1
|
Martinon TLM, Pierre VC. Luminescent lanthanide probes for cations and anions: Promises, compromises, and caveats. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 76:102374. [PMID: 37517109 PMCID: PMC10529829 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The long luminescence lifetimes and sharp emission bands of luminescent lanthanide complexes have long been recognized as invaluable strengths for sensing and imaging in complex aqueous biological or environmental media. Herein we discuss the recent developments of these probes for sensing metal ions and, increasingly, anions. Underappreciated in the field, buffers and metal hydrolysis influence the response of many responsive lanthanide probes. The inherent complexities arising from these interactions are further discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut L M Martinon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Valérie C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant Street SE, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Martinon TLM, Ramakrishnam Raju MV, Pierre VC. Kinetically Inert Macrocyclic Europium(III) Receptors for Phosphate. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:10064-10076. [PMID: 37339454 PMCID: PMC10389169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
The significant role that phosphate plays in environmental water pollution and biomedical conditions such as hyperphosphatemia highlights the need to develop robust receptors that can sequester the anion effectively and selectively from complex aqueous media. Toward that goal, four macrocyclic tris-bidentate 1,2-hydroxypyridonate (HOPO) europium(III) complexes containing either a cyclen, cyclam, TACN, or TACD ligand cap were synthesized and evaluated as phosphate receptors. The solubility of EuIII-TACD-HOPO in water was insufficient for luminescent studies. Whereas EuIII-cyclen-HOPO is eight coordinate with two inner-sphere water molecules, both EuIII-cyclam-HOPO and EuIII-TACN-HOPO are nine coordinate with three inner-sphere water molecules, suggesting that the two coordination states are very close in energy. As observed previously with linear analogues of tripodal HOPO complexes, there is no relationship between the number of inner-sphere water molecules and the affinity of the complex for phosphate. Whereas all three complexes do bind phosphate, EuIII-cyclen-HOPO has the highest affinity for phosphate with the anion displacing both of its inner-sphere water molecules. On the other hand, only one or two of the three inner-sphere water molecules of EuIII-TACN-HOPO and EuIII-cyclam-HOPO are displaced by phosphate, respectively. All three complexes are highly selective for phosphate over other anions, including arsenate. All three complexes are highly stable. EuIII-cyclen-HOPO and, to a lesser extent, EuIII-TACN-HOPO are more kinetically inert than the linear EuIII-Ser-HOPO. EuIII-cyclam-HOPO, on the other hand, is not. This study highlights the significant effect that minor changes in the ligand cap can have on both the ligand exchange rate and affinity for phosphate of tripodal 1,2-dihydroxypyridinonate complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut L M Martinon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - Valérie C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Sahoo J, Krishnaraj C, Sun J, Bihari Panda B, Subramanian PS, Sekhar Jena H. Lanthanide based inorganic phosphates and biological nucleotides sensor. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
4
|
Martinon TLM, Pierre VC. Luminescent Lanthanide Probes for Inorganic and Organic Phosphates. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200495. [PMID: 35750633 PMCID: PMC9388549 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic and organic phosphates-including orthophosphate, nucleotides, and DNA-are some of the most fundamental anions in cellular biology, regulating numerous processes of both medical and environmental significance. The characteristic long lifetimes of emitting lanthanides, including the brighter europium(III) and terbium(III), make them ideally suited for the development of molecular probes for the detection of phosphates directly in complex aqueous media. Moreover, given their high oxophilicity and the exquisite sensitivity of their quantum yields to their hydration number, those luminescent lanthanides are perfect for the detection of phosphates. Herein we discuss the principles that have guided the recent developments of molecular probes selective for inorganic or organic phosphates and how these lanthanide complexes facilitate the study of numerous biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thibaut L. M. Martinon
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMN 55455USA
| | - Valérie C. Pierre
