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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Pachulicz RJ, Fitter S, Górska R, Duggan J, Vandyke K, Pukala TL, Wybraniec S, Zannettino ACW. Atriplex hortensis var. 'rubra' extracts and purified amaranthin-type pigments reduce oxidative stress and inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Food Chem 2025; 462:140920. [PMID: 39208732 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of direct injection ion mobility mass spectrometry (DI-IM-MS) to detect and identify betacyanin pigments in A. hortensis 'rubra' extracts was explored for the first time, with results compared to conventional LC-MS/MS analysis. The anti-inflammatory activities of leaf and seed extracts, alongside purified amaranthin and celosianin pigments, were investigated using a model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophages. Extracts and purified pigments significantly inhibited the production of prostaglandin E2 and NO by up to 90% and 70%, respectively, and reduced the expression of Il6, Il1b, Nos2, and Cox2. Leaf and seed extracts also decreased secretion of Il6 and Il1b cytokines and reduced protein levels of Nos2 and Cox2. Furthermore, extracts and purified pigments demonstrated potent dose-dependent radical scavenging activity in a cellular antioxidant activity assay (CAA) without any cytotoxic effects. Our research highlights the promising biological potential of edible, climate-resilient A. hortensis 'rubra' as a valuable source of bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland.
| | - River J Pachulicz
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen Fitter
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Renata Górska
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Jvaughn Duggan
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Kate Vandyke
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tara L Pukala
- Discipline of Chemistry, School of Physics, Chemistry and Earth Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Myeloma Research Laboratory, School of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Martins IR, Martins LHDS, Chisté RC, Picone CSF, Joele MRSP. Betalains from vegetable peels: Extraction methods, stability, and applications as natural food colorants. Food Res Int 2024; 195:114956. [PMID: 39277261 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024]
Abstract
Betalains are hydrophilic pigments naturally present in a limited number of plants and fungi. In addition to providing pigmentation, ranging from yellow to red, they show potential for replacing artificial food colorings. Betalains can be obtained from agri-food waste like vegetable peels through conventional and emerging extraction methods; however, they are susceptible to chemical changes due to various degradation factors, such as the presence of oxygen, light, and increased temperature. In this context, encapsulation can be used as a strategy to stabilize and reduce the pigment degradation rate for later industrial application in processed foods. This study reviews data from the last five years on the production and relevance of valuing agri-food waste, in addition to research carried out on betalains obtained from vegetable peels, such as extraction methods, encapsulation as a method of controlling stability and applications as colorant in food matrices, highlighting news insights for the field of pigments from plant sources. This review shows that encapsulation techniques using mixtures of wall materials offer superior protection than isolated materials. Despite advances in applicability, gaps still persist regarding stability in food matrices, especially on an industrial scale. However, future investigations should focus on filling the gaps regarding the maintenance of the properties of betalains for application in food industries as natural food coloring based on the precepts of circular economy and sustainable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingryd Rodrigues Martins
- Graduate Program of Rural Development and Management Agrifood (PPGDRGEA), Instituto de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA), 68740-970 Castanhal, PA, Brazil.
| | - Luiza Helena da Silva Martins
- Institute of Animal Health and Production (ISPA), Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia (UFRA), 66077-830 Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Renan Campos Chisté
- Graduate Program of Food Science and Technology (PPGCTA), Institute of Technology (ITEC), Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), 66075-900 Belém, PA, Brazil; Faculty of Pharmacy (FAFAR), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Carolina Siqueira Franco Picone
- Department of Food Engineering and Technology (DETA), School of Food Engineering (FEA), Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Regina Sarkis Peixoto Joele
- Graduate Program of Rural Development and Management Agrifood (PPGDRGEA), Instituto de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Pará (IFPA), 68740-970 Castanhal, PA, Brazil.
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Mella C, Rojas N, Calderon-Bravo H, Muñoz LA. Evaluating Biocompounds in Discarded Beetroot ( Beta vulgaris) Leaves and Stems for Sustainable Food Processing Solutions. Foods 2024; 13:2603. [PMID: 39200530 PMCID: PMC11353457 DOI: 10.3390/foods13162603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The current trend focuses on reducing food waste, with scientific studies exploring the nutritional value of discarded food components to identify potential health benefits. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is highly consumed, but its stems and leaves are often discarded. This work aims to characterize the chemical properties and bioactive compounds in beet stems and leaves and assess their applicability in food products. The stems and leaves were subjected to different drying temperatures (50 to 70 °C) to determine the optimal temperature for preserving their bioactive compounds. They are then nutritionally and physiochemically characterized and incorporated into a food matrix. The optimal drying temperature was 60 °C. The leaves and stems contain approximately 30 and 15 g/100 g of protein, 30 and 32 g/100 g of dietary fiber, 4 and 0.45 g/100 g of lipids, and 24 and 25 g/100 g of ash, respectively. Both provide approximately 50% of the amino acid requirements established by the WHO/FAO/UNU and are rich in iron and potassium. The stems presented 53% more betalainic compounds (0.58 mg/g) and a higher nitrate content (359 mg/kg) than did the leaves, which presented a higher polyphenol content. The incorporation of flour from beet stems and leaves into food products is economical, reduces food waste, and enhances nutrition and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Mella
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universidad Central de Chile, Coquimbo 1710164, Chile; (C.M.); (N.R.)
| | - Natalia Rojas
- Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universidad Central de Chile, Coquimbo 1710164, Chile; (C.M.); (N.R.)
| | - Hector Calderon-Bravo
- Food Science Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330546, Chile;
| | - Loreto A. Muñoz
- Food Science Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago 8330546, Chile;
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Khan SA, Alsulami MN, Alsehimi AA, Alzahrani MS, Mosule DA, Albohiri HH. Beta vulgaris Betalains Mitigate Parasitemia and Brain Oxidative Stress Induced by Plasmodium berghei in Mice. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:1064. [PMID: 39204168 PMCID: PMC11357596 DOI: 10.3390/ph17081064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although many drugs have been discovered to treat malaria infection, many of them face resistance from the host's body with long-term use. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the activity of betalains (from Beta vulgaris) and chloroquine (a reference drug) against brain oxidative stress induced by Plasmodium berghei in male mice. Two protocols were applied in this study: the therapeutic and prophylactic protocols. The results of the therapeutic protocol revealed a significant decrease in the level of parasitemia caused by P. berghei. Additionally, the histopathological changes in various brain regions were markedly improved after treatment with betalains. Regarding the prophylactic protocol, betalains were able to protect the brain tissues from oxidative stress, inflammation, and disrupted neurotransmitters expected to occur as a result of infection by P. berghei. This was demonstrated by modulating the activities of brain antioxidants (SOD and GSH), inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and INF-γ), and neurotransmitters (serotonin, epinephrine, and norepinephrine). This study has proven that using betalains as a treatment or as a preventive has a vital and effective role in confronting the brain histopathological, oxidative stress, and inflammatory changes induced by P. berghei infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar A. Khan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.K.); (M.N.A.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Muslimah N. Alsulami
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.K.); (M.N.A.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Atif A. Alsehimi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Majed S. Alzahrani
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.A.); (M.S.A.)
| | - Dina A. Mosule
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.K.); (M.N.A.); (D.A.M.)
| | - Haleema H. Albohiri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (S.A.K.); (M.N.A.); (D.A.M.)
