also emitted in the solid state, some of them exhibited marked solid-state luminescence enhancement (SLE) effect. The 1,2,3-triazole based complex Re-Phe even displayed astounding photoluminescence efficiency with quantum yield up to 0.69, and proved to be an excellent candidate for applications linked to aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Interestingly, one triazolylidene-based complex (Re-T-BOP) showed attractive antibacterial activity. This study highlights the potential of these new molecules for applications in the fields of photoluminescent and therapeutic materials, and provides the first bases for the design of efficient molecules in these research areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Vanucci-Bacqué
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Mariusz Wolff
- Institut für Funktionelle Materialien und Katalyse, Universität Wien, Währinger Straße 38-42, 1090 Wien, Österreich
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Silesia in Katowice, Szkolna 9th Street, 40-006 Katowice, Poland
| | - Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS, UPR 8241, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Abanoub Mosaad Abdallah
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
- Narcotic Research Department, National Center for Social and Criminological Research (NCSCR), Giza 11561, Egypt
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Service Diffraction des Rayons X, Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, ICT-UAR 2599, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Charles-Louis Serpentini
- Laboratoire SOFTMAT, CNRS UMR 5623, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Florence Bedos-Belval
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Kar Wai Fong
- School of Postgraduate Studies, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Xiao Ying Ng
- School of Postgraduate Studies, IMU University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - May Lee Low
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Eric Benoist
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| | - Suzanne Fery-Forgues
- SPCMIB, CNRS UMR 5068, Université de Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Luo H, Yang Y, Fu Y, Yu F, Gao L, Ma Y, Li Y, Wu K, Lin L. In situ copper photocatalysts triggering halide atom transfer of unactivated alkyl halides for general C(sp3)-N couplings. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5647. [PMID: 38969653 PMCID: PMC11226431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50082-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct reduction of unactivated alkyl halides for C(sp3)-N couplings under mild conditions presents a significant challenge in organic synthesis due to their low reduction potential. Herein, we introduce an in situ formed pyridyl-carbene-ligated copper (I) catalyst that is capable of abstracting halide atom and generating alkyl radicals for general C(sp3)-N couplings under visible light. Control experiments confirmed that the mono-pyridyl-carbene-ligated copper complex is the active species responsible for catalysis. Mechanistic investigations using transient absorption spectroscopy across multiple decades of timescales revealed ultrafast intersystem crossing (260 ps) of the photoexcited copper (I) complexes into their long-lived triplet excited states (>2 μs). The non-Stern-Volmer quenching dynamics of the triplets by unactivated alkyl halides suggests an association between copper (I) complexes and alkyl halides, thereby facilitating the abstraction of halide atoms via inner-sphere single electron transfer (SET), rather than outer-sphere SET, for the formation of alkyl radicals for subsequent cross couplings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Luo
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Yupeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Yukang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Fangnian Yu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Yunpeng Ma
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China.
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Reaction Dynamics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Dalian, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China.
| | - Luqing Lin
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun H, Liu X, Li Y, Zhang F, Huang X, Sun C, Huang F. Mechanistic insights of electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction by Mn complexes: synergistic effects of the ligands. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:1663-1672. [PMID: 38168800 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03453d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic mechanisms of CO2 reduction catalyzed by pyridine-oxazoline (pyrox)-based Mn catalysts were investigated by DFT calculations. In-depth comparative analyses of pyrox-based and bipyridine-based Mn complexes were carried out. C-OH cleavage is the rate-determining step for both the protonation-first path and the reduction-first path. The free energy of CO2 activation (ΔG1) and the electrons donated by CO ligands in this step are effective descriptors in regulating the C-OH cleavage barrier. The reduction of carboxylate complex 6 (E6) is the potential-determining step for the reduction-first path. Meanwhile, for the protonation-first path, the initial generation (E2) or the regeneration (E8) of active catalyst might be potential-determining. Hirshfeld charge and orbital contribution analysis indicate that E6 is definitely based on the heterocyclic ligand and E2 is related to both the heterocyclic ligand and three CO ligands. Therefore, replacement of the CO ligand by a stronger electron donating ligand can effectively boost the catalytic activity of CO2 reduction without increasing the overpotential in the reduction-first path. This hypothesis is supported by the mechanism calculations of the Mn complex in which the axial CO ligand is replaced by a pyridine or PMe3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Sun
- Department of Assets and Laboratory Management, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Xueqing Liu
- Department of Assets and Laboratory Management, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Assets and Laboratory Management, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Assets and Laboratory Management, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Xiuxiu Huang
- Department of Assets and Laboratory Management, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Chuanzhi Sun
- Department of Assets and Laboratory Management, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Assets and Laboratory Management, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mudge MN, Bhadbhade M, Ball GE, Colbran SB. Ruthenium(II) Complexes of a Xanthene-Spanned Dicarbene Ligand. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:18901-18914. [PMID: 37939015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Octahedral ruthenium(II) complexes of a xanthene-di(N-heterocyclic carbene) ancillary ligand (XdC) have been prepared and structurally characterized. Examples catalyze the transfer hydrogenation of ketones {[Ru(CO)I2(C,O,C'-XdC)] (1) and [Ru(CO)(MeCN)2(C,O,C'-XdC)]2+ (22+)} and the selective electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO {[Ru(N,N'-bpy)(CO)(C,O,C'-XdC)]2+ (32+) at 0.40 V overpotential in MeCN-H2O (1 M)}. The reaction of 1 with KBEt3H afforded isomers of [(C,C'-XdC)Ru(μ-H)(H)]2 dimers, which are stable to reductive elimination of the XdC ligand, thereby suggesting similar (XdC)Rh(coligand)(H)x species may be viable intermediates in catalyses. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 involves a double reduction of 32+ to 3••, which has been characterized by IR-SEC and DFT calculations. The DFT calculations suggest the Ru-Oxanth bond breaks in 3••, opening a metal site for CO2 binding with selectivity over protons enabled by the diffuse nature of the HOMO delocalized over the metal and the bipyridine and carbonyl coligands. The results point to the promise of metal complexes of flexible and hemilabile xanthene-(NHC)2 ancillary ligands in catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew N Mudge
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Mohan Bhadbhade
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Graham E Ball
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Stephen B Colbran
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Bedegal Country, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Saha S, Doughty T, Banerjee D, Patel SK, Mallick D, Iyer ESS, Roy S, Mitra R. Electrocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to CO by a series of organometallic Re(I)-tpy complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:15394-15411. [PMID: 37203345 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00441d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A series of organometallic Re(I)(L)(CO)3Br complexes with 4'-substituted terpyridine ligands (L) has been synthesised as electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction. The complexes' spectroscopic characterisation and computationally optimised geometry demonstrate a facial geometry around Re(I) with three cis COs and the terpyridine ligand coordinating in a bidentate mode. The effect of substitution on the 4'-position of terpyridine (Re1-5) on CO2 electroreduction was investigated and compared with a known Lehn-type catalyst, Re(I)(bpy)(CO)3Br (Re7). All complexes catalyse CO evolution in homogeneous organic media at moderate overpotentials (0.75-0.95 V) with faradaic yields of 62-98%. The electrochemical catalytic activity was further evaluated in the presence of three Brønsted acids to demonstrate the influence of the pKa of the proton sources. The TDDFT and ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) studies showed combined charge transfer bands of ILCT and MLCT. Amongst the series, the Re-complex containing a ferrocenyl-substituted terpyridine ligand (Re5) shows an additional intra-ligand charge transfer band and was probed using UV-Vis spectroelectrochemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shriya Saha
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa 403401, India.