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Minnesota207 Pleasant Street SEMinneapolisMN 55455USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang SY, Pierre VC. Achieving Selectivity for Phosphate over Pyrophosphate in Ethanol with Iron(III)-Based Fluorescent Probes. JACS AU 2022; 2:1604-1609. [PMID: 35911450 PMCID: PMC9326827 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Two iron(III)-based molecular receptors employing 1,2-hydroxypyridinone ligands were developed for phosphate recognition and fluorescence sensing via indicator displacement assay (IDA). The tetra- and pentadentate ligands enable anion recognition by the iron(III) center via its remaining one or two open coordination sites. Weak protective coordination of fluorescein at those sites prevents the formation of μ-oxo dimers in aerated solutions. Its rapid and selective displacement by inorganic phosphate results in a 20-fold increase in the fluorescence of the indicator. Both receptors exhibit high affinity for inorganic phosphate and high selectivity over common competing anions, including halides, acetate, carbonate, and, remarkably, pyrophosphate as well as arsenate. Coordination of phosphate to the iron(III) center was confirmed by ATR-IR and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Collapse
|
6
|
Santos MA, Irto A, Buglyó P, Chaves S. Hydroxypyridinone-Based Metal Chelators towards Ecotoxicity: Remediation and Biological Mechanisms. Molecules 2022; 27:1966. [PMID: 35335329 PMCID: PMC8950932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxypyridinones (HPs) are recognized as excellent chemical tools for engineering a diversity of metal chelating agents, with high affinity for hard metal ions, exhibiting a broad range of activities and applications, namely in medical, biological and environmental contexts. They are easily made and functionalizable towards the tuning of their pharmacokinetic properties or the improving of their metal complex thermodynamic stabilities. In this review, an analysis of the recently published works on hydroxypyridinone-based ligands, that have been mostly addressed for environmental applications, namely for remediation of hard metal ion ecotoxicity in living beings and other biological matrices is carried out. In particular, herein the most recent developments in the design of new chelating systems, from bidentate mono-HP to polydentate multi-HP derivatives, with a structural diversity of soluble or solid-supported backbones are outlined. Along with the ligand design, an analysis of the relationship between their structures and activities is presented and discussed, namely associated with the metal affinity and the thermodynamic stability of the corresponding metal complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Amélia Santos
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anna Irto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, Università di Messina, Viale F. Stagno d’Alcontres, 31, I-98166 Messina, Italy;
| | - Péter Buglyó
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Sílvia Chaves
- Centro de Química Estrutural and Departamento de Engenharia Química, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wilharm RK, Ramakrishnam Raju MV, Hoefler JC, Platas-Iglesias C, Pierre VC. Exploiting the Fluxionality of Lanthanide Complexes in the Design of Paramagnetic Fluorine Probes. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:4130-4142. [PMID: 35196450 PMCID: PMC8966431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c03908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorine-19 MRI is increasingly being considered as a tool for biomolecular imaging, but the very poor sensitivity of this technique has limited most applications. Previous studies have long established that increasing the sensitivity of 19F molecular probes requires increasing the number of fluorine nuclei per probe as well as decreasing their longitudinal relaxation time. The latter is easily achieved by positioning the fluorine atoms in close proximity to a paramagnetic metal ion such as a lanthanide(III). Increasing the number of fluorine atoms per molecule, however, is only useful inasmuch as all of the fluorine nuclei are chemically equivalent. Previous attempts to achieve this equivalency have focused on designing highly symmetric and rigid fluorinated macrocyclic ligands. A much simpler approach consists of exploiting highly fluxional lanthanide complexes with open coordination sites that have a high affinity for phosphated and phosphonated species. Computational studies indicate that LnIII-TREN-MAM is highly fluxional, rapidly interconverting between at least six distinct isomers. In neutral water at room temperature, LnIII-TREN-MAM binds two or three equivalents of fluorinated phosphonates. The close proximity of the 19F nuclei to the LnIII center in the ternary complex decreases the relaxation times of the fluorine nuclei up to 40-fold. Advantageously, the fluorophosphonate-bound lanthanide complex is also highly fluxional such that all 19F nuclei are chemically equivalent and display a single 19F signal with a small LIS. Dynamic averaging of fluxional fluorinated supramolecular assemblies thus produces effective 19F MR systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall K Wilharm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | | | - John C Hoefler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Carlos Platas-Iglesias