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Ferreira LM, Henschel JM, Mendes JJVDA, Araujo DJ, Ribeiro JES, Ferreira VCDS, da Cruz ON, Batista DS. Pre-harvest application of sodium nitroprusside enhances storage root quality in red beet cultivated under normal and drought conditions. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024. [PMID: 39056272 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of nitric oxide (NO) in plant stress tolerance, as well as in increasing post-harvest quality, has been extensively demonstrated in several fruits and vegetable crops; however, the effects of its pre-harvest application on post-harvest quality are still poorly documented. Therefore, the pre-harvest application of NO in red beet (Beta vulgaris subsp. vulgaris) plants cultivated under well-watered and drought conditions was evaluated to assess whether it improves the post-harvest quality of their storage roots. Red beet plants cultivated under well-watered (80% of water holding capacity) or drought condition (15% of water holding capacity) were sprayed weekly with water (control) or 100 μmol L-1 sodium nitroprusside (SNP), an NO donor. Sixty-six days after sowing, red beet roots were harvested, and root yield, total sugar yield, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, proteins, lipids, root ashes, root moisture, soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, vitamin C, total phenolics, total betalains, betacyanins, betaxanthins and antioxidant capacity were determined. RESULTS While drought led to a reduction in root yield, sugars, lipids and titratable acidity, it increased phenolic compounds, betalains and the antioxidant capacity of beets. SNP reversed the negative effects of drought on sugar, lipid and organic acid contents and increased antioxidant capacity independent of stress. CONCLUSION Pre-harvest SNP treatment reversed drought-induced yield reductions in beets, while boosting bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity. It also enhanced vitamin C content independently, indicating its dual role in stress mitigation and beet quality improvement. Future research should explore other crops and stress conditions. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Damiana Justino Araujo
- Graduate Program in Agrarian Sciences (Agroecology), Federal University of Paraíba, Bananeiras, Brazil
| | | | | | - Oziel Nunes da Cruz
- Department of Agroindustrial Management and Technology, Federal University of Paraíba, Bananeiras, Brazil
| | - Diego Silva Batista
- Graduate Program in Agronomy, Federal University of Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Agrarian Sciences (Agroecology), Federal University of Paraíba, Bananeiras, Brazil
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Magalhães D, Gonçalves R, Rodrigues CV, Rocha HR, Pintado M, Coelho MC. Natural Pigments Recovery from Food By-Products: Health Benefits towards the Food Industry. Foods 2024; 13:2276. [PMID: 39063360 PMCID: PMC11276186 DOI: 10.3390/foods13142276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the health risks associated with synthetic colorants, natural pigments have emerged as a promising alternative. These renewable choices not only provide health benefits but also offer valuable technical and sensory properties to food systems. The effective application of natural colorants, however, requires the optimization of processing conditions, exploration of new sources, and development of novel formulations to ensure stability and maintain their inherent qualities. Several natural pigment sources have been explored to achieve the broad color range desired by consumers. The purpose of this review is to explore the current advances in the obtention and utilization of natural pigments derived from by-products, which possess health-enhancing properties and are extracted through environmentally friendly methods. Moreover, this review provides new insights into the extraction processes, applications, and bioactivities of different types of pigments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Marta C. Coelho
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; (D.M.); (R.G.); (C.V.R.); (H.R.R.); (M.P.)
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7
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Su L, Zhao Z, Xia J, Xia J, Nian Y, Shan K, Zhao D, He H, Li C. Protecting meat color: The interplay of betanin red and myoglobin through antioxidation and coloration. Food Chem 2024; 442:138410. [PMID: 38219566 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Myoglobin (Mb) responsible for meat color is easily oxidized resulting in meat discoloration. Here, betanin red (BR), as a natural pigment and antioxidant, was chosen for enhancing redness and inhibiting oxidation. Multiple spectroscopies, isothermal titration calorimetry and molecular docking demonstrated that BR changed the microenvironment of heme group and amino acid residues of Mb, inhibited the oxidation of oxymyoglobin. The main interaction force was hydrogen bond and one variable binding site provided a continuous protective barrier to realize antioxidation. The combination of antioxidation with the inherent red color of BR offered dual color protection effect on processed beef with the addition amount of 0.2 % BR. BR treatment enhanced the redness by 25.59 ∼ 53.24 % and the sensory acceptance by 4.89 ∼ 14.24 %, and decreased the lipid oxidation by 0.58 ∼ 15.92 %. This study paves a theoretical basis for the application of BR and its structural analogues in meat color protection and other quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zerun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiulin Xia
- Suzhou Weizhixiang Food Co., LTD., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Xia
- Suzhou Weizhixiang Food Co., LTD., Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingqun Nian
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Kai Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Di Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui He
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Chunbao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Meat Quality Control and Cultured Meat Development, MOST, Key Laboratory of Meat Processing, MARA, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production, Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Lukitasari DM, Indrawati R, Chandra RD, Heriyanto, Shioi Y, Botosudarmo THP. pH-dependent stability of major betalains in the encapsulated beetroot extracts (Beta vulgaris L.). J Food Sci 2024; 89:2761-2773. [PMID: 38551035 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.17046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Betalain is a water-soluble pigment contained in Caryophyllales plants. It not only holds potential as a natural food colorant but also offers various health benefits, acting as an antioxidant. This study focused on analyzing the pH-dependent stability of encapsulated betalain pigments extracted from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) using methods such as absorption spectroscopy, HPLC, and LC-MS. The major pigments identified were vulgaxanthin I, betanin, isobetanin, and neobetanin, alongside minor components, including three betaxanthin species and a degradation product known as betalamic acid. Spectrophotometric analyses revealed that above pH 8, the betalain peak at 435 nm decreased and red-shifted to a peak at 549 nm, a shift that could be reversed through neutral pH treatment. At pH 11, a new broad peak appeared at 410 nm and was identified as betalamic acid. To assess the pH-dependency of each betalain, the targeted betalains were separated and quantified through HPLC after incubation across a wide pH range of 2-11 and during storage. After 3 days of storage in highly alkaline conditions (pH 10-11), major betalains, with the exception of neobetanin, underwent significant degradation. Conversely, these pigments displayed relative stability in acidic conditions. In contrast, neobetanin showed vulnerability to acidic conditions but exhibited tolerance to alkaline pH levels of 10-11. The degradation product, betalamic acid, demonstrated a similar susceptibility to alkaline pH as betanins. In conclusion, the significant stability decrease under highly alkaline conditions results not only from the hydrolytic reaction of betalains but also from the degradation of betalamic acid itself. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Encapsulation methods are used to enhance the stability of betalains against temperature variations; however, the effects of pH, especially when considering individual betalain species, are not well understood. Despite betalains exhibiting similar features and being suitable for a wide pH range from acid to alkaline conditions, they are significantly affected by alkaline pH levels exceeding 10, as well as by storage duration. This study demonstrated the application of encapsulation to pH-dependent stability, and the findings offer valuable insights and a fresh perspective on betalains as red biocolorants, extending their potential application to a wide range of pH-controlled food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diah M Lukitasari
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Processing Technology of Plantation Product Study Program, Pontianak State Polytechnic, Pontianak, Indonesia
| | - Renny Indrawati
- Department of General Lecture, Petra Christian University, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Rosita D Chandra
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP), Universitas Ma Chung, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Heriyanto
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP), Universitas Ma Chung, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Yuzo Shioi
- Ma Chung Research Center for Photosynthetic Pigments (MRCPP), Universitas Ma Chung, Malang, Indonesia
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Ramezan Y, Kamkari A, Lashkari A, Moradi D, Tabrizi AN. A review on mechanisms and impacts of cold plasma treatment as a non-thermal technology on food pigments. Food Sci Nutr 2024; 12:1502-1527. [PMID: 38455202 PMCID: PMC10916563 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Food characteristics like appearance and color, which are delicate parameters during food processing, are important determinants of product acceptance because of the growing trend toward more diverse and healthier diets worldwide, as well as the increase in population and its effects on food consumption. Cold plasma (CP), as a novel technology, has marked a new trend in agriculture and food processing due to the various advantages of meeting both the physicochemical and nutritional characteristics of food products with minimal changes in physical, chemical, nutritional, and sensorial properties. CP processing has a positive impact on food quality, including the preservation of natural food pigments. This article describes the influence of CP on natural food pigments and color changes in vegetables and fruits. Attributes of natural pigments, such as carotenoids, chlorophyll, anthocyanin, betalain, and myoglobin, are presented. In addition, the characteristics and mechanisms of CP processes were studied, and the effect of CP on mentioned pigments was investigated in recent literature, showing that the use of CP technology led to better preservation of pigments, improving their preservation and extraction yield. While certain modest and undesirable changes in color are documented, overall, the exposure of most food items to CP resulted in minor loss and even beneficial influence on color. More study is needed since not all elements of CP treatment are currently understood. The negative and positive effects of CP on natural food pigments in various products are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Ramezan
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Nutrition & Food Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Amir Kamkari
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of AgricultureUniversity of TabrizTabrizIran
| | - Armita Lashkari
- Department of Food Science and TechnologyIslamic Azad University, Tehran North BranchTehranIran
| | - Donya Moradi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
- Nutrition & Food Sciences Research Center, Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Abbas Najafi Tabrizi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran Medical SciencesIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