| | - Thomas Doughty
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Dibyendu Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India.
| | - Sunil K Patel
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa 403401, India.
| | - Dibyendu Mallick
- Department of Chemistry, Presidency University, Kolkata 700073, India.
| | - E Siva Subramaniam Iyer
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa 403401, India.
| | - Souvik Roy
- School of Chemistry, University of Lincoln, Green Lane, Lincoln, Lincolnshire, LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Raja Mitra
- School of Chemical and Materials Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Goa 403401, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kearney L, Brandon MP, Coleman A, Chippindale AM, Hartl F, Lalrempuia R, Pižl M, Pryce MT. Ligand-Structure Effects on N-Heterocyclic Carbene Rhenium Photo- and Electrocatalysts of CO 2 Reduction. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104149. [PMID: 37241890 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three novel rhenium N-heterocyclic carbene complexes, [Re]-NHC-1-3 ([Re] = fac-Re(CO)3Br), were synthesized and characterized using a range of spectroscopic techniques. Photophysical, electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical studies were carried out to probe the properties of these organometallic compounds. Re-NHC-1 and Re-NHC-2 bear a phenanthrene backbone on an imidazole (NHC) ring, coordinating to Re by both the carbene C and a pyridyl group attached to one of the imidazole nitrogen atoms. Re-NHC-2 differs from Re-NHC-1 by replacing N-H with an N-benzyl group as the second substituent on imidazole. The replacement of the phenanthrene backbone in Re-NHC-2 with the larger pyrene gives Re-NHC-3. The two-electron electrochemical reductions of Re-NHC-2 and Re-NHC-3 result in the formation of the five-coordinate anions that are capable of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. These catalysts are formed first at the initial cathodic wave R1, and then, ultimately, via the reduction of Re-Re bound dimer intermediates at the second cathodic wave R2. All three Re-NHC-1-3 complexes are active photocatalysts for the transformation of CO2 to CO, with the most photostable complex, Re-NHC-3, being the most effective for this conversion. Re-NHC-1 and Re-NHC-2 afforded modest CO turnover numbers (TONs), following irradiation at 355 nm, but were inactive at the longer irradiation wavelength of 470 nm. In contrast, Re-NHC-3, when photoexcited at 470 nm, yielded the highest TON in this study, but remained inactive at 355 nm. The luminescence spectrum of Re-NHC-3 is red-shifted compared to those of Re-NHC-1 and Re-NHC-2, and previously reported similar [Re]-NHC complexes. This observation, together with TD-DFT calculations, suggests that the nature of the lowest-energy optical excitation for Re-NHC-3 has π→π*(NHC-pyrene) and dπ(Re)→π*(pyridine) (IL/MLCT) character. The stability and superior photocatalytic performance of Re-NHC-3 are attributed to the extended conjugation of the π-electron system, leading to the beneficial modulation of the strongly electron-donating tendency of the NHC group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Kearney
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Brandon
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
| | - Andrew Coleman
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ann M Chippindale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, UK
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6DX, UK
| | - Ralte Lalrempuia
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl 796004, India
| | - Martin Pižl
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mary T Pryce
- School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, D09 K20V Dublin, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shahid N, Singh RK, Srivastava N, Singh AK. Base-free synthesis of benchtop stable Ru(III)-NHC complexes from RuCl 3·3H 2O and their use as precursors for Ru(II)-NHC complexes. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:4176-4185. [PMID: 36892246 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt00243h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of Ru(III)-NHC complexes, identified as [RuIII(PyNHCR)(Cl)3(H2O)] (1a-c), have been prepared, starting from RuCl3·3H2O following a base-free route. The Lewis acidic Ru(III) centre operates via a halide-assisted, electrophilic C-H activation for carbene generation. The best results were obtained with azolium salts having the I- anion, while ligand precursors with Cl-, BF4-, and PF6- gave no complex formation and those with Br- gave a product with mixed halides. The structurally simple, air and moisture-stable complexes represent rare examples of paramagnetic Ru(III)-NHC complexes. Furthermore, these benchtop stable Ru(III)-NHC complexes were shown to be excellent metal precursors for the synthesis of new [RuII(PyNHCR)(Cl)2(PPh3)2] (2a-c) and [RuII(PyNHCR)(CNCMe)I]PF6 (3a-c) complexes. All the complexes have been characterised using spectroscopic methods, and the structures of 1a, 1b, 2c, and 3a have been determined using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. This work allows easy access to new Ru-NHC complexes for the study of new properties and novel applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nida Shahid
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Rahul Kumar Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Navdeep Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| | - Amrendra K Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore 453552, India.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Reyes Cruz EA, Nishiori D, Wadsworth BL, Nguyen NP, Hensleigh LK, Khusnutdinova D, Beiler AM, Moore GF. Molecular-Modified Photocathodes for Applications in Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar-to-Fuel Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16051-16109. [PMID: 36173689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nature offers inspiration for developing technologies that integrate the capture, conversion, and storage of solar energy. In this review article, we highlight principles of natural photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis, drawing comparisons between solar energy transduction in biology and emerging solar-to-fuel technologies. Key features of the biological approach include use of earth-abundant elements and molecular interfaces for driving photoinduced charge separation reactions that power chemical transformations at global scales. For the artificial systems described in this review, emphasis is placed on advancements involving hybrid photocathodes that power fuel-forming reactions using molecular catalysts interfaced with visible-light-absorbing semiconductors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Nghi P Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Lillian K Hensleigh