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas and Departamento de Quıímica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia Spain
| | - Valérie C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
K N, Shetty AN, Trivedi DR. Recent advances in the fluorescent and colorimetric detection of dihydrogen phosphate. Supramol Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2022.2035387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nagaraj K
- Material Science Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal, Mangalore, India
- Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal, - Mangalore, India
| | - A. Nityananda Shetty
- Material Science Laboratory, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal, Mangalore, India
| | - Darshak R. Trivedi
- Supramolecular Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka (NITK) Surathkal, - Mangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pierre VC, Wilharm RK. Design Principles and Applications of Selective Lanthanide-Based Receptors for Inorganic Phosphate. Front Chem 2022; 10:821020. [PMID: 35198539 PMCID: PMC8859545 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.821020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphate is an anion of both environmental and medical significance. The increase in phosphate levels in surface waters due primarily to run-offs from fertilized agricultural fields causes widespread eutrophication and increasingly large dead-zones. Hyperphosphatemia, a condition in which blood phosphate levels are elevated, is a primary cause of increased mortality and morbidity in chronic or advanced kidney disease. Resolving both of these issues require, in part, new technology that could selectively sequester phosphate in water at neutral pH. The high hydration energy of phosphate, which prevents organic receptors from functioning in water with sufficient affinity, can be overcome via coordination to a hard metal ion. The hardness, oxophilicity and lability of lanthanide ions make them excellent candidates for the design of high affinity phosphate receptors. In this perspective, we discuss how the principles of lanthanide coordination chemistry can be exploited to design sensitive and selective receptors for phosphate. Unlike many supramolecular systems, these hosts do not recognize their anionic guests via directed electrostatic and hydrogen bonding interactions. Instead, the selectivity of our fluxional receptors is governed entirely by acid-base chemistry and electrostatic forces. Parameters that affect the affinity and selectivity of the receptors include the basicities of the coordinating ligand and of the targeted anion, the acidity of the lanthanide ion, and the geometry of the ligand. Uniquely, their affinity for phosphate can be readily tuned by orders of magnitude either by peripheral interactions or by the lanthanide ion itself without affecting their exquisite selectivity over competing anions such as bicarbonate and chloride.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bodman SE, Breen C, Kirkland S, Wheeler S, Robertson E, Plasser F, Butler SJ. Sterically demanding macrocyclic Eu(iii) complexes for selective recognition of phosphate and real-time monitoring of enzymatically generated adenosine monophosphate. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3386-3394. [PMID: 35432862 PMCID: PMC8943852 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05377a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of molecular receptors that bind and sense anions in biologically relevant aqueous solutions is a key challenge in supramolecular chemistry. The recognition of inorganic phosphate is particularly challenging because of its high hydration energy and pH dependent speciation. Adenosine monophosphate (AMP) represents a valuable but elusive target for supramolecular detection because of its structural similarity to the more negatively charged anions, ATP and ADP. We report two new macrocyclic Eu(iii) receptors capable of selectively sensing inorganic phosphate and AMP in water. The receptors contain a sterically demanding 8-(benzyloxy)quinoline pendant arm that coordinates to the metal centre, creating a binding pocket suitable for phosphate and AMP, whilst excluding potentially interfering chelating anions, in particular ATP, bicarbonate and lactate. The sensing selectivity of our Eu(iii) receptors follows the order AMP > ADP > ATP, which represents a reversal of the order of selectivity observed for most reported nucleoside phosphate receptors. We have exploited the unique host–guest induced changes in emission intensity and lifetime for the detection of inorganic phosphate in human serum samples, and for monitoring the enzymatic production of AMP in real-time. We present two new europium-based anion receptors that selectively bind to inorganic phosphate and AMP in aqueous media. Their sensing selectivity follows the order AMP > ADP > ATP, representing a reversal of the selectivity order observed for most nucleoside phosphate receptors.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E. Bodman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Colum Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Sam Kirkland