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10
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Kongor JE, de Pascual-Teresa S, Owusu M, Kyei-Baffour VO, Oduro-Yeboah C. Investigating the effect of red beetroot powder concentration and processing time on the bioactive compounds composition and antioxidant capacity of beetroot dark chocolate. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:184-195. [PMID: 37549223 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of functional foods is receiving increased recognition as a result of the general interest in healthy diets as part of a healthier lifestyle. This project sought to incorporate red beetroot in dark chocolate and investigate the effect of beetroot powder concentration and processing time on the chocolates' bioactive compound composition, antioxidant capacity, and sugar content. RESULTS The results showed the presence of bioactive compounds such as betalains and vitamin C in the red beetroot with relatively high antioxidant capacity. The addition of beetroot powder to dark chocolate increased the majority of the bioactive compounds (e.g. catechin, epicatechin, betalains, vitamin C) while at the same time increasing the antioxidant capacity. It also resulted in a decrease in sugar content. Except for vitamin C, processing for more than 12 h had an increasing effect on the majority of the bioactive compounds. Beetroot powder incorporation at a maximum of 30% and processing for 24 h was regarded as optimal. CONCLUSION Overall, the present study suggests that red beetroot powder could be added to dark chocolates and processed for more than 12 h to increase the bioactive compounds and overall antioxidant capacity. This research would help to diversify beetroot utilization, reduce post-harvest losses, and improve the overall health-promoting properties of dark chocolate for improved consumer well-being. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Edem Kongor
- Food Technology Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Sonia de Pascual-Teresa
- Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science, Technology and Nutrition (ICTAN-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Margaret Owusu
- Food Technology Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Vincent Owusu Kyei-Baffour
- Food Technology Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
| | - Charlotte Oduro-Yeboah
- Food Technology Research Division, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute, Accra, Ghana
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11
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Feng Y, Yan X, Guo F, Wang S, Liu Z, Long W. Identification, expression analysis of quinoa betalain biosynthesis genes and their role in seed germination and cold stress. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2250891. [PMID: 37616475 PMCID: PMC10453985 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2023.2250891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Betalains provide Chenopodium quinoa bright color, and the key enzyme genes for betalain biosynthesis include CYP76AD, DODA, and GTs. In this study, 59 CqCYP76AD, CqDODA and CqGTs genes in quinoa were identified and characterized by gene structural characteristics, phylogenetic relationships and gene expression patterns. The CqCYP76AD genes were divided into ɑ, β and γ types, CqDODA into ɑ and β types, and CqGTs into CqcDOPA5GT, CqB5GT and CqB6GT types according to phylogenetic relationships. The analysis of co-linearity identified eight pairs of duplicated genes which were subjected to purifying selection during evolution. CqCYP76AD and CqDODA, as well as CqcDOPA5GT and CqB5GT may have been evolutionarily linked in genetic inheritance, based on gene location and gene structure study. The tissue expression specificity of CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, and CqGTs genes in response to seed germination and cold stress was studied by RNA-Seq data. The genes CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, and CqGTs were involved in betalain biosynthesis and cold stress. CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, CqcDOPA5GT and CqB5GT gene sequences were consistent in the eight quinoa samples and showed significant variations in expression. In contrast, the inconsistency between changes in gene expression and betalain accumulation indicates that other factors may influence betalain biosynthesis in quinoa. This study offers the theoretical basis for the roles of the CqCYP76AD, CqDODA, and CqGTs genes in betalain biosynthesis and cold stress in quinoa, as well as a guide for the full utilization of betalains in quinoa plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingzhu Yan
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Fenggen Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shiyi Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Zhengjie Liu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenhong Long
- College of Horticulture and Landscape, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
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12
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Wei D, Feng S, Tang Q, Li H, Peng D, Zou Z. Novel ammonia-sensitive sodium alginate-based films containing Co-Imd microcrystals for smart packaging application. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126607. [PMID: 37652324 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently, there is an urgent requirement for the fabrication of smart packaging materials that can be applied for the real-time visual monitoring of food freshness. In this research, cubic Co-MOF (Co-Imd) microcrystal with ammonia-sensitivity and antibacterial activity was manufactured and then anchored within sodium alginate (NaAlg) matrix to construct smart packaging materials. The structure, physical and functional performances of NaAlg-based films with different content of Co-Imd (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt% on NaAlg basis) were then evaluated in detail. Results reveal that the incorporated Co-Imd fillers are equally anchored within the NaAlg matrix due to the generation of new hydrogen-bonding interaction, which make an obvious improvement in mechanical strength, toughness, oxygen/water barrier, and UV-blocking ability of the NaAlg film. Moreover, the constructed NaAlg/Co-Imd blend films show superior antibacterial capability, ammonia-sensitivity function as well as color stability. Ultimately, the NaAlg/Co-Imd blend films were successfully utilized for indicating the deterioration of shrimp based on noticeable color alteration, suggesting their tremendous prospects for utilization in smart active packaging. This work offers a facile and efficient method for fabricating novel ammonia-sensitive and long-term color-stable NaAlg-based film materials with improved mechanical strength, toughness, oxygen/water barrier, UV-blocking, and antibacterial performances for smart active packaging application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Shaoxiong Feng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Qun Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Heping Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China
| | - Daijiang Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
| | - Zhiming Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical and Magneto-chemical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, PR China.
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13
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Tan R, Sun Q, Yan Y, Chen T, Wang Y, Li J, Guo X, Fan Z, Zhang Y, Chen L, Wu G, Wu N. Co-production of pigment and high value-added bacterial nanocellulose from Suaeda salsa biomass with improved efficiency of enzymatic saccharification and fermentation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1307674. [PMID: 38098970 PMCID: PMC10720727 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1307674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the co-production of pigment and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) from S. salsa biomass. The extraction of the beet red pigment reduced the salts and flavonoids contents by 82.7%-100%, promoting the efficiencies of enzymatic saccharification of the biomass and the fermentation of BNC from the hydrolysate. SEM analysis revealed that the extraction process disrupted the lignocellulosic fiber structure, and the chemical analysis revealed the lessened cellulase inhibitors, consequently facilitating enzymatic saccharification for 10.4 times. BNC producing strains were found to be hyper-sensitive to NaCl stress, produced up to 400.4% more BNC from the hydrolysate after the extraction. The fermentation results of BNC indicated that the LDU-A strain yielded 2.116 g/L and 0.539 g/L in ES-M and NES-M, respectively. In comparison to the control, the yield in ES-M increased by approximately 20.0%, while the enhancement in NES-M was more significant, reaching 292.6%. After conducting a comprehensive characterization of BNC derived from S. salsa through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), the average fiber diameter distribution of these four BNC materials ranges from 22.23 to 33.03 nanometers, with a crystallinity range of 77%-90%. Additionally, they exhibit a consistent trend during the thermal degradation process, further emphasizing their stability in high-temperature environments and similar thermal properties. Our study found an efficient co-production approach of pigment and BNC from S. salsa biomass. Pigment extraction made biomass more physically and chemically digestible to cellulase, and significantly improved BNC productivity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Tan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiwei Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yiran Yan
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiakun Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiaohong Guo
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Zuoqing Fan
- Shandong Institute of Sericulture, Yantai, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Linxu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guochao Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Nan Wu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, China
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14
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Rajabian F, Rajabian A, Tayarani-Najaran Z. The Antioxidant Activity of Betanin protects MRC-5 cells Against Cadmium Induced Toxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5183-5191. [PMID: 37099220 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03662-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) can induce both acute and chronic effects in the lungs depending on the time and the exposure route. Betanin is a component derived from the roots of red beets and it is well-known for its antioxidant and anti-apoptosis effects. The current study aimed to survey the protective effects of betanin on cell toxicity induced by Cd. Different concentration of Cd alone and in combination with betanin was assessed in MRC-5 cells. The viability and oxidative stress were measured using resazurin and DCF-DA methods respectively. Apoptotic cells were assessed by PI staining of the fragmented DNA and western blot analysis detected the activation of caspase 3 and PARP proteins. Cd exposure for 24 h declined viability and increased ROS production in MRC-5 cells compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Also, Cd (35 μM) elevated DNA fragmentation (p < 0.05), and the level of caspase 3-cleaved and cleaved PARP proteins in MRC-5 cells (p < 0.001). Co-treatment of cells with betanin for 24 h significantly enhanced viability in concentrations of 1.25 and 2.5 μM (p < 0.001) and 5 μM (p < 0.05) and declined ROS generation (1.25 and 5 μM p < 0.001, and 2.5 μM p < 0.01). As well as, betanin reduced DNA fragmentation (p < 0.01), and the markers of apoptosis (p < 0.001) compared to the Cd-treated group. In conclusion, betanin protects lung cells against Cd-induced toxicity through antioxidant activity and inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rajabian
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 9188617871, Mashhad, Iran
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Arezoo Rajabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Tayarani-Najaran
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 9188617871, Mashhad, Iran.
- Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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15
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Kumorkiewicz-Jamro A, Górska R, Krok-Borkowicz M, Mielczarek P, Popenda Ł, Lystvan K, Pamuła E, Wybraniec S. Unveiling Alternative Oxidation Pathways and Antioxidant and Cardioprotective Potential of Amaranthin-Type Betacyanins from Spinach-like Atriplex hortensis var. ' Rubra'. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:15017-15034. [PMID: 37791532 PMCID: PMC10591473 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c03044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive oxidation mechanism was investigated for amaranthin-type betacyanins with a specific glucuronosylglucosyl moiety isolated from Atriplex hortensis 'rubra' using liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS) and LC-Quadrupole-Orbitrap-MS (LC-Q-Orbitrap-MS). By employing one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, this study elucidates the chemical structures of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS)-oxidized celosianins for the first time. These findings demonstrate alternative oxidation pathways for acylated betacyanins compared to well-known betanidin, betanin, and gomphrenin pigments. Contrary to previous research, we uncover the existence of 17-decarboxy-neo- and 2,17-bidecarboxy-xanneo-derivatives as the initial oxidation products without the expected 2-decarboxy-xan forms. These oxidized compounds demonstrated potent free radical scavenging properties. Celosianin (IC50 = 23 μg/mL) displayed slightly higher antioxidant activity compared to oxidized forms, 17-decarboxy-neocelosianin (IC50 = 34 μg/mL) and 2,17-bidecarboxy-xanneocelosianin (IC50 = 29 μg/mL). The oxidized compounds showed no cytotoxic effects on H9c2 rat cardiomyoblasts (0.1-100 μg/mL). Additionally, treatment of H9c2 cells with the oxidized compounds (0.1-10 μg/mL) elevated glutathione levels and exhibited protective effects against H2O2-induced cell death. These findings have significant implications for understanding the impact of oxidation processes on the structures and biological activities of acylated betalains, providing valuable insights for future studies of the bioavailability and biological mechanism of their action in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kumorkiewicz-Jamro
- Department
of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Cracow University
of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
- South
Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
- Faculty
of Health and Medical Sciences, University
of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, SA, Australia
| | - Renata Górska
- Department
of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Cracow University
of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Krok-Borkowicz
- Department
of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Przemysław Mielczarek
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Materials Science
and Ceramics, AGH University of Science
and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza
30, 30059 Cracow, Poland
- Laboratory
of Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Cracow, Poland
| | - Łukasz Popenda
- NanoBioMedical
Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Kateryna Lystvan
- Department
of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Cell
Biology and Genetic Engineering of National Academy of Sciences of
Ukraine (NASU), Academika
Zabolotnoho, 148, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Elżbieta Pamuła
- Department
of Biomaterials and Composites, Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
| | - Sławomir Wybraniec
- Department
of Chemical Technology and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemical
Engineering and Technology, Cracow University
of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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16
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Da Silva DVT, Baião DDS, Magalhães A, Almeida NF, Conte CA, Paschoalin VMF. Combining Conventional Organic Solvent Extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, and Chromatographic Techniques to Obtain Pure Betanin from Beetroot for Clinical Purposes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1823. [PMID: 37891902 PMCID: PMC10604211 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Red beetroot extract (E162) is a natural colorant that owes its color to betanin, its major red pigment. Betanin displays remarkable antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and chemoprotective properties mediated by its structure and influence on gene expression. However, the betanin employed in most preclinical assays is a beetroot extract diluted in dextrin, not pure betanin, as no isolated compound is commercially available. This makes its use inaccurate concerning product content estimates and biological effect assessments. Herein, a combination of conventional extraction under orbital shaking and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) to purify betanin by semi-preparative HPLC was performed. The employed methodology extracts betalains at over a 90% yield, achieving 1.74 ± 0.01 mg of pure betanin/g beetroot, a 41% yield from beetroot contents increasing to 50 %, considering the betalains pool. The purified betanin exhibited an 85% purity degree against 32 or 72% of a commercial standard evaluated by LC-MS or HPLC methods, respectively. The identity of purified betanin was confirmed by UV-Vis, LC-MS, and 1H NMR. The combination of a conventional extraction, UAE, and semi-preparative HPLC allowed for betanin purification with a high yield, superior purity, and almost three times more antioxidant power compared to commercial betanin, being, therefore, more suitable for clinical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Vania Margaret Flosi Paschoalin
- Instituto de Química, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência de Alimentos e Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Av. Athos da Silveira Ramos, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-909, RJ, Brazil; (D.V.T.D.S.); (D.d.S.B.); (A.M.); (N.F.A.); (C.A.C.J.)
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17
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Silva Nieto R, Samaniego López C, Moretton MA, Lizarraga L, Chiappetta DA, Alaimo A, Pérez OE. Chitosan-Based Nanogels Designed for Betanin-Rich Beetroot Extract Transport: Physicochemical and Biological Aspects. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3875. [PMID: 37835924 PMCID: PMC10574865 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has emerged as a possible solution to improve phytochemicals' limitations. The objective of the present study was to encapsulate beetroot extract (BR Ext) within a chitosan (CS)-based nanogel (NG) designed via ionic crosslinking with tripolyphosphate (TPP) for betanin (Bet) delivery, mainly in the ophthalmic environment. BR Ext is rich in betanin (Bet) according to thin layer chromatography (TLC), UV-visible spectroscopy, and HPLC analysis. NG presented a monodisperse profile with a size of 166 ± 6 nm and low polydispersity (0.30 ± 0.03). ζ potential (ζ-Pot) of +28 ± 1 is indicative of a colloidally stable system. BR Ext encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 45 ± 3%. TEM, with the respective 3D-surface plots and AFM, showed spherical-elliptical-shaped NG. The BR Ext release profile was biphasic with a burst release followed by slow and sustained phase over 12 h. Mucoadhesion assay demonstrated interactions between NG with mucin. Moreover, NG provided photoprotection and pH stability to BR Ext. FRAP and ABTS assays confirmed that BR Ext maintained antioxidant activity into NG. Furthermore, in vitro assays using human retinal cells displayed absence of cytotoxicity as well as an efficient protection against injury agents (LPS and H2O2). NGs are a promising platform for BR Ext encapsulation, exerting controlled release for ophthalmological use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Silva Nieto
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (R.S.N.); (A.A.)
| | - Cecilia Samaniego López
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
| | - Marcela A. Moretton
- Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (M.A.M.); (D.A.C.)
- Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Lizarraga
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bionanociencias-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CIBION-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1425FQD, Argentina;
| | - Diego A. Chiappetta
- Departamento de Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina; (M.A.M.); (D.A.C.)
- Instituto de Tecnología Farmacéutica y Biofarmacia (InTecFyB), Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (R.S.N.); (A.A.)
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
| | - Oscar E. Pérez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina; (R.S.N.); (A.A.)
- Instituto de Química Biológica de la Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IQUIBICEN-CONICET), Buenos Aires C1428EGA, Argentina;
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18
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Fiadorwu J, Subedi K, Todd D, Basti MM. Multipronged Approach to Profiling Metabolites in Beta vulgaris L. Dried Pulp Extracts Using Chromatography, NMR and Other Spectroscopy Methods. Foods 2023; 12:3510. [PMID: 37761219 PMCID: PMC10528680 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) is known for being a rich source of phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins. This study aims to show how the combination of extraction/chromatography/mass spectrometry and NMR offers an efficient way to profile metabolites in the extracts of beetroot. Such combination may lead to the identification of more nutritional or medicinal compounds in natural products, and it is essential for our ongoing investigation to study the selective adsorption/desorption of these metabolites' on/off nanoparticles. The aqueous and organic extracts underwent analyses using UV-vis spectroscopy; GC-MS; LC-MS; 1H, 13C, 31P, TOCSY, HSQC, and selective TOCSY NMR experiments. Polar Extract: The two forms of betalain pigment were identified by UV-vis and LC MS. Fourteen amino acids, sucrose, and other compounds, among which is riboflavin, were identified by LC-MS. Two-dimensional TOCSY showed the spin coupling correlations corresponding to some of these compounds. The HSQC spectrum showed 1H/13C spin correlation in sucrose, confirming its high abundance in beetroot. Organic Extract: GC-MS data enabled the identification of several compounds including six fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with higher than, on average, 90% similarity score. Selective TOCSY NMR data showed the spin coupling pattern corresponding to oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids. 31P NMR spectra indicate that phospholipids exist in both the organic and aqueous phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Fiadorwu
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Kiran Subedi
- Analytical Services Laboratory, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences (CAES), North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
| | - Daniel Todd
- Triad Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA;
| | - Mufeed M. Basti
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA;
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19
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Mkhari T, Kaseke T, Fawole OA. Encapsulation of betalain-rich extract from beetroot postharvest waste using a binary blend of gum Arabic and maltodextrin to promote a food circular bioeconomy. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1235372. [PMID: 37720382 PMCID: PMC10501802 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1235372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The present study evaluated the potential of maltodextrin (MT), gum Arabic (GA), and their blends to produce functional beetroot waste extract powder (BWEP). Methods The beetroot waste extracts were produced using 50% ethanol and encapsulated using 10% (1:10, w/v) of the GA and MT carriers at different blending ratios, namely, GA:MT 1:0, GA:MT 0:1, GA:MT 1:1, GA:MT 2:1, and GA:MT 1:2, respectively. The BWEP were analyzed for physicochemical, technofunctional, morphological, crystallinity, and antioxidant properties. Results BWEP produced using either GA or MT exhibited better color, solubility, encapsulation efficiency, and betalain content. Powders from the blends of GA and MT showed better oil holding capacity and total phenolic content. On the other hand, powder yield, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, bulk density, and DPPH radical scavenging activity did not significantly differ (p > 0.05) among the powders. BWEP produced using GA and MT separately was relatively smaller and more regular compared to the powders from the blended biopolymers. All powders showed signs of agglomeration, which was more pronounced in the powders from the blended biopolymers. A total of 16 metabolites, including betalains (9), phenolic acids (2), and flavonoids (5), were tentatively identified. The majority of the metabolites were entrapped in the BWEP produced using GA and MT separately. The quantified metabolites included gallic acid (33.62-44.83 μg/g DM), (+)-catechin (32.82-35.84 μg/g DM), (-)-epicatechin (37.78-45.89 μg/g DM), and myricetin (30.07-35.84 μg/g DM), which were significantly higher in the BWEP produced from GA or MT separately. Discussion The study showed that although blending GA and MT has the potential to improve the quality of BWEP, using these biopolymers separately showed a promise to promote a food circular bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tshamisane Mkhari
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tafadzwa Kaseke
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Department of Biochemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Olaniyi Amos Fawole
- Postharvest and Agroprocessing Research Centre, Department of Botany and Plant Biotechnology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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20
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Development of a multifunctional food packaging for meat products by incorporating carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal and beetroot extract into sodium alginate films. Food Chem 2023; 415:135799. [PMID: 36868063 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Consumers' pursuit for safe meat products is challenging to develop smart food packaging with proper mechanical properties and multifunctional properties. Therefore, this work attempted to introduce carboxylated cellulose nanocrystal (C-CNC) and beetroot extract (BTE) into sodium alginate (SA) matrix films to enhance their mechanical properties and endow them with antioxidant properties and pH-responsive capacity. The rheological results showed the C-CNC and BTE were consistently dispersed in the SA matrix. The incorporation of C-CNC made the surface and cross-section of the films rough but still dense, thus significantly improving the mechanical properties of the films. The integration of BTE provided antioxidant properties and pH responsiveness without significantly changing the thermal stability of the film. The highest tensile strength (55.74 ± 4.52 MPa) and strongest antioxidant capacities were achieved for the SA-based film with BTE and 10 wt% C-CNC. Additionally, the films possessed higher UV-light barrier properties after incorporating BTE and C-CNC. More notably, the pH-responsive films discolored when TVB-N value exceeded 18.0 mg/100 g during storage of pork at 4 °C and 20 °C, respectively. Therefore, the SA-based film with enhanced mechanical and functional properties has a high potential for quality detection in smart food packaging applications.