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Anna M Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - G F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nguyen P, Dao TBN, Tran TT, Tran NAT, Nguyen TA, Phan TDL, Nguyen LP, Dang VQ, Nguyen TM, Dang NN. Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction by [Re(CO) 3Cl(3-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazole)] and [Re(CO) 3Cl(3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole)]. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:34089-34097. [PMID: 36188295 PMCID: PMC9520745 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The exploration of novel electrocatalysts for CO2 reduction is necessary to overcome global warming and the depletion of fossil fuels. In the current study, the electrocatalytic CO2 reduction of [Re(CO)3Cl(N-N)], where N-N represents 3-(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4-triazole (Hpy), 3-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-phenyl-l,2,4-triazole (Hph), and 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4' dicarboxylic acidic (bpy-COOH) ligands, was investigated. In CO2-saturated electrolytes, cyclic voltammograms showed an enhancement of the current at the second reduction wave for all complexes. In the presence of triethanolamine (TEOA), the currents of Re(Hpy), Re(Hph), and Re(bpy-COOH) enhanced significantly by approximately 4-, 2-, and 5-fold at peak potentials of -1.60, -150, and -1.69 VAg/Ag+, respectively (in comparison to without TEOA). The reduction potential of Re(Hph) was less negative than those of Re(Hpy) and Re(COOH), which was suggested to cause its least efficiency for CO2 reduction. Chronoamperometry measurements showed the stability of the cathodic current at the second reduction wave for at least 300 s, and Re(COOH) was the most stable in the CO2-catalyzed reduction. The appearance and disappearance of the absorption band in the UV/vis spectra indicated the reaction of the catalyst with molecular CO2 and its conversion to new species, which were proposed to be Re-DMF + and Re-TEOA and were supposed to react with CO2 molecules. The CO2 molecules were claimed to be captured and inserted into the oxygen bond of Re-TEOA, resulting in the enhancement of the CO2 reduction efficiency. The results indicate a new way of using these complexes in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong
N. Nguyen
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau
Giay, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Thi-Bich-Ngoc Dao
- Future
Materials & Devices Lab., Institute of Fundamental and Applied
Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- The
Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| | - Trang T. Tran
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc-Anh T. Tran
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Tu A. Nguyen
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Thao-Dang L. Phan
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Loc P. Nguyen
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Vinh Q. Dang
- Department
Materials Science and Technology, University
of Science, Ward 4, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Vietnam
National University, Ho Chi Minh (VNU-HCM), Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuan M. Nguyen
- Institute
of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology
(VAST), 29TL Street, Thanh Loc Ward, District 12, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Graduate
University of Science and Technology, VAST, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Street, Cau
Giay, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Nam N. Dang
- Future
Materials & Devices Lab., Institute of Fundamental and Applied
Sciences, Duy Tan University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- The
Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Duy Tan University, Danang 550000, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pham HH, Donnadieu B, Hollis TK. Synthesis of a CCC‐NHC pincer Re complex. An air stable catalyst for coupling ketones with primary alcohols via borrowing hydrogen. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang H. Pham
- Department of Chemistry Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - Bruno Donnadieu
- Department of Chemistry Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| | - T. Keith Hollis
- Department of Chemistry Mississippi State University Mississippi State MS USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Friães S, Realista S, Mourão H, Royo B. N‐Heterocyclic and Mesoionic Carbenes of Manganese and Rhenium in Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Beatriz Royo
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa Instituto de Tecnologia Quimica e Biologica ITQB NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier Av. da República 2780-157 Oeiras PORTUGAL
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Neshat A, Mastrorilli P, Mousavizadeh Mobarakeh A. Recent Advances in Catalysis Involving Bidentate N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands. Molecules 2021; 27:95. [PMID: 35011327 PMCID: PMC8746573 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery of persistent carbenes by the isolation of 1,3-di-l-adamantylimidazol-2-ylidene by Arduengo and coworkers, we witnessed a fast growth in the design and applications of this class of ligands and their metal complexes. Modular synthesis and ease of electronic and steric adjustability made this class of sigma donors highly popular among chemists. While the nature of the metal-carbon bond in transition metal complexes bearing N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) is predominantly considered to be neutral sigma or dative bonds, the strength of the bond is highly dependent on the energy match between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the NHC ligand and that of the metal ion. Because of their versatility, the coordination chemistry of NHC ligands with was explored with almost all transition metal ions. Other than the transition metals, NHCs are also capable of establishing a chemical bond with the main group elements. The advances in the catalytic applications of the NHC ligands linked with a second tether are discussed. For clarity, more frequently targeted catalytic reactions are considered first. Carbon-carbon coupling reactions, transfer hydrogenation of alkenes and carbonyl compounds, ketone hydrosilylation, and chiral catalysis are among highly popular reactions. Areas where the efficacy of the NHC based catalytic systems were explored to a lesser extent include CO2 reduction, C-H borylation, alkyl amination, and hydroamination reactions. Furthermore, the synthesis and applications of transition metal complexes are covered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Neshat
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran;
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via Orabona, I-70125 Bari, Italy;
| | - Ali Mousavizadeh Mobarakeh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Studies in Basic Sciences (IASBS), Zanjan 45137-66731, Iran;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Synthesis, structure, and anticancer activity of four silver(I)-N-heterocyclic carbene complexes and one polymer containing quinolin-8-yl groups. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
17
|
Huang C, Liu J, Huang HH, Ke Z. Recent progress in electro- and photo-catalytic CO2 reduction using N-heterocyclic carbene transition metal complexes. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
18
|
|
19
|
Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts for the Electroconversion of CO 2 : An Organometallic Perspective. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11628-11686. [PMID: 33464678 PMCID: PMC8248444 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The electrocatalytic transformation of carbon dioxide has been a topic of interest in the field of CO2 utilization for a long time. Recently, the area has seen increasing dynamics as an alternative strategy to catalytic hydrogenation for CO2 reduction. While many studies focus on the direct electron transfer to the CO2 molecule at the electrode material, molecular transition metal complexes in solution offer the possibility to act as catalysts for the electron transfer. C1 compounds such as carbon monoxide, formate, and methanol are often targeted as the main products, but more elaborate transformations are also possible within the coordination sphere of the metal center. This perspective article will cover selected examples to illustrate and categorize the currently favored mechanisms for the electrochemically induced transformation of CO2 promoted by homogeneous transition metal complexes. The insights will be corroborated with the concepts and elementary steps of organometallic catalysis to derive potential strategies to broaden the molecular diversity of possible products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Ruhr University BochumUniversitätsstr. 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy ConversionStiftstr. 34–3645470Mülheim an der RuhrGermany
