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Cao J, Lei Y, Jiang X, Kannan K, Li M. Biotransformation, Bioaccumulation, and Bioelimination of Triphenyl Phosphate and Its Dominant Metabolite Diphenyl Phosphate In Vivo. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:15486-15496. [PMID: 39167085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Aryl phosphorus flame retardants (aryl-PFRs), such as triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), are widely used worldwide. Understanding the fates of aryl-PFRs in vivo is crucial to assessing their toxicity and the risks they pose. Seven TPHP metabolites, including Phase I hydrolysis and hydroxylation and Phase II glucuronidation products, were identified in C57BL/6J male mice following subacute dietary exposure to aryl-PFRs (70 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day) for 7 days. TPHP was almost completely metabolized by mice (∼97%), with DPHP the major metabolite formed (34%-58%). In addition, mice were exposed to aryl-PFRs (7 μg/kg bw/day) for 12 weeks. Both TPHP and DPHP occurred at higher concentrations in the digestive tract (intestine and stomach), liver and heart. The total concentration of DPHP in all organs was 3.55-fold greater than that of TPHP. Recovery analysis showed that the rate of TPHP elimination from mouse organs reached 38%, while only 3%-5% of DPHP was removed, suggesting that the rates of degradation and elimination of DPHP were slower than TPHP and its bioaccumulation potential was higher. These results highlight the critical role of DPHP in the biotransformation, bioaccumulation, and bioelimination of TPHP, providing valuable insights into the fate of aryl-PFRs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yumeng Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York 12237, United States
| | - Mei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Xu Z, Hu H, Wang K, Zhou Z, He X, Huang X, Hu Y, Huang J, Luo Z. Sinensetin, a polymethoxyflavone from citrus fruits, ameliorates LPS-induced acute lung injury by suppressing Txnip/NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling-mediated inflammatory responses and pyroptosis. Food Funct 2024; 15:7592-7604. [PMID: 38938065 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01704h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Sinensetin (SIN), a polymethoxylated flavonoid, exists widely in citrus fruits with abundant biological activities, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, delaying the progression of lung fibers and ameliorating inflammatory lung injury. Herein, an in vivo model of LPS-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice and an in vitro model of LPS + IFN-γ-induced M1 polarization in RAW264.7 cells were established to assess the effects and molecular mechanisms of SIN in ameliorating ALI. In the present study, the results showed that SIN significantly reduced BALF IL1β, IL6, and TNF-α levels and neutrophil infiltration, inhibited lung tissue COX2 and iNOS expression, reduced serum and lung tissue inflammatory factor levels, and attenuated lung tissue inflammatory infiltration and ROS levels in animal experiments. RNA sequencing analysis showed that SIN markedly inhibited the expression of inflammation-related pathway genes such as NOD-like receptor signaling. Further mechanistic studies confirmed that SIN significantly inhibited the dissociation of Txnip and Trx-1 and decreased the expression of NLRP3, ASC, pro-Caspase-1, cleavage Caspase-1 p10, NEK7, Caspase-8, IL1β, IL18, and GSDMD. Meanwhile, SIN docked to NLRP3 with strong affinity and bound stably in the hydrophobic docking pocket. Similarly, the same results were observed in in vitro macrophage M1 polarization experiments. In conclusion, the results revealed that SIN ameliorated the onset and progression of ALI by inhibiting Txnip/NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling-mediated inflammatory responses and pyroptosis. These findings emphasize the significant role of SIN in ameliorating ALI and provide insights into the strategy for exploring the functional effects of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibin Xu
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Huiyu Hu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Kongyan Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Ziyi Zhou
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510422, China
| | - Xinqian He
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510422, China
| | - Xinan Huang
- Artemisinin Research Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510422, China
| | - Yingjie Hu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Jiawen Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China.
| | - Zhuohui Luo
- Research Center for Drug Safety Evaluation of Hainan Province, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China.