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21
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Xu F, Yun D, Huang X, Sun B, Tang C, Liu J. Preparation, Characterization, and Application of pH-Response Color-Changeable Films Based on Pullulan, Cooked Amaranth ( Amaranthus tricolor L.) Juice, and Bergamot Essential Oil. Foods 2023; 12:2779. [PMID: 37509872 PMCID: PMC10379735 DOI: 10.3390/foods12142779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pullulan-based smart packaging films were prepared by mixing cooked amaranth juice and bergamot essential oil. The impact of cooked amaranth juice and bergamot essential oil on the color-changeability, structural characterization, and barrier, antioxidant, mechanical and thermal properties of pullulan-based films was determined. Results showed the cooked amaranth juice contained pH-response color-changing betacyanins. The pullulan films containing cooked amaranth juice were color-changeable in pH 9-12 buffers and in ammonia vapor. The color-changeable property of betacyanins in cooked amaranth juice was unaffected by bergamot essential oils. The inner structure of pullulan films was greatly affected by cooked amaranth juice, forming big and ordered humps in film cross-sections. The crystallinity of pullulan films was improved by the combined addition of cooked amaranth juice and bergamot essential oil. Among the films, the pullulan film containing cooked amaranth juice and 6% bergamot essential oil showed the highest UV-vis light barrier property, antioxidant activity, and tensile strength; while the pullulan film containing cooked amaranth juice and 4% bergamot essential oil showed the highest oxygen barrier property and thermal stability. Moreover, the pullulan films containing cooked amaranth juice were able to monitor the freshness of shrimp by presenting color changes from reddish purple to dark red.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengfeng Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Dawei Yun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xiaoqian Huang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Bixue Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Chao Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
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22
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Barciela P, Perez-Vazquez A, Prieto MA. Azo dyes in the food industry: Features, classification, toxicity, alternatives, and regulation. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113935. [PMID: 37429408 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Azo dyes, including Tartrazine, Sunset Yellow, and Carmoisine, are added to foods to provide color, but they have no value with regard to nutrition, food preservation, or health benefits. Because of their availability, affordability, stability, and low cost, and because they provide intense coloration to the product without contributing unwanted flavors, the food industry often prefers to use synthetic azo dyes rather than natural colorants. Food dyes have been tested by regulatory agencies responsible for guaranteeing consumer safety. Nevertheless, the safety of these colorants remains controversial; they have been associated with adverse effects, particularly due to the reduction and cleavage of the azo bond. Here, we review the features, classification, regulation, toxicity, and alternatives to the use of azo dyes in food.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Barciela
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - A Perez-Vazquez
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - M A Prieto
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E32004, Ourense, Spain.
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23
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Abedi-Firoozjah R, Parandi E, Heydari M, Kolahdouz-Nasiri A, Bahraminejad M, Mohammadi R, Rouhi M, Garavand F. Betalains as promising natural colorants in smart/active food packaging. Food Chem 2023; 424:136408. [PMID: 37245469 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Betalains are water-soluble nitrogen pigments with beneficial effects, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, and pH-indicator properties. The development of packaging films incorporated with betalains has received increasing attention because of pH-responsive color-changing properties in the colorimetric indicators and smart packaging films. As such, intelligent and active packaging systems based on biodegradable polymers containing betalains have been recently developed as eco-friendly packaging to enhance the quality and safety of food products. Betalains could generally improve the functional properties of packaging films, such as higher water resistance, tensile strength, elongation at break, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. These effects are dependent on betalain composition (about its source and extraction), content, and the kind of biopolymer, film preparation method, food samples, and storage time. This review focused on betalains-rich films as pH- and ammonia-sensitive indicators and their applications as smart packaging to monitor the freshness of protein-rich foods such as shrimp, fish, chicken, and milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Abedi-Firoozjah
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ehsan Parandi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Standard Research Institute (SRI), Karaj, Iran
| | - Mahshid Heydari
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Azin Kolahdouz-Nasiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mahshid Bahraminejad
- Student Research Committee, Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Milad Rouhi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Farhad Garavand
- Department of Food Chemistry and Technology, Teagasc Moorepark Food Research Centre, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland.
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24
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Giampaoli O, Ieno C, Sciubba F, Spagnoli M, Miccheli A, Tomassini A, Aureli W, Fattorini L. Metabolic Biomarkers of Red Beetroot Juice Intake at Rest and after Physical Exercise. Nutrients 2023; 15:2026. [PMID: 37432172 DOI: 10.3390/nu15092026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Red beetroot is known to be a health-promoting food. However, little attention is placed on intestinal bioactive compound absorption. The aim of the study was to assess the urinary red beetroot juice (RBJ) intake biomarkers and possible differences in RBJ's micronutrient absorption at rest or after physical exercise. METHODS This is a three-armed, single-blind study, involving seven healthy volunteers which were randomly divided into three groups and alternatively assigned to three experimental sessions: RBJ intake at rest, RBJ intake with physical activity, and placebo intake with physical activity. For each session, urine samples were collected before and 120, 180, and 240 min after the intake of RBJ or placebo. The same sampling times were employed for the experimental session at rest. The RBJ metabolic composition was also characterized to identify the urinary biomarkers derived from the intake. RESULTS 4-methylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid, dopamine-3-O-sulfate, glutamine, and 3-hydroxyisobutyrate were identified as RBJ intake biomarkers. Physical activity significantly increased only the dopamine-3-O-sulfate excretion 120 min after RBJ intake. CONCLUSIONS Urinary dopamine-3-O-sulfate is related to RBJ dopamine content, while 4-methylpyridine-2-carboxylic acid is a betanin or betalamic acid catabolite. The different excretions of these metabolites following physical activity suggest a possible effect on the RBJ uptake depending on different transport processes through the mucosa, namely diffusion-mediated transport for dopamine and saturable transcellular transport for betalamic acid derivatives. These results open new perspectives in improving the absorption of natural bioactive molecules through physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottavia Giampaoli
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cristian Ieno
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Sciubba
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Mariangela Spagnoli
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Hygiene, INAIL, Monte Porzio Catone, 00078 Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Miccheli
- NMR-Based Metabolomics Laboratory (NMLab), Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alberta Tomassini
- R&D Aureli Mario S. S. Agricola, Via Mario Aureli 7, 67050 Ortucchio, Italy
| | - Walter Aureli
- R&D Aureli Mario S. S. Agricola, Via Mario Aureli 7, 67050 Ortucchio, Italy
| | - Luigi Fattorini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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25
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Antioxidant Capacity, Nitrite and Nitrate Content in Beetroot-Based Dietary Supplements. Foods 2023; 12:foods12051017. [PMID: 36900534 PMCID: PMC10000616 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the high content of bioactive substances, beetroot and its preserves might be a valuable constituent of a diet. Research into the antioxidant capacity and content of nitrate (III) and (V) in beetroot-based dietary supplements (DSs) worldwide is limited. The Folin-Ciocalteu method, CUPRAC, DPPH, and Griess methods were used to determine total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, nitrites, and nitrates content in fifty DSs and twenty beetroot samples. Moreover, the safety of products was evaluated because of the concentration of nitrites, nitrates, and the correctness of labelling. The research showed that a serving of fresh beetroot provides significantly more antioxidants, nitrites, and nitrates than most daily portions of DSs. Product P9 provided the highest dose of nitrates (169 mg/daily dose). However, in most cases, the consumption of DSs would be associated with a low health value. The acceptable daily intake was not exceeded in the cases of nitrites (0.0015-0.55%) and nitrates (0.056-48%), assuming that the supplementation followed the manufacturer's recommendation. According to European and Polish regulations, 64% of the products tested did not meet all the requirements for labelling food packaging. The findings point to the need for tighter regulation of DSs, as their consumption might be dangerous.