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC)RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringer Weg 252074AachenGermany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Yang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Tang C, Chang X, Duan L. Electrocatalytic
CO
2
Reduction with
Re‐Based
Spiro Bipyridine Complexes: Effects of the Local Proton in the Second Coordination Sphere
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Ziyun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Chao Tang
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Xiaoyong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| | - Lele Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Electric Power, Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen Guangdong 518055 China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nganga JK, Wolf LM, Mullick K, Reinheimer E, Saucedo C, Wilson ME, Grice KA, Ertem MZ, Angeles-Boza AM. Methane Generation from CO 2 with a Molecular Rhenium Catalyst. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3572-3584. [PMID: 33616393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The atomic-level tunability of molecular structures is a compelling reason to develop homogeneous catalysts for challenging reactions such as the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide to valuable C1-Cn products. Of particular interest is methane, the largest component of natural gas. Herein, we report a series of three isomeric rhenium tricarbonyl complexes coordinated by the asymmetric diimine ligands 2-(isoquinolin-1-yl)-4,5-dihydrooxazole (quin-1-oxa), 2-(quinolin-2-yl)-4,5-dihydrooxazole (quin-2-oxa), and 2-(isoquinolin-3-yl)-4,5-dihydrooxazole (quin-3-oxa) that catalyze the reduction of CO2 to carbon monoxide and methane, albeit the latter with a low efficiency. To our knowledge, these complexes are the first examples of rhenium(I) catalysts capable of converting carbon dioxide into methane. Re(quin-1-oxa)(CO)3Cl (1), Re(quin-2-oxa)(CO)3Cl (2), and Re(quin-3-oxa)(CO)3Cl (3) were characterized and studied using a variety of electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. In bulk electrolysis experiments, the three complexes reduce CO2 to CO and CH4. When the controlled-potential electrolysis experiments are performed at -2.5 V (vs Fc+/0) and in the presence of the Brønsted acid 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol, methane is produced with turnover numbers that range from 1.3 to 1.8. Isotope labeling experiments using 13CO2 atmosphere produce 13CH4 (m/z = 17) confirming that methane originates from CO2 reduction. Theoretical calculations are performed to investigate the mechanistic aspects of the 8e-/8H+ reduction of CO2 to CH4. A ligand-assisted pathway is proposed to be an efficient pathway in the formation of CH4. Delocalization of the electron density on the (iso)quinoline moiety upon reduction stabilizes the key carbonyl intermediate leading to additional reactivity of this ligand. These results should aid the development of more robust catalytic systems that produce CH4 from CO2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John K Nganga
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-30602, United States
| | - Lucienna M Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Kankana Mullick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-30602, United States
| | - Eric Reinheimer
- Rigaku, 9009 New Trails Drive, The Woodlands, Texas 77381, United States
| | - Cesar Saucedo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Megan E Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Kyle A Grice
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, United States
| | - Mehmed Z Ertem
- Chemistry Division, Energy & Photon Sciences Directorate, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 555A, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Alfredo M Angeles-Boza
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-30602, United States.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3060, United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Shirley H, Sexton TM, Liyanage NP, Perkins MA, Autry SA, McNamara LE, Hammer NI, Parkin SR, Tschumper GS, Delcamp JH. Probing the Effects of Electron Deficient Aryl Substituents and a π‐System Extended NHC Ring on the Photocatalytic CO
2
Reduction Reaction with Re‐pyNHC‐Aryl Complexes**. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202000296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Shirley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS 38677–1848 USA
| | - Thomas More Sexton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS 38677–1848 USA
| | - Nalaka P. Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS 38677–1848 USA
| | - Morgan A. Perkins
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS 38677–1848 USA
| | - Shane A. Autry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS 38677–1848 USA
| | - Louis E. McNamara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS 38677–1848 USA
| | - Nathan I. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS 38677–1848 USA
| | - Sean R. Parkin
- Department of Chemistry University of Kentucky 125 Chemistry/Physics Building Lexington KY 40506–0055 USA
| | - Gregory S. Tschumper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS 38677–1848 USA
| | - Jared H. Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall University MS 38677–1848 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kinzel NW, Werlé C, Leitner W. Übergangsmetallkomplexe als Katalysatoren für die elektrische Umwandlung von CO
2
– eine metallorganische Perspektive. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas W. Kinzel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Christophe Werlé
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Walter Leitner
- Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Energiekonversion Stiftstraße 34–36 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie (ITMC) RWTH Aachen University Worringer Weg 2 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Romain C, Bellemin-Laponnaz S, Dagorne S. Recent progress on NHC-stabilized early transition metal (group 3–7) complexes: Synthesis and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
25
|
Manbeck GF, Polyansky DE, Fujita E. Comprehensive Mechanisms of Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction by [Ir(bip)(ppy)(CH3CN)](PF6)2. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald F. Manbeck
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Dmitry E. Polyansky
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Etsuko Fujita
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shirley H, Sexton TM, Liyanage NP, Palmer CZ, McNamara LE, Hammer NI, Tschumper GS, Delcamp JH. Effect of “X” Ligands on the Photocatalytic Reduction of CO
2
to CO with Re(pyridylNHC‐CF
3
)(CO)
3
X Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Shirley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall 38677 University MS USA
| | - Thomas More Sexton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall 38677 University MS USA