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Simon Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Erin Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Felix Plasser
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J. Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University, Epinal Way, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wilharm RK, Huang SY, Gugger IJ, Pierre VC. A Walk Across the Lanthanide Series: Trend in Affinity for Phosphate and Stability of Lanthanide Receptors from La(III) to Lu(III). Inorg Chem 2021; 60:15808-15817. [PMID: 34618431 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c02462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The trend in affinity of two 1,2-hydroxypyridinonate lanthanide(III) receptors-LnIII-2,2-Li-HOPO and LnIII-3,3-Gly-HOPO (LnIII = LaIII, PrIII, NdIII, SmIII, EuIII, GdIII, TbIII, DyIII, HoIII, ErIII, TmIII, YbIII, and LuIII)-for phosphate across the series was investigated by luminescence spectroscopy via competition against the central europium(III) analog. Regardless of the ligand, the rare earth receptors display a steep and continuous increase in affinity for their phosphate guest across the series, with the later lanthanides displaying the highest affinity for the oxyanion. This trend mirrors that of the stability of the lanthanide receptors, which also increases significantly and continuously from LaIII to LuIII. For these two ligands, the ionic radius of a rare earth, a parameter directly linked to its Lewis acidity, correlates strongly with its affinity for anions, regardless of whether that anion is the one coordinating it (in this case the 1,2-hydroxypyridinonate ligand) or the guest targeted by the lanthanide receptor (in this case phosphate). These observations are indicative of a lack of steric hindrance for coordination of phosphate. Advantageously, increased efficacy of the lanthanide receptor comes with increased stability. The remarkably high stability of LuIII-2,2-Li-HOPO, combined with its high affinity for phosphate, makes it a particularly promising candidate for translational application to medical or environmental sequestration of phosphate since the higher stability will further reduce the risk of the rare earth leaching during anion separation. The unusually large difference in stability between lanthanide complexes (the LuIII complex of 2,2-Li-HOPO is at least 7 orders of magnitude more stable than the LaIII one) bodes well for potential applications in rare earth separation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Randall K Wilharm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sheng-Yin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Isabel J Gugger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Valérie C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pereira NC, de Oliveira Silva J, De Sousa FB, Miranda SEM, Soares DCF, de Barros ALB. [99mTc]Tc-Phosphate-buffer system as a potential tracer for bone imaging. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-021-07869-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
13
|
Bodman SE, Butler SJ. Advances in anion binding and sensing using luminescent lanthanide complexes. Chem Sci 2021; 12:2716-2734. [PMID: 34164038 PMCID: PMC8179419 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05419d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Luminescent lanthanide complexes have been actively studied as selective anion receptors for the past two decades. Ln(iii) complexes, particularly of europium(iii) and terbium(iii), offer unique photophysical properties that are very valuable for anion sensing in biological media, including long luminescence lifetimes (milliseconds) that enable time-gating methods to eliminate background autofluorescence from biomolecules, and line-like emission spectra that allow ratiometric measurements. By careful design of the organic ligand, stable Ln(iii) complexes can be devised for rapid and reversible anion binding, providing a luminescence response that is fast and sensitive, offering the high spatial resolution required for biological imaging applications. This review focuses on recent progress in the development of Ln(iii) receptors that exhibit sufficiently high anion selectivity to be utilised in biological or environmental sensing applications. We evaluate the mechanisms of anion binding and sensing, and the strategies employed to tune anion affinity and selectivity, through variations in the structure and geometry of the ligand. We highlight examples of luminescent Ln(iii) receptors that have been utilised to detect and quantify specific anions in biological media (e.g. human serum), monitor enzyme reactions in real-time, and visualise target anions with high sensitivity in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha E Bodman
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way, Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
|
15
|