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26
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Yang Z, Tong F, Peng Z, Wang L, Zhu L, Jiang W, Xiong G, Zheng M, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Development of colorimetric/Fluorescent two-channel intelligent response labels to monitor shrimp freshness. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Martins R, Sales H, Pontes R, Nunes J, Gouveia I. Food Wastes and Microalgae as Sources of Bioactive Compounds and Pigments in a Modern Biorefinery: A Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020328. [PMID: 36829887 PMCID: PMC9952682 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development has created more pressure on countries and society at large for the development of alternative solutions for synthetic and fossil fuel derived products, thus mitigating climate change and environmental hazards. Food wastes and microalgae have been studied for decades as potential sources of several compounds that could be employed in various fields of application from pharmaceutical to textile and packaging. Although multiple research efforts have been put towards extracting rich compounds (i.e., phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and tocotrienols) from these sources, they still remain overlooked as two major sources of bioactive compounds and pigments, mainly due to inefficient extraction processes. Hence, there is a growing need for the development of optimized extraction methods while employing non-organic solvent options following the main principles of green chemistry. This review will focus on delivering a clear and deep analysis on the existing procedures for obtaining bioactive compounds and pigments from food wastes derived from the most consumed and produced fruit crops in the world such as apples, oranges, cherries, almonds, and mangoes, and microalgal biomass, while giving light to the existing drawbacks in need to be solved in order to take full advantage of the rich properties present in these two major biorefinery sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Martins
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Oliveira do Hospital, 3405-155 Coimbra, Portugal
- FibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Hélia Sales
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Oliveira do Hospital, 3405-155 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rita Pontes
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Oliveira do Hospital, 3405-155 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Nunes
- Association BLC3—Technology and Innovation Campus, Centre Bio R&D Unit, Oliveira do Hospital, 3405-155 Coimbra, Portugal
- BLC3 Evolution Lda, Oliveira do Hospital, 3405-155 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Isabel Gouveia
- FibEnTech Research Unit, Faculty of Engineering, University of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +35-127-531-9825
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28
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Rodríguez-Mena A, Ochoa-Martínez LA, González-Herrera SM, Rutiaga-Quiñones OM, González-Laredo RF, Olmedilla-Alonso B. Natural pigments of plant origin: Classification, extraction and application in foods. Food Chem 2023; 398:133908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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29
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Complexation of anthocyanins, betalains and carotenoids with biopolymers: An approach to complexation techniques and evaluation of binding parameters. Food Res Int 2023; 163:112277. [PMID: 36596187 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Natural pigments are bioactive compounds that can present health-promoting bioactivities in the human body. Due to their strong coloring properties, these compounds have been widely used as color additives as an alternative to artificial colorants. However, since these pigments are unstable under certain conditions, such as the presence of light, oxygen, and heat, the use of complexation and encapsulation techniques with biopolymers is in demand. Moreover, some functional properties can be achieved by using natural pigments-biopolymers complexes in food matrices. The complexation and encapsulation of natural pigments with biopolymers consist of forming a complex with the aim to make these compounds less susceptible to oxidative and degrading agents, and can also be used to improve their solubility in different media. This review aims to discuss different techniques that have been used over the last years to create natural pigment-biopolymers complexes, as well as the recent advances, limitations, effects, and possible applications of these complexes in foods. Moreover, the understanding of thermodynamic parameters between natural pigments and biopolymers is very important regarding the complex formation and their use in food systems. In this sense, thermodynamic techniques that can be used to determine binding parameters between natural pigments and potential wall materials, as well as their applications, advantages, and limitations are presented in this work. Several studies have shown an improvement in many aspects regarding the use of these complexes, including increased thermal and storage stability. Nonetheless, data regarding the biological effects on the human body and the sensory acceptance of natural pigments-biopolymers complexes in food systems are scarce in the literature.
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30
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Maiuolo J, Oppedisano F, Carresi C, Gliozzi M, Musolino V, Macrì R, Scarano F, Coppoletta A, Cardamone A, Bosco F, Mollace R, Muscoli C, Palma E, Mollace V. The Generation of Nitric Oxide from Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2: The Role of Dietary Nitrates and Their Implication in Cardiovascular Disease Management. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415454. [PMID: 36555095 PMCID: PMC9779284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced bioavailability of the nitric oxide (NO) signaling molecule has been associated with the onset of cardiovascular disease. One of the better-known and effective therapies for cardiovascular disorders is the use of organic nitrates, such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), which increases the concentration of NO. Unfortunately, chronic use of this therapy can induce a phenomenon known as "nitrate tolerance", which is defined as the loss of hemodynamic effects and a reduction in therapeutic effects. As such, a higher dosage of GTN is required in order to achieve the same vasodilatory and antiplatelet effects. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) is a cardioprotective enzyme that catalyzes the bio-activation of GTN to NO. Nitrate tolerance is accompanied by an increase in oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic activation, as well as a loss of the catalytic activity of ALDH2 itself. On the basis of current knowledge, nitrate intake in the diet would guarantee a concentration of NO such as to avoid (or at least reduce) treatment with GTN and the consequent onset of nitrate tolerance in the course of cardiovascular diseases, so as not to make necessary the increase in GTN concentrations and the possible inhibition/alteration of ALDH2, which aggravates the problem of a positive feedback mechanism. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to summarize data relating to the introduction into the diet of some natural products that could assist pharmacological therapy in order to provide the NO necessary to reduce the intake of GTN and the phenomenon of nitrate tolerance and to ensure the correct catalytic activity of ALDH2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Maiuolo
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, in Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (F.O.)
| | - Francesca Oppedisano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (F.O.)
| | - Cristina Carresi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Micaela Gliozzi
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Musolino
- Pharmaceutical Biology Laboratory, in Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Roberta Macrì
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federica Scarano
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annarita Coppoletta
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Cardamone
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Bosco
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rocco Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carolina Muscoli
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ernesto Palma
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mollace
- Institute of Research for Food Safety & Health (IRC-FSH), Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
- Renato Dulbecco Institute, Lamezia Terme, 88046 Catanzaro, Italy
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31
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Plant betalains: Recent applications in food freshness monitoring films. Food Packag Shelf Life 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2022.100921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Sustainable Production and Characteristics of Dried Fermented Vegetables. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8110659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current fashion for healthy food and the increasing number of people with lactose intolerance make fermented vegetables increasingly important. On top of this, surpluses unused in the vegetable harvest can become a potential source of “green waste”. The use of fermentation and freeze-drying can result in a valuable, sustainable product that can solve the problems of spoiled vegetables and the need for refrigerated storage. Therefore, this study aimed to obtain sustainable dried fermented vegetables and to compare their selected physical and structural properties. Beetroot, carrot, and red pepper were selected for this purpose. These vegetables were subjected to a spontaneous lactic fermentation process. After the process, the vegetables were freeze-dried, and their structure and selected properties (color, dry weight, and the number of lactic acid bacteria) were determined. Fermented vegetables were found to differ from their raw sources in structure and color, the main discrepancies being shown by the b* factor (yellow-blue). Root vegetables had smaller pores of structure in the freeze-dried samples than red peppers. The freeze-drying process did not affect the number of bacteria. It can be concluded that both the fermentation and the freeze-drying processes affected the structure of the selected vegetables. All tested vegetables can be fermented and freeze-dried without major changes in color and microbiological properties and can be used as a potential source of lactic acid bacteria and health-promoting pigments, e.g., in the form of chips. In addition, their shelf life is extended.