- Hainan Pharmaceutical Research and Development Science Park, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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Kamma KR, Cho J, Won HJ, Nam SY, Le NH, Jung JH, Lee KI. Synthetic Studies toward 5,6,7,3',4'-Monomethoxytetrahydroxyflavones: Synthesis of Pedalitin. Molecules 2024; 29:513. [PMID: 38276591 PMCID: PMC10821304 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
During the synthetic studies toward 5,6,7,3',4'-monomethoxytetrahydroxyflavones, a concise pedalitin synthesis procedure was achieved. As previously reported, 6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxyacetophenone was prepared by Friedel-Crafts acylation of 1,4-dihydroxy-2,6-dimethoxybenzene with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate in acetic acid. When aldol condensation of 6-hydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxyacetophenone 2b with vanillin was performed in basic conditions, it produced 2'-hydroxychalcone 3b, and, surprisingly, along with 3-hydroxyflavone 4 in a considerable amount. We propose that this oxidative cyclization is presumably due to the contribution of a quinone methide, likely to be subjected to aerobic oxidation. The chalcone was then subjected to oxidative cyclization with iodine in dimethyl sulfoxide to afford flavone 5 in good yield. To our delight, serial demethylation of the three methoxy groups at the 5-, 6-, and 3'-positions of 5 proceeded smoothly to produce pedalitin 1, under hydrogen bromide solution (30% in acetic acid). The crystal structures of 3-hydroxyflavone 4 and pedalitin tetraacetate 6 were unambiguously determined by X-ray crystallography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koteswara Rao Kamma
- Research and Development Center, Molecules & Materials Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Joungmo Cho
- Green Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (N.H.L.)
| | - Hyo Jun Won
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea (J.H.J.)
| | - So-Yeon Nam
- Research and Development Center, Molecules & Materials Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
| | - Ngan Hong Le
- Green Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (N.H.L.)
| | - Je Hyeong Jung
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung 25451, Republic of Korea (J.H.J.)
| | - Kee-In Lee
- Research and Development Center, Molecules & Materials Co., Ltd., Daejeon 34013, Republic of Korea
- Green Chemistry Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea; (J.C.); (N.H.L.)
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Wang Y, Mou Y, Lu S, Xia Y, Cheng B. Polymethoxylated flavonoids in citrus fruits: absorption, metabolism, and anticancer mechanisms against breast cancer. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16711. [PMID: 38188169 PMCID: PMC10771093 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymethoxylated flavonoids (PMFs) are a subclass of flavonoids found in citrus fruits that have shown multifunctional biological activities and potential anticancer effects against breast cancer. We studied the absorption, metabolism, species source, toxicity, anti-cancer mechanisms, and molecular targets of PMFs to better utilize their anticancer activity against breast cancer. We discuss the absorption and metabolism of PMFs in the body, including the methylation, demethylation, and hydroxylation processes. The anticancer mechanisms of PMFs against breast cancer were also reviewed, including the estrogen activity, cytochrome P-450 enzyme system, and arylhydrocarbon receptor (AhR) inhibition, along with various molecular targets and potential anticancer effects. Although PMFs may be advantageous in the prevention and treatment for breast cancer, there is a lack of clinical evidence and data to support their efficacy. Despite their promise, there is still a long way to go before PMFs can be applied clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Yuan Mou
- Department of General Surgery, People’s Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Wanzhou District, Chongqing, China
| | - Senlin Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
- Chong Qing Wan Zhou Health Center for Women and Children, Wanzhou, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhua Xia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, China
| | - Bo Cheng
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Key Lab of Xinjiang Uighur Medicine, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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Faqueti LG, da Silva LAL, Moreira GSG, Kraus S, de Jesus GDSC, Honorato LA, de Araujo BV, Dos Santos ARS, Costa TD, Biavatti MW. Preclinical Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Investigation of 5'-Methoxynobiletin from Ageratum conyzoides: In vivo and In silico Approaches. Pharm Res 2022; 39:2135-2145. [PMID: 35831672 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03332-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 5'-methoxynobiletin (5'-MeONB), a polymethoxyflavone isolated from A. conyzoides, has shown anti-inflammatory property. Nevertheless, the antinociceptive activity and pre-clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) characteristics of 5'-MeONB remain unknown. Considering the anti-inflammatory potential of the 5'-MeONB, this study aimed to investigate the pre-clinical PK behavior of 5'-MeONB, as well as its time course antinociceptive activity. METHODS 5'-MeONB plasma concentrations were determined in Wistar rats after intravenous (i.v.) (10 mg/kg) and oral (50 mg/kg) administration, and in Swiss mice after oral administration (100 mg/kg). Plasma samples were deproteinization and 5'-MeONB quantified by a validated UPLC-MS method. Additionally, the antinociceptive activity of 5'-MeONB was evaluated after 15, 30, 60, 180 and 360 min following oral administration on the acute nocifensive behavior of mice induced by formalin. RESULTS 5'-MeONB rats and mice plasma concentration-time profiles were best one-compartment model. After i.v. administration to rats, a short half-life, a high clearance and moderate volume of distribution at steady state were observed. Similar results were obtained after oral administration. The oral bioavailability ranged from 8 to 11%. Additionally, 5'-MeONB exhibited antinociceptive activity in both formalin phases, especially in the inflammatory phase of the model, inhibiting 68% and 91% of neurogenic and inflammatory responses, respectively, after 30 min of oral administration. CONCLUSIONS The results described here provide novel insights on 5'-MeONB pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effect, serving as support for future studies to confirm this compound as anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gabriela Faqueti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Layzon Antonio Lemos da Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Salim Gomes Moreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Scheila Kraus