Harris S, Peterson KL, Bailie KM, Tower CD, Rundle BK, Ricks TR, Pierre VC. Design and Evaluation of the Environmental Outreach Activity for Middle School Students. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:25175-25187. [PMID: 33043196 PMCID: PMC7542590 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The design and development of an outreach activity targeted at 6th grade middle school students, which aims to determine the level of phosphate in samples of water from nearby lakes and streams, are detailed. Several parameters were noted as key to the successful implementation of this activity in a school setting and to it being well-received by both students and teachers. These include the hands-on nature of the experiment, the use of professional scientific equipment and protocols, and the relevance to everyday life and nearby societal issues. Incorporation of the activity into the middle school science curriculum and educational standards are discussed. Qualitative data indicate that the outreach activity was positively received by students and teachers alike. Statistical differences were found between schools and gender even before performing the activity, suggesting that not all student audiences have the same predisposition for science. Overall, the outreach activity appeared to increase stronger endorsements of positive attitudes toward science. Cumulatively, these results suggest that the outreach activity was well-received and engaging and indicate that it increases positive attitudes toward science, though more in-depth and longitudinal analyses are necessary for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah
M. Harris
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York
Oswego, Oswego, New York 13126, United States
- Department
of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Benedictine
College, Atchison, Kansas 66002, United States
| | - Katie L. Peterson
- Department
of Chemistry, Bemidji State University, Bemidji, Minnesota, 56601, United States
| | - Kate M. Bailie
- Department
of Chemistry, State University of New York
Oswego, Oswego, New York 13126, United States
| | - Chris D. Tower
- Bemidji
Middle School, Bemidji, Minnesota 56601, United States
| | - Brian K. Rundle
- Department
of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine
at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Travis R. Ricks
- Department
of Psychology, Bemidji State University, Bemidji, Minnesota, 56601, United States
| | - Valérie C. Pierre
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ong WSY, Smaldone RA, Dodani SC. A neutral porous organic polymer host for the recognition of anionic dyes in water. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7716-7721. [PMID: 34094147 PMCID: PMC8159435 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02941f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutral hosts for the recognition of anionic guests in water remain underdeveloped due to the inherent thermodynamic barrier for desolvation. To address this challenge, we have repurposed crosslinked porous organic polymers (POPs) as hosts. This polymer architecture affords a hydrophobic environment with a densely packed array of urea hydrogen bond donors to cooperatively promote anion desolvation and recognition in water. Using the principles of supramolecular design, we demonstrate through adsorption assays that the resulting Urea-POP-1 can recognize structurally different dyes containing phosphonate, sulfonate, and carboxylate anions in water. Moreover, when compared to Methyl-POP-1, a control POP lacking hydrogen bond donors, we find that the driving force for desolvation and adsorption of each dye is achieved through hydrophobic interactions with the POP backbone and, more importantly, cooperative hydrogen bonding interactions with the urea sidechains. This starting point sets the stage to exploit the modularity of our design to build a family of neutral polymer hosts with tunable pore sizes and anion preferences for fundamental investigations and targeted applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Whitney S Y Ong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Ronald A Smaldone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road Richardson TX 75080 USA
| | - Sheel C Dodani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas 800 West Campbell Road Richardson TX 75080 USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hewitt SH, Macey G, Mailhot R, Elsegood MRJ, Duarte F, Kenwright AM, Butler SJ. Tuning the anion binding properties of lanthanide receptors to discriminate nucleoside phosphates in a sensing array. Chem Sci 2020; 11:3619-3628. [PMID: 34094050 PMCID: PMC8152522 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc00343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of synthetic receptors for the selective binding and discrimination of anions in water requires an understanding of how anions interact with these synthetic receptors. Molecules designed to differentiate nucleoside phosphate anions (e.g. ATP, ADP, GTP, GDP, UDP) under physiological conditions could underpin exciting new sensing tools for biomedical research and drug discovery, but it is very challenging due to the similarities in anion structure, size and charge. We present a series of lanthanide-based anion receptors and establish key structural elements that impact on nucleoside phosphate anion binding and sensing. Structural evidence of anion binding using X-ray crystallographic and NMR data, supported by DFT calculations indicate the binding modes between the lanthanide complexes and certain phosphoanions, revealing a bidentate (α-, γ-) binding mode to ATP. We further use four of the receptors to allow discrimination of eight nucleoside phosphate anions in the first array-based assay using lanthanide complexes, taking advantage of the multiple emission bands and long emission lifetimes associated with luminescent lanthanide complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Hewitt