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33
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Raouafi A, Jbahi S, Bessalah S, Daoudi M, Dridi W, Hamzaoui AH, Dorohzkin SV, Hosni F, Hidouri M. Natural red dyes from Beta vulgaris L. extract for gamma-rays color indicator: Physico-chemical and biological characterizations. J INDIAN CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jics.2022.100722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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34
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Assessing of the most appropriate biotechnological strategy on the recovery of antioxidants from beet wastes by applying the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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35
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Rocha F, Marques CS, de Sousa LS, Minim VPR, Pires ACDS, Minim LA, Stringheta PC, Jones OG, Vidigal MCTR. Betalains nanodispersions: Effects on betalains stability and on rheological properties of Greek yogurt. Food Res Int 2022; 159:111583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Llorens Castelló P, Juan-García A, Cortés JCM, Mañes Vinuesa J, Juan García C. Application of an In Vitro Digestion Model for Wheat and Red Beetroot Bread to Assess the Bioaccessibility of Aflatoxin B1, Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone and Betalains. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14080540. [PMID: 36006202 PMCID: PMC9414101 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the bakery industry includes different bioactive ingredients to enrich the nutritional properties of its products, such as betalains from red beetroot (Beta vulgaris). However, cereal products are considered a major route of exposure to many mycotoxins, both individually and in combination, due to their daily consumption, if the cereals used contain these toxins. Only the fraction of the contaminant that is released from the food is bioaccessible and bioavailable to produce toxic effects. Foods with bioactive compounds vary widely in chemical structure and function, and some studies have demonstrated their protective effects against toxics. In this study the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of three legislated mycotoxins (AFB1, OTA and ZEN), individual and combined, in two breads, one with wheat flour and the other with wheat flour enriched with 20% Beta vulgaris, were evaluated. Bioaccessibility of these three mycotoxins from wheat bread and red beet bread enriched individually at 100 ng/g was similar between the breads: 16% and 14% for AFB1, 16% and 17% for OTA and 26% and 22% for ZEN, respectively. Whereas, when mycotoxins were co-present these values varied with a decreasing tendency: 9% and 15% for AFB1, 13% and 9% for OTA, 4% and 25% for ZEN in wheat bread and in red beet bread, respectively. These values reveal that the presence of other components and the co-presence of mycotoxins can affect the final bioavailability; however, it is necessary to assess this process with in vivo studies to complete the studies.
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Bioactive potential of beetroot (Beta vulgaris). Food Res Int 2022; 158:111556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Gómez-López I, Mendiola JA, Portillo MP, Cano MP. Pressurized green liquid extraction of betalains and phenolic compounds from Opuntia stricta var. Dillenii whole fruit: Process optimization and biological activities of green extracts. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2022.103066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Cui R, Fei Y, Zhu F. Physicochemical, structural and nutritional properties of steamed bread fortified with red beetroot powder and their changes during breadmaking process. Food Chem 2022; 383:132547. [PMID: 35413753 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) is a source of diverse nutrients such as dietary fibers and betalains. Chinese steamed bread (CSB) has gained popularity in recent years. Red beetroot powder (RBP) was added (up to 70%) in wheat flour to make nutritionally fortified CSB. RBP addition greatly decreased specific volume (1.39 to 0.53 mL/g) and staling rate (4.14 to 2.59%), while increasing hardness (2882 to 15056 g) and chewiness (1923 to 3174 g) since RBP affected gluten secondary structure and weakened dough strength. More importantly, CSB containing RBP exhibited improved in vitro antioxidant potential and reduced estimated glycemic index (70.8 to 60.7). The betalains were largely degraded during steaming due to the isomerization of betanin to isobetanin. Sensory analysis showed that wheat flour could be substituted by RBP up to 10% without compromising the eating quality of the CSB. The findings indicated the feasibility of formulating beetroot-fortified foods with enhanced nutritional quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbin Cui
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yuchen Fei
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Fan Zhu
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
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Sarker U, Lin YP, Oba S, Yoshioka Y, Hoshikawa K. Prospects and potentials of underutilized leafy Amaranths as vegetable use for health-promotion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 182:104-123. [PMID: 35487123 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climate change causes environmental variation worldwide, which is one of the most serious threats to global food security. In addition, more than 2 billion people in the world are reported to suffer from serious malnutrition, referred to as 'hidden hunger.' Dependence on only a few crops could lead to the loss of genetic diversity and high fragility of crop breeding in systems adapting to global scale climate change. The exploitation of underutilized species and genetic resources, referred to as orphan crops, could be a useful approach for resolving the issue of adaptability to environmental alteration, biodiversity preservation, and improvement of nutrient quality and quantity to ensure food security. Moreover, the use of these alternative crops will help to increase the human health benefits and the income of farmers in developing countries. In this review, we highlight the potential of orphan crops, especially amaranths, for use as vegetables and health-promoting nutritional components. This review highlights promising diversified sources of amaranth germplasms, their tolerance to abiotic stresses, and their nutritional, phytochemical, and antioxidant values for vegetable purposes. Betalains (betacyanins and betaxanthins), unique antioxidant components in amaranth vegetables, are also highlighted regarding their chemodiversity across amaranth germplasms and their stability and degradation. In addition, we discuss the physiological functions, antioxidant, antilipidemic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities, as well as the biosynthesis pathway, molecular, biochemical, genetics, and genomic mechanisms of betalains in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umakanta Sarker
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh.
| | - Ya-Ping Lin
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan
| | - Shinya Oba
- Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Gifu University, Gifu, 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yoshioka
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Ibaraki, Japan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Ken Hoshikawa
- World Vegetable Center, P.O. Box 42, Shanhua, Tainan, 74199, Taiwan; Tsukuba-Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, 305-8572, Japan; Biological Resources and Post-harvest Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Ohwashi 1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
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41
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Plant-Based Foods and Vascular Function: A Systematic Review of Dietary Intervention Trials in Older Subjects and Hypothesized Mechanisms of Action. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14132615. [PMID: 35807796 PMCID: PMC9268664 DOI: 10.3390/nu14132615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, still the leading cause of mortality in the world, are closely related to vascular function. Older subjects are more susceptible to endothelial dysfunction and therefore it is important to define possible preventive or support strategies, such as consumption of foods with health-promoting effects. This systematic review aims to summarize the currently available evidence on acute or chronic trials testing the effect of selected plant-based foods on vascular function parameters in older subjects, and consider plausible mechanisms that may support the main findings. A total of 15 trials were included and analyzed, testing the effects of beetroot, plum, blueberry, and vegetable oils. We found some interesting results regarding markers of vascular reactivity, in particular for beetroot, while no effects were found for markers of arterial stiffness. The amelioration of vascular function seems to be more related to the restoration of a condition of nitric oxide impairment, exacerbated by diseases or hypoxic condition, rather than the enhancement of a physiological situation, as indicated by the limited effects on healthy older subjects or in control groups with young subjects. However, the overall set of selected studies is, in any case, rather limited and heterogeneous in terms of characteristics of the studies, indicating the need for additional high-quality intervention trials to better clarify the role of vegetable foods in restoring and/or improving vascular function in order to better elucidate the mechanisms through which these foods may exert their vascular health benefits in older subjects.
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Concentrations of Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.) Peel and Flesh Extracts by Reverse Osmosis Membrane. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this investigation was to concentrate betalains, phenolics, and antioxidants from the extract of peel and flesh of beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.). Thin-film composite reverse osmosis (RO) membrane composed of the thick polyamide barrier layer, microporous polysulfone interlayer, and polyester support web was used in membrane module. In a later exercise, thermo-instability of betalain color compounds was investigated with different temperatures. After the filtration of the aqueous extract of flesh, betacyanins, betaxanthins, and total betalains were increased by 5.2, 6.1, and 5.5 times, respectively. Likewise, the mentioned bioactive compounds were increased by 3.7, 4.9, and 4.2 times after filtration of the aqueous extract of peel. The amounts of total betalains measured in the final flesh extract were two times lower (14.33 ± 0.15 mg·g−1 dm) compared to the peel concentrate (30.02 ± 0.28 mg·g−1 dm). The superior amount of phenolic was shown in the final flesh extract (34.47 ± 0.19 mg GAE·g−1 dm) compared to peel extract (12.74 ± 0.42 mg GAE·g−1 dm). The antioxidant activity in final beetroot peel extract and flesh extract were 24.65 ± 1.42 mg ASE·g−1 dm and 11.6 ± 0.1 mg ASE·g−1 dm, respectively. The recovery of thermo-sensitive bio-colorants was achieved by membrane filtration with the least thermal degradation.