| | - Nalaka P. Liyanage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall 38677 University MS USA
| | - C. Zachary Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall 38677 University MS USA
| | - Louis E. McNamara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall 38677 University MS USA
| | - Nathan I. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall 38677 University MS USA
| | - Gregory S. Tschumper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall 38677 University MS USA
| | - Jared H. Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Mississippi 322 Coulter Hall 38677 University MS USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Talukdar K, Sinha Roy S, Amatya E, Sleeper EA, Le Magueres P, Jurss JW. Enhanced Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction by a Series of Molecular Rhenium Catalysts Decorated with Second-Sphere Hydrogen-Bond Donors. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:6087-6099. [PMID: 32309933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of rhenium(I) fac-tricarbonyl complexes containing pendent arylamine functionality in the second coordination sphere have been developed and studied as electrocatalysts for carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction. Aniline moieties were appended at the 6 position of a 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) donor in which the primary amine was positioned at the ortho- (1-Re), meta- (2-Re), and para- (3-Re) sites of the aniline substituent to generate a family of isomers. The relationship between the catalyst structure and activity was explored across the series, and the catalytic performance was compared to that of the benchmark catalyst Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl (ReBpy). Catalysts 1-Re, 2-Re, and 3-Re outperform the benchmark catalyst both in anhydrous acetonitrile and with added trifluoroethanol (TFE) as an external proton source. In the presence of TFE, the aniline-substituted catalysts convert CO2 to carbon monoxide (CO) with high Faradaic efficiencies (≥89%) and have superior turnover frequencies (TOFs) relative to ReBpy (72.9 s-1), with 2-Re having the highest TOF of the series at 239 s-1, a value that is twice that of the next most active catalyst. TOFs of 123 and 109 s-1 were observed for the ortho- and para-substituted aniline complexes (1-Re and 3-Re), respectively. Indeed, catalytic activities vary widely across the series, showing a high sensitivity to the position of the amine functionality relative to the rhenium active site. IR and UV-vis spectroelectrochemical experiments were conducted on the aniline-substituted systems, revealing important differences between the catalysts and mechanistic insight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kallol Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Sayontani Sinha Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Eva Amatya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Sleeper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | | | - Jonah W Jurss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gauthier ES, Abella L, Hellou N, Darquié B, Caytan E, Roisnel T, Vanthuyne N, Favereau L, Srebro‐Hooper M, Williams JAG, Autschbach J, Crassous J. Long‐Lived Circularly Polarized Phosphorescence in Helicene‐NHC Rhenium(I) Complexes: The Influence of Helicene, Halogen, and Stereochemistry on Emission Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:8394-8400. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Abella
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Nora Hellou
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| | - Benoît Darquié
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers Université Paris 13 CNRS Villetaneuse France
| | - Elsa Caytan
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille University CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 13284 Marseille France
| | - Ludovic Favereau
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| | - Monika Srebro‐Hooper
- Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | | | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gauthier ES, Abella L, Hellou N, Darquié B, Caytan E, Roisnel T, Vanthuyne N, Favereau L, Srebro‐Hooper M, Williams JAG, Autschbach J, Crassous J. Long‐Lived Circularly Polarized Phosphorescence in Helicene‐NHC Rhenium(I) Complexes: The Influence of Helicene, Halogen, and Stereochemistry on Emission Properties. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Abella
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Nora Hellou
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| | - Benoît Darquié
- Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers Université Paris 13 CNRS Villetaneuse France
| | - Elsa Caytan
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| | - Thierry Roisnel
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| | - Nicolas Vanthuyne
- Aix Marseille University CNRS Centrale Marseille, iSm2 13284 Marseille France
| | - Ludovic Favereau
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| | - Monika Srebro‐Hooper
- Faculty of Chemistry Jagiellonian University Gronostajowa 2 30-387 Krakow Poland
| | | | - Jochen Autschbach
- Department of Chemistry University at Buffalo State University of New York Buffalo NY 14260 USA
| | - Jeanne Crassous
- Univ Rennes CNRS ISCR—UMR 6226 ScanMat – UMS 2001 35000 Rennes France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Taylor JO, Neri G, Banerji L, Cowan AJ, Hartl F. Strong Impact of Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding on the Cathodic Path of [Re(3,3'-dihydroxy-2,2'-bipyridine)(CO) 3Cl] and Catalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:5564-5578. [PMID: 32237729 PMCID: PMC7175459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the cathodic paths of the Group-7 metal complex [Re(3,3'-DHBPY)(CO)3Cl] (3,3'-DHBPY = 3,3'-dihydroxy-2,2'-bipyridine) producing a moderately active catalyst of electrochemical reduction of CO2 to CO. The combined techniques of cyclic voltammetry and IR/UV-vis spectroelectrochemistry have revealed significant differences in the chemistry of the electrochemically reduced parent complex compared to the previously published Re/4,4'-DHBPY congener. The initial irreversible cathodic step in weakly coordinating THF is shifted toward much less negative electrode potentials, reflecting facile reductive deprotonation of one hydroxyl group and strong intramolecular hydrogen bonding, O-H···O-. The latter process occurs spontaneously in basic dimethylformamide where Re/4,4'-DHBPY remains stable. The subsequent reduction of singly deprotonated [Re(3,3'-DHBPY-H+)(CO)3Cl]- under ambient conditions occurs at a cathodic potential close to that of the Re/4,4'-DHBPY-H+ derivative. However, for the stabilized 3,3'-DHBPY-H+ ligand, the latter process at the second cathodic wave is more complex and involves an overall transfer of three electrons. Rapid potential step electrolysis induces 1e--reductive cleavage of the second O-H bond, triggering dissociation of the Cl- ligand from [Re(3,3'-DHBPY-2H+)(CO)3Cl]2-. The ultimate product of the second cathodic step in THF was identified as 5-coordinate [Re(3,3'-DHBPY-2H+)(CO)3]3-, the equivalent of classical 2e--reduced [Re(BPY)(CO)3]-. Each reductive deprotonation of the DHBPY ligand results in a redshift of the IR ν(CO) absorption of the tricarbonyl complexes by ca. 10 cm-1, facilitating the product assignment based on comparison with the literature data for corresponding Re/BPY complexes. The Cl- dissociation from [Re(3,3'-DHBPY-2H+)(CO)3Cl]2- was proven in strongly coordinating butyronitrile. The latter dianion is stable at 223 K, converting at 258 K to 6-coordinate [Re(3,3'-DHBPY-2H+)(CO)3(PrCN)]3-. Useful reference data were obtained with substituted parent [Re(3,3'-DHBPY)(CO)3(PrCN)]+ that also smoothly deprotonates by the initial reduction to [Re(3,3'-DHBPY-H+)(CO)3(PrCN)]. The latter complex ultimately converts at the second cathodic wave to [Re(3,3'-DHBPY-2H+)(CO)3(PrCN)]3- via a counterintuitive ETC step generating the 1e- radical of the parent complex, viz., [Re(3,3'-DHBPY)(CO)3(PrCN)]. The same alternative reduction path is also followed by [Re(3,3'-DHBPY-H+)(CO)3Cl]- at the onset of the second cathodic wave, where the ETC step results in the intermediate [Re(3,3'-DHBPY)(CO)3Cl]•- further reducible to [Re(3,3'-DHBPY-2H+)(CO)3]3- as the CO2 catalyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James O Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Gaia Neri