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Georgina Macey
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Romain Mailhot
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Mark R J Elsegood
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Fernanda Duarte
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford 12 Mansfield Road Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Alan M Kenwright
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Stephen J Butler
- Department of Chemistry, Loughborough University Epinal Way Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Huang SY, Qian M, Pierre VC. The Ligand Cap Affects the Coordination Number but Not Necessarily the Affinity for Anions of Tris-Bidentate Europium Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:4096-4108. [PMID: 32105456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of ligand geometry on the coordination number, number of inner-sphere water molecules, and affinity for anions of the corresponding lanthanide complex, six tris-bidentate 1,2-hydroxypyridonate (HOPO) europium(III) complexes with different cap sizes were synthesized and characterized. Wider or more flexible ligand caps, such as in EuIII-TREN-Gly-HOPO and EuIII-3,3-Gly-HOPO, enable the formation of nine-coordinate europium(III) complexes bearing three inner-sphere water molecules. In contrast, smaller or more rigid caps, such as in EuIII-TREN-HOPO, EuIII-2,2-Li-HOPO, EuIII-3,3-Li-HOPO, and EuIII-2,2-Gly-HOPO, favor eight-coordinate europium(III) complexes that have only two inner-sphere water molecules. Notably, there is no correlation between the number of inner-sphere water molecules and the affinity of the Eu(III) complexes for phosphate. Some q = 2 (EuIII-TREN-HOPO, EuIII-3,3-Li-HOPO, and EuIII-2,2-Gly-HOPO) and some q = 3 (EuIII-TREN-Gly-HOPO) complexes have no affinity for anions, whereas one q = 2 complex (EuIII-2,2-Li-HOPO) and one q = 3 complex (EuIII-3,3-Gly-HOPO) have a high affinity for phosphate. For the latter two systems, each inner-sphere water molecule is replaced with a phosphate anion, resulting in the formation of EuLPi2 and EuLPi3 adducts, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michelle Qian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Valérie C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ramakrishnam Raju MV, Harris SM, Pierre VC. Design and applications of metal-based molecular receptors and probes for inorganic phosphate. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:1090-1108. [PMID: 32016270 DOI: 10.1039/c9cs00543a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic phosphate has numerous biomedical functions. Regulated primarily by the kidneys, phosphate reaches abnormally high blood levels in patients with advanced renal diseases. Since phosphate cannot be efficiently removed by dialysis, the resulting hyperphosphatemia leads to increased mortality. Phosphate is also an important component of the environmental chemistry of surface water. Although required to secure our food supply, inorganic phosphate is also linked to eutrophication and the spread of algal blooms with an increasing economic and environmental burden. Key to resolving both of these issues is the development of accurate probes and molecular receptors for inorganic phosphate. Yet, quantifying phosphate in complex aqueous media remains challenging, as is the development of supramolecular receptors that have adequate sensitivity and selectivity for use in either blood or surface waters. Metal-based receptors are particularly well-suited for these applications as they can overcome the high hydration enthalpy of phosphate that limits the effectiveness of many organic receptors in water. Three different strategies are most commonly employed with inorganic receptors for anions: metal extrusion assays, responsive molecular receptors, and indicator displacement assays. In this review, the requirements for molecular receptors and probes for environmental applications are outlined. The different strategies deployed to recognize and sense phosphate with metal ions will be detailed, and their advantages and shortfalls will be delineated with key examples from the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah M Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Benedictine College, Atchison, KS 66002, USA
| | - Valérie C Pierre
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|