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Carrillo C, Nieto G, Martínez-Zamora L, Ros G, Kamiloglu S, Munekata PES, Pateiro M, Lorenzo JM, Fernández-López J, Viuda-Martos M, Pérez-Álvarez JÁ, Barba FJ. Novel Approaches for the Recovery of Natural Pigments with Potential Health Effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:6864-6883. [PMID: 35040324 PMCID: PMC9204822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The current increased industrial food production has led to a significant rise in the amount of food waste generated. These food wastes, especially fruit and vegetable byproducts, are good sources of natural pigments, such as anthocyanins, betalains, carotenoids, and chlorophylls, with both coloring and health-related properties. Therefore, recovery of natural pigments from food wastes is important for both economic and environmental reasons. Conventional methods that are used to extract natural pigments from food wastes are time-consuming, expensive, and unsustainable. In addition, natural pigments are sensitive to high temperatures and prolonged processing times that are applied during conventional treatments. In this sense, the present review provides an elucidation of the latest research on the extraction of pigments from the agri-food industry and how their consumption may improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Carrillo
- Nutrición
y Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, E-09001 Burgos, Spain
| | - Gema Nieto
- Department
of Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorena Martínez-Zamora
- Department
of Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gaspar Ros
- Department
of Food Technology, Nutrition and Food Science, Veterinary Faculty, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Department
of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
- Science
and Technology Application and Research Center (BITUAM), Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Paulo E. S. Munekata
- Centro
Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avenida Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico
de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas 32900, Ourense, Spain
| | - Mirian Pateiro
- Centro
Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avenida Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico
de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas 32900, Ourense, Spain
| | - José M. Lorenzo
- Centro
Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avenida Galicia No. 4, Parque Tecnológico
de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas 32900, Ourense, Spain
- Área
de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Juana Fernández-López
- IPOA
Research Group, Agro-Food Technology Department, Centro de Investigación
e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Alicante, Spain
| | - Manuel Viuda-Martos
- IPOA
Research Group, Agro-Food Technology Department, Centro de Investigación
e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Alicante, Spain
| | - José Ángel Pérez-Álvarez
- IPOA
Research Group, Agro-Food Technology Department, Centro de Investigación
e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Miguel Hernández University, 03312 Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Barba
- Nutrition
and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food
Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Avda. Vicent Andrés Estellés, s/n, 46100 Burjassot, València, Spain
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The Impact of the Fermentation Method on the Pigment Content in Pickled Beetroot and Red Bell Pepper Juices and Freeze-Dried Powders. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12125766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The beetroot and red bell pepper are vegetables rich in active ingredients, and their potential for health benefits are crucial. Both presented raw materials are rich in natural pigments, but are unstable and seasonal; thus, it was decided to take steps to extend their durability. Lactic fermentation has been recognized as a food preservation method, requiring minimal resources. The activities undertaken were also aimed at creating a new product with a coloring and probiotic potential. For this reason, the study aimed to evaluate the impact of the method of fermentation on the content of active compounds (pigments) in pickled juices and freeze-dried powders. The lactic acid fermentation guided in two ways. The second step of the research was to obtain powders in the freeze-drying process. For fermentation, Levilactobacillus brevis and Limosilactobacillus fermentum were used. In juices and powders, pigments, color, and dry matter were tested. In this research, no differences in fermented juice pigment contents were seen; however, the color coefficient differed in raw juices. The freeze-drying process resulted in lowering the pigment content, and increasing dry matter and good storage conditions (glass transition temperatures 48–66 °C). The selection of vegetable methods suggested the use of fermentation and mixing it with a marinade (higher pigments and lactic acid bacteria content). All powders were stable and can be used as a colorant source, whereas for probiotic properties, a higher number of bacteria is needed.
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45
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Kuhn F, Santos Dorneles M, Pelayo Zapata Noreña C. Accelerated stability testing and simulated gastrointestinal release of encapsulated betacyanins and phenolic compounds from Bougainvillea glabra bracts extract. Food Chem 2022; 393:133391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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46
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A Brief Overview of the Effects of Exercise and Red Beets on the Immune System in Patients with Prostate Cancer. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research over the past few decades has focused on the use of functional ingredients such as an active lifestyle and proper diet as a treatment for many diseases in the world. Recent studies have shown a variety of health benefits for red beets and their active ingredients such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, blood pressure and fat reduction, anti-diabetic, and anti-obesity effects. This review article examines the effects of exercise and red beet consumption and the effective mechanisms of these two interventions on cellular and molecular pathways in prostate cancer. However, there is a significant relationship between an active lifestyle and proper diet with the incidence of cancer, and the use of these natural interventions for cancer patients in the treatment protocol of avoidance patients. Furthermore, this review article attempts to examine the role and effect of exercise and beetroot nutrition on prostate cancer and provide evidence of the appropriate effects of using natural interventions to prevent, reduce, and even treat cancer in stages. In addition, we examine the molecular mechanisms of the effectiveness of exercise and beetroot consumption. Finally, the use of natural interventions such as exercising and eating beets due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer properties, due to the lack or low level of side effects, can be considered an important intervention for the prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Sayyar A, Oladi M, Hosseini M, Nakhaee S, Ataie Z, Farrokhfall K. Effect of red beetroot juice on oxidative status and islet insulin release in adult male rats. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:58. [PMID: 35461298 PMCID: PMC9034606 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00830-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Beetroot is rich in inorganic nitrate and it has been shown that inorganic nitrate has beneficial effects on metabolic syndrome. This study aims to investigate the effect of red beetroot juice (RBJ) on carbohydrate metabolism in adult insulin-resistant rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixteen male Wistar rats (32 weeks old) were divided into two equal groups: control and RBJ. Treatment with drinking water (control) and 100% RBJ (RBJ) was lasted for 5 weeks. At the end of the 4th week the intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed and at the end of the study period animals were sacrificed and blood and tissue (aorta, heart, and liver) samples were collected. Furthermore, pancreatic islets were isolated and their insulin secretion activity was investigated in different glycemic conditions. RESULTS Compared to the control group, RBJ-treated rats showed lower blood glucose and insulin levels in the glucose tolerance test. Serum and tissue levels of nitric oxide in the RBJ group were significantly higher than those in the control group. The liver peroxidation and serum aspartate transaminase levels were significantly increased in the RBJ-treated animals compared to the control group. The islets of RBJ group exhibited lower insulin secretion, especially in 16.7 mM glucose concentration (supraphysiologic condition) than control group. CONCLUSIONS RBJ consumption improves glucose metabolism in rats via increasing nitric oxide metabolites in an insulin-independent manner. However, future studies are needed to minimize the potential hepatic adverse consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Sayyar
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Oladi
- Student Research Committee, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mehran Hosseini
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Samaneh Nakhaee
- Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Zomorrod Ataie
- Health Clinical Science Research Center, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Islamic Azad University, Zahedan Branch, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Khadijeh Farrokhfall
- Experimental Medicine Laboratory, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran.
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Punia Bangar S, Singh A, Chaudhary V, Sharma N, Lorenzo JM. Beetroot as a novel ingredient for its versatile food applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8403-8427. [PMID: 35333666 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2055529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Beta vulgaris, also known as Beetroot, is a member of a family of Chenopodiaceae and is widely used as a natural food colorant. It gets its distinctive color due to nitrogen-containing water-soluble pigments betalains. Beetroot is an exquisite cradle of nutrients, including proteins, sucrose, carbohydrates, vitamins (B complex and vitamin C), minerals, fiber. They also contain an appreciable amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidants such as coumarins, carotenoids, sesquiterpenoids, triterpenes, flavonoids (astragalin, tiliroside, rhamnocitrin, kaempferol, rhamnetin). Recent studies evidenced that beetroot consumption had favorable physiological benefits, leading to improved cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, hepatic steatosis, liver damage, etc. This review gives insights into developing beetroot as a potential and novel ingredient for versatile food applications and the latest research conducted worldwide. The phytochemical diversity of beetroot makes them potential sources of nutraceutical compounds from which functional foods can be obtained. The article aimed to comprehensively collate some of the vital information published on beetroot incurred in the agri-food sector and a comprehensive review detailing the potentiality of tapping bioactive compounds in the entire agriculture-based food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneh Punia Bangar
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Packaging Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, USA
| | - Arashdeep Singh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Vandana Chaudhary
- College of Dairy Science and Technology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nitya Sharma
- Food Customization Research Lab, Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Jose M Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Ourense, Spain
- Universidade de Vigo, Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, Ourense, Spain
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49
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Influence of Fermentation Beetroot Juice Process on the Physico-Chemical Properties of Spray Dried Powder. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031008. [PMID: 35164290 PMCID: PMC8840475 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Picking vegetables is, along with salting and drying, one of the oldest ways to preserve food in the world. This is the process of decomposition of simple sugars into lactic acid with the participation of lactic bacteria. The aim of the study was to obtain powders from fermented red beet juice with the highest possible amount of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and active ingredients. For the analysis, juices were squeezed from the vegetables and two types of fermentation were used: a spontaneous fermentation and a dedicated one. After inoculation, samples were taken for analysis on a daily basis. Extract, pH, total acidity, pigments, and color were measured. In addition, microbiological tests were also carried out. The juices from the fifth day of fermentation was also spray dried, to obtain fermented beetroot powder. Juices from 3–5th day were characterized by a high content of LAB and betanin, had also a low pH, which proves that the lactic fermentation is working properly. The exception was the juice from spontaneous fermentation. According to the observations, the fermentation process did not run properly, and further analysis is needed. The powders were stable; however, results obtained from the pigment content and the LAB content are not satisfactory and require further analysis.
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50
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Martínez-Rodríguez P, Guerrero-Rubio MA, Henarejos-Escudero P, García-Carmona F, Gandía-Herrero F. Health-promoting potential of betalains in vivo and their relevance as functional ingredients: A review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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