- Department of Chemistry, Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Liam Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J Cowan
- Department of Chemistry, Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Suntrup L, Stein F, Klein J, Wilting A, Parlane FGL, Brown CM, Fiedler J, Berlinguette CP, Siewert I, Sarkar B. Rhenium Complexes of Pyridyl-Mesoionic Carbenes: Photochemical Properties and Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4215-4227. [PMID: 32155052 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b02591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic carbenes have found wide use as components of homogeneous catalysts. Recent discoveries have, however, shown that metal complexes of such ligands also have huge potential in photochemical research and in the activation of small molecules. We present here three ReI complexes with mesoionic pyridyl-carbene ligands. The complexes display reduction steps which were investigated via UV-vis-NIR-IR spectro-electrochemistry, and these results point toward an EC mechanism. The ReI compounds emit in the visible range in solution at room temperature with excited state lifetimes that are dependent on the substituents of the mesoionic carbenes. These complexes are also potent electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO. Whereas the substituents on the carbenes have no influence on the reduction potentials, the electrocatalytic efficiency is strongly dependent on the substituents. This fact is likely a result of catalyst instability. The results presented here thus introduce mesoionic carbenes as new potent ligands for the generation of emissive ReI complexes and for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Suntrup
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Felix Stein
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Johannes Klein
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Alexander Wilting
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Fraser G L Parlane
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada.,Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada
| | - Jan Fiedler
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, Prague 18223, Czech Republic
| | - Curtis P Berlinguette
- Department of Chemistry, The University of British Columbia, 2036 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z1, Canada.,Stewart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute, The University of British Columbia, 2355 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T1Z3, Canada
| | - Inke Siewert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 4, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Biprajit Sarkar
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34-36, Berlin 14195, Germany.,Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, Stuttgart D-70569, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Du J, Siewert I. An Electrochemical and Spectroscopic Study on Re(CO)
3
(L)Cl in Dimethylformamide (L = 2,2'‐Bipyridine). Z Anorg Allg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia‐Pei Du
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Universität Göttingen Tammannstr. 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bonfiglio A, Magra K, Cebrián C, Polo F, Gros PC, Mercandelli P, Mauro M. Red-emitting neutral rhenium(i) complexes bearing a pyridyl pyridoannelated N-heterocyclic carbene. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:3102-3111. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt04890a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two novel neutral rhenium(i) tricarbonyl complexes bearing a pyridoannelated N-heterocyclic carbene are synthetized and fully characterized, which display red photoluminescence arising from a triplet excited state with ligand centered character.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bonfiglio
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg
- UMR 7504
- 67034 Strasbourg
| | - Kévin Magra
- Université de Lorraine
- CNRS
- L2CM
- F-57000 Metz
- France
| | | | - Federico Polo
- Ca’ Foscari University of Venice
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems
- 30172 Venezia
- Italy
| | | | | | - Matteo Mauro
- Université de Strasbourg
- CNRS
- Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg
- UMR 7504
- 67034 Strasbourg
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Advances and challenges in modeling solvated reaction mechanisms for renewable fuels and chemicals. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
35
|
Sinha S, Sonea A, Shen W, Hanson SS, Warren JJ. Heterogeneous Aqueous CO2 Reduction Using a Pyrene-Modified Rhenium(I) Diimine Complex. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:10454-10461. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soumalya Sinha
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University (SFU), 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Ana Sonea
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University (SFU), 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - William Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University (SFU), 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Samuel S. Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University (SFU), 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey J. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University (SFU), 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Shirley H, Su X, Sanjanwala H, Talukdar K, Jurss JW, Delcamp JH. Durable Solar-Powered Systems with Ni-Catalysts for Conversion of CO2 or CO to CH4. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6617-6622. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hunter Shirley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Xiaojun Su