- Department of Physiological Sciences, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Aparecida Honorato
- Department of Pharmacology, CCB, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Bibiana Verlindo de Araujo
- Pharmacokinetics and PK/PD Modelling Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Teresa Dalla Costa
- Pharmacokinetics and PK/PD Modelling Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maique Weber Biavatti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, CCS, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Farmacognosy Laboratory, CIF/CCS, UFSC Campus Universitário/Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
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Zhang C, Liu M, Xu X, Wu J, Li X, Wang H, Gao X, Guo D, Tian X, Yang W. Application of Large-Scale Molecular Prediction for Creating the Preferred Precursor Ions List to Enhance the Identification of Ginsenosides from the Flower Buds of Panax ginseng. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:5932-5944. [PMID: 35503923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c01435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work was designed to evaluate the coverage of data-dependent acquisition (DDA) extensively utilized in the untargeted metabolite/component identification in the food sciences and pharmaceutical analysis. Using saponins from the flower buds of Panax ginseng (PGF) as an example, precursor ions list (PIL)-including DDA on a Q-Orbitrap mass spectrometer could enable higher coverage than the other four MS2 acquisition approaches in characterizing PGF ginsenosides. A "Virtual Library of Ginsenoside" containing 13,536 ginsenoside molecules was established by C-language-programmed large-scale molecular prediction, which in combination with mass defect filtering could create a new PIL involving 1859 PGF saponin precursors. We could newly obtain the MS2 spectra of at least 17 components and characterize 36 ginsenosides with unknown masses, among the 164 compounds identified from PGF. Conclusively, a molecular-prediction-oriented PIL in DDA can assist to discover more potentially novel molecules benefiting to the development of functional foods and new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Meiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Jia Wu
- Shanghai Standard Technology Co., Ltd., 58 Xinhao Road, Shanghai 201314, China
| | - Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Hongda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiumei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
- Key Laboratory of Pharmacology of Traditional Chinese Medical Formulae, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Dean Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Laboratory for TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Wenzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 10 Poyanghu Road, Jinghai, Tianjin 301617, China
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Wang X, Li D, Cao Y, Ho CT, Huang Q. Identification and Quantification of Both Methylation and Demethylation Biotransformation Metabolites of 5-Demethylsinensetin in Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:3162-3171. [PMID: 35230106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
5-Demethylated polymethoxyflavones (5-OH PMFs) are the most unique monodemethylated PMFs with relatively low polarities and are proved to possess better anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects than their respective permethoxylated ones. However, their detailed in vivo metabolic fates have not been fully studied. 5-Demethylsinensetin (5-OH Sin), being one of the 5-demethylated citrus PMFs, was used in the present research to investigate its biotransformation in pharmacokinetics and excretion in rats. The results showed that 5-OH Sin was mostly accumulated in the large intestine, indicating its poor absorption in the small intestine. In addition, 5,3'-didemethylsinensetin and 5,4'-didemethylsinensetin were identified as two dominated metabolites of 5-OH Sin, and the C-3' position of 5-OH Sin was more facile to be demethylated in systemic circulation. Moreover, other than demethylation reactions, the methylation transformation of 5-OH Sin and its metabolites were also observed and quantified, suggesting that the bidirectional biotransformation between 5-OH Sin and its parent compound, Sin, occurred under in vivo conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqi Wang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Dongli Li
- School of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong 529020, China
| | - Yong Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Chi-Tang Ho
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Qingrong Huang
- Department of Food Science, Rutgers University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
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Liu Z, Liu R, Wang R, Dai J, Chen H, Wang J, Li X. Sinensetin attenuates IL-1β -induced cartilage damage and ameliorates osteoarthritis by regulating SERPINA3. Food Funct 2022; 13:9973-9987. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo01304e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration, subchondral bone sclerosis, synovial hyperplasia and osteophyte formation as the main pathological manifestations. Age, mechanical stress and inflammation...
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