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Harshin Sanjanwala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Kallol Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jonah W. Jurss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jared H. Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Du JP, Wilting A, Siewert I. Are Two Metal Ions Better than One? Mono- and Binuclear α-Diimine-Re(CO) 3 Complexes with Proton-Responsive Ligands in CO 2 Reduction Catalysis. Chemistry 2019; 25:5555-5564. [PMID: 30695114 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Here, the reduction chemistry of mono- and binuclear α-diimine-Re(CO)3 complexes with proton responsive ligands and their application in the electrochemically-driven CO2 reduction catalysis are presented. The work was aimed to investigate the impact of 1) two metal ions in close proximity and 2) an internal proton source on catalysis. Therefore, three different Re complexes, a binuclear one with a central phenol unit, 3, and two mononuclear, one having a central phenol unit, 1, and one with a methoxy unit, 2, were utilised. All complexes are active in the CO2 -to-CO conversion and CO is always the major product. The catalytic rate constant kcat for all three complexes is much higher and the overpotential is lower in DMF/water mixtures than in pure DMF (DMF=N,N-dimethylformamide). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) studies in the absence of substrate revealed that this is due to an accelerated chloride ion loss after initial reduction in DMF/water mixtures in comparison to pure DMF. Chloride ion loss is necessary for subsequent CO2 binding and this step is around ten times faster in the presence of water [2: kCl (DMF)≈1.7 s-1 ; kCl (DMF/H2 O)≈20 s-1 ]. The binuclear complex 3 with a proton responsive phenol unit is more active than the mononuclear complexes. In the presence of water, the observed rate constant kobs for 3 is four times higher than of 2, in the absence of water even ten times. Thus, the two metal centres are beneficial for catalysis. Lastly, the investigation showed that the phenol unit has no impact on the rate of the catalysis, it even slows down the CO2 -to-CO conversion. This is due to an unproductive, competitive side reaction: After initial reduction, 1 and 3 loose either Cl- or undergo a reductive OH deprotonation forming a phenolate unit. The phenolate could bind to the metal centre blocking the sixth coordination site for CO2 activation. In DMF, O-H bond breaking and Cl- ion loss have similar rate constants [1: kCl (DMF)≈2 s-1 , kOH ≈1.5 s-1 ], in water/DMF Cl- loss is much faster. Thus, the effect on the catalytic rate is more pronounced in DMF. However, the acidic protons lower the overpotential of the catalysis by about 150 mV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Pei Du
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Wilting
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Inke Siewert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstr. 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Universität Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang X, Ma H, Meng C, Chen D, Huang F. A rational design of manganese electrocatalysts for Lewis acid-assisted carbon dioxide reduction. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8849-8855. [PMID: 30977486 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00514e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the mechanisms of Brønsted acid- and Lewis acid-assisted CO2 electroreduction by Mn(mesbpy)(CO)3Br (1) were investigated by density functional theory calculations. Our results indicate that for the Lewis acid-assisted cycle, an energy sink (13) is present owing to the interaction between Mg(OTf)2 and activated CO2, which is disadvantageous to the apparent activation energy (ΔG≠). Moreover, a series of substituted 13 counterparts were investigated to reduce the energy sink and decrease ΔG≠. Based on our study on the substituent effect, an excellent linear relationship was found between 2e reduction potentials and LUMO energies of substituted 1, and a moderate linear relationship was observed between ΔG of substituted 13 and the 2e reduction potential of substituted 1 counterparts. Moreover, for the CO2 reduction assisted by a Lewis acid, the formyl-substituted complex R8 has been predicted to be a more effective catalyst with lower overpotential and higher catalytic activity than its parent complex 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Key Laboratory of Molecular and Nano Probes, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong, Institute of Molecular and Nano Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sen P, Mondal B, Saha D, Rana A, Dey A. Role of 2 nd sphere H-bonding residues in tuning the kinetics of CO 2 reduction to CO by iron porphyrin complexes. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:5965-5977. [PMID: 30608094 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03850c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Iron porphyrins are potential catalysts for the electrocatalytic and photocatalytic reduction of CO2. It has been recently established that the reduction of CO2 by an iron porphyrin complex with a hydrogen bonding distal pocket involves at least two intermediates: a Fe(ii)-CO22- and a Fe(ii)-COOH species. A distal hydrogen bonding interaction was found to be key in determining the stability of these intermediates and affecting both the selectivity and rate of CO2 reduction. In this report, a series of iron porphyrins that vary only in the distal H-bonding network are further investigated and these exhibit turnover frequencies (TOFs) ranging from 1.0 s-1 to 103 s-1. The experimental TOFs correlate with the H-bonding ability of the distal superstructure of these iron porphyrin complexes and analysis suggests that H-bonding alone can tune the rate of CO2 reduction by as much as 1000 fold. DFT calculations provide a detailed insight into how the, apparently weak, 2nd sphere interactions lead to efficient CO2 activation for reduction. The ability to tune CO2 reduction rates by changing the H-bonding residue instead of the acid source is a convenient way to tune CO2 reduction electrocatalysis without compromising selectivity by introducing competitive hydrogen evolution reaction or formate generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pritha Sen
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, 2A Raja SC Mullick Road, Kolkata, West Bengal, India 700032.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Taylor JO, Veenstra FLP, Chippindale AM, Calhorda MJ, Hartl F. Group 6 Metal Complexes as Electrocatalysts of CO2 Reduction: Strong Substituent Control of the Reduction Path of [Mo(η3-allyl)(CO)2(x,x′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)(NCS)] (x = 4–6). Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James O. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Florentine L. P. Veenstra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ann M. Chippindale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria José Calhorda
- Centro de Química e Bioquímica and BioISI - Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Quı́mica e Bioquı́mica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AD, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Myren THT, Lilio AM, Huntzinger CG, Horstman JW, Stinson TA, Donadt TB, Moore C, Lama B, Funke HH, Luca OR. Manganese N-Heterocyclic Carbene Pincers for the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Curtis Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC 0358, La Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Luengo A, Fernández-Moreira V, Marzo I, Gimeno MC. Bioactive Heterobimetallic Re(I)/Au(I) Complexes Containing Bidentate N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Luengo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Vanesa Fernández-Moreira
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Isabel Marzo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Concepción Gimeno
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (ISQCH), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yang W, Sinha Roy S, Pitts WC, Nelson RL, Fronczek FR, Jurss JW. Electrocatalytic CO 2 Reduction with Cis and Trans Conformers of a Rigid Dinuclear Rhenium Complex: Comparing the Monometallic and Cooperative Bimetallic Pathways. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:9564-9575. [PMID: 30040401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene-bridged dinuclear rhenium complexes are reported for electrocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction to carbon monoxide (CO). Related by hindered rotation of each rhenium active site to either side of the anthracene bridge, cis and trans conformers have been isolated and characterized. Electrochemical studies reveal distinct mechanisms, whereby the cis conformer operates via cooperative bimetallic CO2 activation and conversion and the trans conformer reduces CO2 through well-established single-site and bimolecular pathways analogous to Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl. Higher turnover frequencies are observed for the cis conformer (35.3 s-1) relative to the trans conformer (22.9 s-1), with both outperforming Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl (11.1 s-1). Notably, at low applied potentials, the cis conformer does not catalyze the reductive disproportionation of CO2 to CO and CO32- in contrast to the trans conformer and mononuclear catalyst, demonstrating that the orientation of active sites and structure of the dinuclear cis complex dictate an alternative catalytic pathway. Further, UV-vis spectroelectrochemical experiments demonstrate that the anthracene bridge prevents intramolecular formation of a deactivated Re-Re-bonded dimer. Indeed, the cis conformer also avoids intermolecular Re-Re bond formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Sayontani Sinha Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Winston C Pitts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Rebekah L Nelson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| | - Frank R Fronczek
- Department of Chemistry , Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge , Louisiana 70803 , United States
| | - Jonah W Jurss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Mississippi , University , Mississippi 38677 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Neyhouse BJ, White TA. Modifying the steric and electronic character within Re(I)-phenanthroline complexes for electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
45
|
Huckaba AJ, Shirley H, Lamb RW, Guertin S, Autry S, Cheema H, Talukdar K, Jones T, Jurss JW, Dass A, Hammer NI, Schmehl RH, Webster CE, Delcamp JH. A Mononuclear Tungsten Photocatalyst for H2 Production. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b04242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aron J. Huckaba
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Hunter Shirley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Robert W. Lamb
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Steve Guertin
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Shane Autry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Hammad Cheema
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Kallol Talukdar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Tanya Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Jonah W. Jurss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Amala Dass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Nathan I. Hammer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Russell H. Schmehl
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Charles Edwin Webster
- Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Jared H. Delcamp
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abramov PA, Dmitriev AA, Kholin KV, Gritsan NP, Kadirov MK, Gushchin AL, Sokolov MN. Mechanistic study of the [(dpp-bian)Re(CO)3Br] electrochemical reduction using in situ EPR spectroscopy and computational chemistry. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
47
|
Stanbury M, Compain JD, Chardon-Noblat S. Electro and photoreduction of CO 2 driven by manganese-carbonyl molecular catalysts. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
48
|
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon E. Vandezande
- Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Center for Computational
Quantum Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
A Robust Pyridyl-NHC-Ligated Rhenium Photocatalyst for CO2 Reduction in the Presence of Water and Oxygen. INORGANICS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics6010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Re(pyNHC-PhCF3)(CO)3Br is a highly active photocatalyst for CO2 reduction. The PhCF3 derivative was previously empirically shown to be a robust catalyst. Here, the role of the PhCF3 group is probed computationally and the robust nature of this catalyst is analyzed with regard to the presence of water and oxygen introduced in controlled amounts during the photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to CO with visible light. This complex was found to work well from 0–1% water concentration reproducibly; however, trace amounts of water were required for benchmark Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl to give reproducible reactivity. When ambient air is added to the reaction mixture, the NHC complex was found to retain substantial performance (~50% of optimized reactivity) at up to 40% ambient atmosphere and 60% CO2 while the Re(bpy)(CO)3Cl complex was found to give a dramatically reduced CO2 reduction reactivity upon introduction of ambient atmosphere. Through the use of time-correlated single photon counting studies and prior electrochemical results, we reasoned that this enhanced catalyst resilience is due to a mechanistic difference between the NHC- and bpy-based catalysts. These results highlight an important feature of this NHC-ligated catalyst: substantially enhanced stability toward common reaction contaminates.
Collapse
|
50
|
Francke R, Schille B, Roemelt M. Homogeneously Catalyzed Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide-Methods, Mechanisms, and Catalysts. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4631-4701. [PMID: 29319300 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of CO2 via electrochemical reduction constitutes a promising approach toward production of value-added chemicals or fuels using intermittent renewable energy sources. For this purpose, molecular electrocatalysts are frequently studied and the recent progress both in tuning of the catalytic properties and in mechanistic understanding is truly remarkable. While in earlier years research efforts were focused on complexes with rare metal centers such as Re, Ru, and Pd, the focus has recently shifted toward earth-abundant transition metals such as Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni. By application of appropriate ligands, these metals have been rendered more than competitive for CO2 reduction compared to the heavier homologues. In addition, the important roles of the second and outer coordination spheres in the catalytic processes have become apparent, and metal-ligand cooperativity has recently become a well-established tool for further tuning of the catalytic behavior. Surprising advances have also been made with very simple organocatalysts, although the mechanisms behind their reactivity are not yet entirely understood. Herein, the developments of the last three decades in electrocatalytic CO2 reduction with homogeneous catalysts are reviewed. A discussion of the underlying mechanistic principles is included along with a treatment of the experimental and computational techniques for mechanistic studies and catalyst benchmarking. Important catalyst families are discussed in detail with regard to mechanistic aspects, and recent advances in the field are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Francke
- Institute of Chemistry , Rostock University , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Benjamin Schille
- Institute of Chemistry , Rostock University , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3a , 18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Michael Roemelt
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie , Ruhr-University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany.,Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm Platz 1 , 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr , Germany
| |
Collapse
|